Index

A anti-communist forces, 2 Abbasid , 239 Antony, Robert, 200 relations between “Apollonian” culture, 355 and, 240 archaeological research in Southeast Liangyao’s embassy to, Asia, 43, 44, 70 242–43, 261 aromatic resins, 233 Zhenyuan era (785–805), 242, aromatic timbers, 230 256 Arrayed Tales aboriginal settlements, 175–76 (The Arrayed Tales of Collected Abramson, Marc, 81 Oddities from South of the Abu Luoba ( · ), 239 Passes Lĩnh Nam chích quái liệt aconite, 284 truyện), 161–62 Agai ( ), Princess, 269, 286 becoming traditions, 183–88 Age of Exploration, 360–61 categorizing stories, 163 agricultural migrations, 325 fox essence in, 173–74 Amarapura Temple, 314n58 and history, 165–70 An Dương Vương (also importance of, 164–65 known as Thục Phán ), 50, othering savages, 170–79 165, 167 promotion of, 164–65 , 61, 62 savage tales, 179–83 Cham naval attack on, 153 stories in, 162–63 , 151 versions of, 170 carvings in, 153 writing style, 164 Anglo-Burmese War, 294 Atwill, David, 327 Annan tuzhi [Treatise and Âu Lạc Maps of Annan], 205 kingdom, 49–51 anti-colonial movements, 2 polity, 50

371

15 ImperialChinaIndexIT.indd 371 3/7/15 11:53 am 372 Index

B Biography of Hua Guan Suo (Hua Bach Đằng River, 204 Guan Suo zhuan ), 317 Bà Lộ Savages (Bà Lộ man ), black clothing, 95 177–79 Blakeley, Barry B., 347 Min , 118, bLo sbyong glegs bam (The Book of 121–22 Mind Training), 283 baneful spirits, in medieval China, Blumea balsamifera, 216, 220 143 boat competitions, 144 carvings, 151, 153 in southern Chinese local Baoqing siming zhi , traditions, 149 224–25, 231 boat racing, 155, 156. See also , 46 crossing competitions southern barbarians, 48, 68, 70 , 273 barbarization, society body culture, elements of, 100 implications and identity, 67–72 Bokun state, 258 bark cloth, 91–92 border demarcation process, 300 Baron, Samuel, 198 Brindley, Erica, 345 Barus , 216–17 British colonial period, 305 batik-patterned indigo cloth, 96 British expedition, 296, 297, 299 Bayfield, 294 British imperial project, 294 carvings, 151–53 British , 300 Bayon , 152 colonial state of, 292 of Cham war boat, 154 northeastern frontier, 294 Bayu state, 258 British political agent, 296 Bắc Bộ communities, -casting British rule, 304, 305 technologies, 63 in Lower Burma, 294 Bắc Bộ region, 46 bronze-casting technologies, 63–64 before Chinese arrival, 49 Browne Expedition, 312n17, 313n47 cultural development in, 48 Browne, Horace A., 296 Age archaeological record, btsan-dug, 284 67 bubonic Bạch Đằng river, 146 in second half of nineteenth Bạch Hạc, 177 century in , 326–27 Bencao gangmu transmission of, 326 (Compendium of Materia Buddhabhadra , Indian Medica), 270, 271 monk (359–429), 271 Benedict, Carol, 326 “Buddha-Molded Harbor” (Phật Đào Beyond the Bronze Pillars (Kelley), Cảng ), 185, 187 345 “Buddha-Molded Water Passage” Bhamo Chinese, 298 (Phật Đào Kinh ), 186 Bhamo–Myitkyina trip, 303 bug , 94 Bin Wong, 342 Burma–Yunnan frontier, 294

15 ImperialChinaIndexIT.indd 372 3/7/15 11:53 am Index 373

Burmese Chinese migrant Chaozhou , 113, 120, 123–25 communities, 304 , cultural practices “Burned Field Village” (Huotian cun descriptions, 171 ), 121 Chengjiang , 326 Chen Jinghe , 198–99 C Chen Shangchuan , 198 Caesaropapism, 360 Chenshi xiangpu [Master Caffrey, Kevin, 329 Chen’s Manual of Aromatics], camphor, import from 218–19 to China, 216–22 Chen Yuanguang (ca. 657–711), Candana tree, 177 114, 115, 120, 132 , 305, 306, 309 hybrid cults of, 126 capping ceremony, 17 Chen (d. 677), 112–13, Carrie Reed, 86 120–21 Cartier, Michel, 325 Cherry, Haydon, 51 carvings China, 2 in Angkor Wat, 153 camphor import from Southeast Banteay Chhmar, 151, 153 Asia, 216–22 Bayon, 151–53 issue of material cultural influences “Celestial ”, 346 between Southeast Asia and, “Celestial Kingdom”, 359 215 Central Lands, Sinitic heritage of, and kingdoms of the Nanhai, 111 trading relations between, 2 Central Mainland power, 362 market, 220 Central States, hairstyles in, 33 material culture, 216 Central , 200, 206 national boundaries for, 63 Thunder God in, 203 Southeast Asia and, economic Yuying , 330 interaction between, 214 ceramics traditions development, in technological knowledge and Southeast Asia, 215 capabilities, 214 Chakri dynasty, 352 Tibetan influence on, 268 Cham culture, 352 Vietnam and, 4 Cham embassies to and Lý Chinese archaeologists, 167 courts, 150 Chinese chroniclers, 340 Cham emissaries, 148 Chinese Cham military capabilities, upgrading excavation data implications, of, 151 59–66 Cham naval, attack on Angkor, 153 interregional interaction and ’s missions, 217 emulation, 63–66 Cham region, influences in, 149–56 urbanism and political complexity, Cham tribute missions, 150 60–63 Chao Phraya, 363 Chinese community, 5

15 ImperialChinaIndexIT.indd 373 3/7/15 11:53 am 374 Index

Chinese cultural values, 81 Cổ Loa site, 44–47, 49 Chinese cultures, 274, 287, 354 archaeological investigations at, Chinese ethnography, 94 53–59 Chinese gentry scholars, 304 brand of urbanism, 62 Chinese gentry system, 301 early form of urbanism, 61 Chinese ideas and social geographic milieu, 63 organization, 48 monumental system Chinese identity, 331 at, 66 Chinese imperial authority, 334 settlement, 66 , 347, 353 timing and development process of, Chinese maritime, 204 52–53 activities, 206 close-cropped hair (duanfa ), 89 Chinese market, 354, 359 clothing, 91 Chinese medicinal , changing clothes, 100–2 217 colour and dyed patterns, 94–97 Chinese mulberry, 94 social fabrics, 91–94 Chinese-native mestizos, 353–54 wearing identity, 97–100 Chinese pattern of , 86 Cochinchina, 198 Chinese peripheries, 194 War, 2, 11 Chinese pirate groups, 198 collaborative archaeological project, Chinese policy, 338–40 53 Chinese province of Yunnan, 291, colonial ethnographic infrastructure, 295 304 Chinese-style kingdom, 341 colonial frontier, securing, 292–300 Chinese textual accounts, colonial rule, 300, 301, 304, 309 examination of, 60 in Burma, 292 Chinese tradition, peacock in, 269–74 colour patterns, 94–97 Chinese treaty ports, 296 combat element, crossing Chinese-Vietnamese , 200 competitions, 144 “Chinggis Khan”, 347 communal identities, ramifications Chin, James K., 256 of, 300 Choson dynasty, 348 Complete Book of the Historical , 344–47 Records of Đại Việt tales, 164 (Ngô Si Liên), 166, 174–75, Chu Đậu, 204 185 cinnamomum camphora, 222 Comprehensive Institutional Records ci shrine, 115, 119 ( ), 253 Cổ Loa Middle Wall and Ditch Confucian academies, 348 Project, 53–59 Confucian concept, 164 Cổ Loa polity, 60, 64 Confucian culture, 5 Cổ Loa roof tiles, 65 Confucian indoctrination, 348 Middle Wall excavation, 57, 58 , 342, 359

15 ImperialChinaIndexIT.indd 374 3/7/15 11:53 am Index 375

Confucian literati, 7 Dalbergia parviflora, 223, 227 contemporary designation, 327 Dali ( ) era, 241, 249, 252 Cooked people, clothing of, 100–1 Daoguang period, 325, 326 Cooper, Thomas, 295 Daoyi zhilue , 221, 225, “co-prosperity sphere”, 362 226, 231 cloth, 93 “dark-clothing people”, 95 court-sponsored jingdu ( ) events, Dashi zhuan (Account of 144 Dashi), 261 crossed legs of ( ), 83 Datun village, 319, 320 crossing competitions Day, Tony, 355 Cham and regions “decorated face” description, 85 influences, 149–56 Tengyue Association, 298 in Đại Việt, 146–49, 155 Deng Yao group, 210n25 in Yangzi Valley, 142–46 Deng Zhong , 205 Cui Hanheng , 245 Deng Zilon , 295 cultural analysis, hairstyles, 19 Cosmo, Nicola, 324, 330 cultural artifacts, 2 Đại La, 173, 174 cultural frontier between Sinitic and Dingjia zhuang , 329 proto-Vietnamese , Ðinh Gia Khánh, 163 44 “Divine Realm”, 359 culture, 349, 350, 352, 357 Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, 197 “Apollonian”, 355 Dog Head Mountain, 187 Cham, 352 Ðông Son bronze drums, 48 Chinese, 274, 287, 354 Ðông Son civilization, 49 Confucian, 5 Ðông Son culture, 47, 55, 60 “Faustian”, 355 period, 52 hairstyles in , 16 Ðông Son period, political , 5, 6 consolidation during, 64 Longshan (c.3000–1800 BC), 65 Ðông Son society, 46–47 politico-religious, 141 models and symbols of political Cun Haiting , 310 authority and foreign elements, Cun Kaitai , 310 66 cut hair (zuan fa), 27 in plain, 50 Dong-Xiyang kao (A Study of D Eastern and Western Oceans), Đại Việt, 202 205, 222, 232 , 86 “down-the-line” form of emulation, Cham tribute missions to, 150 65 crossing competitions in, 146–49, -boat racing, 146 155 Dragon Lord, 187 political independence, 44 dragon ship, 146 warships, 148 drynaria baronii, 281

15 ImperialChinaIndexIT.indd 375 3/7/15 11:53 am 376 Index

Dryoblanops aromatica. See camphor Excessive Rain Pool (Dâm Đàm Duanwu , 143 ), 176 Huan , 253 expansionary campaigns, 71 Duke Huan of , 19, 24 , 30 F duli clothing , 99 fabrics. See also clothing Dunn, Ross, 364n4 social, 91–94 “dust-pan style”, 31 faeces togopteri, 280, 281 , 252, 253 Chengda dyed patterns, 94–97 colour and dyed patterns, 95 Dzengsěo, 330 Li clothing, 97 naked bodies, 88 needle and brush, 87 Eastern Asian multi-state system, 340 silk cloth, 93 Eastern Han cultural elements, 68 , 82, 85, 86 Eastern , 273 “Faustian” culture, 355 Eastern dynasty, 271 (337–422), Chinese Eastern Mainland power, 362 monk, 271 Eastern culture, sheared hair field households, 95 (duanfa ), 26 fifteenth-century Vietnam embassy, timeline of, 255–56 Arrayed Tales. See Arrayed Tales Emblica officinalis, 227 development of, 161–62 embroidered faces, 87 Fish Essence Crag, 187 Emperor Daizong, 241 Fiskesjö, Magnus, 353 Emperor Dezong, 241, 246–48, Five Furies (Wuchang ), 178, 266n28 179 Emperor Gaozong, 113 flood control, 50 Emperor Huizong, 119 foetal hair, 90 Emperor Xuanzong, 241 folk , 163 , 241 foreign bodies, 83–84 emulation, Chinese civilization, hair, 89–91 63–66 naked bodies, 87–89 Engelbert, Thomas, 164 tattoos and scarification, 85–87 Enlightenment intellectuals, 354 foreign camphor, 222 “Esteemed Kingdom”, 346 Foshi state (southeast part of ethnic groups in Red River Delta, the island of Sumatra), 257–58 172 Fox Aboriginal Settlement, 176 Europe, 12 “Fox Corpse Pool” (Hồ Thây Đàm rival in, 1 ), 175, 176 European-derived international fox essence, in Arrayed Tales, system, 343 173–74 Europe-based knowledge system, 10 “Fox Grotto” (Hồ Động ), 175

15 ImperialChinaIndexIT.indd 376 3/7/15 11:53 am Index 377

“Fox Village” (Hồ Thôn ), 175, routes bypassing, 204–8 176 Bay, 207 French expedition, 296 “Guan Suo ling ” mountain connection routes by passing, ridges, 330 204–8 Guan Suo Opera, 316–24, 326, 328, Fujian region, 126 330–34 Fukuyama, Francis, 355 Guan Suo Opera Gazetteer, 332 Fury God (Xương Cuồng thần ), Guan Suo temple, 330 177, 179 , 19–20, 30 Fury Men (Cuồng phu/Kuangfu ), Guda state (present-day Nha 178 Trang, Vietnam), 257 Fytche, Albert, 296 Guihai yuheng zhi , 82 province, 316 G Guizhou region, economic Gao Pian , 185, 186 transformation of, 325 Gegesengdi state, 258 Gulf of Tongking, 195, 205, 206 Gegesengzhi state (now maritime system, 202 Brouwers Archipelago in the Qitao, 178 southern part of the Straits of ), 258 H Geguluo state [Qaqola/ Hồ Aboriginal Settlement, 176 Kakula, now the Kra Isthmus of Hainanese cotton cloth, 93 the Malay Peninsula], 258 Island, 194, 197 Geil, William, 296 correlations between northern Geluo state , 258 Vietnam and, 199 Giersch, Patterson, 328 from, 195–202 “golden fangs and bronze teeth” (kim and , nha đồng xỉ ), 179 interconnections between Golden Teeth (Jinchi ), 192n55 , 207 Gongche shangshu , 302 local of, 195 Gong Xianggeng , 318–20, hair, foreign bodies, 89–91 322–23, 329–30, 332 hairstyles, 16 Gong Zhaolong , 319, 323 descriptions of, 19 Great Life-Protecting Lord (Baosheng “human-like creatures”, 23 dadi ), 126 mallet-shaped bun (chuijie / Griffith, 294 ), 28–36 , 206 sheared hair (duanfa ), 25–28 coast of, 194–95 types of, 17 province, 166, 169, 326 unbound hair (pifa ), 19–25 in Zhou culture, 16 coast of, 195 civilization, 5 province, 326 Han Chinese colonization, 59

15 ImperialChinaIndexIT.indd 377 3/7/15 11:53 am 378 Index

Han dynasty, 3, 132, 166, 291, 344 Huihui medical tradition, 277 Han , 44, 48 Huihui yaofang (Muslim hangtu method, 64–65 Prescriptions), 277–78 Han immigrants, 68 human trafficking, 202 Han imperial conquest and “Hundred Barbarians ”, 174 incorporation, 66 Hundred ( ), 17, 18, Han obsession, 71 48, 68, 70 Han period, mallet-shaped bun, 29 Hùng kings (Hùng vương ), Hanshu, mallet-shaped bun, 30 165–67, 172, 175, 177 Han society Hồ Village, 176 implications and identity, hydraulic , 61, 62 barbarization, 67–72 Hyung Il Pai, 65 relations with Koreans, 65 Han-Tang period in northern I Vietnam, 67 Imperial Chinese mandala, 361 Han-Việt graves, 68, 69 imperial events, crossing competitions, , 123–25 145, 146 Han Yunnanese, 292, 296 imperial intelligence, 300–4 “Heaven’s Awe Harbor” (Thiên Uy Imperially Reviewed of Cảng ), 185 the Taiping Era ( “Heaven’s Awe Passage” (Thiên Uy ), 173 Kính ), 185 Indianized Southeast Asia, 341 Heling state , 258 indigenous ancestors, 322–23 Hellenistic kingdoms, community of, indigo clothing, 96 360 Indo-European Alexander, 361 Hessig, Walther, 275 Indo-Mediterranea, 340, 356, 359, 360 Histoire du Cambodge (Leclère), 199 Indo-Pacifica, 359 History of the Former Han (Ban ), Industrial Revolution, 354, 361 170 Indus Valley Civilization, 359, 361 Hải Thượng Lãn Ông, 199, 200 Inner Asian warrior aristocracies, 360, community, 306 361, 363 Hokkien dialect speakers, 206 “Inner Lands” (Nội Địa), 346 text, 23 internationalism, 12 Huangdi neijing (Inner interregional interaction, Chinese Canon of the ), civilization, 63–66 278 “invented traditions”, 52 Huanwang state (or Champa, in present-day central Vietnam), colonial interactions, 67 257 of Vietnam, 47–48 huaxia culture, 5, 6 Iron Age Ðông Son Culture Huaxia peoples, mallet-shaped bun, communities, 46 32 Irrawaddy, 362, 363

15 ImperialChinaIndexIT.indd 378 3/7/15 11:53 am Index 379

network of Yanshou Weir, Khmer tribute missions, 151 115, 116 Khmer “water festival” (Bon Islamic caliphate, 360 Touk), 155 Islamic commonwealth, 360 King Cheng, 169 King of Yue, sheared hair J (duanfa ), 26 James , 321, 328 King Wen, tomb of, 167 , 339, 349–52 Kinh Dương, 177 Jomon cultures in, 356 Koguryǒ, 349 Japanese rulers, 350 , 347–49 Japanese Tokugawa regime, 325 Kwang-chou-wan (Guangzhou wan , 352–55 ), 207, 208 Javanese monarchs, 352 Kwangtung, adjacent districts of, Jayavarman VII, 151, 155 200 , 257, 259, 260, 266n28, 266n29 L Jiangtou cheng (“Riverhead Lạc kings, 165, 167 Town”), 295 lakawood, Southeast Asian product, jiangzhen , 226–28 222–28 empire, political culture of, Lama, Dalai, 278 141 Larsen, Kirk W., 349 jiao , known also as the Late Period, Cổ Loa Middle Wall and , 122–24 Ditch Project, 56, 57 jingdu . See crossing Leclère, Adhémard, 199 competitions , 161 Jinming Lake (Jinming Lees-hee-ta-hee, 299 ), 145 legalism, 342 Jiu Tangshu (Old History of legendary traditions, 49 the Tang), 261 Lê Hoàn , 146, 148 Jizi , 22 Leick, Gwendolyn, 357 Johnson, Reginald, 296 Leizhou dialects, 206 Jomon cultures in Japan, 356 map of, 207 Leizhou, local gazetteers of, 195 K Leizhou Museum, 202–3 Kai-hentai, 198 Leizhou Peninsula, 194, 195, 197, Kaihuang era, 254 204, 206 Kaiyuan era, 250 interconnections between northern Kang Youwei, 302 Vietnam, Hainan Island, and, Khan, Kublai, 275 207 , 61 Lê Quý Đôn, 162, 164, 171 Khmer military, 151 Lê Thánh Tông, 202 Khmer region, influences in, 149–56 Lê Văn Siêu, 165–66

15 ImperialChinaIndexIT.indd 379 3/7/15 11:53 am 380 Index

Lewis, Mark, 16, 20, 22 M dynasty, 273 Ma Dexin , 328 Liang, , 317 Buddhist approach, 155 李本燦 Liao Pengfei , 127 Malacca Straits region, 216, 217, Liao people, tattoo, 85 221, 225, 227, 232 Liao tribes, 96 aromatic woods, 221–22 Liaozi, 96, 175 Malayo-Javanese world, 10 Li Bencan , 320, 321, 324, mallet hairstyle, 89–91 332 mallet-shaped bun (chuijie / ), Li Chenglong , 319, 323 28–36 Li clothing, 97 Manchu , 6, 8 Liji , unbound hair, 20 mandala state, 340 , 246–49 dynamics of, 364 frontier, 101 mandala of, 343 administration of, 82 Mandalay Chinese population, 305 Lingnan region, 146 Mandalay Hokkien temple, 306 Lingwai daida , 202 Mandalay Yunnan Association, 305, Liu Kezhuang (1187–1269), 310 117, 121 Mandarin gentry, 302 Liu Taizhen , 259 man, unbound hair (pifa ), 20 Liu Ting , 295 manyi , 18 (773–819), Marcia Yonemoto, 350 122–23 Margary, A.R., 296 Li Xianhe , 307 Marx, Karl, 13 tomb of, 308 Maspero, Henri, 48 locus classicus, 269 Maternal Ancestress (Mazu ), lojong (blo sbyong), or mind training, 131 283 origins of, 126–27 Longshan culture, 65 , 361 loop skirt, 99 Mauryan polity, 66 loose hair. See also unbound hair Ma zhuang, 329 (pifa ) McLaren, Anne, 317 element of, 24 medieval China, baneful spirits in, Luoheyi state , 258 143 Luoyue state (the southern tip medieval Chinese southern dynasties, of the Malay Peninsula), 143 257 Mekong, 363 Lý Công Uẩn, 148 region, 341 Lý courts, Cham embassies to, 150 Mendu state (Qui Nhơn, Lý dynasty, 148, 150, 156, 173 Vietnam), 257 religion, 146 Mercantile Shipping Superintendency, Lý Thái Tổ, 173, 174 229, 230

15 ImperialChinaIndexIT.indd 380 3/7/15 11:53 am Index 381

metallophones, 356 myth of peacock’s gallbladder, 269, miao shrine, 115, 119 270 Middle Period, Cổ Loa Middle Wall and Ditch Project, 56, 57 N Middle Wall excavation, Cổ Loa roof naked bodies, 87–89 tiles, 57, 58 Nam Việt, 344 migrant community, 300, 304–9 Nanfang xaomu zhuang, 222 Mị Hầu Kingdom, 178 Nanhai Temple / , military exchange, with Đại Việt, 151 sacrificial ceremony at, 254–55 military patron-client networks, 141 Nanhai Trade, The, 3 mines, 325–26 ancestry, reference to, 320–21 dynasty, 161, 291, 295, 317, Nan Yue, 344–47 321, 330, 334 rulers, 345 Ming intervention, 348 national festival in Cổ Loa site, 47 mining industry, development of, 325 national-level Confucian examination, “minority nationalities”, 322 310 ( ), 18 naval forces at Jinming Lake, 145 Miss (Lin shi or Lin furen , 141, 143, 148 ), 126, 129–31 Cham and Khmer, 153, 155 moated settlements, analogous forms tactics, development of, 153 of, 62 Neolithic and Metal Age periods, 63 Molai state (present day new history perspective, 13–15 Malabar, India), 258 Ngai-Sie (1227–1308), 289n27 Moluo state (now Basra, Ngô Sĩ Liên, 148 ), 258 Nguyễn court, 345 Mongol army, 291 Nguyễn Đổng Chi, 163–64 Mongol imperial court, chronicle, 198 into, 274–78 Nguyễn Phúc Ánh, 344 Mongol rulers, 274, 286 Nguyễn Phuong, 165–66 Mongol , 8 Nguyễn’s realm, 344 monumental earthen rampart, 57 Nicola Di Cosmo, 324, 330 monumental fortification system, 66 , mallet-shaped bun, 29 Moung Shwe Yah, 299 non-Chinese ruler, 275 mountain savages, 174–75 Nong Zhigao , 81 Mulan River, 118 non-Sinitic culture, 128 Mulian opera, 178 non-Sinitic societies, 46 “multiplicity of non-institutionalized northern Chinese migrants, 5 states”, 341 northern Korea, 349, 350 multi-state system, 360 northern Song, 82 Mường, 172 northern Vietnam, 200, 344, 350, 356 Murray, Dian, 200 and Hainan Island, correlations muskwood in Zhufan zhi, 230, 232 between, 199, 207

15 ImperialChinaIndexIT.indd 381 3/7/15 11:53 am 382 Index

Han-Tang period in, 67 region, tradition of, 155 Han-Việt class of elites, 68 Phong Châu , 177 and Leizhou Peninsula, political community, 357 interconnections between, 207 political complexity, Chinese Thunder God in, 203 civilization, 60–63 northward perspective, 9–10, 12 political culture of Jiankang empire and southern-based regimes, 141 O political organization of southern “Oath of the 37 Lolo Tribes, The”, regimes, 141 322 political regeneration models, 66 O’Harrow, Stephen, 52–53 politico-religious culture, 141 oil-based camphor, Chinese Polu state, 258 manufacturers, 221 post-Angkor period development, 155 Opium War, 354 premodern scholars, Arrayed Tales, divination, Shang 163 traditions of, 65 pre-Sinitic traditions, 129 oral tales, 162–63 -based tradition of orthodox imperial hierarchy, 119 imperial succession, 141 Outer Annals of the Comprehensive Prince Godan, 276 for Aid in Government Prince of Liang, 269, 274 (Liu ), 169 proto-Khmer polity of , Xiu (1007–72), 115 340–41 proto-Vietnamese civilization P cultural frontier between Sinitic Gates Service, 252 and, 44 Panthay rebellion, 307, 319, 324, foundations for, 44 326–32 proto-Vietnamese history, 48 Panthay regime, 328 proto-Vietnamese state, formation patron-client networks, 144 of, 62 “peace parley” of local, 29 Ptak, Roderich, 200 peacock flood plain, 118 in Chinese Tradition, 269–74 Tibetan medical, pharmacological, Q and Buddhist documents, 278–82 Qiangzong bu , 322 Pelliot, Paul, 266n27 Qianyuan era, 249 Peng Nian, 32 dynasty, 3, 169, 344 peripheral relationships, with Qing central authorities, 333 communities, 72 Qing dynasty, 292, 309, 319, 333 ‘Phags-pa script system, 275 Qing imperial authority, 337n46 phases and chronological periods, Qingjiao , 126 Cổ Loa Middle Wall and Ditch Qingming festival, 145–46, 149 Project, 55–59 Qing territory, 344

15 ImperialChinaIndexIT.indd 382 3/7/15 11:53 am Index 383

Qin-Han dynasty, 6 “rising dragon”, 173 Qin-Han empire, 5, 343 in Thang Long, 175 Qin Shihuang, tomb of, 22 ritual exchange, with Đại Việt, 151 Qiongzhou Straits , 196, ritual regulations in society, 16 204–6 rival empires in Europe, 1 Qiu Kunliang , 323 river-based naval combat, 142 merchants, 93 Robinson, James Harvey, 13 Rocher, Emile, 329 R “Rolling Wave troops” (Lingbo jun ramie, 92–93 ), 145 rampart construction, 57 Romance of the , 317 chronology, phases, and , 343 dimensions, 59 Rong tribes, unbound hair, 20 stamped earth technique, 64–65 rowed longboat squadrons, 142 rapid population increase, 325–26 Raw Li tattoos, 86 S recruiting system, crossing sacrificial ceremony at Nanhai competitions, 145 Temple, 254–55 “red pants”, 96 sages, 24 Red River, 363 Sanskrito-Southeast Asian, 341 Red River Delta, 44, 48, 146, 161, sappanwood, 230 165–67, 174, 194, 203, 344 scarification, 85–87 autonomous polity, 176 scented timbers, 230–31 ethnic groups in, 172 Schafer, Edward H., 271 political elites of, 66 Second World War, 2, 11 Red River plain, 71 Seishisai, Aizawa, 351 societies in, 52 semi-legendary traditions, 49 Red River Valley, 72 Set Kyin, 298 early civilization in, 61 Shang culture, 65 pre- and protohistory of, 46–51 Shang polity, 360 regional rivalry, 306 Shang traditions of oracle bone religion, 357–58 divination, 65 religious elements, crossing sheared hair (duanfa ), 19, competitions, 143 25–28 Replies from Beyond the Passes vs. unbound hair, 28 (Zhou Qufei), 174 Shel gong shel phreng, 282 resinous camphor, 218, 221, 222 Nong, 165, 175 rGyud-bZhi (The Four Medical Shenzhong Yuanfeng period (1078–85), ), 278–79, 282 219 “Food Taboo” in, 285 Shiji, mallet-shaped bun, 30 prescriptions, 280–81 state (present-day Sri Tibetan , 269 Lanka), 258

15 ImperialChinaIndexIT.indd 383 3/7/15 11:53 am 384 Index

Shwe In Bin, 307 Sino-Pacifica, 340, 352–54, 356, 359, monastery, 308 360, 363 Shwe , 299, 302 slash-and-burn cultivation, 171 Shy Dinh providence, 197 , 85–86 Siam, 352–55 social fabrics, 91–94 Siamese government, 338 societies silk cloth, 93–94 interaction of, 44 Qian , 68, 70 in Red River plain, 52 process, 12 ritual regulations in, 16 Sinicized Tai-speaking elite, 172 Sojourning Yunnanese, 304 Sinification Song courts, Cham embassies to, 150 processes of, 67 , 80, 81, 111, 127, 169, unidirectional teleology of, 101 178 Sinitic accommodation, hybrid cults mallet hairstyle, 91 of, 126–32 tattoos, 85 Sinitic civilization, 46, 118 Song huiyao , 118, 119, 230 foundations for, 44 Song regime, 145 and proto-Vietnamese civilizations, Southeast Asia, 362 cultural frontier between, 44 bronze, 64 Sinitic culture, 130–31 camphor import to China, 216–22 in construction process of , 46 and China, economic interaction of basin, 111 between, 214 Sinitic immigration, cults of, conventional scholarship on, 341 112–26 culture and civilization, 43 Sinitic leadership symbols, 66 developments in ceramics Sinitic settlement, 112 traditions, 215 Sinitic societies, 46 furniture timber, 228–33 Sinitic terms for fox, 175, 176 issue of material cultural influences Sino– relations, 240 between China and, 215 Sino–British border agreements, lakawood product, 222–28 301–2 moated settlements, 62 Sino–Burmese border town, 292 primary resources for material Sino–Burmese frontier, British needs, 214 interest in, 292 raw materials and natural products Sino–Burmese War, 291, 298 supply to China, 214 sinocentric perspective, 6–9 traditional perspectives, 43 Sino-centric/Sino-tropic tributary urbanism in, 61–62 system, 364 Southeast Asian aromatic. See Sinocentric texts, 48 camphor Sinocentric tradition, 14 Southeast Asian cultures, 354 Sino-centric tributary system, 353 Southeast Asian Neolithic and Metal , 9 Age communities, 62–63

15 ImperialChinaIndexIT.indd 384 3/7/15 11:53 am Index 385

Southeast Asian polities, 356 “Tale of the Fish Essence, The”, Southeast Asian-style mandala story, 185–88 polities, 341 “Tale of the Fox Essence, The”, southern barbarians, 48, 68, 70, 84 story, 173–75 exotic lands of, 72 “Tale of the Hồng Bàng Clan, The”, Southern Campaign, 319 story, 165–68, 171, 172 southern Chinese local traditions, “Tale of the Tree Essence”, story, boat competitions in, 149 178–81 southern frontier, nakedness on, 88 French translation of, 181–83 Southern Man , 18 “Tale of the Watermelon, The”, story, southern military engagements, 142 168, 183–85 southern peoples, distinctiveness of, “Tale of the White Pheasant, The”, 140–41 story, 169–70 southern political culture, 141 Tang culture, 7 Southern Song, 83, 84, 86, 117 Tang dynasty, 81, 83, 240, 241, 244, southern-styled political culture, 262 characteristics of, 146 Nanhai Temple, 255 Southern Tang, 145 overseas trade in, 250 Southern Yue, 68, 70, 71 Sui institution, 254–55 kingdom, 51 tattoo, 85 polity, 60 Tang Huiyao , 249, 260 South Seas trade, 229, 231 Tang imperial court, 144 Spengler, Oswald, 355 Tang period, 216, 217 stamped earth technique, 64–65 Tang slave market, 85 state-building tributary mission, 350 Tantric , 275 Stone Dog, 202–4 tattoos, 25–28, 85–87, 100 (589–618), Barus tools of, 87 camphor, 217 Taw Sein Ko, 305 Sui-Tang reunification, 361 tax revenues, 81–82 Symes, Michael, 292 Teutonic Order, 364 developments in ceramics T traditions, 215 Tagalog language, 358 Thăng Long, 174 Tai people, 175 court, 202 Taiping huanyu “rising dragon” in, 175 [A Record of the World During thermoluminescence analysis, of roof the Taiping Era], 82 tiles, 59 Taizong emperor, 82 Thunder God, 202–4, 211n39 “Tale of Heavenly King Đổng, The”, Tianbao era, 244, 249, 255 story, 168 , or All under Heaven, 13 “Tale of , The”, story, Tibetan Buddhism, 268, 275 168–69 peacock in, 282–85

15 ImperialChinaIndexIT.indd 385 3/7/15 11:53 am 386 Index

Tibetan civilization, 275, 278 U Tibetan culture, 268, 269, 283 Ueda Nozomu, 323 Tibetan forces, 7 Uighur script, 288n18 Tibetan medicine, introduction of, unbound hair (pifa), 19–25, 89 274–78 vs. sheared hair, 28 Tibetan religious literary genre, “unified” Chinese dynasties, 141 283 perspective, 10–12 Tibetan script system, 277 urban civilizations of , Tibetan troops, 242, 245, 249, 261 356 Tiluoluhe state “urban emulation”, 66 [Djerrarah, present-day Abadan, urbanism, 60–63, 356, 357 ], 258 Tiyu state [Diul, present-day V Diudul on the Kathiawar Vân Đồn, 204–6 Peninsula, India], 258 Văn Lang kingdom, 49–50 Tokugawa-era Japanese, 350 Vietnam, 194, 344–47, 349, 351 Tongdian [Comprehensive and China, 4, 10 Institutional Records], 253 developments in ceramics Tongking Gulf, 205, 206 traditions, 215 trading zone, 204 and Hainan Island, correlations Tongking–Hainan–Leizhou Peninsula, between northern, 199, 207 200 internal affairs, 8, 9 Tongking society, 199 and Leizhou Peninsula, , 153, 155 interconnections between Tonqueeners, 197 northern, 207 Toungoo–Ming wars, 295 national boundaries for, 63 trade development, 325–26 prehistory in, 47 traditional caravan trade, 291 Vietnamese ceramics, brown painted traditional perspectives, 43, 48 wares of, 204 transgressive connotations of Vietnamese Hùng Kings (Hùng unbound hair, 20 vương ), 49 Trevelyan, G.M., 13 Vietnamese scholars, 163 tribals black clothing, 95 Vietnamese traditions tribute-bearing emissaries, 150 Cổ Loa site, 50 tribute missions, 159n21, 159n22 examination of, 60 Trần dynasty, 206 potential challenges and biases, Trần Thế Pháp, 162 51–53 tropical southern cloth, 92 Sinocentric views in, 49 Trung Sisters, 68 Vietnam’s Trần dynasty, 206 Turco-Mongol, 4, 7 Việt bodies, descriptions of, 85 twentieth-century scholars, Arrayed Việt elite, 171–72, 175, 176, 179 Tales, 163 Việt formal clothing, 98

15 ImperialChinaIndexIT.indd 386 3/7/15 11:53 am Index 387

“Việt Nam”, 344 Whitmore, John, 202 Việt tattoo, 85 Wingate, A.M.S., 296 Việt territory, 83–84 Winzeler, Robert, 60 Việt Thường, 169–70 Woodside, Alexander, 349 Vu Duy Chí, 199 wrapped clothing, 99–100 Vu Quỳnh, 162, 164, 183, 184 Wuchuan district, 196 Sangui, 330 W Wu , 126–31 Cheng (Mandalay), 300 Wu , 115, 117–19, , 30–31, 33 124–26 Wang Ji , 295, 303 hybrid cults of, 126 , 89 local impact on cult of, 121 warfares, 143 , 17–18 Warring States culture, sheared hair (duanfa), 26 period, 62, 66 Wu Zixu , 20, 22, 24, 26 unbound hair, 20 water-borne trade, 141 X water management, 61–62 Xianfeng , 330 wearing identity, 97–100 Xiangpu , 218, 220 Weber, Max, 13, 355 Xiaotun village, 318 Wei Man (Korean, Wiman), Xingyuan era, 241, 245, 246 29 Xinjie (“New Street”), 295 Western Di, mallet-shaped bun, 30 Xiuxing benqi jing western Guangxi, 95, 96 (Cārya–nidāna; of the Western Mainland power, 362 Buddha’s Origins; also written Western political tradition, 356 Suxing benqi jing ), Western scholarship, vocabulary of, 273 4 Ruolin , 324 Western societies, 358 Xiaowang , 115 western Yunnan, 307 and Upper Burma, map of, 292, Y 293 Yang embassy, 252–55, 257, 260 , 175, 176 achievement and influence of, Westphalian system, 356 261–62 white clothing, 94–95 sacrificial ceremony for, 255 “White Crane” (Bạch Hạc ), timeline of, 255–56 177 Yang group, 196, 198, 199 White Dragon-Tail (Bạch Long Vĩ Yang Liangyao , 240–42, 246, ), 185, 187 247 White Lotus Rebellion, 345 sea route, 249–53, 257–61 “White-Robed Savages” (Bạch Y man Yang lineage, 320–21 ), 174 Yang Shiying , 320

15 ImperialChinaIndexIT.indd 387 3/7/15 11:53 am 388 Index

Yang Yandi group, 196, 197 Yunnan, in second Yang Yingkang , 323 half of nineteenth century in, Yang Zhi , 127–29 326–27 Yangzi Valley, crossing competitions Yunnan–Burma caravan routes, 295, in, 142–46 300 Yangzong Valley (Yunnan Yunnan–Burma frontier, 309 province), 326 Yunnan–Burmese trade, 299 valley, 316, 319, 322, 329 Yunnan communities, 307 Yanshou Creek , 115 bronze-casting technologies, 63 Yanshou Weir , 115, 116, Yunnanese identity, 333 118 Yunnanese migrant community, 300, Yan Yandi group, 196–98 304–9 Yao dye patterns, 96 Yunnanese society, 324 Yao mallet hairstyle, 90 Yunnan ethnic landscape, 327 Yao practice of rolling hair, 89 Yunnan frontier, 298 (Angkor), 151 Yunnan province, 169, 316, 327 Yellow River basin, Sinitic culture Yunnan provincial society, 327 of, 111 Yunnan region, economic Yingyai shenglan , 228 transformation of, 325 Ying Zheng, 348 Yinhai jingwei , 218 Z Yin Zhaorong , 306 zhang camphor, 220, 221 Yi peoples, 18 Zhang Chenglian , 301 unbound hair, 20 Zhang Chengyu , 302 Yongtai era, 241 Zhang Dexin , 302 Yongzhen era, 242 Zhang Guangda , 239 Youyang zazu (Miscellany Zhang Jianlin , 241 from Youyang), 271 Zhang Shi , 87, 106n32 , 270, 274, 275, 277, Zhang Shimin , 244 278, 285, 291 Zhangzhou–Chaozhou border area, Yuanhe 元和 era, 242 114 Yuechang (Việt Thường ), Zhangzhou, establishment of, 114 169–70 Rugua , 101, 226 Yue peoples, 17 , 31, 50, 166, 167, 169 mallet-shaped bun (chuijie / Provincial Museum, sheared ), 28–36 hair and tattooed bodies statues, sheared hair (duanfa ), 33–36 25–28 Zheng Chenggong, 8 unbound hair (pifa ), 19–25 Zhenla fengtuji, 9 Yue Shi 樂史, 82 Zhenyuan era, 240, 242–43, Yunlu manchao , 220 246–49, 256, 259, 261, 262

15 ImperialChinaIndexIT.indd 388 3/7/15 11:53 am Index 389

zhiguai tales, 164 silk cloth, 93 Zhou culture tattoo, 82, 84–86 hairstyle in, 16 Zhou rituals, sheared hair (duanfa unbound hair (pifa ), 19–20, ), 26–27 24 Zhou Zilong , 322 , 155 Zhuang Xia , 127–28 Zhou lineage, 322 text Zhou Qufei , 100 sheared hair (duanfa ), 25, 28 colour and dyed patterns, 94, 96 unbound hair (pifa ), 23 cotton, 93 Zhufan zhi , 83, 220, 223 Li clothing, 97 muskwood in, 230 mallet hairstyle, 90 Fu , 98–99 naked bodies, 88 batik-patterned indigo cloth, 96 needle and brush, 87 , 317, 319, 330, 333 ramie, 92–93 Zhu Yuanzhang, 320, 321

15 ImperialChinaIndexIT.indd 389 3/7/15 11:53 am