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Chapter 4: China in the Middle Ages

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The Middle Ages Each civilization that you will study in this unit made important contributions to history. • The Chinese first produced gunpowder, the compass, and printed books. • The Japanese developed a constitutional government and new forms of art and poetry. • The Europeans took the first steps toward representative government. A..D.. 300300 A..D 450 A..D 600 A..D 750 A..DD 900 China in the c. A.D. 590 A.D.683 Middle Ages Chinese Middle Ages figurines Grand Empress Wu Canal links begins rule Ch 4 apter northern and southern China Medieval c. A.D. 400 A.D.631 Horyuji JapanJapan Yamato clan Prince Shotoku temple Chapter 5 controls writes constitution Japan Medieval A.D. 496 A.D. 800 Europe King Clovis Pope crowns becomes a Charlemagne Ch 6 apter Catholic emperor Statue of Charlemagne Medieval manuscript on horseback 244 (tl)The British Museum/Topham-HIP/The Image Works, (c)Angelo Hornak/CORBIS, (bl)Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (br)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY 0 60E 120E 180E tecture Collection, (bl)Ron tecture Chapter Chapter 6 Chapter 60N 6 4 5 0 1,000 mi. 0 1,000 km Mercator projection EUROPE Caspian Sea ASIA Black Sea e H T g N i an g Hu JAPAN r i Eu s Ind p R Persian u h . s CHINA r R WE a t Gulf . e PACIFIC s ng R ha Jiang . C OCEAN S le i South N Arabian Bay of China Red Sea Bengal Sea Sea EQUATOR 0 Chapter 4 ATLANTIC Chapter 5 OCEAN INDIAN Chapter 6 OCEAN Dahlquist/SuperStock, (br)akg-images (tl)Aldona Sabalis/Photo Researchers, (tc)National Museum of Taipei, (tr)Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY, (c)Ancient Art & Archi NY, Forman/Art Resource, (tr)Werner (tc)National Museum of Taipei, (tl)Aldona Sabalis/Photo Researchers, A..D 1050 A..D 1200 A..D 1350 A..D 1500 c. A.D. 1000s A.D. 1206 A.D. 1405 Chinese Genghis Khan Zheng He begins invent becomes first of seven movable Mongol leader overseas voyages type Mongol warrior c. A.D. 1000 A.D. 1281 c. A.D. 1450 Lady Murasaki Japanese temple in Kyoto Mongols Civil war Shikibu com- attempt second divides Japan poses The Tale invasion of of Genji Japan Suit of armor worn by samurai warrior c. A.D. 1000 A.D. 1215 A.D.1492 Vikings reach England’s King Ferdinand and Isabella North America John signs of Spain defeat Moors Magna Carta Medieval woman spinning wool 1 Buddha statue 4 EUROPE 5 See China in the Middle Ages Chapter 4 2 Takamatsu Castle AFRICA See Medieval Japan Chapter 5 Atlantic Ocean A.D. 573–621 A.D. 742–814 c. A.D. 973–1025 Japanese leader Frankish ruler Japanese writer Chapter 5, p. 300 Chapter 6, p. 329 Chapter 5, p. 313 246 402–403 ©Worldsat International Inc. 2004, All Rights Reserved, (t)Stock Boston, (c)Peter Adams/Getty Images, (bl)Art Resource, NY, (bcl)Ali Meyer/CORBIS, (bcr)Mary Evans Picture Library, (br)Kadokawa/Ancient 3 Todaiji temple See Medieval Japan ASIA Chapter 5 4 Caerphilly Castle 2 3 1 See Medieval Europe Chapter 6 Pacific 5 Mont St.Michel Ocean See Medieval Europe Chapter 6 c. A.D. 1167–1227 A.D. 1225–1274 A.D. 1371–1433 A.D. 1412–1431 Mongol conqueror Christian thinker Chinese admiral French heroine Chapter 4, p. 271 Chapter 6, p. 362 Chapter 4, p. 285 Chapter 6, p. 368 247 (t to b)Tom Wagner/Odyssey Productions, Greg Gawlowski/Lonley Planet Images, Jim Zuckerman/CORBIS, (l to r)Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas, USA, Robert Lee Memorial Collection, gift of Sarah C. Blaffer/Bridgeman Art Library, Courtesy Museum of Maritimo (Barcelona); Ramon Manent/CORBIS, ChinaStock, Christie’s Images/CORBIS 404–405 CORBIS China in the Middle Ages Imperial Palace at the Forbidden City A.D. 600 A.D. 900 1200 1500 A.D.581 A.D.868 1206 1405 Wendi Chinese Genghis Khan Zheng He be- founds Sui print world’s unites the gins overseas dynasty first book Mongols voyage Chapter Overview Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com for a preview of Chapter 4. China Reunites Systems of order, such as law and government, contribute to stable societies. During the Middle Ages, Chinese rulers who supported Confucian ideas brought peace, order, and growth to China. Chinese Society The interaction of different societies brings about the development of new ideas, art, and technology. Farming and trade brought wealth to China. This allowed the Chinese to develop new technology and enjoy a golden age of art and writing. The Mongols in China All civilizations depend upon leadership for survival. Led by Genghis Khan, the Mongols built a vast empire. Under his son, Kublai Khan, they went on to conquer China as well. The Ming Dynasty Exploration and trade spread ideas and goods. China’s Ming rulers strengthened the government and supported trading voyages that spread Chinese ideas and goods. View the Chapter 4 video in the Glencoe Video Program. Categorizing Information Make this foldable to help you organize your notes about China in the Middle Ages. Step 1 Fold a sheet of paper in Step 2 Turn the paper and fold Reading and Writing half from side to side, leaving it into fourths. As you read the chapter, —1— 2 inch tab along the side. identify the main ideas in the chapter.Write these Leave Fold in half. 1 under the appropriate 2 inch tab Then fold in here. half again. tab. Step 3 Unfold Step 4 Label as shown. and cut along This makes the top three China Chinese The The four tabs. Reunites Society Mongols Ming fold lines. in China Dynasty China in the Middle Ages 249 Making Connections Making connections means relating what you read to what you already know. Read the excerpts below. Text-to-self: personal experiences Have you ever eaten at a Chinese restaurant? How Farmers also developed new kinds of rice, important do you think which grew well in poor soil, produced more rice is to the Chinese diet? What kind of foods per acre, grew faster, and were resistant to do you eat every day? disease. These changes helped farmers grow more and more rice. China’s farmers also began to Text-to-world: events grow tea, which became a popular drink. in other places They made improvements in other crops as How popular is tea in well. With more food available, the number China today? What is of people in China greatly increased. the most popular drink in the United States? — from page 261 Text-to-text: what you have read before Have you ever read about The better the connec- China’s population? How tion is, the easier it is to important is the food sup- remember. Be sure to ply to them today? make connections with memorable ideas or expe- riences from your life. 250 With a partner, read the following paragraphs. Make a list of the connections you made and compare them to your partner’s list. Read to Write Discuss what things in your lives relate to the story of Marco Polo. Choose one of the three types of connections that you One of the most famous European trav- make most often. Write a brief paragraph elers to reach China was Marco Polo explaining why. (MAHR • koh POH • loh). He came from the city of Venice in Italy. Kublai Khan was fascinated by Marco Polo’s stories about his travels. For about 16 years, Polo enjoyed a special status in the country. Kublai sent him on many fact-finding and business trips. For three of those years, Polo ruled the Chinese city of Yangchow. When Polo finally returned to Europe, he wrote a book about his adventures. His accounts of the wonders of China amazed Europeans. —from page 273 Kublai Khan presents gift to Marco Polo. Choose five words or phrases from this chapter that make a connection to something you already know. 251 China Reunites Looking Back, Looking Ahead Content Vocabulary You learned in 6th grade that the warlord History Han dynasty of China collapsed and economy (ih•KAH•nuh•mee) Social Science China plunged into civil war. As you reform Standards will read, China eventually reunited. monastery (MAH•nuh•STEHR•ee) WH7.3 Students The new dynasties took Chinese analyze the geographic, civilization to even higher levels. political, economic, Academic Vocabulary religious, and social project (PRAH•JEHKT) structures of the Focusing on the seek civilizations of China in • The Sui and Tang dynasties reunited the Middle Ages. and rebuilt China after years of war. medical (MEH•dih•kuhl) (page 253) Reading Strategy • Buddhism became popular in China Categorizing Information Complete and spread to Korea and Japan. a table like the one below to show the (page 256) time periods, the most important rulers, • The Tang dynasty returned to the and the reasons for the decline of the ideas of Confucius and created a new Sui and Tang dynasties. class of scholar-officials. (page 258) Sui Tang Locating Places Time Period Korea (kuh•REE•uh) Important Rulers Japan (juh•PAN) Reasons for Decline Meeting People Wendi (WHEHN•DEE) Empress Wu (WOO) A..D..500 A..D..900 1300 Changan A.D.581 A.D.907 1279 Wendi founds Tang dynasty Mongols end Hangzhou Sui dynasty falls Song rule 252 CHAPTER 4 • China in the Middle Ages WH7.3.1 Describe the reunification of China under the Tang Dynasty and reasons for the spread of Buddhism in Tang China, Korea, and Japan. Rebuilding China’s Empire While China was absorbed in its own problems, it lost control of some of the The Sui and Tang dynasties reunited groups it had conquered.
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