Ceramics from the Musi River, Palembang, Indonesia: Based on a Private Collection Darrell J. Kitchener & Heny Kustiarsih Australian National Centre of Excellence for Maritime Archaeology Special Publication No. 22 Ceramics from the Musi River, Palembang, Indonesia: Based on a Private Collection Darrell J. Kitchener & Heny Kustiarsih Australian National Centre of Excellence for Maritime Archaeology Special Publication No. 22 i First published 2019 by the Australian National Centre of Excellence for Maritime Archaeology, Department of Maritime Archaeology, Western Australian Museum, Cliff Street, FREMANTLE, Western Australia 6160 Editorial Board Jeremy Green, WA Museum (editor) Myra Stanbury Michael McCarthy, WA Museum Ian Godfrey Vicki Richards, WA Museum Alistair Paterson, University of Western Australia John Penrose, Curtin University of Technology Wendy van Duivenvoorde, Flinders University Mark Polzer, Institute of Nautical Archaeology This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copy- right Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Enquiries should be to the publisher. © 2019 Australian National Centre of Excellence for Maritime Archaeology Authors: Kitchener (Darrell J) & Kustiarsih (Heny). Title: / Ceramics from the Musi River, Palembang, Indonesia: Based on a private collection. ii iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword xiii Preface xv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XVI PART 1: THE HISTORY OF CERAMICS FROM THE MUSI RIVER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1. SRIWIJAYA 3 Origin of Sriwijaya 3 EXPANSION OF SRIWIJAYA 3 GOVERNANCE OF SRIWIJAYA 4 Political construct 4 Administration of the entrepôt 4 DECLINE OF SRIWIJAYA 5 POST-SRIWIJAYA 6 CHAPTER 2. GEOGRAPHY & PAST SETTLEMENTS IN THE MUSI RIVER BASIN 7 THE MUSI RIVER FAIRWAY 7 PAST SETTLEMENTS IN THE MUSI RIVER BASIN 7 Ancient Associations 7 Evidence from Ceramics 8 LOWER MUSI RIVER AND BANGKA ISLAND SETTLEMENTS 10 Candi Kota Kapur 10 Karangagung and Air Sugihan 10 Parit 12 11 Koying Polity (2nd to late-4th–early-5th century) 11 Kantoli Polity (late-4th to late-6th century) 12 PALEMBANG SETTLEMENTS 12 East Palembang Sites 13 Central Palembang Sites 13 West Palembang sites 14 UPSTREAM SETTLEMENTS 15 CHAPTER 3. CERAMIC TRADE AND THE MUSI RIVER 17 Introduction 17 GLOBAL TRADE 17 REGIONAL SOUTH EAST ASIAN TRADE 17 SIGNIFICANT CIVILIZATIONS AND EARLY POLITIES IN SOUTH-EAST ASIA 18 MAINLAND SOUTH EAST ASIA 19 Dong Son civilization (7th century BC to 2nd century AD) 19 North Vietnam (3rd century to modern) 19 Cham (Champa) (3rd to 15th centuries) 19 Funan Kingdom (1st to 6th century) 20 Chenla (7th to early-9th century) 21 The Khmer (9th century to modern) 21 The Dvravarati (5th to 11th century) 21 Tircul Kingdom (1st to 9th century) 22 PENINSULA SOUTHEAST ASIA 22 Kedah Kingdom & Sungai Batu civilization (535 BC–17th century AD) 22 Kao Sam Khaeo 23 Langkasuka (2nd to 12th century) 23 Satingpra polity (7th to 14th century) 23 ISLAND SOUTH EAST ASIA 23 Kota Kapur, Bangka Island 23 Batujaya (2nd century BC to 7th century AD) 24 KoYing (2nd to late-4th–early-5th century) and Kantoli Polities (late-4th to late-6th century) 24 Barus (9th to 12th century) 24 INDIA 24 iv Gupta Dynasty (320–550) 24 Chola Dynasty (3rd century BC to13th century AD) 24 CHINA 24 Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty (25 BC–220 AD) 24 Tang Dynasty (618–906) 25 Five Dynasties (907–960) 26 Northern Song Dynasty (960–1126) and Southern Song Dynasty (1127–1279) 26 Yuan Dynasty (1280–1367) 27 Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) 27 Qing Dynasty (1644–1911) 28 EUROPEANS 28 Portuguese (1509–1641) 28 Dutch (1602 to modern) 28 British (1672 to modern) 29 CHAPTER 4. GLAZED CERAMICS IN THE MUSI RIVER 30 IDENTIFICATION 30 CHINESE 30 Introduction 30 TANG DYNASTY AND FIVE DYNASTIES 31 Yue wares 31 Changsha wares 37 Xing and Ding wares 38 Painted figurine 38 General Guangdong Province ceramics 39 Sancai wares 39 SONG AND YUAN DYNASTIES 40 General 40 Jun wares (C11–C15) 41 Longquan celadons (960–1279) 41 Southern Fujian celadon wares 42 Northern celadon wares (C10–C15) 42 Cizhou wares (960–1644) 42 Jizhou wares (C10–C14) 43 Chien wares (C10–C13) 44 Yue wares 44 Qingbai wares (960–1368) 44 Guan wares (C12–C14) 45 Black and dark brown wares (C10–C15) 45 Sancai wares (C10–C14) 49 Blue and white wares (c. 1350–present) 49 General comment on Guangdong and Fujian Province ceramics 50 MING–QING DYNASTIES 51 Blue and white wares 51 Blanc De Chine wares (1368–1911) 55 Polychrome wares 55 NORTH VIETNAM 58 CHAM 62 Central Thailand 64 Si Satchanalai kilns 66 Celadon wares 66 White wares 67 Brown wares 67 Under-glazed decorated wares 67 Sukhothai kilns 70 LOWER CENTRAL THAILAND 71 NORTH THAILAND 73 PENINSULAR THAILAND 73 MIDDLE EAST 73 KHMER 73 GERMAN 73 CHAPTER 5. UNGLAZED, SLIPPED & PAINTED WARES IN THE MUSI RIVER 74 ABOUT SOUTH EAST ASIAN UNGLAZED, SLIPPED AND PAINTED WARES 74 SOUTH EAST ASIAN EARTHENWARE TYPES 74 The Sa-Huynh/Kalanay type 74 v The Bau-Malay pottery tradition 75 SOUTH EAST ASIAN NEOLITHIC POTTERY (3RD–MID-1ST MILLENNIUM BC) 76 SOUTH EAST ASIAN EARLY TO MID-METAL AGE POTTERY (MID-1ST MILLENNIUM BC TO 7TH CENTURY AD) 76 Philippines Kelanay 79 Funan 81 Central Vietnam 82 THE CLASSICAL PERIOD (7th–15th century) 83 EARLY CLASSICAL PERIOD (7th–9th century) 83 Dvaravati style pottery 83 MIDDLE TO LATE-CLASSICAL PERIOD (10th–15th century) 84 Sumatra 84 Javan Majapahit pottery 85 Central Thailand pottery 87 Lower Central Thailand pottery 89 Peninsular Thailand pottery 90 The Satingpra pottery Production Site-Complex 90 Incised-lace decorated wares 94 Vajra wares 98 Characteristics 98 Origin and period of ‘Vajra’ wares 99 China 100 India 100 MODERN PERIOD (16th century to Present) 101 Sumatran pottery 101 ‘Lampung wares’ 103 Kendis 103 Other forms 106 Miniatures and figurines 106 Banten earthenware 110 Figurines of unknown origin 111 Other earthenware pottery 112 CHAPTER 6. GLAZED AND UNGLAZED STORAGE VESSELS IN THE MUSI RIVER 113 CHINESE JARS 113 Tang Dynasty 113 Song and Yuan Dynasty 113 Ming Dynasty 118 Qing Dynasty and modern 122 NON-CHINESE JARS 122 Thailand 122 North Vietnam 124 Central Vietnam (Cham) 124 Burma 125 Amphora 128 Indonesia 128 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF STORAGE VESSELS BY MUSI RIVER SITE 128 CHAPTER 7. SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS 129 TRADE ALONG THE MUSI PRIOR TO SRIWIJAYA 129 CERAMICS FOUND IN THE MUSI RIVER 129 Glazed Wares 129 Chinese 129 North Vietnam 131 Cham 131 Thai 131 Burma & Khmer 131 Middle East 131 German 131 Unglazed Earthenware & Stoneware 131 Philippines 131 Pre Tang 131 Oc Eo style 131 Central Thailand 132 Peninsula Thailand 132 ‘Vajra ware’. 132 vi India 132 Java 132 Sumatran (local) 132 ‘Lampung wares’ 133 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF CERAMIC TYPES AT MUSI RIVER SITES 133 CHAPTER 8. REFERENCES 136 PART 2. CATALOGUE OF CERAMICS IN THE HENY KUSTIARSIH COLLECTION 144 INTRODUCTION 144 DESCRIPTIONS OF GLAZED CERAMICS 145 CHINESE YUE WARE GLAZED 145 CHINESE BLACK AND BROWN UTILITARIAN WARES GLAZED 155 CHINESE TANG DYNASTY GLAZED 160 CHINESE SONG & YUAN DYNASTIES GLAZED 170 CHINESE MING DYNASTY GLAZED 211 CHINESE QING DYNASTY GLAZED 231 NORTH VIETNAM GLAZED 243 CHAM GLAZED 256 THAILAND GLAZED 259 MIDDLE EAST GLAZED 270 KHMER GLAZED 271 GERMAN GLAZED 271 DESCRIPTION OF UNGLAZED CERAMICS 272 LOCAL SUMATRA (SOUTH SUMATRA AND LAMPUNG DISTRICTS) UNGLAZED 272 JAVA UNGLAZED 283 OC EO CULTURE (FUNAN) UNGLAZED 290 THAILAND UNGLAZED 293 ‘VAJRA’ WARE UNGLAZED 309 CHINESE, INDIAN, PHILIPPINE & UNKNOWN ORIGIN UNGLAZED 315 STORAGE VESSELS GLAZED & UNGLAZED 321 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Three divers operating a typical boat used to extract objects from the mud of the Musi riverbed. This location was in front of the Boom Baru port site (photo: Rianta 2014). 1 Figure 2. Areas influenced or dominated by the Sriwijaya Kingdom at the peak of its power. Modified from Munoz (2006). 3 Figure 3. Musi River Basin. Showing major archaeological sites and place name locations. From Rianta (2014). 6 Figure 4. Sites at Palembang and downstream where ceramics and/or ancient artefacts have been recovered (Rianta 2014). 9 Figure 5. Sites at Palembang where ceramics and ancient artefacts have been recovered (Rianta 2014). 11 Figure 6. Musi River sites at Palembang where ceramics and/or ancient artefacts have been recovered (Rianta 2014). 14 Figure 7. Key countries and places mentioned in the text. 17 Figure 8. Foliated bowl, height 7.7 cm, Zhejiang Province, Yue ware, probably Shanglinhu kilns, C9–C10, from the Musi River, Sungai Rebo site. Catalogue No. K1520. 32 Figure 9. Spittoon, height 10.9 cm, Zhejiang Province, probably Shanglinhu kilns, Yue ware, C9–C11, from the Musi River, Boom Baru/Pusri site. Catalogue No. K1320. 32 Figure 10. Ewer, height 25.3 cm, Five Dynasties to Northern Song, Zhejiang Province, probably Shanglinhu kilns, Yue ware, C9–C11, from the Musi River, Pusri site. Catalogue No. K769. 32 Figure 11. Jar, four small lugs, incised curved pattern, upper body repaired, height 13.7 cm, Five Dynasties to Northern Song Dynasty, Zhejiang Province, Yue ware, C10, from the Musi River, Boom Baru site. Catalogue No. K2697. 33 Figure 12. Jar with lid missing, height 12.5 cm, Five Dynasties to Northern Song, Zhejiang Province, probably Wenzhou kilns. C7–C10, from the Musi River, Boom Baru site. Catalogue No. K1331. 33 Figure 13. Wine bottle, decorated with incised fish scales, a leaf and an eye, reconstructed, height 12.6 cm, Five Dynasties to Song, Yue ware, C10–C12, from the Musi River, Boom Baru site. Catalogue No. K2105. 33 Figure 14. Ewer, decorated with incised lotus leaves, part of spout repaired prior to purchase, height 16.9 cm, Late Tang to Five Dynasties, Zhejiang Province, Yue ware, C9–C10, from the Musi River.