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Home , Chinese classics, Ming dynasty, Old Book of Tang, Tang dynasty, Yuan dynasty, Zhu Fan Zhi

JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS

ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 3, 2020

THE REVIEW OF THE RECORDS ABOUT BALI

INDONESIA

Qin Weifen University of Technology, [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The current research aims at presenting a critical review related to some classic records of Chinese about Bali- . It applied the descriptive qualitative method. The review shows that as an island along the “Maritime Road”, and as one of the target places of Chinese migration, Bali is closed related to records. The earliest records of Bali in Chinese Classics can be traced back to the Tang “Old Tang Shu Nanman” that written more than 1000 years ago. Moreover, it is also recorded in the “Weiyuan” “Gazeteer and Maps of the Maritime World”. It was written in the late era. For a more detailed description of Bali, in the ancient Chinese books, Bali was called “Po--”, “Po-li”, “Women’s Kingdom”, “Mao-li”, “-li-”, “Little ”, and “Miao li Island”, et cetera. The current paper also describes its brief description of location, property, terrain, and customs.

KEYWORDS: Chinese Classics; Records; Bali; Migration; Impact; Critical Review

1. INTRODUCTION

China has a long history of contacts with Southeast Asian countries, in this case, Indonesia (Dan & Tanjungsari, 2020). With the advancement of the migratory wave of the “ ” (go to South) and the development of maritime trade between China and foreign countries, more and more ancient Chinese people travelled to the Malay Archipelago such as Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Bali. The local social customs were recorded officially or privately. Bali is located on the east side of Java Island in Indonesia. Bali has rich products, outstanding cultural and religious characteristics, and simple folk customs. Exploring the records of Bali in ancient Chinese books helps to understand the ancient exchanges between China and Bali.

1.1 Migration to Nanyang(Southeast )

In the , along with the development of maritime transportation and international trade, southern coastal areas such as and have begun to move to ports in Southeast Asian islands and engage in commercial or handicraft activities. In the late Tang Dynasty, the Chao uprising and the unrest in the South led to a large number of Chinese people forced to go south. After the defeat, some of the uprising troops also fled to Indonesia’s Ba-lin-bang (today’s Palembang) and other places.

During the Northern , the development of shipbuilding and nautical business, the government

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encouraged overseas trade, and more and more residents of the southern coast to to do business or settle. During the Dynasty, Yuan dispatched troops overseas many times. In 1293, Yuan sent 20,000 troops to Java, and thousands of warships set off from . After the was defeated, many soldiers stayed in the Golan Mountains, Java, and some of them were relocated to Bali, which near from Java Island.

The Dynasty set up department Po Si in Quanzhou and other places to allow limited tribute trade with a few countries. However, in order to consolidate coastal defence and prevent the invasion and harassment of pirates, it imposed sea bans, restricted overseas trade, and strictly prohibited private merchants from going overseas. After Ming Chengzu ascended the throne, he sent to lead the fleet to the west and visited Southeast Asian countries. Every time he passed through Indonesia, some of the merchants, sailors, handicraftsmen, etc. stayed in the Indonesian archipelago for various reasons. The Java and Sumatra island is dominated, and some Chinese people are concentrated near the port of Buleleng, which located in northern Bali to facilitate business.

In the late , with the development of the maritime spice trade, the Netherlands, represented by the Dutch’s VOC company, invaded Indonesia, and after Ambon occupied Jayakarta, it was renamed Batavia (today’s ). Batavia has become the centre of colonial plunder. In order to solve the shortage of labour force and the needs of urban construction, the Dutch VOC company bought and plundered people along the southern coast of China. A large number of Chinese were sold to Batavia as “pigs”.

In the Qing Dynasty, more and more businessmen went to the Indonesian islands to do business. Farmers and handicraftsmen “go to Nanyang” to seek wealth because of livelihood problems. After the War, there was even a wave of large-scale southward migration. According to records, they had gone abroad from the port in 1845. The number of people is 180, which is increasing year by year. By 1902, it had exceeded 120,000 people. Although it is not certain that these people have travelled to Southeast Asia, it is certain that Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, is the main immigration destination.

1.2 Chinese people in Bali

According to the demographic statistics of the Dutch East (now Indonesia) in 1930 by the Dutch colonial government, there are more than 1.23 million Chinese in Indonesia. Although the relationship between China and Indonesia has gone through a long and tortuous process, the Chinese people going to Indonesia are constantly Increase, according to the results of the 2010 Indonesian census, Indonesian Chinese and reached 2.83 million, accounting for about 1.2% of Indonesia’s total population, ranking 18th in the number of ethnic groups in Indonesia. The overseas Chinese in Indonesia are mainly from Fujian, Hakka, , Chaozhou and . The Chinese in Bali is mainly concentrated in three areas, Karangasem, Bangli and Klungkung.

Bronze unearthed in Regency Buleleng Bali indicate that China and Bali have had contacts at least in the early . Later, many Tang Dynasty unearthed in the Blanjong area, the 7-10th century ceramics were found in Sanur further illustrate that the trade between China and Bali has never been interrupted from the Han Dynasty to the Song Dynasty.

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After the resumption of diplomatic relations between China and Indonesia in the 1990s, more and more Chinese travelled to Bali, especially after President Jokowi took office, he unilaterally implemented a visa exemption policy for China, and the number of Chinese tourists travelling to Bali increased rapidly. Increased from 387,000 in 2013 to 1.38 million in 2017, and fell slightly in 2018, still as high as 1.36 million. The personnel exchanges between China and Bali entered the highest peak in history.

The three villages where the Chinese in Bali are most concentrated are Baturiti, Carangsari dan Padangbai. According to Professor Wayan’s research, the ancient Chinese settled in Bali and were known to be good at commercial trade. The Chinese are still gathered near traditional markets to facilitate agricultural commodity trading. Carangsari’s ancestors of the Chinese received the ’s attention, were given and Chris swords, and in the village for the Chinese to mark a special cemetery. The Chinese living in Bali are constantly intermarrying with the locals in the rolling wheel of history. Until today, some places have not even been able to distinguish between Chinese and Balinese in appearance. Padangbai is a village in Buleleng, Bali. It was once the busiest trading port in Bali. Chinese people have gathered here today. Putu Nik Wijaya, a descendant of the Chinese people, said that the Karangasem royal family (Karangasem Kingdom) is closely related to the Chinese. The altar (Bale Pawedan), to this day, the descendants of the Chinese still guard this altar. In addition, the Chinese also set up a shrine of Ratu Gede Subandar (He was said to be a business management official dispatched to Bali by the Song Dynasty of China) in the Tanjungsari Pura temple. It can be seen from this that the locals of Bali are tolerant of foreign beliefs, fully respect the Chinese, and even allow Chinese people to express their beliefs and feelings in the territories they think are the most sacred. It also shows that after the Chinese came to Indonesia, they brought peace and friendship and brought many benefits to the development of the local society, which was highly welcomed and fully recognized by the Balinese people.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Materials

This article uses ancient Chinese classics, mainly about overseas trade, overseas travel notes and overseas Buddhist study records. Chinese people are used to recording personal experiences and summarizing history. The main reference Chinese old books are related to Bali’s history as follows:

A. , Jiu Tang Shu[旧唐书], Jiu Tang Shu is the first classic historical work about the Tang dynasty. In the part of of this book, we could find records about Nan Man (South) information, including Bali.

B. Island Memories, Haidao Yizhi [海岛逸志], This is a travel book about Java Island and the by Wang Dahai in the Qing Dynasty in 1791. Wang Dahai has unknown birth and death years. In the 48th year of Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty (1783), Wang Dahai spread across the sea to Java. He lived in Batavia, Semarang and other places for ten years. He travelled all over the northern coast of Java and the ports of the Malay Peninsula. After returning to China, he wrote six volumes of “Haidao Yizhi”. The content of “Haidao Yizhi” includes local chronicles, character chronicles, local chronicles, flowers and fruits.

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C. A Description of Nations, Zhi[诸蕃志], is a 13th-century Song Dynasty work by Zhao Rukuo. The work is a collection of descriptions of countries and various products from outside China, and it is considered an important source of information on the people, customs and in particular the traded commodities of many countries in South and around the during the Song Dynasty.

D. Guangdong [广东通志], is a general record of Guangdong places written by in the Ming Dynasty. Local chronicles belonging to the Ming and Qing recorded the deeds, climate, customs, water conservancy, characters, and culture, etc. in Guangdong . In this book, there is 7 volume to record foreign information, and most of the records are related to The South.

E. Concise Foreign History, Wai Guo Shi Lue[外国史略], Concise Foreign History is an important work of “westerners on the west”, and is a historical work quoted by Wei Yuan in his 100-volume Hai Guo Tu Zhi.

F. The Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms, Hai Guo Tu Zhi[ 海国图 志 ], is a 19th-century Chinese compiled by scholar-official Wei Yuan and others, based on initial translations ordered by Special Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu. In this book, we can find the most information about Bali. Including , scenery, products, population, politics, economy, culture, etc.

Also, some other Chinese Classics, including Nanyang history information. Such as Congjian[殊域周咨录], Xian Binlu[咸宾录], Qing Yi Tongzhi[大清一统志], Dili Beikao[地理备考], and Nan Hai Gui Nei Zhuan[南 海寄歸内法傳], etc.

2.2 Methods

Document processing methods are used, through reading to find documents related to Bali, interpret and summarize useful information. We need to understand ancient and grammar, and also history knowledge.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1 Name of Bali and changing in Chinese historical records

3.1.1 Po-Li-Zhou“婆利洲.”

In the historical record of Nan hai Ji Gui Nei Fa Zhuan [[寄 歸 内 法 傳] written by Buddhist monks in the Tang Dynasty, it was stated “that there were more than ten countries in the South China Sea. Counted from the west, there are Po Shizhou and Moruo Youzhou, also called Sriwijaya “Po-Li-Zhou”. They all follow the Dharma. Most adhere to the Hinayana School of Dharma, only a few of the Malay Workers adhere to the School of Dharma. “Chinese Wang Renshu responded that Po-Li-Zhou was the earliest mention of Bali in China’s historical record. In addition, the adoption of the Hindu of the Hinayana sect was also in accordance with the situation of Bali at that time, until the king of Udayana controlled the Warmadewa kingdom (989-1010), Bali remained popular with Buddhism. Even though Hinduism became the main force in the future, however, Buddhism continued to develop alongside Hinduism, the two tolerating each other and developing together. Until the Balinese religion also mentioned Shiva-Buddhist religion. Today on the island of Bali, Hindu Dharma which is Shiva and Buda 1117

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(Shiva-Buddhist) is considered as two different schools of the same religion.

3.1.2 Po-Li“婆利.”

In the history book entitled Old Tang Shu, section Nan Man, it is written that “Holing country, ..., the east part of it is Po-Li”. Meanwhile, the other history book entitled Guangdong Tongzhi, written in Ming Dynasty, it is written: “The State of Java, is the Holing country, ..., the east part of it is Po-Li”. From these records, we suspect Po-Li is the island of Bali, and many also consider Po-Li is the island of Bali. Not only that, but academics from Indonesia also believe that Po-Li is Bali. However, in history books Liangshu[梁书·夷貊传地理考证], it is written，”Po- Li is located in the southeast of Guangzhou City, the vast extent must be Po-Luo-Zhou today”. Po-Luo-Zhou is a mention of the island of . Historian Wang Renshu after examining the inscriptions from Kalimantan concerning the Kingdom of Kutai, that the religion in Kalimantan is Hinduism, this is different from the Buddhist religion in Bali. He considers Po-Li is a place around Padang Sumatra. In the Old Tang Shu, there are notes like this, “Holing Country, ...... the east is Po-Li”. Geography history book titled Guangdong Tongzhi has written in the Ming dynasty states that “The State of Java, which is the Holing country ... The east side is Po-Li”.

From these records, we suspect Po-Li is the island of Bali, and many historians also consider Po-Li is the island of Bali. Not only that, but academics from Indonesia also believe that Po-Li is Bali. However, in the Liangshu history book [梁 书 · 夷 貊 理 地理 考证], there are some words like this, “Po-Li is located in the southeast of Guangzhou City, the vast extent place must be Po-Luo-Zhou today”. Po-Luo-Zhou is a mention of the island of Borneo. Historian Wang Renshu after examining the inscriptions from Kalimantan concerning the Kingdom of Kutai, that the religion in Kalimantan is Hinduism, this is different from the Buddhist religion in Bali. He considers Po-Li is a place around Padang Sumatra.

3.1.3 The Kingdom of Women“女人国.”

The historical book Zhu Fanzhi in She Po part [诸蕃 志 / 卷 上 · 闍 婆] notes, “She-Po country is also called -Jia-Long, after Dong-Zhi-Hai (strait), the water is getting lower, that’s where the kingdom of women is.” What is Dong-Zhi-hai? According to Songshi’s records, in part of Shepo [宋史 · 阇 婆], “The Kingdom of She-Po was in the Nanyang sea, in January, from Dong-Zhi-hai, it took two months to get to country.” So Dong-Zhi-hai is the Bali strait. We know that in the Nan Song dynasty, the position of the Women’s Kingdom was east of the She-po kingdom (Java) and had to pass through the Bali strait. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the mention of She-po was replaced by Java. There is still evidence from the book [Shu Yu Zhou Zi Lu 殊 域 周 咨 录] written by Yan Congjian in the Ming dynasty which in the 8th volume of the Nanman-island of Java, “East of Java is the kingdom of Women, the west is .”, from this, we are sure that the Kingdom of Women is on the island of Bali. Not only that, Xian Bin Lu [咸 宾 录] volume 6 written something like “On the east of Java is the kingdom of Women”. However, in Chinese history books, no further information is found about the Kingdom of women. We cannot draw a picture of the condition of society at that time.

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3.1.4 Mao-Li “猫厘.”

Wang Dahai, a resident of the Qing Dynasty, wrote a book entitled Hai Dao Yi Zhi[海岛逸志]. On the book, he attached a map called Samutra Nan . The map shows are of Guangdong to Jambi, Palembang, , Negara Ba, Cirebon, Semarang, Gresik, Banyuwangi, Mao-Li, Makassar et al (places in Indonesia). It clearly illustrates the position of the island of Bali on the map, and gives a name Mao-Li. It means that the Chinese people, at that, has known at least the island of Bali named Mao-Li at that time.

Wang Dahai, a resident of the Qing Dynasty, wrote a book Hai Dao Yi Zhi [海岛 逸 志], after the contents of the book, he attached a map of Samutra Nan Yang, which covered from Guangdong to Jambi, Palembang, Banten, Ba countries, Cirebon, Semarang, Gresik, Banyuwangi, Mao-Li, Makassar and others. It clearly illustrated the position of the island of Bali on the map and gave the name Mao-Li. It means that the Chinese people at that time knew the island of Bali and named Mao-Li at that time.

3.1.5 Ba-Li-Dao and Little Java

In-Li--Kao [地理 备考], a history book written in the Qing dynasty records “Java, on the southeast of Sumatra ...... other islands, ...... one name is Ba-Li”巴利”, also called Little Java”小爪哇”, located on the east of Java. So, Ba-Li or Little Java is the island of Bali.

3.1.6 Miao-Li-Dao and Ba-Li-Dao

In Hai-Guo-Tu-Zhi [海 国 图 志], a book written by Weiyuan in the Qing dynasty, there is a map of the Ge-liu-ba Map of the Netherlands using Miao-Li “苗 里” as a sign of the island of Bali. Besides, in Wai-Guo-Shi-Lue [外国 史略], has used Ba-Li-Dao “巴里岛” to refer to the island of Bali, the name of this mention is same as today.

3.2 Geographical location and topographic features

The specific location of Bali is very clear in the records of ancient Chinese books, “Holing” (old Java) Country,..., east side of which is Po-Li”1. It means the Java Kingdom, actually is Old Holing Eastside of which is Po-Li2. “She-Po Nation....after Dong Zhi Hai(Bali Strait), the water is getting lower, that is Women’s Kingdom.”3、“The Java kingdom, the east side is Old Women’s Kingdom, west is the Sriwijaya Kingdom” 4 , “which east side is Women’s Kingdom”5, ”Located on the east of Banyuwangi, the most east of Country Ba.”6、“Java island, located on the southeast of Sumatra...... other islands,...one of them is Bali, which has another name Litle-Java, is located on the east of big Java.

1 Jiu Tang Shu--Nan Man[旧唐书·南蛮]

2 Guangdong Tongzhi[广东通志]”

3 Zhu-Fan-Zhi[诸蕃志/卷上·闍婆]

4 Bagian Nanman- Jawa dalam buku Shu-Yu-Zhou-Zi-lu[殊域周咨录] yang ditulis Yang Cong (严从简)

5 Xian Bin Lu[咸宾录] dinasti Ming,volume 6, Jawa.

6 Hai-dao-yi-zhi[海岛逸志]

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The length of Bali Island is 270 li(about 100miles ), width is 160 li(about 60 miles), the area is 2610li.”7、“Bali island, is on the southeast of Java, across a strait which has the same name-Bali., 8041’ south latitude, 114025’ east longitude.”8。 Judging from the above quotation, Bali is located on the east side of Java Island, and the two islands are separated by the Bali Strait, which is consistent with the actual location of Bali today.

“Mao-Li” shown in the hand-painted Nanyang(Southeast) map in “Haidao Yizhi (海島逸志, Anecdotes about the Sea Islands)”, “Miao-Li” in “Map of the island of Ge Liu Ba, which belongs to the Netherlands” in Wei Yuan’s “Gazeteer and Maps of the Maritime World “Haiguo Tuzhi(海国图志). The “Bali Island” was shown in “Maps of the islands in Southeast Asia” and “Map of Austria and the Island Countries” also fully conform to the actual geographical location of Bali today.

At the same time, ancient Chinese books also recorded the geology and topographical features of Bali. It is wirtten that Bali is “Surrounded by seawater, surrounded by large and small islands, many stone caves on the island” [Haidao Yizhi], “Bali Island, ... the coast is so high and difficult “Mooring” [“Foreign History”]. Moreover, in the old Chinese book, it is recored that the sea surrounds Bali, and there are many coasts are towering, there are many caves, and there are many small islands in the surroundings. It is an objective fact, and even today, even with modernization, Bali still suffers from high waves and boats are not easy to berth and also it is not easy to be invaded by enemies, which is one of the geographical reasons why Bali became the last conquered area of the Nusantara islands by Dutch colonists.

Besides, “Geographical Notes” [地理备考]describes Bali as “The lifeline of the land is unstable”, which means unstable terrain, which refers to frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Bali is located on the Pacific Rim seismic belt. Two active volcanoes, Agung and Batur, erupt from time to time, which has always troubled the security of Bali.

3.3 Population and race

According to the records in the second volume of Haidao Yizhi, “Characters, Mao-Li”, the Balinese and Javanese are similar in appearance and signs, both of which are Malay races(at the end of the 18th century) . The custom of earrings also specifically mentions the characteristics of Balinese women who are beautiful and industrious housekeepers. During the Qing Dynasty, Bali had a population of about 800,000. Since the seventeenth year of Daoguang (1837), there had been constant fighting among the various . In addition to the township chief and other officials, the people lived in poverty [Records of Foreign History].

3.4 Religious belief

Besides, Wai Guo Shi Lue has noted: “The island of Bali, ... the people still adheres to Hinduism, corpses were burned and buried when the former king died, the queen and concubines 72 people participated burned alive and buried voluntarily. The Hindu religion refers to Shiva-Buddah Religion which has not yet been formalized by the government of the Republic of Indonesia in 1962. The note also mentions death ceremonies and Junshi (殉 死) (following the death of

7 Di-Li-Bei-Kao[地理备考]

8 Wai-Guo-Shi-Lue[外国史略]

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the king, sometimes translated as” suicide for loyalty”). The death ceremony in Bali is called “Ngaben “. Ngaben is a very important part of Balinese society.

Related to this phenomenon, on December 20, 1847, Raja Gianyar died. The corpse of King Gianyar was then cremated through a series of lavish and sacred Ngaben ceremonies, accompanied by three concubine widows who burned themselves alive through the mestia ceremony. “The three concubines “are not like facing death, but as if they were going to fetch (life).” This means that the ceremony has been continued until the 19th century, and in the beginning of the 20th century, when Dutch colonial troops attacked the island of Bali. Most of the eight kingdoms of that time chose to continue to fight until death. The kings carried all the families carrying out mass suicide rituals during the war rather than having to surrender to the enemy. It amazes the Dutch and even the world. Until now, on the island of Bali, there are several historical relics named PUPUTAN, or the place where the event was commemorated. Is this an attitude once owned by the Balinese? This is another form of “Junshi”, for the sake of addressing loyalty to the nation or country. However, Junshi has been banned by the local Indonesian government; only the Ngaben ceremony is maintained as a local tradition.

3.5 Division of Bali Kingdom

At the beginning of the eighteenth century, Lord Klungkung, dissatisfied with the rule of Gelgel Kingdom, successfully launched a coup and established Bali’s last Kingdom that ruled the whole island-Klungkung Kingdom (1686-1908). However, the lords in the Klungkung Kingdom disobey the jurisdiction and establish the Kingdom independently, the entire territory of Bali is divided into nine kingdoms, but since then successive , disputes between the lords have continued. This social fact at the time was also recorded in Chinese Classics, “Since the seventeenth year of Daoguang (1837 AD), the Lords have made an alliance and fought against each other.”[“A Brief History of Foreign Countries”].

According to what has been recorded in Geographical Notes, A Ba-Li, is also known as Little Java. It is located on the east of the island of Java...The island is ruled by eight chiefs and is not related to each other.” “Bali consists of eight “chiefs”, they ruled this place separately.” refers to the eight kingdoms at that time. The kingdoms are independent of each other and are not affiliated with each other. They reflect the objective historical process of the split of the regime during the period when the Klungkung kingdom ruled Bali. By the middle of the 19th century, the Dutch had invaded and took various tactics of destruction. It, further, exacerbated the battle between the Kingdoms and completely took control of Bali after the annihilation of the Kingdom of Klungkung in 1908.

3.6 Bali and Chinese Maritime Silk Trade Road

According to the records of ancient Chinese books, since the Song Dynasty, China and Nanyang countries have traded frequently. Bali’s fields are fertile and rich in products. “Local gold, salt, rice, , flowers (cotton), tobacco leaves” [“Geographical Notes”], “Local Bird’s Nest, Sea Vegetables, Shark’s Fin, Sea Cucumber, Cui Yu” [“Island of the Island”], “The natives are not good at sailing, and produce rice, oil, betel nut, bird’s nest, wood and other goods.” Bali has become an important part of China’s Nanyang trade, and ancient Chinese , silk and other commodities have spread to Bali. Until today, Chinese porcelain plates are still inlaid on the walls for decoration. 1121

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The ancient Chinese Maritime Silk Trade Road has had a significant impact on Indonesia’s Nusantara, including Bali. Van Leer pointed out in his book entitled Indonesian Trade and Society that this trade connection not only promotes economic development but also opens the way for the spread of art, religion and culture.

Hai Guo Tu Zhi records that in the Qing Dynasty, Chinese copper coins were common in Java. Until 1956, Chinese coins were withdrawn from circulation in Bali as a , but they are still widely used in religious ceremonies of all sizes until today. Awe is also often used to make Balinese crafts.

Wai Guo Shi Lue in the description of Bali mentions “Lun Bo which belong to Bali island, ... more than 30,000 Tan per year, the wood is sold to China. Residents worship Indian Buddhism, quite a diligence and diligence, use the of China Tongbao”. “Lun Bo” is the island of Lombok in eastern Bali, from the records we know Lombok belonged to Bali during the Qing Dynasty. If Chinese coins are used here, it can be inferred that the coins are also be used in Bali island.

On February 9, 1597, a Dutchman named Aaernoudt Lintgens came to Bali because of the ’s search for drinking water and food supplies. He detailed his experiences in Bali [‘Bali Pada Abad XIX’, Agung Gde Agung ]. Under the leadership of an official named “KIJLOER”, he visited the Gelgel Kingdom that ruled Bali at that time. The was luxurious and solemn, and hundreds of spears decorated with gold and much gold jewellery and neatly placed Gold jar. Lintgens asked Kijloer, how could there be so much gold? Kijloer replied that gold comes from China and Sumatra. At that time, the residents of Bali implemented an economic system. At that time, Bali planted cotton trees, which were then processed by the residents into threads and made into fabrics. They were sold to foreign merchants who arrived in Bali. The currency used in Bali was Copper coin with a hole in it. The trade between China and Bali has a long history, and the wide range of copper coins further proves this point.

3.7 Influence of

Chinese Copper Coin in Bali is called Kepeng, or Pis Bolong. Kepeng is a coin or coin with a hole in the middle. In the past, this money, called Pis Bolong, was a means of payment in Bali. However, now, when Rupiah has been issued, this Uang Kepeng is only used for traditional ceremonies. The Balinese people also used Chinese copper coins for religious ceremonies and decorated statues to express their respect for God.

In the influence of Chinese culture on Ancient Bali, there are many interesting stories from the Chinese people spread in Bali, for example, the story of Sampik - Ing Tay. Martial from China also developed in Ancient Bali in the form of Pencak (traditional sport) and the form of mass such as baris dapdap, baris demung, baris presi, baris tumbak, baris tamiang, etc. Not only that, but the love story between the King of Bali Jayapangus dan Kang Cing We also show the history of trade between China and Bali. Developing folklore says that his wife’s name was Kang Cing We, the daughter of Mr Subandar, a trader from China. It is said that Raja Jayapangus fell in love with Kang Cing We, so they made love and married in Bali.

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4. Conclusion

Bali is located in Indonesia, on the east of Java Island, and has become a famous international tourist destination due to its unique religion, culture and art. In ancient Chinese books, Bali was called “Po-Li-Zhou 婆利洲”, “Po-Li 婆利”, “Women’s Kingdom 女人国”, “Mao-Li 猫厘”, “Ba-Li Island 巴利岛”, “Little Java 小爪哇”, “Miao-Li Island 苗里岛” and “Bali Island 巴厘岛”. The personnel exchanges and cultural exchanges between China and Bali have continued to this day. The cultural exchanges and mutual learning between the Chinese national culture and different countries along the Maritime , including Indonesia, reflect the coexistence and common prosperity of multi-ethnic cultures. Nearly ninety-nine years old Balinese Hindu elder Ida Pedanda Manuaba has publicly stated that “Chinese and Indonesian culture is inseparable, and Chinese culture has a profound impact on Balinese culture and has become a deep-rooted part of Balinese culture.” The population, politics, geography, products and customs of the ancient Bali society mentioned in the study, hopefully, to play a role in the construction of Bali’s .

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