E519 Volume 1
ProjectWith Loans From the World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized
People's Republic of China World Bank FinancedJiangii Integrated Agricultural Modernization Project (JIAMP)
Environmental Impact Assessment Report Public Disclosure Authorized ( Final Draft) Public Disclosure Authorized
Jiangxi Provincial Environmental Protection Research Institute
State Environmental Assessment Certificate Grade A No. 2303 Public Disclosure Authorized Entrusted by Jmgxi Provincial Agricultural Office for Foreig Capital Utlization November, 2001 FILECOPY Project With Loans From the World Bank <
People's Republic of China
World Bank Financed Jiangxi Integrated Agricultural Modernization
Project (JIAMP)
Environmental Impact Assessment Report
( Final Draft)
Jiangxi Provincial Environmental Protection Research Institute
State Environmental Assessment Certificate Grade A No. 2303
Entrusted by Jiangxi Provincial Agricultural Office for Foreign Capital Utilization
November, 2001
People's Republic of China
World Bank Financed Jiangxi Integrated Agricultural Modernization
Project (JIAMIP)
Environmental Impact Assessment Report
(Final Draft)
Compiler: Jiangxi Provincial Environmental Protection Research Institute
Director: Shi Jing Senior Engineer Chief Engineer: Long Gang Senior Engineer [(ES) Qualification Certificate No. 087141 Technical Review: Zhu Baiming Senior Engineer [(ES) Qualification Certificate No. 08872] Project Leader: Shi Jing Senior Engineer [(ES) Qualification Certificate No. 087111 Project Deputy Leader: Zuo Zhu Senior Engineer [(ES) Qualification Certificate No. 087121 Hu Xiaohua Senior Engineer [(ES) Qualification Certificate No. 087151 Participants: Huang Jingming SeniorEngineer [(ES) Qualification Certificate No. 084991 Liu Zhigang Senior Engineer [(ES) Qualification Certificate No. 08713] Xu Meishen Engineer Zhou Hansan Engineer [(ES) Qualification Certificate No. 08715] Cheng Xiaonan Engineer [(ES) Qualification Certificate No. 0151
Entrusted by Jiangxi Provincial Agricultural Office for Foreign Capital Utilization
Executive Summary
Jiangxi Integrated AgriculturalModernization Project (JIAMP),a world-bankloan project, is an agricultural development project authorized by China State Development Planning Conmmissionin 1998. The total project investmentis 1.54 billionsyuan RMB, includingthe World Bank loan of 100 millions US dollars. The proposed JIAMP aims at improvingthe livelihood of the farmers in the project areas through establishment of integrated, demand driven and sustainable agricultural production systems (including market systems). The achievementof this objectivewould lead to reductionof poverty and greater social stabilityin the project area, as well as enhancedfood securityat province and nationallevel. The following three componentswere proposed under the project: (1) Irrigation and Drainage; (2) Farm ProductionImprovement; and (3) Market SystemDevelopment.
Except for project areas of Xunwu County that lies in Pearl River catchmentof Guangdong Province and Pengze County that lies in the Yangtze(Changjiang) River watershed,the project areas of the other 19 counties are situated in the Poyang Lake watershedthat lies south of the middlereach of YangtzeRiver in northernpart of JiangxiProvince.
Jiangxi Province,with a total area of 166,900km 2 includingcultivated areas of 22,532 krn2 , has the jurisdiction over 11 cities and 99 counties. It is located on the south bank of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The population of the province. in 2000 was 41,503,000 in total, including32,844,000 farmers.
Poyang Lake, the largest fresh water lake in China, is located in the northern part of the province. It is a flowingthrough and seasonallake that acceptsthe water comingmainly from 5 river catchments (Gan, Fu, Xinjiang, Rao, and Xiuhe Rivers). The drainage area of the Poyang Lake river system is 162,220km 2 and occupiesabout 97% of the total area of Jiangxi Province.
The project areas are located in the subtropicalzone with a monsoonhumid climate.The mean annual rainfall varies between 1,387 to 1,795 mm. The rainfall from March to June usually comprises60% of the annualtotal. The mean annualtemperature is in the range of 16 to 200C. The yearly mean frost-freeperiod is 273 days. The yearly mean sunshineis 1,970hours.
Forest coveragein most of the project counties is good, though differs greatly from county to county,with the best in CongyiCoumty, where the forest cover reaches 81.6%, and the worst in Hukou County beside the Poyang Lake, where the forest coverageis as low as 11.84%. In most irrigationareas, forest cover is composedof artificial(planted) forest, while the dominant species of wildlife are rabbits and variousmice, usually of low protection levels. Therefore, no significanteffect on vegetation and wild animalsis envisagedin the project areas. Based on a desk study,a number of naturalreserves are found to be either very close to the proposed
i and/or water conveyance and reservoir appear to be within the buffer zone of the natural reserves. Before any constructionactivity starts within such areas, the projectproponent should contact the respective authoritiesat the Jiangxi Wildlife ProtectionAdministration Bureau of the JiangxiForestry Departmnentor their Nationalcounterparts.
In order to seek local support,to increasetransparency and accountabilityto the public, to reach consensus with various stakeholders, and to enhance ownership of the environmental managementand the proposedproject, participation of beneficiariesand other stakeholderswas of crucialimportance in the environmentalassessment process. In order to keep all beneficiariesinformed, the EIA Terms of Reference(TOR) were sent to the libraries within the affected communitiesfor review and commnentby the interested parties. Notices were issued and were put up on notice boards. News media includinglocal newspapers, television and radio were also used extensivelyto informnall beneficiaries and potentially affectedpeople within the areas of project impact about the planned environmentalstudy, and their input was soughtactively.
The EnvironmentalAssessment (EA) of JIAMP is prepared to meet the requirementsof both the World Bank and the Govermnentof Peoples Republicof China and Governmentof Jiangxi Province environmentalassessment processes. Accordingto the EA TOR, this report presents the results of the ClassB environmentalimpact assessmentfor the JLAMPbased on the studyof five counties comprising of 27 irrigation schemes that were selected to represent the major topographic, social and ecological norms that are present within the project counties. A detailed environmentalanalysis of the 27 irrigationdistricts located in the 5 project cotnties of Pengze, Wuning, Hlengfeng,Nancheng and Gan, each located in a different river catchment, was carried out by the EA team. Wheneverthe irrigationschemes were in the proximityof natural reserves or ecologically sensitive areas, additional investigations were carried out outside the project counties to ensure that the proposed project have no significantimpact on the natural reserves, and if needed, propose further study programs. In addition, the counties for the EA study were selectedso that all major river catchment,flowing in or out of Poyang Lake, be presented to determine the potential impacts of the proposed project, if any, on the Poyang Lake, a Ramsar site of internationalimportance. Analysis was also made for each irrigation scheme around the Poyang Lake and on the banks of YangtzeRiver associatedwith the problemof Schistosomaisisbeyond the 5 typicalcounties. The environmental analysis of the Jiangxi Integrated Agricultural Modernization Project indicated that the project would have no major direct negative impact on the natural environment. The overall social impact is positive. The project, if successfullyimplemented, should increase agriculturalproduction through improvementof the economicand social well being of the farmers of the projectarea. A reliable irrigationwater supplyshould reduce yield reductionduring drought periods, while provisionof on-farmresearch and extension services and adequatemarket systemshould assist the projectfarmers with the technicalknow how and better means of obtaining maximum income from their effort without major negative environmentalimpact. The proposedproject, in general,should also have a positiveimpact on
ii environmentalimpact. The proposedproject, in general,should also have a positiveimpact on the socio-economicconditions of the farnmingcommunities by improving their livelihood throughincreased purchasing power.
There are, however,a number of unavoidableaspects of project implementation,.which,if not properly mitigated,might have potential adverse effects on natural and/or social environment withiinthe project areas. The identified impacts are reversible and the magnitude of their impactswould depend on how the proposedproject specificmitigation plans are implemented. It is believedthat the successfulimplementation of the proposedmitigation plans shouldreduce the enviromnentalimpacts to insignificantlevels. The other environmentalimpacts identifiedduring constructionphase are of temporarynature. Thesesimpacts include vegetation damage, temporary land occupancy,local soil erosion,public heath deterioration,minor noise and air pollution,and water pollutionmainly due to sediment loading due to soil erosionand unintentionaloil/fuel contaminationby constructionequipment. The main sources for such impacts include such activities as constructionof access roads, rehabilitationior constructionof main canals, soil mixingplants, labor camp, soil erosionwithin borrow sites, constructioniareas, and fueling/stagiLngareas. Duringthe operationphase, potentialnegative enviroiunenital impacts include:
> Potential cumulativeimpact of increased applicationof fertilizers on water quality and eutroplicationiin water bodies includingthe PoyangLake; '- Potential impact due to potential increase in the use of highly toxic pesticides that could negatively impact not only the aquatic and terrestrial biota, but also the local and downstream residents; '- Potential increase in the incidents of waterborne diseases, including Schiistosomiasis (Schislosomajaponica) implementationin the irrigation areas (Pengze and Yongxiu Counties);and ' Social impacts of potential loss of farmlanadand the compensationpolicies associatedwitl the constructionof roads, canals and marketplaces in the projectarea.
The most substantialenvisaged negativeenvironmental effects of the proposed project can be expected froma more intensiveagricuilture production during the operationphase of the project, which mightinvolve higher use of fertilizer,pesticides and lherbicides.The proposed project in its design will put strong emphasis on mitigatingthese effects by introducingmore efficient application techniques to farmers. Most importantly,the proposed project would support integrated pest mranagement(IPM), including: (a) managing pests (keeping them below economicallydamaging levels) rather than seekingto eradicatethem; (b) relying, to the extent possible, on non chemiiicalmeasures to keep pest populations low; and (c) selecting and applying pesticides, when they have to be used, in a way that minimizesadverse effects on beneficialorganisms, humans, and the environment.
Based on a desk study,the Fang Lake irigation area in Pengze County is close to a natural reserve, and the Yislhuiirrigation area appearsto potentiallybe located insidethe bufferzone of
iii the YihlLangSouth China Tiger (Panthleratigris amjoyensis)Nattiral Reserve. Taipingjiang irrigation area in Longnan County is also appeared to potentiallyhave impact on the Jiuliani Mountain Natural Reserve, while thieXiaojianig irrigation area is located in the fringe of the YanglingNatural Reserve. In addition,in recent years the Fang and the Taibo Lake of Pengze, the Nanbei Lake of Port Hukou, and the lakeside beach in Yugan had become the over wintering habitats of some species of rare migratory birds. During final project design, attention should be paid to avoiding environmentalsensitive areas like natural reserves and wildlife habitats. It is proposedthat PPMO shouldsubmit the project designdocuments of the sub-projectsnear naturalreserves and wildlifehabitats to the wildlifeadministratiVe department for review and approval before finalizingthe project constructionplans within such areas. If any project encroachthe bufferzone or the core region of the naturalreserve, the environmental screening team will reject them. In addition, constructionperiod within areas that are in the proximityof over winteringhabitats of migratorybirds shouldbe reduced to avoid construction duringpeak use of the over winteringhabitats.
Mitigation measures are proposed to prevent/reducethe identified potential environmental impacts of the project development. Since the project schemes are scattered throughout the province and involve a large area of Jiangxi, effective implementationof thie proposed mitigationmeasures, if not well organized,would be a major challengeto the projectproponent. In order to cope with this challenge, a detailed environmental management plan (EMP) including institutional strengthening,environmental training requirementsand environmental monitorinigplan is developed, budgeted anid presented in this report. Thie proposed EMP recommends the development of an independent environmental management organization (EMO) within the present project management organization (PMO) to be responsible for the implemenitationiof the proposedmitigation measiures during every stage of project development fromipre-constructioni to operation to ensure the environmentalsustainability of the proposed project.
iv Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION ...... I
1.1 BACKGROUND .I 1.2 PURPOSEOF ASSESSMENT .2 1.3 BASESOF ASSESSMENT .2 1.3.1 Lavs and Regulations .3 1.3.2 Technical Documents .3 1.4 ASSESSMENTMETHODOLOGY .4 1.5. RELATIONSHIPTO FEASIBILITYSTUDY .5 1.6 EA TEAM .5 1.7 ASSESSMENTSCOPE ANDPERIODS COVERED ...... 6 1.7.1 Scope of Assessment..6 1.7.2 PeriodsCovered .7 1.8 ASSESSMENTFACTORS, FOCUS AND CATEGORIZATION .7 1.8.1 AssessmentFactors .7 1.8.2 Assessment Focus and Categorization.11 1.9 CRITERIAOF ASSESSMENT.11 1.9.1 Surface WaterQaality Standad. 11 1.9.2 Drinking WaterQuality Standard .12 1.9.3Ambient Air Quality Standard .12 1.9.4 Soil Quality Standad .12 1.9.5Standardfor PesticideUse .12
2 POLICY, LEGISLATION & ADMINISTRATION FRAMEWORK. 15
2.1 ORGANIZATIONS& ADMINISTRATIVEFRAMEWORK. 15 2.2 NATIONALPOLICY & STRATEGYFOR ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION. 15 2.3 WB REQUIREMENTS ...... 1 6
3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION...... 17
3.1 OBJECTIVESOF THE PROJECT . 1 7 3.1.1 ProjectArea. 7 3.1.2 ExistingAgro-productionConstraints .23 3.1.3 Objectivesof the Prqject.24 3.2 MAIN COMPONENTSOF THE PROJECT.25 3.2.1 Irrigationand DrainageCoomponent .25 3.2.2 FARMPRODUCTION IMPROVEMENT COMPONENT. 25 3.2.3 MARKET IMPROVEMENTCOMPONENT .26 3.3 DESCRIPTIONOF PROJECTSIN EA FOCUS STUDYAREA .27 3.4 PROJECTIMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE .. 53 3.5 PROJECTINVESTMENT ...... 5353
4 DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT .55
v 4.1 PHYSICALEN VRONMENT ...... 55 4.1.1 Topography...... 55 4.1.2 Soil ...... 60 4.1.3 Climate ...... 64 4.1.4 Hydrology ...... 64 4.1.5 Surface Water Quality ...... 71 4.1.6 Ground Water Quality ...... 73 4.1. 7Air Quality ...... 77 4.1.8 Waste Disposal ...... 77 4.2 ECOLOGICALENVIRONMENT ...... 77 4.2.1 FLORA ...... 77 4.2.2 Fauna...... 81 4.2.3 Natural Reserves ...... 94 4.2.4 Soil Erosion and Water and Soil Conservation ...... 98 4.3 SOCIALAND CULTURALENVIRONMENT ...... 113 4.3.1 Population ...... 113 4.3.2 Cultural Background ...... 114 4.3.3 Public Health...... 115 4.33.4Cutltural Heritage ...... 117 4.3.5 Scenic Spots and Tourism...... 117 4.3.6 Infrastructure...... 119 4.3.7 Land Tenure and Land Ownership...... 121 4.3.8 Land rise and Farming Practices ...... 121 4.3.10 Other Employment/ManufactuJringOpportunities ...... 134 4.3.11 Scio-economic Development Plan ...... 134
5 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION...... 137
5.1 CONSULTATIONMETHOD ANDSUBJECT ...... 137 5.1.1 Consultation with Famnilyor Individual. 1373...... 5.1.2 Inter-agency and NGOs Consultation ...... 138 5.2 PUBLICOPIN ANDIONSSUGGESTIONS ...... 138 5.3 INFORMATIONDISCLOSURES AND FEEDBACK...... ] 40 5.3.1 Work Done by PPMO ...... 140 5.3.2 Information Disclosure Plan of the PPMO...... 140 5.4 BENEFICIALPARTICIPATION PLAN ...... 141 5.5 SUMMARYOF PUBLICPARTICIPATION ...... 141
6 ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 143
6.1 CONSTRUCTIONPHASE ...... 143 6.1.1 Potential Sources of Effect ...... 143 6.1.2 Predicted Impacts and Proposed Mitigation During Construction...... 147 6.2 OPERATIONALPHASE ...... 165 6.2.1 Analysis of Potential Environmental Impacts during Operation Phase ...... 165
vi 6.2.2 Proposed Mitigation Measures .175...... 175 6.3 MITIGATIONPLAN .176
7 PROJECT SCREENING CHECKLIST. .177
8 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES.187
8.1 ANALYSISOF "WITHOUTPROJECT. 187 8.1.1 Current Status and Constraintsfor Water Conservancy and Irrigation .187 8.1.2 Current Status of Farmland Production & Existing Constraints .188 8.1.3 Existing Problems in Market Development .189 8.2 "WITHPROJECr' ALTERNATIVE. 189
9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN . .191
9.1 THEIMPLEMENTATON ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES. 191 9.1.1 Implementation Organizations.191 9.1.2 Role of PEMO and EIs .193 9.1.3 Supervision Organization .194 9.1.4 Environmental Management Plan .199 9.2 ENVIRONMENTALMONITORING PLAN. 219 9.2.1 Monitoring Items.219 9.2.2 Monitoring Implementer .219 9.2.3 Monitoring Report System .219 9.2.4 Pre-construction Monitoring .219 9.2.5 Construction MlIonitoring.221 Monitoring Items .223 9.2.6 Monitoring During Operational Period .223 9.2.7 Monitoring Budget ...... 224 9.3 ENVIRONMENTALTRAINING PLAN .225 9.3,1 Training Objectives .225 9.3.2 Training Courses .225 9.4 BUDGETS.226
10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.229
10.1 CONCLUSIONS 229 10.2 RECOMMENDATIONS...... 230 10.2.1Follow-u.p Program ...... 230 10.2.2 Public Participation...... 231 10.2.3 Support Applied On-farm Research Programs .231 10.2.4 Review of Future Project Sub-components .231
11 LIST OF REFERENCES...... 232
vii List of Tables
TABLE 1-1 PRELIMINARYIDENTIFICATION MATRIX FOR ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT FACTORS OF JLAMP .. .9 TABLE 1-2 DETERMINATIONOF CLASSFOR PARTICULARASSESSMENT ITEMS ...... I I...... I TABLE 4-1 HYDROLOGICALPARAMETERS OF THE FOUR MAIN RIVERSWITHIN GAN COUNTY...... 71 TABLE 4-2 WATER QUALITYCLASSES OF FiVE MAIN RIVERS IN JIANGXIPROVINCE IN 2000 ...... 72 TABLE 4-4 MONITOREDRESULTS OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN SOMEPROJECT COUNTIES ...... 77 TABLE 4-5 THE MAIN SPECIESAND DISTRIBUTIONOF WILDLIFE IN THE PROJECTCOUNTIES ...... 93 TABLE 4-6 MAIN NATURALRESERVES IN THE PROJECTCOUNTIES ...... 97 TABLE 4-7 SOIL EROSION IN THE PROJECTCOUNTIES ...... 99 TABLE 4-8 SOIL EROSION IN EACH IRRIGATIONAREA OF HENGFENGCOUNTY ...... 99 TABLE 4-9 THE POPULATIONIN THE PROJECTCOUNTIES ...... 113 TABLE4-10 DISTRIBUTIONOF THE NATIONALMINORITY VILLAGE IN THEPROJECT COUNTIES ...... 1...... 14 TABLE4-11 MORBIDITYOF MAIN EPIDEMICDISEASES IN SOMEOF THE PROJECTCOUNTIES ...... 116 TABLE4-12 THE PREVENTIONAND CONTROL OF SCHISTOSOMiASISIN YONGXIUCOUNTY ...... 117 TABLE4-13 THE NATIONALECONOMIC AND SOCIALDEVELOPMENT PLANS OF THE EA FOCUS STLJDY CO UNTIES ...... 135 TABLE 6-1 NOISE SOURCESAND ESTIMATED SOUND VALUE ...... 151 TIABLE6-2 ESTIMATEDNOISE VALUEOF CONSTRUCTIONMACHINERY ...... 151 TABLE 6-3 ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT SUMMARY DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE, 5 EA STUDY COUNTIES ...... I...... 159 TABLE 6-4 TOTALPESTICIDE APPLICATIONS IN THEWHOLE PROVINCE& SOMEPROJECT COUNTIES ... 166 TABLE 6-5 VARIETIESAND PROBABILITYOF PESTICIDEUSE FOR CROPS IN THE PROJECTAREA ...... 166 TABLE 6-7 FERTILIZERUSE PER HECTAREFOR EACH CROP (FARMERHOUSEHOLD SURVEY) ...... 169 TABLE 6-8 FERTILIZERAPPLICATION RATES BEFORE ANDAFTER THE PROJECTIMPLEMENTATION ...... 170 TABLE 7. 1 CRITERIALIST FOR PROJECTSCREENING AND APPROVAL OF IRRIGATIONPROJECTS ...... 179 TABLE 7.2 CRITERIALIST FOR PROJECTSCREENING AND APPROVALOF MARKETING/AGRO-ENTERPRISE
PROJEC T ...... 183 TABLE 9-1 ENVIRONMENTALSUPERVISION PLAN ...... 195 TABLE9-2 ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE JLAMP ...... 201 TABLE9-3 PRE-CONSTRUCTIONSURFACE WATER QUALITY MONITORINGPROGRAM ...... 221 TABLE 94 PRE-CONSTRUCTIONGROUND WATER QUALrIY MONITORINGPROGRAM ...... 221 TABLE 9-5 CONSTRUCTIONAIR QUALITY MONITORINGPROGRAM ...... 222 TABLE 9-6 NOISE MONITORINGPROGRAM DURING CONSTRUCTION...... __...... 222 TABLE 9-7 PUBLIC HEALTHMONITORING PROGRAM DURING CONSTRUCTION ...... 223 TABLE 9-8 ESTIMATEDCOSTS FOR ENVIRONMENTALMONITORING PLAN ...... 225 TABLE 9-9 ESTIMATEDSALARY COSTSFOR PEMO AND El STAFF...... 226 TABLE 9-10 TRAININGPR OGRAMCOSTS ...... 227 TABLE 9-11 ESTIMATEDTOTAL COST FOR OVERALLENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS, (RMB Y) ...... 227
viii List of Figures
FIG. 1 -1. ASSESSMENTPROCEDURES FOR THE EA OF JIAMP ...... 1 3 FIG.2-I .ORGANIZATIONALSTRUCTURE OF ENVIRONMENTALADMIN1STRATIVE FRAMEWORK ...... -...... 16 FIG. 3 -1. GEOGRAPHICPOSITION OF JIANGXIPROVINCE IN CHINA...... 19 FIG.3-2.GEOGRAPHICPOSITION OF EA STUDY COUNTIES...... 21 FIG. 3-3 IRIGATED DISTRICTSIN HENGFENGCOUNTY ...... 29 FIG. 3-4 PROPOSEDMARKETS AND AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN HENGFENGCOUNTY ...... 3 1 FIG. 3-5 IRRIGATEDDISTRICTS IN WUNING COUNTY...... 33 FIG. 3-6 PROPOSEDMARKETS AND AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN Wl1NING COUNTY...... 37 FIG. :-7 IIGATED DISTRICTSIN PENGZECOUNTY ...... 39 FIG. 3-8 PROPOSEDMARKETS AND AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN PiNGZE COUNTY...... 4 1 FIG 3-9 IRRIGATEDDISTRICTS IN NANCHENGCOUNTY ...... 43 FIG.3- I 0 PROPOSEDMARKETS AND AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN NANCHENGCOUNTY ...... 47 FIG.3- 11 IRRIGATEDDISTRICTS IN GAN COUNTY...... 49 FIG. 3-12 PROPOSEDMARKETS AND AGRICULTURALENTERPRISES IN GAN COUNTY...... 5 1 FIG.4-1 GEOMORPHOLOGICSYSTEMS IN JIANGXIPROVINCE ...... 57 FIG.4-2 SOIL MAP OF JIANGXIPROVINCE ...... 61 FIG. 4-3 POYANGLAKE DRAINAGEBASIN ...... 67 FIG. 4-4 JIANGXIVEGETATION ...... 79 FIG.4-5 REMOTE SENSiNGIMAGE OF THEVEGETAION IN WUNING COUNTY...... 83 FIG.4-6 REMOTE SENSINGIMAGE OF THE VEGETATIONIN PENGzE COUNTY...... 85 FIG. 4-7 REMOTE SENSING IMAGEOF THEVEGETATION IN HENGFENGCOUNTY ...... 87 FIG. 4-8 REMOTESENSING IMAGEOF THEVEGETATION IN GAN COUNTY...... 89 FIG. 4-9 REMOTE SENSINGIMAGE OF THE VEGETATIONIN NANCHENGCOUNTY ...... 91...... 1 FIG. 4-1 0 THE NATURE RESERVESIN THE PROJECTCOUNTIES ...... ---- ... -- ...... 95 FIG. 4-11 ACTUALSOIL EROSIONIN JIANGXIPROVINCE ...... 101 FIG. 4-12 SOIL EROSION MAP OF WUNING COUNTY...... 103 FIG. 4-13 SOIL EROSION MAP OF PENGZECOUNTY ...... 105 FIG. 4-14 SOIL EROSION MAP OF HENGFENGCOUNTY ...... 107 FIG.4 15 SOIL EROSION MAP OF GAN COUNTY...... 109 FiG. 4-16 SOIL EROSION MAP OF NANCHENGCOUNTY ...... 111 FIG. 4-17 LAND USE MAP OF WUNING COUNTY...... 123 FIG. 4-18 LAND USE MAP OF PENGZECOUNTY ...... 125 FIG. 4-19 LAND USE MAP OF HENGFENGCOUNTY ...... 127 FIG. 4-20 LAND USE MAP OF GAN COUNTY..... 1299...... FIG. 4-21 LAND USE MAP OFNANCHENG COUNTY ...... 131 FIG. 9-1 ENViRONMENTALMANAGEMENT ORGANIZAnON IN CONSTRUCTIONSTAGE ...... 192 FIG. 9-2 ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION IN OPERATIONSTAGE ...... 192 FIG. 9-3 MAIN WORK OF PEMO ...... 194 FIG. 9-4 ORGANIZATIONOF ENVIRONMENTALSUPERVISION ...... -- ...... 199 FIG. 9-5 MONITORINGREPORT CHART ...... 220
ix ABBREVIATIONS
CPMO CountyProject ManagementOffice EA EnvironmentalAssessment EDC EcologicalDemonstration County El EnvironmentalInspector ELA Enviromnentalhnpact Assessmnent EMO EnvironmentalManagement Office EMP EnvironmentalManagement Plan EMS EnvironmentalMonitoring Station EP EnvironmentalProtection EPB EnviromnentalProtection Bureau FS FeasibilityStudy IFA InternationalFund Association JIAMP Jiangxi IntegratedAgricultural Modemization Project JPEPRI Jiangxi ProvincialEnvironmental Protection Institute PEMO ProvincialEnvironmental Management Office PLG Project LeadingGroup PPMO ProvincialProject ManagementOffice SEPA State EnvironmentalProtection Agency WB World Bank TOR Terns of References
ExchangeRate US$ 1.0 = RMBY 8.26 (As of November27,2001)
x 1 Introduction
1.1 Background
The proposed Jiangxi Integrated Agricultural Modernization Project (JIAMP) aims at improving the livelihood of the farmers in the project areas through the establishmentof integrated, demand driven and sustainableagricultural production systems (includingmarket systems). The achievementof this objective would lead to reduction of poverty and greater social stability in thleproject area, as well as enhancedfood security for the province and the country as a whole. Early in 1998, the projectproposal of JAMP was reviewedand approved by the State DevelopmentPlanning Commission (SDPC).
JLAMPincludes projects in 21 counties of Jiangxi Province, which witlh the exception of XunwuCounty are located in the YangtzeRiver basin. Majority of the projects are located in the river valleys of 5 major river systemsin Jiangxi Province,flowing towardthe PoyangLake that eventually drains to Yangtze River. None of the projects include new dams and the project activities are confined to improving irrigation water use efficiency, relhabilitation/constructionof irrigation canals, together with rehabilitationof existingrural or on-farmroads, farm productionimprovement and developmentof marketingsystem.
According to requirementsof the Notice on Strengtheningthe EIA work for Construction Project with Loansfrom Intemational FinancialInstitutions (Document NO.324), JANWPhas to implement the Chinese laws, regulations & standards on enviromnentalprotection and environmentalassessment (EA) regulations and requirements. In addition to the relevant Chinese regulations on EA, the project should also give fuillconsideration to. the technical requirements of the international financial institutions. On April 26, 2001, the Provincial Project Management Office (PPMO) retained Jiangxi Provincial EnvironmentalProtection Research Institute (JPEPRI)to study the environmentalimpacts of the developmentof JIAMP. The terms of reference (TOR) and the frameworkfor agreementbetween PPMO and JPEPRI defined an assessment to detennine the environmentalimpact of the proposed integrated agriculturalproject based on study of only 3 pilot irrigationareas in 3 counties. Accordingto the requirementsof the RegulationsConcerning EnvironmentalProtection Management for ConstructionProjects (State CouncilDecree No. 253) and the environmentalpolicies of the World Bank (WB), the EA team completedthe compilationof the EA Report (draft) based on this EA TOR, combinedwith the findings of field work on the environmentalconditions and review of second-handdata related to the project and project areas and the draft reports of other consultingteams. On September5, 2001, the draft report was submittedto PPMO.
During the pre-appraisalmeeting of JIAMP held in Nanchangfrom September5-27, 2001, an addendum was made to the EA TOR by relevant WB officials and environmentalexperts combinedwith the EA team. Accordingto the addendum,the EA studyarea was expandedto cover 21 project counties and 5 counties were selected as representativeareas needing focus
1 study. This report deals with the assessment of the environmentalimpacts of the proposed developmentscheme accordingto the amendedTOR.
The report providesan assessmentof the environmentalimpacts of the developmentof JIAMP. It is arranged in the format provided by the World Bank for irrigation developmentprojects. Section 2 describesthe institutionaland administrativeframework and the nationalpolicies and strategies in relation to such development schemes. Section 3 provides a descriptionof the proposed developmentproject, while Section 4 providesa descriptionof the existingphysical, ecological and socio-economicalenvironment, which is specific to the areas affected by the proposed project. Section 5 describesthe public participationwhereas Section 6 identifies the potentialimpacts that could be expectedfrom the proposedproject both duringconstruction and operation and proposes viable mitigation measures for to minimizethese impacts. Section 7 describesthe alternativesthat have been consideredin the project planningprocess, mainlywith or without the project. Section 8 is devoted to the presentation of an environmental managementplan (EMP) for the proposed project includingthe implementationframework, a mitigationplan, a monitoringplan for the pre-construction,construction and operationperiods and a trainingplan, while section 9 presentsthe generalconclusions and recommendations.
The team would like to thank Dr. Dadgari for his unsparing instructions and persistent assistance in preparing this report. The team would also like to thank PPMO and local county/districtgovernrments of Wuning,Pengze, Hengfeng, Dexin, Ganxian,Nancheng, Congyi and Zhanggongfor making the arrangementsfor the field trips and for their cooperationand hospitality.
1.2 Purpose of Assessment
The aims of the EA include: 1.Qualitative analyses and assessments of the socio-economic and present natural environmentalconditions in the project area and the scope and extent of future impacts. The implementationof the project is reviewedand examinedin terms of environmentalprotection. 2.To determine the potential environmentalimpacts and to disseminate the findings to the project developmentand constructionteams. 3. To prepare mitigation measures to reduce/eliminatethe identified negative impacts and prepare an environmental management plan (EMP) for pre-construction,construction and operation/implementationof the project.
The terms of reference (TOR) and its addendumagreed between the PPMO and JPEPRI is presentedas AnnexA.
1.3 Bases of Assessment
This assessmentwas carriedout accordingto the laws and regulationsof the People's Republic of China, Jiangxi Province and World Bank technicaldocuments. A list of the material used
2 for preparationof this report is outlinedbelow.
1.3.1 Laws and Regulations
1. The Environmental Protection Law of the People s Republic of China (December 26, 1989); 2. The Water & Soil Conservation Law of the People . Republic of China (June 29, 1991); 3. The Land Administration Law of the People s Republic of China (August 29, 1998); 4. The Law Concerning the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, the People s Republic of China (May 15,1995); 5. The Law Concerning Water, the People X Republic of China (June 29, 1991); 6. Notice on Strengthening the EIA work for Construction Project with Loans from International Financial Institutions, Document [1993] NO.324, Jointly issued by SEPA, the State Planning Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the People s Bank of China 7. The Administrative Rules for the Environmental Protection of Construction Projects (The State Council Decree No. 253, November 18, 1998); 8. The Classified Managerial Items of Environmental Protection for Construction Projects (Provisional) [SEPA, Huanfa No. 99, 1999]; 9. The Rules of Environmental Protection for Construction Projects in Jiangxi Province (April 29,1995); 10. The Administrative Rules of The Water & Soil Conservation Law of the People ' Republic of China; 11. The Administrative Rules of The Land Administration Law of the People s Republic of China, 12. The Administrative Rules for Pesticide; 13. Regulations for Pesticide Registration; 14. Regulations for Safe Use of Pesticide. 15. The Regulations on Natural Reserves of the People s Republic of China (The State Council Decree No. 167, September 2, 1994); 16. The Regulations on Protection of Wild Flora of the People s Republic of China (The State Council Decree No. 204, September 30, 1996); 17. The Wild Fauna Protection Law of 'the People .: Republic of China (The People X Congress, November 8, 1988); 18. Notice on Further Strengthening the Administration of'Natural Reserves in the People s Republic of China (The State Council, No.111, 1998); 19. Detailed Rules and Regulations on Natural Reserves of Jiangxi Province (The Forestry Department ofJiangxi Province, August 4, 1998) 20. The Rules of Environmental Protectionjbr Construction Projects in Jiangxi Province (April 29,1995); 21. Regulations on Pollution Prevention and Control in Jiangxi Province (December, 2000).
1.3.2 Technical Documents
1. The Technical Guidelines forEnvironmental ImpactAssessment (SEPA,HJ/T2.i to 2.3-1993,
3 HJIT2.4-1995, HJ/T19-1997); 2. The World Bank Operational Policy 4.01,4.04,4.09,4.11,4.37; 3. The World Bank Procedures 17.50; 4. The Request Concerning the Approval of the Proposal for the Second Stage Integrated Agricultural Development Project of Jihu, Jiangxi Province) [The State Planning Commission, JLJ103-98J; 5. Notice on the Printing and Distribution of the Request Concerning the Approval of the Proposal for the Second Stage Integrated Agricultural Development Project of Jihu ,Jiangxi Province) [The State Planning Commission, JL1313-98]; 6. Memorandum of the World Bank Project Identification Group on the Proposed J1AMP (Septentbe- 5- 24, 1999); 7. Memorandum of the World Bank Project Preparation Group on the JIAMP (December 7-12,2000); 8. Memorandum of the World Bank Project Preparation Group on the JIAMP (May 8-June 6, 2001); 9. Terms of References (TOR)for an Environmental Assessment of the JIAMP; 10. Contract for Consultants, Environmental Assessment of the JIAMP (PRC. PHRD-07, April 26,2001%; 11. Supplementary Terms on the Contract for Consultants, Environmental Assessment of the JIAMP (Agreed between PPMO and JPEPRI on September 24, 2001); 12. The Letter of Attorney.for Environmental Impact Assessment of JIAMP (April 26,2001): 13. The Project Feasibility Research Reports of the JIAMP (Including the farm production improvement component, the irrigation component and the market component); 14. The Preliminary Design Reports of the Six Pilot Irrigation Schemes Under the JIAMP 1S. The Pre-evaluating Report on Cultural Heritage of the JIAMP (China Cross-Cultural Consulting Center, Zhongshan (Sun Yat-Sen) University, September 2001); 16. The Social Appraisal Report of the JIAMP (China Cross-Cultural Consulting Center, Zhongshan (Sun Yat-Sen) University, September 2001); 17. The Social Appraisal Report on Minorities of the JIAMP (China Cross-Cultural Consulting Center, Zhongshan (Sun Yat-Sen) University, September 2001).
All the above documentsare availableat JPEPRIor PPMO. 1.4 Assessment Methodology
Since the project is mainly a rehabilitationproject and does not include any new dams or major land clearing, it is classified as a Category B project and the EA is carried out in a "simplified way" with main attention of the study being focused on the significantenvironmental issues likely to be caused by the project. An assessmentmetbod of environmentalmatrices is used for this EA. This method has been widelyused in the environmentalassessment of variousprojects since proposed by Leopold, et al.' (1971). An environmentalmatrix employs a list of project activities and a list of environmentalparameters or impact indicators.The two are related in a
ISource:Leopold, L.B., Clarke, .E., Manshaw,B.B. and Baisley,J.R. (1971),A Procedurefor Evaluating Enviromneital Impacts, US. GeologicalSurvey Circular No. 645, GovermnuentPrinting Office,Washington, D C.
4 matrix in order to identifycause-effect relationships. Column headings generally list the project activities while the row headings show the environmentalparameters of the affected system. Entries in the resultingmatrix cells may simplyshow that an interactiontakes place or they may be qualitativeor quantitativeestimates of the interaction.
1.5. Relationshipto Feasibility Study
According to Article 9 and Article 17 of The Administrative Rules for the Environmental Protection of Construction Projects (The State CoouncilDecree No. 253, November 18, 1998), the project proponent should submit the EA report to the corresponding environmental administrativedepartments and get approvalduring the stage of project feasibilitystudy (FS). In the project preliminary design documents, a separate chapter for environmentalprotection should be included according to the State standards for environmental impact mitigation planning and design. This chapter should include project environmentalimpacts, methods to prevent/reduce the impacts and the budget for investment requested for environmental protection.
Since the EA report would be prepared parallel to the preparationof the project and must be based on the project FS and community/fannerconsultation, the coordinationof PPMO and close cooperationof the EA study teamnwith other feasibility teams is very important. To avoid/mitigatethe potential environmentalimpacts in the project designstage, the EA team has prepared the preliminaryinstructions on environmentalprotection requirements to the PPMO and other teams engaged in FS study of project components.Talks were held with the social appraisal (SA) team, and questions and a sample questionnaireon key environmentalissues were designed and provided to the SA team. The findings of SA team as well as other study teams are incorporatedinto this report. The other feasibilitystudy tearns have also provided their findingsof environmentalaspects to the EA team and due considerationsto the identified and their suggestionsare incorporatedin environmentalimpacts analyses and formulationof environmentalmanagement plan. This EA was prepared in close associationwith all feasibility studyteams and is consideredas an integratedpart of the feasibilitystudy.
1.6 EA Team
The EA Teamcomprises 9 professionalsin JPEPRI.Their posts, specialtiesand tasks in this EA and the man-monthused by each memberare listed in Tablel of AnnexB.
JPEPRI is the provincial level institution for environmentalprotection research in Jingxi Province. Since its establishmentin 1976, JPEPRIhas been actively engaged in environmental research, environmentalplanning, environmentalimpact assessmentfor regional development and single constructionproject, ecologicalstudy and planning, examinationof green products, pollution control design and abatement, ISO14000 environmentalmanagement system and
5 other environmentalactivities. The ProfessionalTraining Base for EnvironmentalProfessionals of Jiangxi Province, which is affiliated to Jiangxi Provincial Personnel Departnent, is also establishedas a section under the Institute. The Institute holds Class I Certificate for EIA of Category A projects and Class II Certificatefor EngineeringDesign of EnvironmentalPollution ControlProjects.
Presently, JPEPRI has total staff of 80, among which 2 are researcher fellow, 18 are senior engineer and 2 are experts with special allowance from the State Council. The areas of specialties include environmentalengineering, ecology, geography,hydrology, geology, water conservancy,chemistry, mechanical engineering,water supply and drainage, rural economy, electronics,physics, mathematics,IT, and medicalscience.
In the past 10 years, JPEPRI has led or participatedin about 50 environmentalstudy projects at state level or provincial level, and 16 researches, development and extension of applied technology.Among these projects, 6 won Class II Prizes for Science & TechnologyProgress from the State, SEPAand Jiangxi Province, 11 won Class III prize for Science& Technology Progress, I was listed as the best availabletechnology by SEPA and 2 was listed as the state patents. The Institute has made many academic achievementsin the pastlO years, and the professionalshave publishedabout 500 papers in the domesticacademic Journals as well as in the international Journals. In 1996, the Institute won the honor of Advanced Group in EnviromnentalProtection from SEPA.
In the past, JPEPRI has strengthenedrelations and co-operationwith counter, 3rts from U.S.A and Japan, and has dispatchedmany professionalsto the U.S.A, Japan and wanada to attend training,meeting and survey to learn and master the advancedtechnology and methodologyfor environmentalstudy and management.JPEPRI has led and completed a number of EAs for construction projects with loans from the Asian Development Bank, Japan Overseas Co-operationFund and the WorldBank.
1.7 Assessment Scope and Perio9 s Covered
The study areas covered in this EA include the 96 irrigation districts distributedin the 21 project counties/districtsof JiangxiProvince, i.e., Pengze,Hukou, Yongxiu,Wuning, Hengfeng, Dexing, Guangfeng,Yugan, Nancheng,Yihuang, Congren,Gan, Xunwu, Longnan, Quannan, Xingguo, Congyi, Shicheng, Xinfeng, Zhanggong and Gold Development zone, and their surroundingareas. The scope of the EA and the timeperiods consideredare detailed below.
1.7.1.Scope of Assessment
The proposed project comprises a number of irrigation schemes, each comprising'an upland reservoir or weir dam divertingwater into a systemof canals extendingfrom the foothillsto the flat irrigation areas, together witlh rural roads improvements.After detailed analysis of all irrigation districts,5 counties including27 irrigationdistricts were selectedthe representatives for this EA study.Each of selectedcounties (Pengze,Wuning, Hengfeng, Nancheng and Gan) is located on one of the main river catchments in Jiangxi Province. They also represent different
6 topographic, ecologic and social conditions that are dominant within the project counties. Wherever the irrigation districts are in proximity of natural reserves or ecologicallysensitive areas, additional investigationwas carried out outside the counties to ensure that proposed projects will have no significant impacts and if needed, propose future study programs. Analysis was also made for each irrigation scheme associated with the problem of Schistosomaisis2 beyond the 5 typical counties. The EIA team visited each of the 5 typical project countiesand the baselinedata entailed by this EIA were collected.
1.7.2 Periods Covered
This environmentalassessment covers differentphases of project implementationincluding: > Design period/pre-construction;
- Constructionperiod (5 years)
- Operationperiod (5 years).
During the operation of the project, changes in environmental/operationconditions occur. Therefore, the monitoring period might need to be increased to ensure that impacts are identified. In addition, the analysis of the long-termcumulative and residual impacts may be beyond the assessmentperiod.
1.8 Assessment Factors, Focus and Categorization
1.8.1 AssessmentFactors
The proposed project is an integratedagricultural development project, comprisingirrigation, farmlandproduction improvement and market systemdevelopment components. Therefore, the environmentalimpacts and their interactionsare complex.The assessmentfactors are identified using an environmentalinteractive matrix (Table 1-1) based on field surveys, collection of secondarydata, consultationwith the other study teams, the environmentalsensitivities of the project areas, and lessons learned from other similar water conservancy and agricultural projects. The identifiedenvironmental factors include:
' Social Environment:public health, land use, socio-economy,downstream water users, culturalrelics and historicalsites, dam safety; x EcologicalEnvironment: flora, fauna,natural reserves, freshwater fisheries; and
- PhysicalEnvironment: -Water environment:water hydrology,water quality (includingpH, CODm, nutrients, pesticide/herbicide3 ); - AmbientAir: total suspendedparticulates (TSP) duringconstruction; -AcousticEnvironment: noise duringconstruction; -Soil erosion;and
2 Schistosoniasisjaponicais caused by the wonii(Schi5tosomajapoi,icusr) that miultiplyin snailintemiediate hosts. It dissenmnatesiuto fresh waters as furcocercouiscercariae that boreinto the huniu] bodywhen in contactwith infestedwater. It occurs mamilyin eastemAsia anidthe PacificIslands and predominantlyinvolves infestation of the portal and mesentericveins. 3 List of pesticides/herbicidesto be analyzed willvary in different counties,based on the chemicalsin use.
7
TABLE I - PRELIMINARYIDENTIFICATION MATRIX FOR ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT FACTORS OF JIAMP Environmental Parameters Physical Environment Ecological Environment Social Environment
8
Project Components E
IRRGATION SCHEMES
Consolidationof -water supply source structures I I I I I 1 1 I 1 2 3 1 1 1 3 Rehabilitation of canals and affiliated structures; construction/improvement of on-farm irrigation and drainage 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 3 1 facilities Rehabilitation/Constructionof rural roads and on-farm roads 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 Land levelingof small scale 1 2 2 2 1 3 Establishmentof SIDD' 1 2 1 1 FARMPRODUCTION IMPROVEMENT Improvementof crop varieties and livestockand fish breeds I I 1 2 1 2 Agro-ena" assodfamwr ban 1 1 1 1 2 1 Farmlandproduction: Conversion of familandinto fishing pond 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 Uplandcrops cultivation 1 2 1 1 1 1 Livestockhusbandry 1 1 1 1 1 Induceduse of pesticides 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Induceduse of fertilizers 2 1 1 1 MlARKETSYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT Rehabilitationand improvementof agro-producemarkets I 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 Developmentof agro-produceprocessing enterprises I 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
Note: I = Slight impact. 2 = Mediumimpact. 3 Significantimpact. SIDD= Self-financedIrrigation and DrainageDisttict
-Solid wastes.
1.8.2 AssessmentFocus and Categorization
Since the project is mainlya rehabilitationproject and does not include anynew darns or major land clearing, uis project is categorizedas CategoryB project in accordancewith the WorldBank OperationalPolicy (OP 4.01).
Special topic assessmentcategory and basis are presented in Table 1-2 in accordance with the TechnicalGuidelines for Environmental lImpact Assessment (HJ/T2.1-2.3-93, HJ/T2.4-1995, HJ/T19-1997).The assessmentfocuses projectimpact on the ecological environment, water environment and social enviromnent during construction and operationphases. Furthermore,water quality,land use and public healthare identifiedas the main factors of this EA based on potentialenvironmental impacts. The water quality as sessmentfocuses on the impact of fertilizerand pesticideapplication on surface and ground water,while land use assessmentfocuses on the changesin agriculturalpractices, the impact of the irrigationfacility rehabilitationworks on faming activities and land acquisition entailed by market construction.Public health assessment focuses on the impact of epidemicand water-bomediseases.
TABLE 1-2 DETERMINATIONOF CLASS FORPARTICULAR ASSESSMENT ITEMS Class of Item Criteria Assessment 4 Water Smallvolume of sewagedischarge, simple composition Class 3 Environment of sewage. Ecological The affectedarea is greaterthan 50k m2 ; the reduction Ecviroroentc of biomassis less than 50%; littleinfluence on Class 2 biodiversity.
1.9 Criteria of Assessment
According to the enviromnental function zoning of the environmentalprotection administrative departments in the project counties, the following standards will be adopted for this assessment.
1.9.1 SurfaceWater Quality Standard
(1) Class 11qf the EnvironmentalQuality Standardfor Surface Water(GHZB 1-1999) for drinkingwater soturceprotection area; (2) The Water Quality Standardfor CroplandIrrigation (GB5084-92).for irrigation
4 In the Thc*i'icalGradSelinesforEivniennltual Iimpact Assessmente(HJTJ. 1-2.3-93, HJT 2.4-1995, HJTrl9-1997),classification is given to euvironmental assessmentof water,air, acousticenviroiuienit and ecologicalenviromnmeit respeetively based onithe inmpactextent and scopeof the projecton individualassessment itent. This classificatioiisystem comprises three levels, i.e., Classl, Class2 and Class3,ranked in a decreasingorder of inmpactextet and scopeof the proposedproject.
II water; (3) The WaterQuality Standardfor Fishery (GB11607-89)forfishery water; (4) Class III of the EnvironmentalQuality Standardfor Surface Water(GHZB 1-1999)
The above standardswill be adoptedfor the assessmentof surfacewater qualityof urban river section and urban downstrea,mriver section. More information on different classesof surfacewater is presented in Chapter 4.
1.9.2 DrinkingWater QualityStandard
Sanitary standardfor Drinking WaterQuality (GB S745-85)
1.9.3 AmbientAir QualityStandard
(1) Class I15 of the Standardfor Ambient Air Quality (BG3095-1996)for the residential areas; (2) Maximum ConcentrationLimits of Air Pollutantsfor Farmland Crops Protection (GB9137-88).
1.9.4 Soil QualityStandard
EnvironmentalQuality Standardfor Soil (GB 15618-1995)
1.9.5 Standardfor PesticideUse
(1) Standardfor Safe Use of Pesticide (GB4285-89); (1) The WHO RecommendedClassification of Pesiicides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification2001-01 (WHO/PCS/0I.4)
1.10 AssessnmntProcedure
The procedure for this ELAis presentedin Fig.1-1.
5 Air qualityis dividedinto threeclasses in the StandardforAmbient Air Quality (BG3095-1996).Class I is applicableto naturalreserves, scenic spots and other regions needing special protection; Class 11 is applicableto rural region and urban residentialregion; and Classlil is applicable to industrial region.
12 Assignment of EA Task
Field Studies
Identification of the Objectives of Environmental Assessment
Selection of Environmental Impact Factors
Social Environment IEcological Environment Physical Environment
Environmental Impact Analysis Alternative Analysis
|Social Enviroriment |Ecological Envirornment |Physical Enviromn
Enviromentahnac EnvironmentalStandard Assessment
s , ~~~Compilat'ionof Environmental CopltoIfE Mitigation Measures Monitoring and Management Report| Plan
Fig. 1-1. Assessment Procedures for the EA of JIAMP
13
2 Policy, Legislation & Administration Framework
As requested in the Notice on Strengtheningthe EA work for ConstructionProject with Loans from InternationalFinancial Institutions (DocumentNO.324), JIAMP has to implementthe Chinese laws, regulations& standards on environmentalprotection (EP) and EA regulations and requirements.In additionto the relevant Chineseregulations on EA, the projectshould also followthe technicalrequirements of the WorldBank. The EA report is subjectedto review and approvalof the State EnvironmentalProtection Agency (SEPA).
2.1 Organizations & AdministrativeFramework
At present, a system of unifonn environmentalsupervision and management is in place in China that is practiced by SEPAand local environmentalprotection bureaus (EPB) under the direction of the State Council.In addition to SEPA,each concernedministry and commission has a separateenvironmental protection department that is responsiblefor sector environmental projects within their areas of interest.They are also ultimatelyunder the supervisionof SEPA. The organizationalstructure of environmentaladministrative is presented in Fig. 2-1.
2.2 NationalPolicy & Strategy for EnvironmentalProtection
The environmentalprotection is consideredas one of the major national policies in Clina. The long-tenn strategy is to develop projects that are both economicallyand environmentallysound. China has established an integrated legislative system for environmental protection. Thle Chinese legislation,regulations that JIAMP shouldfollow include:
> "The PRC Constitution ", mainly, Article 26, Section 2 of Article 9 and Section 5 of Article 10 spells out the provisionsfor the environmentalprotection, pollution control, rational utilizationof natturalresources, protection of rare and preciousanimals and plants, and rational land use. These activitiesprovide the basis and the guidelinefor legislationon EP in China;
' " The EP Law of PRC" (December, 1989);
" "The Provisionson EP Managementfor ConstnmctionProjects" (Decree 253 of the State Council, 1998); > "The Circular on Improved Management of EIA for International' Financial Institution-FinancedProjects" (No. 324).
Accordingto the requirementsof JiangxiProvincial Environmental Protection Bureau (JPEPB), JLAMPshould follow the followingrules/regulations.
> "The Rules of EnvironmentalProtection for ConstructionProjects in Jiangxi Province" (April 29,1995); 'r " Regulationson PollutionPrevention and Controlin JiangxiProvince" (December, 2000).
15 2.3 WB Requirements
According to the WB requirements,the EIA report for JIAMP should satisfy the following Bank policies: > OperationalPolicy 4. 01 EA > OperationalPolicy 4. 04 Natural Habitat > OperationalPolicy 4. 09 Disease/PestControl > OperationalPolicy 4. 11 CulturalHeritage t OperationalPolicy 4.37 Dam Safety > WB Procedures17.50 InformationDisclosure
EA team has reviewed and understood the above policies and would follow the technical requirementsof the WB as outlinedin the WB EA SourceBook.
|The StateCouncill
; ~~~~~Concemred SEPA l ~~Ministries/conurllssionlsi
Maniagement FEP departlnents of Organizations of Main
Provincial EPB Ministry/Cornunission
L_~ -vEP Organizabionof Main
MunicipalEPB O cirEPtnof Pmia River Basins
EP Organs LmDprmn
I T I ~~~~~of | County EPB Big/Medium _ EP Organs of Industnal Sector of_ Enterprises Prefecture/CityGoveuents_
EnvironmentalStaff in 6 Townshiip/conumunity EP Offilce of Induslrial Sectors of County Government
EP Office of Small ,Enteiprise/Towinship Enterprisc
Fig.2-I.Organizational Structure of Environmental Administrative Framework
16 3 Project Description
Jiangxi Province is situatedon the southbank of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (Fig 3-1). JiangxiIntegrated Agricultural Modernization Project (JIAMP),a world-bank loan project, is an agricultural developmentproject authorized by China State Development Planning Commission in 1998. The total project investnent is 1.54 billions yuan RMB, including World Bank loan about 100 millions US dollars. The project covers 96 irrigation districtsscattered in 21 counties of Jiangxi Province,between geographiccoordinates of 1130 35' to 1180 29'E and 240 29' to 30' 05'N. Fig. 3-2 presents the distribution of the project counties. 5 project counties were selected as the focus study areas that are presentedin green color in Fig. 3-2.
3.1 Objectives of the Project
3.1.1 ProjectArea
The proposed JIAMP covers 96 irrigation districts scattered in 21 counties under the jurisdiction of four municipalitiesof Jiujiang City, Ganzhou City, Fuzhou City and Shangrao City in Jiangxi Province. Hydrographically,except for project areas of Xunwu County and Pengze County,which lie in Pearl River catchmentof Guangdong Province and Changjiang River watershed,respectively, the project areas of the other 19 counties are all situated in the Poyang Lake catchment,which lies south of the middle reach of YangtzeRiver in northern JiangxiProvince.
Poyang Lake is the largest fresh water lake in China.It is a water- flowingthrough and seasonal lake accepting the water coming mainly from the five main river catchments in Jiangxi Province (Gan, Fu, Xing, Rao and Xiu). The drainagearea of the Poyang Lake river system is 162,220km 2 and occupies about 97% of the total area of JiangxiProvince.
Jiangxi Province,with a total area of 166,900km 2 includingcultivated areas of 22,532kmi 2, has the jurisdiction over 11 cities and 99 counties (includingcounty level cities and districts). The population of the province in 2000 was 41,485,400 in total, including 32,032,200 of rural population.
Agriculturalproduction in the project area includes fanning, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery.Based on the social-economicalbaseline survey of 15 typical project counties,most of the farmers in the project area are involved in paddy, oil plants (mainly includingrape seed, peanut and oil tree) and vegetablesproduction. Cash crops such as cotton, sugarcane,medicinal herb, fruits and mulberry are also planted in a smaller scale. The dominantcrop is paddy and the averageyield is about 374 kg/mu, equivalentto provincialaverage. Pig and poultrykeeping based on
17
Fig.3-1 GeographicPosition of Jiangxi Provice in China
/, '-4,t'W i
: , '., 1,\': X X ,
'1 ' 1 . rW . sS.7t8; '01 . < ! \.~ ¼ - Peopie's ReptQ,slp ChWinaFW -+ -1'+%I
t b } 0 4 V jws*
-' zr z o r t 4
-~~~~~~~~~~ir ¶\-v"-N -', 1
4N '* ;~ -A--~~~~qj 4e- - <4 .. *i , r
_ 1 -
! ; - t <' -. '
I~ ~~ ~ 320000
3 2 J;Ilqi-T RI Fig.3-2 GeographicPositions of EA study Counties
_ 14L H700 I:600
0.
no 30 ~ ~ ~ 13000 + '9c~}o)
f @it \__A~~~~~~r9d1 f >;SSS Fatr Sste
.1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E std County
¢~~~~~ 15 160 110 BOC
¢Fj;_ + an%;i1s000000
householdsis the main animalhusbandry within the survey areas, with an averageof eight pigs kept by each household.The surveymaterial also shows that Hukou,Pengze, Wumingand Yongxiuare the main countiesinvolved in cotton productionin Jiangxi Province,while farmers in the project countiesaround the Poyang Lake are more involvedin fishery.
The project will benefit 283,068 farmer householdsin 758 villages scatteredin 174 townships. The populationis 1,267,453,accounting for 3.96% of the total rural populationin the province. The arable land is 1,262,278mu,accounting for 3.73 % of the provincialtotal. The projectarea also involvesover 100 reservoirs/dams,of which 69 exceed 15min height or 2.5 million m3 in storagecapacity.
3.1.2 Existing Agro-productionConstraints
In the project area, there exist crucial constraintsin the agro-productionsystem, wWich greatly restrict the agro-productionand the increase of the farmers' income. Among the 21 project counties, five, i.e. Hengfeng,Yugan, Xingguo, Gan and Xunwu have been designatedas the poverty counties by the China govemmentand one, i.e. Shichenghas been designatedas the poverty county by Jiangxi government,accounting for about 1/3 of the poverty counties in the province.
A major constraintis the lack of adequateirrigation and drainagefacilities. A large proportion of the existing 1.9 million ha of irrigation commandarea in Jiangxi Province is not equipped with on-farm irrigation and drainage facilities essentialfor multiple and diversifiedcropping activities in response to market demand. The lack of on-farm facilitiesresults in poor-water distribution, i.e. water shortage in some areas and perennial water logging in others. The problem is compounded by inadequate maintenance and deterioration of irrigation works, leading to a gradual reduction of effective irrigation area. Canal system and oli-farm losses through seepage and wastage are high, and irrigationwater use efficiencyis low. Accordingto the findings of the irrigation design team from its survey to the 6 pilot irrigation districts (Yaoyuanin Hengfeng,Lulin in Guangfeng, Longguoin Dexing,Daluopo in Longnan,Datian in Wuningand Taipolake in Pengze),the main problemsexisting in the project area are:
- Serious siltationof canals: Because of canal siltation,the effectivewater-flow is reduced, resulting in poor distributionof irrigation water. Therefore,some part of irrigation area receives too much water (the upper reach) and ultimatelywaterlogged, while the lower reaches receiveno inigation water.
- Bank breaks down: In most irrigationareas, the side-slopesof main and branch canal are made of earth, lackingin stability.They may potentiallybreak down any moment,causing flow-cutoff in the canal.
- Invasion of weeds: weed grows in the main, branch and sub tertiary canals, especially in the branch and sub tertiary canals.In some canals,the weed occupiedmore than half of the water-flowsection of the branch canal and almostall that of the sub tertiarycanal. Existing
23 weeds increase the roughnesscoefficient of the canal, causing reductionof the conveying capacity. > Severe Leakagein canal: The side slopes of main and branch canals in most irrigationareas are made of earth with high permeability. Since there is no lining, water seepage and infiltrationreduce water use efficiency.Some head works such as spillwayshave not been repairedfor a long time, reducingdownstream water availability. o Due to lack of adequatetertiary canals, many farmersreceive irrigationwater directlyfrom main or branch canals and irrigate their fanrland in the form of flood irrigation or conveyingthe water throughother farmlands,leading to severe wastage. > Due to aging of the headwork and water supply structures, there is a potential safety hazards and reinforcementof the structuresis necessary.
The EA team found the same problems in most irrigation districts of Wuning, Hengfeng, Dexing, Gan and Pengze.
Another factor restricting the agro-productionis the existence of a large part of low/middle yielding farmland in the projectarea. Based on the survey of the farm productionimprovement team to 15 project counties,a total of 320,323 hectaresof farmlandexist, of which 23.9% high, 49.8% mediumand 26.3% are low yielding.Therefore, medium and low-yieldingfields account for 76.1% of project counties. The percentage of differenttypes of mediumand low-yielding fields include:cold, waterloggedand low lying field accountsfor 35.09%,rain fed account for 52.13%, sandy field accounts for 12.78%. Moreover, P (phosphorous) and K (potassium) deficiency is widespread in the soil of the project counties. In addition, lack of agricultural extension personnel makes it difficult to launch regular training,and a lot of new technologies and new research results cannot be disseminated to farmers, limiting farm production improvement.
Review of the operations of the existing markets in project counties indicates that market functions are simple, facilitiesare inadequate and market constructionis poor. Farmers do not have a good appreciationof markets and do not participate in market operations. Therefore, effectivemarketing system for agriculturalproducts has not been formedin the project area.
3.1.3 Objectives of the Project
The project's objective is to improve the livelihoodof the farmers in the project areas through the establishmentof integrated, demanddriven and sustainableagricultural production systems (includingmarket systems).The achievementof this objectivewould not only lead to reduction of poverty and greater social stability in the project area, but it would also enhance food security for the province and the countryas a whole.
It is proposed that the project objective be achieved through an integrated approach of (i) Rehabilitation and Extension of Irrigation and Drainage System, (ii) Farm Production Improvement,and (iii) Market SystemDevelopment. These three componentsand all activities
24 to be financed under these componentsare integrated, i.e. they are build on each other and generate a joint benefit that would not be achievableif the componentswere implemented separately from each other. A consequenceof this approach is that most of the activitiesare closelylinked to the geographicalarea of the irrigationschemes.
3.2 Main Componentsof the Project
The proposed JIAMPincludes three components: r Rehabilitationand extensionof irrigationand drainagesystem; > Farmlandproductivity improvement; and
' Market systemdevelopment.
3.2.1 Irrigationand DrainageComponent
The irrigation and drainage component would include rehabilitation and completion of irrigationand drainagesystems, provision of on-farmirrigation and drainagefacilities including land leveling, access and farm roads, and inigation training. The componentwould support the establishmentof water user associations(WUAs) and water supplyorganizations (WSOs) in line with the generalconcept of Self-financingIrrigation and DrainageDistrict (SIDD)with the view to ensuringcontinued use of irrigationand drainageworks completedunder the project. Dam safety reviews would be carried out on multi-purposeand irrigationstorage damsfeeding the project irrigationworks in accordancewith the Chineselegislation and consistent with the Bank's guidelineson Dam Safety.A total of about 68,969ha(1,034,531 mu) would be covered at an estimated average unit cost of RMB 680/mu (about RMB 10,000 or US$1,2001hectare), includingthe establishmentand operationof WUAs and WSOs, dam safetyreview, design and construction, and training costs. Based on an average area of irrigated -land of 4.48 mu/household, about 283,068 households or 1,267,453 people would benefit from this component.
The total projectdesigned irrigation area is 1,034,53lmu, and newlyincreased irrigation area is 17,860mu, improved irrigation area is 472,304mu. The detailed project items under this componentare presentedin Table3 of AnnexB.
3.2.2 Farm ProductionImprovement Component
To add value to the investmentsin irrigation and drainage,fanners requireaccess to improved quality of farm production inputs, funds to purchase such inputs, and improved access to appropriatetechnology and training in how best to applythese inputs. Project investmentsto meet these needs are requiredto ensure that sustainableincreases in the amount and quality of productionare achieved, cash income generationis increased,and opportunitiesare provided for product diversificationwithin irrigationand drainageareas. The componentwill address these needs through investments in varietal improvement, soil fertility Improvement, agriculturalextension and training,and farm production.
25 The varietal improvementsubcomponent aims to improvethe qualityof seeds availablefor rice and major cash crops, and selectionof improvedsource stock for livestock,poultry, and fish for small-scaleponds operatedby individualhouseholds.
The objective of the farn production subcomponentis to support agriculturalproduction based on irrigatedand drainedland. Productionactivities would include:(a) irrigatedfield crops; (b) livestock(pigs, chickens,ducks, geese); (c) small-scaleon-farm fish pond development;and (d) irrigated upland crops grown by farmers who have received loans under the Irrigation and Drainage component, and where such crops are grown in the irrigation scheme area. To ensure the integratednature of the project, only householdsthat have invested in the irrigation and drainagecomponent would be eligible for support under this subcomponent.An estimated 100,000households or about 35% of all householdsbenefiting from the irrigationand drainage componentwould be supportedunder this subcomponent.Approximately 200,000 households would receive technical training, including those receiving only irrigation and drainage investmentsas well as those receiving investmnentsunder the Farm Productionsubcomponent. Householdtraining activities would be timedto precede on-farmproduction investments.
The soil fertility sub-componentaims to improve the soil fertility in the project area, mainly through applicationof lime and/or phosphate fertilizer.Preliminary estimates show that about 10% of the total project area under irrigation rehabilitation would require such treatment. Fertilizer would be applied immediately after the irrigation and drainage work has been completed.
In addition, the farm production improvement team has proposed 55 farner household productionmodes. The detailedproject items under this componentare presented in Table4 of Annex B.
3.2.3 Market ImprovementComponent
The objective of the Market System DevelopmentComponent is to increase farmers' access to markets and to ensure efficientdelivery of high qualityproducts from producersto consumers at the lowest possible cost. Activities under the componentwill focus on activities that add value to the investments in irrigation and drainage as well as those in improvements in agriculturalproduction. The Componentconsists of 7 sub-components:(i) strategic market studies; (ii) promotion of the adoption and use of quality standards; (iii) improvementsto market informationsystems; (iv) use of the technicalextension service in providing marketing advice; (v) promotion of farmers' marketing groups; (vi) renovation and upgrading of agriculturalproduct markets;and (vii) agro-enterprisedevelopment.
This component involves construction,renovation and upgrading of 35 agriculturalproduct markets and development of 71 agro-enterprises. Presently only 3 markets and five agro-processingenterprises were confirmed to be included in the project. The three market
26 projects include the constructionof QuannanCounty Agricultural Produce WholesaleMarket, the renovation and upgrading of Zhaling Township Agricultural Trade Market and Geyuan Agriculturaland Side-lineProducts Market.
Based on the statisticaldata obtainedfrom the 21 project counties, after the implementationof the proposed project, the planted areas of paddy, cotton will be decreasedby 41,511muand 7,354mu,respectively; the areas of green manure, rape seed, fish ponds, orchards,vegetables and medicinalherbs will be increasedby 2,486mu, 1937mu, 13,900mu,45,048mu, 32,448mu and 8,245mu,respectively.
3.3 Descriptionof Projects in EA Focus Study Area
As stated in Chapterl, 27 irrigationdistricts located in the five project counties of Hengfeng, Wuning,Pengze, Nanchengand Gan were identifiedas typicalfor the purpose of this EA study. This EA studies the project areas of these counties.
Hengfeng County
Six irrigation schemes are located in Hengfeng County, i.e. Yaoyuan, Huangyuan, Shimaguantang,Yaojia, Gexin and Sipu irrigation districts. The geographiclocation of each irrigationscheme is presentedin Fig.3-3.
The project area involves 84 reservoirs/damsof differentsizes, of whiclh11 have a height more than 15m and/or storage capacity of more than 2.5 million m3 requiring dam safety review. The original designed irrigation area is 43,908mu. The cultivated farmland is 43,908mu, including upland 2,000mu and paddy land 41,908mu. The crops are dominated by paddy, followedby vegetable,peanut, soybean,rapeseed and green manure.
The present project designedirrigation area is 43,908mu.Proposed works includedam safety, hazard removal, and reinforcementof existing unsafe dams, seepage preventionof existing canals and completionof canal system. After the implementationof the proposedproject, the planted areas of paddy and rapeseed will be decreasedby 10,899muand 2,963mu,respectively, while the area of green manure,and peanut/soybeanswill be increasedby 3,386muand 309mu, respectively.
In addition, two agriculturalproduct markets and two agro-enterprisesare proposed under market component.The geographiclocation of each market/enterpriseis presentedin Fig.3-4.
Wuning County
Nine irrigation schemes are located in Wuning County, i.e. Datian, Dengjiayuan, Xinxi, Shangqing, Quanmeng, Shiimeng, Luoxi, Shidu and Wuxing Reservoir irrigation districts. The geographic location of each irrigation scheme is presented in Fig. 3-5.
27
Legend
(2> irrigated district / N
I Geyuan irrigated district
11 Huangyuan irrigated district i7
mIYaoyuan irrigated district
LV Sipu irrigated district
V Shinaguantang irrigated district -
VI Yaojia irrigated district
Water / *± l
County Boundmy j
Fig.3-3 Irrigated Districts in Hengfeng County
'Nil
* Geyuan Farm Product lWholesale Market 'N
*2 Longmen Agricultural Trade Market N / 0 Large-scale Arrowroot Processing/ / Production F
02 Large-scale Arrowroot Processing/
Production l l
// C <~~~~~~~~~~
N ! * Market
, ' O ~~~~~~~SmallEnterprise l ~~~~~ ~~~~Riverl Couty Bounday
Fig 3-4 Proposed markets and agriculturalenterprises in HengfengCounty
-' \__- @ -
, ' p'. / :
k'jk'~~~~~~A
Hng i iI/ g t ed diS stri-th n gqi
1 <*\f Provincial Bo y VIIV Xinxuankreservoir irrigatedirrigated district district ~ i VWuigrsrorirgtddsrc ? N ae IVDatiangreservoir irrigated district Ai.ts' ,.!
VIV uxi irrigated district Bounda AlShangqng irrigated district Municipal'
Vll Shinen irrigated distri~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~co untypaBoundary n IX Shidu irrigated district
Fig.3-5 Irrigated Districts in Wuning County
The project area involves 21 reservoirs/damsof different sizes, of which 6 have a height of more than 15m and/or storagecapacity of more than 2.5millionm 3 requiringdam safety review. The original designedirrigation area is 96,094mu,but the real irrigated area is 54,886inu.The cultivatedfannland is 108,675mu,including upland 26,652muand paddy land 82,023mu. The crops are dominated by paddy, followed by rapeseed, wheat, peanut, medicinal herbs and mulberry.
The present project designed irrigation area is 98,322mu. Proposed works include hazard removal,and reinforcementof existingunsafe dams, rehabilitationand reconstructionof weirs, lining and rehabilitation of spillways, construction of aqueducts, bridge and culverts, completion of canal system and rehabilitationof nral road (8km) and on-fann road (12km). After the implementationof the proposed project, the planted areas of paddy, rapeseed and medicinalherb will be increasedby 2,770mu, 11,400muand 8,245mu,respectively, while the area of cotton will be decreasedby 1,300mu.
In addition, five agricultural product markets and 18 agro-enterprisesare proposed tmder marketcomponent. The geographiclocation of each market/enterpriseis presentedin Fig.3-6.
Pengze County
Three irrigationschemes are locatedin Pengze County,i.e. of Taibo Lake, Fanghu and Donghu irrigation districts, whicl were formed by reclaiming land fiom the lake in 1960s. The geographiclocation of each irrigationscheme is presentedin Fig. 3-7.
The originaldesigned irrigationarea is 47,900mu,but the real irrigatedarea is 26,896mu.The cultivatedfarmland is 44,900mu,including upland 18,254muand paddy land 32,6646inu.The crops are dominatedby paddy,followed by cotton and rapeseed.
The present project designed irrigation area is 47,900mu.Proposed works include reinforcementof existing dykes, completion of canal system, rehabilitationand reconstructionof pumping stations, rehabilitation of 2 rural roads and conversion of low-lying farmland into fishponds. After the implementationof the proposed project, the planted areas of paddy and cotton will be decreased by 2,746muand 5,754mu,respectively, while the area of fishpondswill be increasedby 8,500mu.
In addition, one agricultural product market and one agro-enterprise are proposed undermarket component. Their geographic locations are presented in Fig.3-8.
Nancheng County
Five irrigationschemes are located in NanchengCounty, i.e. Mayuan,Gaoqiao, Xiafang, Shixi and Shanao irrigationdistricts. The geographiclocation of each irrigationscheme is presented in Fig. 3-9.
35
Legend 07 1.uyeFood Company 01, Peanut processingplant -i * ~~~~~~~~~Market O5Chungguang WoodProducts Co. 0 ,Salted vegetableprocessing plant ) 0) Processing plant OsSweetpotato Co.,Ltd 016 Nangaogreen foodplant Provincial boundary
O1oLixingCo.,Ltd 0 7 FoodCo. Ltd. 04 ~~~~~~~~~Municipalboundaiy OGebaoyi Companiy 0 igLily powderprocessing plant 02 ~~~~~~~~~~Countyboundary 0 12Qunfengtea Co.,Ltd iC
0 13Chufa processingplant > -
' CsiXU\.\6^ 0107 / 0, ~~~~~012013f0,6 ii.¢n X~~
011f ' \ %\ t"Fiffz o SU J
-- -llo,, J
0 1Large scale farner for Lixi farm product / r Xining township fare product integrated wholesale market
0 7 Hengluvillage medicalherb company . fr2 Guai market O, Luxi townshipfarrn productcompany , fl9li c Yangzhou township mushroomand bamboo shoot wholesale
04 Jinshui rice processingplant market
OsPowderprocessing . . t Quankou township forest product trade market
0 6Candlenutprocessing . *c 5 Putian village poultry tradeaarket
Fig. 3-6 Proposed markets and agricultural enterprises in Wuning County
Tula
t'~~~~~1 Don- irigtd diTstrict'-
g.3 7 Irriga D st ts i P
e< E , ~~~~~~~~Legend
0 O~~~~~~~~~~cQirrigated district
S::~~~~~~~~~~~~~A_~~~~~~~~~~~~- - I Taibo mppll'-Lake kopirrigatedNaura areaRs
- @5^ 1t~~~~~~IDonghu irrigated district
-- ~~~~~~~~~ x*U 111IIFang Lake irrigated district
-~~~ -' ~~~; ~~~~~~~Water-
~~~~-~ - - Provincial Boundary
_ .-.- CountyBaundai ( ) TaohonghingSika (Cervus Fig. 3-7 Irrigated Districts in Pengze County * Fanghuwholesale market - _ O Packagingplant / -~~~~~ . - . * *mtu~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ *v,~ ~ ~ ~ *t Legend * ~~~Market / 0 Ag'ricltural Enterprise River 7-') Natural Reserve - - ProvincialBoundary -.- - CountyBounde,y Fig. 3-8 Proposed markets and agricultural enterprises in Pengze County Legend (> irrigated district I Mayuan irrigated district -X- ll Shixi irrigated district / (' ''---- III Shanyou irrigated district IV Gaoqiao irrigated district V 0 ) ~- V Xtlfatig irrigateddistrict / Water r \ Ia CountyBoundamy - -l FIg. 3-9 Irrigated Districts inNanchengCountyc Fig. 3-9 Irrigated Districts in NanchengCounty The project area involves5 dams, all of which have a height of more than 15m and/or storage capacity of more than 2.5million m3 requiring dam safety review. The original designed inrigationarea is 59,630mu,but the real irrigatedarea is 39,424mu. The cultivatedfarmland is 75,600mu,including upland 6,327muand paddy land 69,273mu.The crops are dominatedby paddy,followed by lotus and Chineseyarn. The present project designedirrigation area is 59,630mu.Proposed works includeconstruction of 19 weirs, 31 bridges for agriculturalpurpose, and 3 55kw pumpingstations; rehabilitation of rural roads (28km), 16 sluice gates, six weirs, three spillwaysand six bridges for agricultural purpose; completionof canal system. After the implementationof the proposed project, the planted area of lotus will be increasedby 1,300mu,while that of paddy will be decreasedby 15,1OOmu. hi addition, two agriculturalproduct markets and five agro-enterprisesare proposed under marketcomponent. Their geographiclocations are presentedin Fig.3-10. GanCounty Four irrigationschemes are located in Gan Coumty,i.e. JingpanReservoir, Tianchun, Gongjiang and Changchun Reservoir irrigation districts. The geographic location of each irrigation scheme is presentedin Fig. 3-11. The project area involves 16 reservoirs/dainsof differentsizes, of which five have a height of more than 15mnanid/or storage capacity of more than 2.5 millionin 3 requiringdam safetyreview. The original designed irrigationarea is 41,160mu,but the real irrigatedarea is 18,250mnu.The cultivatedfarmlanid is 57,695mu,including upland 6,335muand paddy land 51,360mnu.The crops are dominatedby paddy,followed by rapeseed, mat straw and vegetables. The present project designed irrigation area is 41,160mu. Proposed works include hazard removal, and reinforcementof existing hazard dams, completion of canal system, lining of existing canals and arrangement of pumping sets in power transmissionequipment house. After the implementationof the proposedproject, the planted areas of paddy and rapeseed will be decreasedby 22,410muand 6,000murespectively, while the areas of vegetables,mat straw and orchard will be increasedby 1,220mu,12,21Omu and 1,500mu,respectively. In addition, two agricultural product markets and five agro-enterprisesare proposed under market component.Their geographiclocations are presentedin Fig.3-12. 45 *,Jinshankou farm product wholesale market *Xujia agricultural trade market 0, Pig raising farm j -. 02Farmer sale association . _ 0,High energy fluid fuel company\ , / 0,Yam company ' - _ OsMugu tea Co. ,I.td 2 Ii~~~~~~~~~J r ' X I , - *' U I' . Ntah N ' $- *- ,.- ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~.j Lgn I- N >- _S / -... ,-'\ ( / \ 8 / ~M arke t /--~? . <-. ~'0 Company '-* .- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~River County boundary Fig. 3-10 Proposed markets and agricultural enterprises in Nancheng County ~~~~tt~~~~~~~~tA~~eo Legend C~7 irrigateddistrict ~kf I jinpan reservoirir-rigated district II TianchunLake irrigateddistrict IIIGongjiang irrigated district IV Chingchtan reservoir irrigated district Water -- MunicipalBoundary - CountyBoundary y Fig. i 3,11 Irriatein Fig. 3-11 Irrigated Districts in Gan County - -- - L- A'. c M 0 Q itii- SEX / ' ' ~~ 0s*. Wuyun township agricultural trade market Meilintownship agricultural trade 0304 market 0~ Wuyun townshiprape seed processing 2A plant 02 Wuyun townshippressed salted duck 02 County breed pig farm 0 County breed rabbitfarmk Countyseed company 0 ' Legend Market 0 Processing plant River 02 -uyn wMuniprsicipalboundary dy - O, Cu Couty boundary Fig. 3-12 Proposed markets and agricultural enterprises in Gan County 3.4 Project ImplementationSchedule A gradually build-up process would be adopted during implementationconsistent with the phased implementationapproach. It is estimatedthat about 22%, 27%, 25%, 16%, and 10% of the aggregated sub-project areas would be implementedyearly during the first five years of project implementation. Subsequent sub-projects would be implemented as and when irrigationdesigns have been prepared accordingto a unifiedtechnical procedure. Farm production subcomponent activities in each irrigation area would only start when irrigationand drainageworks had been completed. VarietalImprovement, and most extension and training activities (county and technician training, demonstrationsites, farmer activity centers, equipmentpurchase, and appliedresearch) would start in the first implementationyear. This project will be implementedfrom the 4tlhquarter of 2002, and will be completedin 2007. The yearly implementationschedule of irrigationcomponent is listed in Table5 of AnnexB. 3.5 Project Investment The total project investmentis estimatedto be aboutUS$ 154 million. The costs based on the proposed scales of the three main componentsof the project are: US$ 85 million or about 55% of total investmentsfor the irrigationand drainagecomponent, US$ 46 million or about 30% for the fann production improvementcomponent, and US$ 22 million or about 14% for the market systems developmentcomponent. In addition, about US$ 2 million would be made availablefor project management,monitoring and evaluation. 53 4 Description of the ExistingEnvironment The EA study area covers 96 irrigation districtsmostly located in five major river catchments and scattered in 21 counties within the precinct of four municipalities:Jiujiang, Shangrao, Ganzhou and Fuzhu of Jiangxi Province. Description of various features of the physical, ecologicaland socio-economicalenvironment are presentedin the followingsections. 4.1 Physical Environment 4.1.1 Topography The project area includes 96 irrigationareas scatteredin the north, northwest,northeast, south and the mfiddleof Jiangxi Province, basically representingall the landform features of the whole province. A section of the hilly topography in China south of the Yangtze River is located in Jiangxi Province.The main landformnsin JiangxiProvince are hilly and mountainous lands. The mountainousland, hills, low hilly mounds,plains and water cover 36%, 18%, 35%, 8% and 3% of the total area of the province, respectively.The general slope gradient is from south to the north, being high and more mountainousin the southem counties. It generally inclines gently toward the central region, forming a giant asymmetric basin with the Poyang Lake plain as the low point. The eastern, westernand southernparts are mountains;,themniddle parts are mainly hills interwoven with basins, while the northern parts are vast alluvial-lacustrineplain where rivers and lakes are interwoven (Fig.4-1). The 5 major rivers (Gan, Fu, Xing, Rao and Xiu originatefrom the boundarymountainous land and drain into the PoyangLake from differentdirections. According to its geographicposition and geomorplhologicfeatures, the project area can be divided into five sub-regionsas follows: 4 South middle/low mountains and hills (including 10 project counties/districtsof Gan, Xunwu,Longnan, Quannan, Xingguo, Congyi, Shicheng, Xinfeng, Zhanggong and Golden Development); - North YangtzeRiver and Poyang Lake plain (includingfour project counties of Pengze, Yongxiu,Hukou and Yugan); - Northeast middle/lowmountains and hills (includingthree project counties of Hengfeng, Dexingand Guangfeng); > Northwest middle/lowmountains and hills (includingone project county of Wuning);the middle/low mountainsand hills (includingthree project counties of Nancheng, Yihuang and Congren). The major landformswithin the EA studyareas are describedbelow. Hengfeng County Hengfeng County generally slopes gradually from the northeast to the south, skirted with motntains on the east, west and north. The northemnpart, being mediumor low mountains,is 500 meters or more above the mean sea level (AMSL).The middlepart is rollinghills generally 100-500 meters AMSL or more above the mean sea level. In the southern part low hills or moundsare present,with an elevationof about 100 metersAMSL. The Mopan Mountainsare 55 Fig.4-1 Geomorpholo-icial Systems .1 V~~~~~~~~~V I' -'.K i0 NJI'iiLegend Mid Mt. 1l,'r Ii Mid-Low Mt. kCUi'j LowMt. --- i - High Hill f-t 1I,kx LowHill II -i High Mound i.i Low Mound 1ftlTarrace "'fPlain ... ! e-.! 7+K;it. Waters J ARCilNFO the most importantmaintain range in Hengfeng,extending to YiyangCounty, Dexing Coumty and the borders between ShangraoCity and Hengfeng.Its summit,Mitoujian (meaning "rice head point"), the highest peak in Hengfeng,rises 1,366.6 meters AMSL. The total areas of mountainousland, hills, low hilly moundsand plain are 32%, 22%, 45% and 1%, respectively of the total area of the county. I Six irrigation schemes are proposed under JIAMP in this county, with irrigation areas of Yaoyuanand Sipu, Geyuan,Yaojia and Huangyuanlocated in the eastern, northeastern,western and middle hilly areas, respectivelyand Shirmaguantangirrigation scheme in the southernlow hillymound area. Wuning County Wuning County is characterizedby high green mountains,with the Nine Peaks Mountains ranging along the south, and the Mufu Mountainsbordering the north. There are altogether 19 peaks in the county whose heights are above 1,500 meters, the highest being 1,794 meters AMSL. The two mountainranges, both runningfrom the east to the west, create great rises and falls in the terrain. The Xiu River, one of the five main sources to the PoyangLake, runs into Wuning from Xiushui County between the two mountain ranges. The total areas of mountainousland, hills, low hilly mounds,plain and water are 49%, 15%, 27%, 1% and 8%, respectively. Nine irrigation schemes are proposed under JIAMP in this county, with irrigation areas of Datian Reservoir,Dengjiayuan Reservoir and Shangqinglocated in the western middle hilly areas and Xingxi and Wuxing Reservoir inigation scheme in the northeastern mountainous area. Pengze County Pengze generallyhas a gentle slope, with the south and east sides being higher than the north and west. Its southeasternpart is a long stretch of medium or low mountains,its middle low hills and hillocks,and its northem part an alluvial plain by the YangtzeRiver. The mountains are a part of Huangshan Mountain Range in Anhui that traverses towards the southwest, generally 200-600m AMSL. There are five mountain ranges in the county, of whichlthe DahaoshanMountain Range, in the east part of the county and borderingDongzhi County in East Anhui, has a summitrising 859.4mAMSL, the highest in the county.Here, the landfonn is mainly alluvial plains. The total area of plains, hills, hillocks,water and mountainouslands are 32%, 17%,39%, 6%, and 6%, respectively. Three irrigationschemes are proposed under JIAMP in this county, all located in the northem lakeside plain. Nancheg County NanchengCounty is situatedin the middleof JiangxiProvince between geographiccoordinates of 1160 24'1l 16° 57'E and 270 18'-27° 47'N. The terrain is high in the east and west. The middle parts are river valleys and plains runningin a south-northdirection. Mountainous lands are distributedin the eastern and western boundaries of the county. The total area of hills, mountainousland and river valley plains are 77%, 18% and 5%, respectively.The average 59 elevation is 307m AMSL, with the highest point at the elevation of 1176m AMSL (Fulong Mountain),and Funiu section of Yu River, at an elevationof 56m, being the lowestpoint in the county. Five irrigation schemes are proposed under JIAMP in this county, with irrigation districts of Shixi and Shanao located in the northern river valley plain, Gaoqiao and Xiafang irrigation areas in the middle and west river valley and hilly areas and Mayuanirrigation district in the northwesternhilly area. Gan County Gan County is mainly composed of hilly and mountainous landforms, characteristic of undulatingoverlapping mountain peaks, intersectedby rivers, forminigbasins and river valleys. Terrainis high in the southeastand low in the northwest.The total areas of mountainousland, hills, low hilly mounds and plain are 40%, 38%, 21% and 1%, respectively.The Shuijidong Mountain,rising 1185mAMSL and located in the southeast,is the highestpeak in the county. Four irrigation schemes are proposed under JIAMP in this county, with irrigation districts of Jingpan Reservoir and Tianhechun located in the northeastern hills, Changchun Reservoir irrigation district in the western hills and low mountains,and Gong River irrigationdistrict in the middlebasin. 4.1.2 Soil The soil resources in Jiangxi Province are very rich and varied, which lays a good foundation for agriculture,forestry and animal husbandry.Main soil varieties includered soil, yellow soil, mountainyellow brown soil, purple soil, limestonesoil, mountainmeadow soil and paddy soil, as shown in Fig. 4-2. The varietiesand distributionof soils in the province presenta zonal and regionalpattern under the influenceof landformand soil parent rock. Red soil is the most widely distributedzonal soil in the province,distributed in the Poyang Lake plain and areas of low mountainsand high hills below 600m AMSL, accountingfor 55.8% of the area of the province. Yellowsoil is mainly distributedin the mountainouslands between 700-1200m in elevation, accountingfor 10% of the area of the province.Mountain yellow brown soil is mainly distributedin the mountainous lands above I 000m AMSL.Purple soils, usually interlacedwith red soils in low hilly areas, are mainly distributed in hilly areas in Jitai Basin and the south and northeast of the province, accountingfor 3.3% of the area of the province. The area of limestonesoils is relativelysmall, sporadicaflyfound in the limestonemountainous lands and hills in Pengze and De'an Counties. Mountain meadowsoils are mostly found in the summitsof high mountains.The cultivatedsoil is mostly paddy soils, accounting for 80% of the total cultivated land of the province. According to the characteristicsof parent materials, pedogenicprocesses and fertility,it can be divided into 3 sub-typesof flooded paddy soil, waterloggedpaddy soil and gleypaddy soil. The soil distributionpattern withinthe EA studyareas is as follows: 60 Fic.4-2 Soil Map 5,.. 4-~~rik.M~~ k -4 ,' , .,i .. '...... * t -4 .0 r ' a .2/S J41~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- -- . s. ' 1 ¢ : ' . ,^ L5qlfEgNJLegend * Yi ffi Red Eanhs .*~ ~~~ ~ ~~ n ffEfff~~~~~~~~~~~~f+,: k Brown Red Earths .. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~y: .. Ylmk Yellow-ReaEarlhs * Sl :*ttf f Young Red Earths o . f_f~~~~~~~,Yrtt ~~~~Yellow Earths - .; f 8 / fF f 11i .Mi+-;.b.A C * G~~11ard Yellow Brown, Earths 1o' - : S t 7 S ?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~itYitbM'ivountain Mifeadow Soils +5 L I'$l :~011LtE I NeutralPurplish Soils F-~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 ~, ;Wz LIX2t I Calcareous Purplbsh Soils J */# X oW- ' ' S ' ',!.it l Plano Yellow-CGnnaron oSoils L. A, I,S4l BasicAnctosols ; ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~; IL f ''4 Brown Limnestone Soils o S ff t f, xrl~~~~ Acid RockySoils n M,tr Acid Fluvo-Agu,cSoils . t? ' . : : i th1 f l "l- r ~~~Neuta! Fluvo-Aguic Soils tr L.4 h ~~~~~~~~~~~~~i<.nti (Ac,d)Grey Fluvo-Aquic Sodls : ': i : geSt.>~~~kr~l Grey Fluvo-AquicSoils rmhtl;. Wet Fluvo-AquicSoils L,4 ", sij FloooedPaddy Soils ,J .i- ; ! WaterloggedPaddy Soils : L zv,8f ki +.+, ~~~~~~~IGley PaddySoils * a i-. ~~~~~~~~~~Waters n 1 HengfengCounty Besides yellow brown soil, rice soil and yellow mountain soil, the main type of soil in Hengfengis red soil, coveringmost of the surfaceof the county.The mountainsoils are formed mainly from red-sand stone, coal rock, granite, mudstone and other kinds of rocks being weathered, usually 30-60 cm thick. A great deal of the base rock is exposed, with 4-5% of organiccontent, 0.04-0.2% of nitrogenand a pH value between 5.5-7. WuningCounty Most soils in Wuningare acidic in nature. Soils on the mountainareas are dominatedby yellow soils that change to brown soils on the side slopes, and gley soils in the river valleys. Soil distribution in this county is mainly affected by the differences in topography and parent material. Due to high fertility of the parent material of the red soils, these soils are relatively more fertile than other soils of the countyand are used extensivelyfor rice production. Pengze County The soil in Pengze is divided into 8 types; damp soils, horse-liversoils, rice soils,red limestone soils, acid purple soils,red mountainsoils and meadow soils. Of the 8 types red mountainsoils are forest soils and cover the greatestareas in the county,especially in the middlehills and the southeastemlow mountains.They originatefrom weathered mudstone or siliceousrock. Brown red soil, derived from mudstone,is deep and rich in mineral nutrition. Its fertilitypotential is high and has a lush soil cover. NanchengCounty The soil in this county is mainlyred soil, purple soil and paddy soil. The parent rock includes the red clay of the Quatemaryperiod, the red sandstoneof the Tertiaryperiod, phyllite,granite and purple sandy shale. Soils in Mayuan,Houping, Xuixi and Shuanggangare mostly red soil, while Zhengshang,Dayuan, Wangfangand Gaoqiaoare dominatedby paddy soil and red soil, and Shangwushi,Longpanling and Yangqiaoare dominated by purple soil and red soil. Soil erosionin areas where red soils and purple soils are dominantis severe. Gan County The countybelongs to the red soils zone. The cultivatedland is dominatedby paddy and damp soils, of which the waterloggedpaddy soil is the most widely distributedtype, accountingfor 70% of the total cultivatedland. Mountainsoils are mostlyred soils,yellow red soils and purple soils, of whichred soilsare dominant,accounting for 74% of the total mountainsoil. Based on the data on soil fertilityof 5 typicalproject countiescollected in the survey conducted by the Soil and Fertilizer Institute,Jiangxi Academyof AgriculturalSciences, paddy field and upland in each project county had low availablephosphorus (P) and potassium (K), and the soils are acidic. There is an unbalanceof major nutrients and soil fertility is poor. Meanwhile, fruit orchard soils are seriouslydeficient in phosphorus,potassium, calcium and magnesium, and soil organic matter content is also low. Vegetablecrop soils have relative high organic matter, and availablenitrogen (N), P and K. Except for vegetable crop soils the other soils in 63 project counties have low soil fertility. Great attention should be paid to strengtheningsoil improvementand buildingup fertility. 4.1.3 Climate The projectarea is locatedin the sub-tropicalzone with warm and damp monsoons.This area is rich in precipitationand heat and has four clear-cut seasons. Statisticsthrough years show an annual average temperatureof between 16.2 to 19.70C, basically varying with the latitude and surface elevation. Average wind speed is 2.2 to 4.Om per second. Temperaturedifference between the south and the north is large in winter, e.g. in January, the extremely lowest temperatureof -12 to -140C appearedin the north JiujiangCity, while the monthlyaverage in the south basin is 8.0 to 8.70C. In swumer, the differenceis not significant, and the average temperatureis between 29 to 300C, with the highestbeing near or over 400C. The average relative humidityvaries between 75% to 83%, being higher in mountainousareas and lower in plains and river valleyzones. The highest humidity appears in the northwestern, western, eastem and southwestem areas including Congyi Cotnty, while the lowest in the northem area. The frost-free period is between241 to 304 days, with the longest appearingin Congyi County located in the southwestand the shortestin WuningCounty located in the northwest. The total yearly average solar radiationis between 405.7 to 479.9 kJ/ cm2, with the maximum being in Duchang County beside Poyang Lake and the minimum in Tonggu County in the southwest.The yearly average sunshine hours are between 1473 to 2078 h, with the maximum being in DuchangCounty and the minimumin Congyi County.It is suitablefor the cultivation of all kinds of agrictulturalcrops. Jiangxi is one of the regions with much rainfall in China. The average annual rainfall is between 1400 to 1900mm, with that in the surroundingmountains being greater than that in the middle basins and the south bank of the YangtzeRiver and that in the east greater than that in the west. Due to the influence of the monsoon climate, the distribution of precipitation is uneven within the year and between years. The rainfall is more in summer and less in winter. The rainfall in the first season (From January to March) accounts for 16% to 22% of the total rainfall over the province, that in the second season (From April to June) 43% to 53% of the total, that in the third season (From July to September)18% to 27% of the total andthat in the fourth season (From October to December)10% to 15% of the provincialtotal. 4.1.4 Hydrology There are mainly five major rivers in Jiangxi Province, i.e. the Gan River, the Fu River, the Xing River, the Rao River and the Xiu River. The majority of the collected water from these river systemsflows into the Poyang Lake, forming the Poyang Lake water system, and finally drains into the YangtzeRiver by way of Hukou County after being stored and regulated in the Lake. The drainagearea of the Poyang Lake water systemis up to 162,200km 2, approximately 9% of the YangtzeRiver Basin and more than 97% of the total area of Jiangxi Province. The area covered by the project under discussionis all in the Poyang Lake watershed, with the except of Pengze, which is in the YangtzeRiver Basin,and Xunwu Countyin southernJiangxi, 64 whichis in the Pearl River Basin. The water systemis illustratedin Fig.4-3. Gan River is the biggest river in the province, originating from the mountains in the southeasternboundaries of ShichengCounty and running through the province from south to north.The total length is 766 km, with a drainagearea of 82,182 km2, accountingfor 50.6% of the total drainagearea of PoyangLake water system.It is not only the most importantwaterway of Jiangxi Province, but also one of the major branches of YangtzeRiver. Of the 21 project counties, 9 counties/districtsincluding Gan, Longnan,Quannan, Xingguo, Congyi, Shicheng, Xinfeng,Zhanggong and Gold Developmentare located in the upper reaches of it. Fu River, also called Yu River, is the second largest river in the province. The total length is 480km, with a drainagearea of 18,400kmn 2, accountingfor 11.3% of the total drainagearea of the PoyangLake water system. It originatesfrom the west side of Wuyi Mountainand Yiqianof the south boundaryof GuangchangCounty, and runs from south to north throughGuangchang, Nanfeng and Nancheng, where it turns toward the northwest, via Lingchuan into the Ganfu plain, and finally flows into the Poyang Lake. Three project counties includingNancheng, Yihuangand Congrenare locatedin this river drainagearea. Xing River, located in the east of the province, is the third largest river in the province. The total length is 400km, with a drainagearea of 16,700 km2 , accountingfor 10.3%of the total drainage area of Poyang Lake water system. It originates from Huaiyu Mountain in the northeast, and runs from east to west through Shangrao,Yanshan, Yiyang and Guixi, where it turns toward the northwest, and after flowing through Yugan County,it is divided into two branches,with the south branch flowingdirectly into the Poyang Lake, while the north branch flowing into the Lake after joining Rao River inside the territory of Boyang County.Three project counties including Hengfeng, Guangfeng and Yugang are located in this river catchment. Rao River is located in the northeastof the province.It is actuallythe combinedflow of Chang River and Re'an River after convergingat Raogongduof BoyangCounty. The total length is 322km, with a drainagearea of 15,500km 2 , accountingfor 9.5% of the total drainagearea of Poyang Lake water system.The projectcoumty of Dexingis located in the Re'an section of this river. Xiu River located in the northwestof the province.The total length is 326km, with a drainage area of 14,600 km2, accountingfor 9% of the total drainagearea of Poyang Lake water system. It originates from the southern area of Tonggu County, and runs from west to east through Xiushui,Wuning and Yongxiuand finally flows into the Poyang Lake in WuchengTownship. The main branch is Liao River.Two projectcounties includingWuning and Yongxiuare located in this river catchment PoyangLake The Poyang Lake, situatedin the northernpart of Jiangxi and on the south bank of the Yangtze River in its middle and lower reaches, is the largest fresh water lake in Chiina.Besides the five great rivers, it also receives water from the QingfengMountain Brook, the BoyangRiver, the ZhangtianRiver and the TongjingRiver, which, after a certain period of storagein the lake, is spoutedinto the YangtzeRiver by way of Hukou.According to the statisticsof long years, the 65 Fig.4-3 POYANG.^7LA _Z (E DRINAGl3\(EBA 5; riN<_ $ - j tt it- ,-ffiJi t .... ) L .; _.---*-y;,,, F<,+~~~~A l j ...... -_. gffi .ffiffit>, \~~~~C C ^ , 4 5, rt<. ( .;I~~~5 , 7k. * ;}IL S S s ., ,- ,A\;- , L , S 1 ; ? / p : -- .- ! .J~ ~ ~~~.? th lake legicot r,> t V MEt, t. t. fi,, ,_ v~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f : ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~P-. ;<1l I' ean arrin of eal nvv~~ to~ srl d,cag . .I b'- / .;aiii W'm 9 \ rs itii yearly averagewater volume draining into the YangtzeRiver from the Lake is 146 billion m3, accountingfor 15.6% of the yearly average flow of the former,and that flowing into the Lake from the five major rivers is 126.5billion m3 , accountingfor 86.8% of the total flow into the Lake. Therefore,the lake receives the water and after a period of storage allows the water to flow through. The Lake is 170kmlong from the southto the north. The width varies, with the maximumbeing 74km from the east to the west. Its water level fluctuatesgreatly, with the differencebetween maximum and minimum levels being as big as 14.7m (Observed data by Xingzi County HydrometricStation). Its water area also varies greatly in differentseasons. In wet season, the Lake is wide and 'stretching to the horizon', while in dry season,many islets in the Lake begin to emerge and the water is confinedin the main channelof the Lake, lookinglike 'a line'. The yearly averagewater area is 1290 km2 in dry season, while that in summer(wet season) is 3900km2 in normal years. The hydrologywithin the EA study areas is as follows: HengfengCounty The Xing River is the most important water body flowing throughHengfeng. Its total length within the countyboundaries is 9.18 kmi,with a width of 130-180m.It flows into the south end of the countyby way of Liujia Villageof Maocaopingin ShangbanTownship, and then, after its passage through Yangjia,Zhanjia and Chenjia, finallyruns into YiyangCounty. In Hengfeng, the ChengangRiver, the Gexi River, the GangbianRiver, the ChenshanRiver and the Sipu River all flow into the Xing River from the northeastto the southwest. Six irrigation schemes are proposed in this county. The Yaoyuanirrigation district is a minor catchmentof the upper reaches of the GangbianRiver, a branch of the Xing River with a total lengthof 31.3km a drainagearea of 131.1km 2. Originatingin the northeasternpart of Hengfeng, the GangbianRiver flows throughGangbian, Lianhe, Chenyang and Shangbanand then into the Xing River at a point where the three counties of Hengfeng,Qianshan and Yiyangborder one other. The sectionwithin the territoryis 6.5kmlong, controllingan area of 39.80 kIn2. Another irrigationarea of the Shimaguantangis located in the lower reach of GangbianRiver, flowing from north to south, with the length within the irrigation area being 19.5kmand the drainage area 70 km2. The Huangyuanirrigation district is locatedin the middlereach of the LinggangRiver, a branch of the Xing River, flowingfrom the northeastto the southwest.The length withinthe territoryis 14km and the drainage area is 114.75km2. Anotherriver flowing throughthe irrigation area is the QingbanRiver, a branch of the Gexi River,flowing from the north to the south.The length within the county is 14.5kmand the drainagearea is 31.42km2. Anotherirrigation area of the Yaojiayuanis located in the middle and lower reach of the LinggangRiver, from northeast to southwestwithin the territory,with the length within the irrigationarea being 13.02kmand the drainagearea 83.90 km2. The Sipu irrigationdistrict is located in the drainagesystem of the Sipu River, a branch of the Xing River, flowing from the northeast to the southwest. The length within the territory is 8.2kmand the drainagearea is 46.13km2 . 69 The Geyuan irrigation district is located in the upper reach of the Gexi River, a branch of the Xing River, flowingfrom the north to the south.The lengthwithin the territory is 22.01kmand the drainage area is 134.72kn2. Another river flowing through the irrigation area is the HuangchunRiver, a branch of the Re'an River, flowing from the east to the west. The length within the territoryis 10.95kmand the drainagearea is 73.54km2. Wuning County The main watershedsin Wuning are the Xiu River watershed, the Fushui River watershed in Hubei Province, and the LonggangRiver watershed.Altogether 107 rivers, with a total length of 699.4 km, are present in the county. The total watershed area is 3,641.82 km2. The part of Xiu River, the largest in Wuning, which flows within the county, is 113.0 km in length, controlling3416.31 km 2 of watershedarea and 93.81% of the total watershedarea in the county. A main tributary to the Fushui River, the Taiping River originates at the foot of Mufu Mountains and has a length of 22.8 km in this county, controllinga basin area of 158.7 krn2, 4.36% of the total. Nine irrigation schemes are proposed in this area. The Datian irrigation district is in the Qingjiang River watershed, on the south bank of Xiu River. With a total length of 30 km, the Qingjiang River originates in the Wushan Mountains in Shimeng Town and flows through Qingjiang Townshipto Qingjiang Street, where it pours into the Xiu River. The Dengjiayuan Reservoir irrigationarea is located in the Chuantan River watershedin the upper reach of the Xiu River, with a total length of 29.5km and a drainage area of 425.39 km2. The Xinxi irrigation district is located in the Huayuan River watershed in the south bank of the Zaling Reservoir of the Xiu River, with a total length of 26.6km and a drainage area of 185.31 km2. The Shangqingirrigation district is located in the Lixi River watershedin the north bank of the Xiu River, with a total length of 28.1km and a drainage area of 174.72 km2. The Wuxing Reservoir irrigation district is located in the Meiyangangwatershed in the upper reach of the Xiu River, with a total length of 8.75kmand a drainagearea of 36.43 km2. Pengze County The river system of Pengze consists of streams, rivers and lakes. There are altogether four watersheds:the Taipo Lake watershed,the Fang Lake watershed,the YanjiangRiver watershed and the YangleRiver watershed,with a total area of 1,641.5km 2. I The low-lyingplains in the county,being near the YangtzeRiver, have plentifulwater resources. But there are differences between areas, years, and different times of the year. The annual averagewater productiontaken over years is 878 millionm 3 for ordinaryyears, 645 million m3 for drier years and 368 million m3 for dry years. The ground water in the county has a low mineral content, mostly about 0.025-0.38grams in a liter. The pH value is generally6.4-7.2. Since there is no salinizationand alkalinizationproblem, water is suitablefor daily life use and irrigation. Taipo Lake irrigation district is within the Taipo Lake drainage. The lake, spanningthe two provinces of Jiangxi and Anhui and connected to the YangtzeRiver, is where the waters of Caojialong River, TaotunheRiver, Hetuanhe River, Yeshan River and Jingqiaohe River get 70 together.Being the largest lake in the cotnty, its waters start from Huating Dam on the south and extend to Frog MoundDarn to the north, with a total length of 12 km and a drainagearea of 665 km2. NanchengCounty Nancheng County is rich in water resources.There are 73 rivers of differentlength within the territory, all belonging to the Fu River drainage system, of which those with drainage area exceeding l0km2 total 50, with a total length of 550.79 km. Yu River and Litan River are the two main rivers runningthrough the county.Each of the five irrigationdistricts proposed under the JIAMP is located in the drainage area of the sub-branchof Yu River originatingfrom the correspondingreservoir that is located upstream. Gan County 109 rivers, with drainagearea of over 1O0kM2 flow within the county.It is the convergingpoint of four rivers includingthe Gong River,the PingRiver, the Tao River and the Gan River. Some of the hydrologicalparameters of the four rivers are listed in Table 4-1. TABLE 4-1 HYDROLOGICALPARAMETERS OF THE FouRMAIN RIVERSWITHIN GAN COUNTY Drainage Total Average Lengthwithin Name of River Origin River Mouth Area Length Discharpe the County (kM2) (km) (m /s) (km) Gong River Shiliaodongof Ganzhou City 27074 255 703 36 ______Shicheng County PuingRiver Shangyangkengof Jiangkouof Gan 2909 149 72.5 34 Xingguo County County______Tao River Banchizhangof Longsheof Gan 7913 291 205 67.7 Quannan County Countyv Siioogof Wucheng Gan River Shiliaodngo Townshipof 8282 766 939 45 Four irrigationschemes are proposedin this county.The JingpanReservoir irrigation district is located in the upstreamof the ShiyuanRiver, a main branch of the Ping River drainagesystem, controlling drainage area of 30.4km2 , with a total length of 8.4km and average discharge of 0.86 m3/s. The Tianhechunirrigation area is locatedin the drainagesystem of TianchunRiver, a main branch of the Ping River drainage system,controlling drainage area of 145.6km2, with a total length of 16.4kmwithin the county and average dischargeof 3.87 m3/s. The Changchun Reservoir irrigation district is located in the drainage system of Changchun River, a small branch of the GaiiRiver drainage system,controlling drainage area of 113.8km2, with a total length of 10.7kmand averagedischarge of 3.0 m 3 /s. 4.1.5 SurfaceWater Quality Based on its serving purpose and the protection objectives stipulated by corresponding environmentaladministrative departments, surface water body is divided into the following 5 classes in the Environmentalquality standardfor surfacewater (GBZBI-1999): - Class I water body is applicableto drinkingwater sources and nationalnatural reserves; - ClassII water body is applicable to Grade I protection zone of concentrated drinking water sources, protectionzone of preciousfish and spawningsites of fish and shrimp; > Classil water body is applicableto GradeIl protection zone of concentrateddrinking 71 water sources, protectionzone of ordinaryfish and swimmingzone; Al ClassIV water body is applicableto industrialwater use zone and recreationalwater use zone which are not contacteddirectly by humanbodies; ' ClassV water body is applicableto agriculturalwater use zone and ordinary landscape water body. According to the statistical data from the EnvironmentalQuality Report of Jiangxi Province (JPEPB, 1996-2000), the water quality of the five main rivers in the province is listed in Table 4-2. TABLE 4-2 WATER QUALITY CLASSES OF FIVEMAIN RIVERS IN JIANGXI PROVINCE IN 2000 ,Class I Class ,,,Classll ClassIV CIassV Infirior to ClassV 8 Percentage 8 Percentage 8 Percentage Percentage Percentage 8 Narne of River B in Total in Total in Total in Total in Total m Percentage in o Cross o Cross o Cross u Cross u Cross Total Cross Sections Sections Sections Sectionis Sectionis Sections () ______(%) S (%) g (%) g (%) S (%) S Gan River 16 41.03 2 5.13 10 25.64 7 17.95 4 10.26 Fu River 2 15.38 9 69.23 2 15.38 Xing River 8 61.54 2 15.38 3 23.08 Xiu River 6 85.71 1 14.29 Rao River 3 3 33.33 1 11.11 2 22.22 JiujiangReach o Yangtze River _ T T r X _ ___ Based on Table 4-2 and data in the EnvironmentalQuality Report of Jiangxi Province(JPEPB, 1996-2000), the water qualityof the five rivers can be concludedas follows: w Of the 39 cross sections arranged in the Gan River for routine monitoring, those with water quality meeting ClassII standard (hereinafter called ClassII water quality cross sections) are 16 in total, accountingfor 41.03% of the total, Classm water quality cross sections being 2, 5.13% of the total, the ClassVand inferior to ClassV 11, 28.21%. The main pollutants in the Gan River are oil, volatile phenol, ammonianitrogen and COD*, and the main polluted river reaches are the Jiangkou reach of Meijiang in Ganzhou and Yeloureach in Nanchang. > Of the 13 cross sections arranged in the Fu River for routine monitoring, ClassII water quality cross sections are 2 in total, accounting for 15.38% of the total, ClassIV water quality cross sections being 9, 69.23% of the total, the ClassV, mainly appearing in Fuzhou reach, being 2, 15.38% of the total. The main pollutants in the Fu River are oil, volatile phenol,COD, and ammonianitrogen. - Of the 13 cross sections arrangedin the Xing River for routine monitoring, ClassII water quality cross sections are 8 in total, accountingfor 61.54% of the total; ClassIll water quality cross sections, mainly appearingin Shangraoreach, being 2, 15.38%of the total; ClassIV water quality cross sections,mainly appearingin Yingtanreach, being 3, 23.08% of the total. The main pollutantsin the Xing River are oil and volatile phenol. - Of the 7 cross sections arranged in the Xiu River for routine monitoring, Class II water quality cross sections are 6 in total, accountingfor 85.71% of the total; ClassIV water quality cross sections,mainly appearingin Wuchengreach where the Xiu River enters into the Poyang Lake, being 1, 14.29%of the total. The main pollutantsin the Xing River are 72 oil. S Of the 9 cross sectionsarranged in the Rao River for regular monitoring, ClassIL water quality cross sections are 3 in total, accountingfor 33.33% of the total; ClassIV water quality cross sections being 3, 33.33% of the total; the ClassV, being 2, 15.38% of the total; the cross section with water qualityinferior to ClassV standard appears in Dexing reach, which is causedby acidic miningdrainage. The five rivers flow into the Poyang Lake from 8 enteringmouths. Of the 19 routine monitoring cross sections arranged in the entering mouths,the middle and the outlet of the lake, ClassIL water quality cross sections are 10 in total, accountingfor 52.6% of the total, Classm water quality cross sections being 8, 42.1% of the total; ClassIV water quality (exceeding the standardlimits) cross section , mainly appearingin the south branch of the Gan River, being 1, 5.3% of the total. The major pollution indexes are IDmn (permanganate index), total phosphorous, ammonia nitrogen and phenol. The cross sections with phenol exceeding the standard limit account for 15.8% of the total, with maximum yearly average concentration appearingin the south branch of the Gan River and the west branch of Xing River, exceeding the limit by 50%. In normal seasons, water quality in the central part of the lake is the best, even satisfyingClass I requirements.In wet season, water quality is ClassII in majorityof the water areas. In dry season, water qualityvaries between ClassII and ClassHI.In recentyears, P and N exceeded standard limits in some water areas of the lake. The cross sections with phosphorousexceeding the standardlimit accountedfor 15.8% in 1998, with maximun yearly average concentrationappearing in the Bang Lake, exceedingthe limit by 50%; in 1999, the cross sections reached 42.1%, with maximum yearly average concentration appearing in Boyang and Hamashi, exceedingthe limit by 50%; and in 2000, the cross sections remained 42. 1%, with maximumyearly averageconcentration appearing in the inlet of the eastern branch of Xing River, exceedingthe limit by 236%. In 1999, the cross sections withtN exceedingthe standard limit account for 21.2% of the total, with maximum yearly average concentration appearingin the southbranch of the Gan River and the Fu River, exceedingthe limitby 100%. The monitoreddata for part of the rivers in the projectcounties are listedin Table4-3. Data in Table4-3 indicate that all water quality parametersare within the Class III limits of the Environmentalquality standardfor surfacewater (GBZBI-1999). 4.1.6 GroundWater Quality Based on the survey of the EA team, the majorityof the farmers in the project area depend on ground water as the drinking water, the quality of which has direct impact on the farmers' health. The monitoredresults of ground water quality in some project counties are shown in Table4-4. From Table4-4, it can be seen that the groundwater environmentalquality is generallygood in the project area, basically up to the requirementmade by the Sanitary standardfor Drinking WaterQuality (GB 5745-85). 73 Table 4-3 Monitored Water Quality of Part of the Rivers in Project Counties Site Year pH Dissolved COD,, BOD NH3-N N03 -N NO,-N Supplyingunit oxygen mz/L mg/. mg/L mg/L mg/IL Xiushui reach of the 2000 7.05 8.74 2.11 1.18 0.03 0.39 0.011 WunngCountyEPB Xiu River Wuning Ferry of the 2000 6.93 8.44 1.74 2.30 0.09 0.12 0.013 Xiu River Zaling Reservoirof the 2000 6.85 8.90 1.87 1.60 0.02 0.35 0.008 Xiu River YongxiuCounty EPB Yongxiu reach of the 1999 7.83 3.24 0.021 0.42 0.029 Xiu River 2000 7.79 4.37 0.019 0.48 0.033 2001 8.31 4.91 0.035 0.51 0.017 Yongxiu reach of the 1999 7.81 3.43 0.02 0.7 0.024 Liao River 2000 7.83 6.06 0.10 0.21 0.014 2001 7.74 5.43 0.13 0.29 0.022 Aichen reach of the 2000 6.61 7.54 2.62 2.38 0.06 0.49 0.010 Xiu River The outle of the 1998 1.89 1.45 0.17 0.61 0.02 Jiujiang Municipal PoyangLake 1999 2.14 1.03 0.13 0.54 0.01 Environmnental 2000 2.48 1.49 0.25 0.63 0.01 Monitoring Station (EMS) Yihuang reach of the 2000 6.74 7.22 2.43 0.63 0.30 0.57 0.038 YihuangCounty EPB YtshuiRiver GuangfengCounty EPB The Fengxi River in 1999 7.28 8.84 2.03 1.61 0.26 0.50 0.014 GuangfengCounty The reach of the Xing 1999 7.01 7.90 2.32 1.40 0.30 0.97 0.037 ShaingraoMunicipal EPB River from Shangrao to Yiyang The part of Le'an 1999 5.91 7.60 2.59 1.13 0.14 0.54 0.010 Riverin Shangrao The Tao River in 1998 7.02 3.18 0.31 0.46 0.009 QuannanCounty EMS Quamaui County 1999 7.28 2.34 0.32 0.36 0.007 2000 7.54 3.37 0.29 0.24 0.006 Shipai in Xunwu 1998 7.21 3.62 0.31 0.23 0.011 XuwwuCountyEMS Counity 1999 7.40 2.21 0.26 0.18 0.011 2000 7.43 8.30 1.52 1.52 0.149 0.33 0.008 Estuary ofthe Tao River 2000 7.46 8.44 1. 55 1. 46 0. 064 1.53 0. 010 GanCounty EPB Meilingof Gan County 2000 7. 51 9.25 1. 56 0.88 0.36 0. 24 0. 008 The Chenggang River HengfengCounty EPB in Elengfeng 1997 7. 30 1. 31 0.78 Class Im Standard 6.5-8.5 35 S 8 -<4 -0.5 <20 <0.15 limnitsinGHIZBI-1999 ______75 75 1 W~~~~~~~~~~~ater 1 4-8 6-3 Eti t !overT i I AlI If Forest Fig. 4-8 Remote Seneing Image Of the Vegetatio in Gan county Forest coverage in most of the project counties is good, thoughdiffers greatly from county to county,with the best in CongyiCounty, where the forest coveragerate reaches 81.6%, and the worst in Hukou County beside the Poyang Lake, where the forest coverage rate is as low as 11.84%. Figures 4-5 to Figure 4-9 present the remote sensing image of the vegetationcoverage in the five EA focus studycounties. 4.2.2 Fauna Given the subtropicalhumid monsoonclimate, the old geology,the complex topographyand the abundantvegetation in the 21 project counties,still a significantwildlife populationsexist in the projectcounties. The main species and their distributionare listed in Table4-5. Due to long years' interferenceof human activitiesin this area, most of the precious speciesof mammalsusually live in the evergreenbroadleaved forest of mountains.In most irrigationareas, the dominant species of mammals are wild rabbits (Leporidae sinensis) and various mice species, usuallyof low protectionlevels. 81 Remote Sensing Image of the Vegetation in Pengze County !A3 A r~~~~~~~~ Water UDCOVeeGeL anda nf.elt Fores,t if..~~~~i jW,;*$*,l:e,,e, Fig-4-7 le Sensing Tmage -DI" :L'e V\egetaLiri-n in H-engf~engC-jInLv j ~~~~~~~~~~~Water R14-8 #R iiwE54A o AI1 14,WI 1t l Forest Fig. 4-8 Remote Seneing Image Of the Vegetatio in Gan county j m 4-9 / Water Fig.4-9 Remo nsing Image of the vegetation in Nancheng county TABLE4-5 T'HEMAIN SPECIESAND DISTRIBUTION OF WILDLIFEIN THE PROJECTCOUNTIES Types Species Distributionand Habitat Protection Level National Provincial Mammals Cervus nippon Shrub and grass thickets in Taohonglingof Pengze County kopsci Manis Evergreen broadleaved forests in most of the project counties, _ pentadactyla more in the south counties than in the northern counties. Muntiacus Hills and forest fringes in mountain areas of most of the project Important reevesi counties Mustela Grass and shrub thickets in most of the project counties, more in Important ______sibirca the lakeside areas and plains than in the mountain areas. Leporidae Hillside shrub or grass thickets near farmland in all the project Ordinary sinensis counties Hydropotes Mainly distributed in the lakeside shoal and grass thickets 11 inermis surrounding the Poyang Lake in Yongxiu, also exist in the southern counties like Longnan and Quannan Felis Dense forest and shrub thickets in most of the project counties Important bengalensis .Sus scrofa Mountainareas in most of the project counties Ordinary Panthera Natural reserve in YihuangCounty I tigris amoyensis Nyclerenses Forest fringe near water bodies in Yongxiu Important procyonoides Cervus Broadleaved forest and mountain area in the middle and southern 11 unicolor counties. Viverricula Hilly plain, shrub thickets and farmland in most of the project 11 indica counties. Cuon alpinus Mountain area in some project counties like Pengze and Quannan If ______etc. Neofe/is Evergreen broadleaved forest in some project counties like I nebulosa Pengze,Dexing and Quannanetc. Birds Grus Also called Siberian White Crane, main species of the over I lencogeranus wintering cranes staying in the shoal and grassland in the Poyang Lake National Reserve in Wucheng of Yongxiu near the Poyang Lake from December to March. In 1998, the population reached 2526. It was introduced by the wetland experts of Jiangxi Provincial Wildlife Conservation Administration that in recent years the Fang Lake and the Taibo Lake of Pengze, the Nanbei Lake Port of Hukou and the lakeside beach in Yugan had also become the over winteringhabitats of this crane species. Grus vipio Also called white-napped crane, main species of the over 11 wintering cranes staying in the shoal and grassland in the Poyang Lake National Reserve in Wucheng of Yongxiu near the Poyang Lake from December to March. In 1998, the population reached 2663. In recent years the Fang Lake and the Taibo Lake of Pengze, the Nanbei Lake Port of Hukou and the lakeside beach in Yugan had also become the over wintering habitats of this crane. Cygnus Also calledwhistling swan, over wintering in the shoal and grasslandin the II columbianus PoyangLake National Reservein Wuchengof Yongxiunear the Poyang Lake from Decemberto March. In 1999,the populationreached 5000. In recentyears the Fang Lake and the TaiboLake of Pengze,the NanbeiLake Port of Hukou and the lakesidebeach in Yuganbad also becomethe over winteringhabitats of this swan. Anser Also called Scopoli, over wintering in the shoal and grassland in 1I albffrons the Poyang Lake National Reserve in Wucheng of Yongxiu near the Poyang Lake from December to March. In 1996, the population reached 50000. In recent years the Fang Lake and the Taibo Lake of Pengze, the Nanbei Lake Port of Hukou and the lakeside beach in Yugan had also become the over wintering habitats of this wild goose. 93 Protrction Level Ciconia Also called Oriental white stork, over wintering in the sh al and I boyciana grassland in the Poyang Lake National Reserve in Wucheng of Yongxiunear the Poyang Lake from December to March. In 1999, the population reached 5000. In recent years the Fang Lake and the Taibo Lake of Pengze, the Nanbei Lake Port of Hukou and the lakeside beach in Yugan had also become the over wintering habitats of this stork. Plaralea Also called white spoonbill, over wintering in the shoal and 11 Leucorodia grassland in the Poyang Lake National Reserve in Wucheng of Yongxiunear the Poyang Lake from December to March. In 1999, the population reached 6362. Anser Also called Linnacus, over wintering in the shoal and grassland in Important cygnoides the Poyang Lake National Reserve in Wucheng of Yongxiu near the Poyang Lake from December to March. In 1998, the population reached 18339. In recent years the Fang Lake and the Taibo Lake of Pengze, the Nanbei Lake Port of Hukou and the lakeside beach in Yugan had also become the over wintering habitats of this wildgoose. 4.2.3 Natural Reserves To protect the precious vegetation and wildlife in the province, 44 nat'iral reserves are establishedin Jiangxi Province,of which 3 are the nationallevel, l Ithe provinciallevel and the others are the countylevel. Thosefalling into the 21 projectcounties are listed in Table4-6 and schematicallypresented in Fig 4-10. Their relative distanceto the project area is also presented in the table. 94 9 I I l- flii ItI Fig4- ot11nialSoil LrOSiOIRisks Actiurl Soil Il osiolI 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ * re\z1>fi ~~~~~. *,. 4' t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Jj~ .WMA Legendl 4 egnd* /'V yS Vl !k * / k i4 ;lr :N W,of&;R,,k-: * . 1::, i. il.: A~~~~WNlF,-ls :;Si-t ek : LAslighst}+ E¢0;em-I * Ji 1 9 . t.~~;-T SlgidW Moat.Eaesl- 1; .so.tzh _ ..I! tl!!< Ver S-- Frm,,r .4" ''I,',' ARCiINFO , j7!, ; 1 I,z,4 1 J.' 011!i l | jq f - !W1 1 1 109Wzl Fig.4-10 The Nature Reserves in the Project Counties _o I N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Legend 2 _ ~/ 0 ' f O - JtA^) N 2Ž 0 ~~~~~Naturereserve S I Poyang Lake National Natural Reserve I ~ I Taohongling Sika (Cervus Nippon ~~~~os~~~~kopsci)Yo~~~~~ ~ ~~haxv' Natural Reserve iranbaiSh Mountain State Forest Park VI f~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~VYihuangSouth ChinaTiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis) Natuiral Reserve F1 z V Jiulian Mountain Natural Reserve E / 2VI~- Yangling Natural Reserve N ~~~~~~~~~~~~VllYunjuMountamnNaftural Reserve ~~~~ / ~ ~ ." nVII XiangMountain Natural Reserve IX Jigongdong Natural Reserve TABLE 4-6 MAiN NATURALRESERVES TNTHE PROJECTCOUNTIES Name Position Area Main Pectin Remarks' Object Poyang Lake Located at the border of 22400ha Importwitwetland, over lInportantwetland listed in the Ramnsar National Natural Yongxiu, Xingzi and wintering habitats of Conventionin 1992. WuchengTownship Reserve Xingjian Counties. E rare migratory birds of Yongxiuis locatedin the core area No 115'55'-1 16'03' , N: like Grus proposedimgation schemnesare envisaged 29°05'-29°l 5'. lencogerantus,Anser to be locatedin the protectionarea cygnoidesetc. Taohongling Located at the border of 4500ha, anmongThe southemnNational Natural Reserve. The vegetation Sika (Cervus Huanghua, Huangling and which the core sub-species of Cervus is mainly shrub and grass thicket in low nipponi kopsci) Dongsheng in the eastern area is 2700ha, nipponkopsci. hill woodland.Other fauna speciesinclude Natural Reserve Pengze,E 16'40'-116'45', buffering area Pant/iera panlus, Hydropofes i,wemnts, N: 29°48', -30°53'. 7000ha. Aiuntiacus reevesi and Cuon alpinuss etc. TIhenearest straight distanceof the Fang Lake InTigation District is about 1.0-1.5kmnfrom the bounidary of the protectionzone. Shanbai Mountain Located in Fengshan 3330ha Evergreen broadleaved fhe nearest straight distance of the State Forest Park Township of Anyuan forcst the wild animals Guizhumao Irrigation Disrict is about County bordering on in it. 1 5km from the boundaryof thleprotection Xunwu Countyin the west, zone. E: 115°25', N. 25°05'. Yihuang South Located in Yun Mountain 52600 ha, the Panihera tigris Provincial Natural Reserve. The YiJS,ui China Tiger Range surrounding core area amoyensis and its hTigationDistrict is envisaged to be (Pantheratigris Yuyazhang Peak in the 7000ha. habitat locatedinside die bufferingarea of this anoyensis) southeastem Yihuang,E: naturalreserve. Natural 116014'-11617' , N Reserve 27°10'.27'20'. Jiulian Mountain Located in the southern 4066ha. core area Subtropical evergreen Provincial Natural Reserve. The Natural Reserve LongnanE,E 114027', 17001a. broadleaved forest the Taipingjiang Irrigation District is -114°28', N: 24°31', wild annuals in it. envisagedto enclosethe protectionzone. -24'39', Yangling Natural Locatedin the northeastem 1880 ha Subtropical evergreen ProvincialNatural Reserve.The Xiaojiang Reserve Congyi, E. 114°20', N: broadleaved forest and Irrigation District is envisaged to be 25°45' the wild aninials in it. locatednear the boundaryof the protection zone. Yunju Mountain Located in the 2480 ha Subtropical evergrem Provincial Natural Resere. No irrigation Natural Reserve southwesternYongxiu broadleaved forest and schemesare envisagedto be locatedin the the wild animalsin it. reserve. Xiang Mountain Located in Xunwu County, 459 ha Subtropical evergreen Provincial Natural Reserve.No irrigation Natural Reserve E: 115'49', N: 24°56' broadlwavedforest and schemesare envisagedto be locatedin the die wrildanimals in it. reserve. Jigongdong Located in XunwuCounty, 667 ha Subtropical evergreen Provincial Natural Reserve.No irrigation Natural Reserve E: 116°23', N: 26003' broadleaved forest and schemesare envisagedto be locatedin the the wild animalsin it. reserve. The Poyang Lake National Natural Reserve is located in the west bank of the Poyang Lake. Its water area, shoal and grassy land form a typical fresh water wetland eco-system, which was declared as Ramsar sites7 in 1992. Due to the development integrity of thiis wetland ecosystem, the wetland biodiversity is especially abundant. There are 476 species or varieties of wetland higher plants, 138 species of fresh water fish, 24 species of crabs and shrimps, 40 species of mollusks and 46 species of zooplank-tons, all providing a good over wintering area for migratory birds. In winter of every year, hundreds and thousands of migratory birds 6 The relative position of the inrigation schemes proposed wider the JIAMP to the natural reserves is estimated based on the draft drawings of the proposed irrigation schemesprovided by local PMOs and the distribution map of thenatural reserves in JiangxiProvince provided by the Natural ConservationDepartment of Jiangxi Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau. Importantwetland listed in the Conventionon Wetlandsof Internationalimportant Especially as WaterfowlHabitat signed in Ramsarof [ran. 97 migrates here. This is the biggest over winteringarea for white crane. Negatively,the abundant distribution of snails (Oncomelania hupensis) as the intermediate host of Schistosoma japonnicum makes this area a high incidencearea of Schistosomiasis.According to the wetland experts of Jiangxi ProvincialWildlife ConservationAdministration (Personal communication, 2001) that in recent years the Fang Lake and the TaiboLake of Pengze,the Nanbei Lake Port of Hukou and the lakesidebeach in Yuganhad become the over winteringhabitats of some species of rare migratorybirds, where correspondingconservation zone was planned accordingto the Development Plan for the Natural Reserves in China (SEPA, 2000). TaohonglingSika (Cervus nippon kopsci) Natural Reserve, located in the border of Huanghua, Huanglingand Dongsheng8kmn east away from Pengze, is a national level natural reserve. The landform is low mountain and hills between 100-600ni in elevation, with the eastern and western sides being low mountain and plain, the southern side mountainousland and the northern part bordering on the Taibo Lake. The vegetation is mainly shrub and grass thicket in low hill woodland. Other fauna species include Panthera pardus, Hydropotes inernmis, Muntiacus reevesi and Cuon alpinus. Historically3 investigationswere conductedon the sika population: the population was 60 in 1983, 120 in 1987 and 312 inl998, showing a natvral growth rate of 15%. Sika usually lives in shrub and grass thickets.It likes to dwell in the sunny southern slope and the low land out of the wind in fall and winter, in the broad plain in si ring, while return to the shady and cool northern slope in summer.In spring and summer, si5a can find food in the core area of the reserve, while due to lack of food in fall and winter, il often goes down the mountainto find food in the farmlandsof wheat and rapeseed. Yi-huangSouth China Tiger (Pantheratigris amoyensis)Natural Reserve is one of the o ily two natural reserves establishedespecially for the protection of the South China tiger in C mina.12 wildlife protection administrative stations were established inside the natural res,rve for protectingover 30 species of rare wildlifeinside the reserve. YihuangCounty is local A in the middle of Jiangxi Province, the transitionalzone from the Wuyi MountainRange an(' the Yun MountainRange to the Fu River plain. The total land area is 194,400ha, with forest 50,900ha accountingfor 77.6% of the total. There are three mountainranges runningthrough the terrain from south to north, with the east branch- Junfeng Mountain, 1760.9m,being the highest, forminga terrain surroundedby mountainsin three sides and high in the south,low in the north. Given the abundantvegetation and wildlife and the complexterrain, this area is an idealhabitat for the tiger. HistoricallyYihuang was one of the main areas where the tiger lived. Based on statistics, the number of tiger hunted was 55 in the 1950s, 25 in the 1960s, 10 in the 1970s, accountingfor 34% of the hunted total of the whole province. In the 1980s,the tiger population was near extinctiondue to the deteriorationof its habitats both in the province and outside the province. In recent years, many traces of the tiger are found in this area and the farmers in Yanyizhangof ShenggangTownship and FengchanVillage of Baizhu claimed to have seen the tiger many times. On Feb.28, 2000, the Forestry Department of Jiangxi Government declared formally in the press conference that the South China Tiger was found in Jiangxi Provinceand there are at least 5 confirmedto exist in the Yun MountainRange with Yuyazhang as the center. 4.2.4 Soil Erosion and Water and Soil Conservation Jiangxi is one of the provincesin SouthernChina where soil erosionis worst. The percentageof eroded area in plains is 21.1%,and in the mountains35%. The total eroded area in the province 98 is 35,200 kin2 , and the total amount of eroded soil is more than 165 million ton per year. The actual soil erosionand the potential risks are presentedschematically in Fig. 4-11. It can be seen from it that the area with relativelysevere soil erosion is distributedin the watershedsof the Gan River, the Xing River and the Fu River and the project counties with relativelysevere soil erosion include Hengfeng, Xingguo, Gan, Xingfeng and Congren, with the severest occurring in Hengfeng,where area of eroded soils account for 50.25% of the total land area of the county. Details about the soil erosion in the EA focus study counties are shown in Table 4-7, Figures 4-12 to 4-16, and the soil erosionin each irrigationarea in Hengfengis listed in Table4-8. TABLE4-7 SOILEROSION IN THE PROJECTCOUNTIES The The eroded Percentage Area of differentdegrees of erosion(10,000 mu) project are 2 an area (10,000 of erosion inm Strongand 1 area (kin ) ,Slight Medium strong severe Extreme ng Others county mu) the total area above Jiangxi 166943.69 5283.20 21.10 1842.38 1566.54 1260.43 354.18 259.67 1874.28 19758.38 Wuning 3506. 60 171. 53 32.61 61. 03 48.03 32.05 0. 76 29.66 62.47 354. 4 Pengze 1541.74 33.58 14.52 18.97 9.32 3.47 1.20 0. 62 5.29 197.6 Hengfeng 655.24 49.34 50.20 6.73 13.24 24.31 5.06 0.00 29.37 48. 95 GalI 2993. 09 146. 90 32.72 49.74 53.87 24.34 8.47 10. 48 43.29 302. 06 Nanchieng, 1697.97 101. 19 39. 73 |32.6 25.117.21 23.38 2.70 43.29 153.51 'Others includevery slight erosion, paddy land, water surface and villages. TABLE 4-8 SOIL EROSION IN EACH IRRIGATIONAREA OF HENGFENGCOUNTY _Nam=.== Area of Soil erosion area Among which Namie of Name of Small Small Percentageof Irrigation Catchment Catchmen (ha) erosion in the Slight Medium Strong .______(ha) total area (%) Ganigbian 28.84 14.18 51.3 9.93 2.84 1.43 Yaoyuan Shantang 10 5.2 52 3.64 1.04 0.52 Sub-total 38.84 19.38 56.5 13.57 3.88 1.95 Shangxiaban 7.28 3.5 48.08 2.45 0.70 0.35 Huangyuan Yangye 3.50 1.8 51.43 1.26 0.36 0.18 Sub-total 10.78 5.3 49.2 3.71 1.06 0.53 ShImaguant Huilong 8.96 4.5 50.22 3.15 0.9 0.45 Shimaguant Caiiia 5.88 2.98 80.68 2.08 0.6 0.3 ag | Sub-total 14.84 7.48 50.40 5.23 1.5 0.75 Langzi 13.20 6.60 50.00 4.02 1.32 0.66 Yaojia Guanshan 8.52 4.30 50.47 3.01 0.86 0.43 Yaojia| | Houzhan 8.52 4.30 50.47 3.01 0.86 0.43 Sub-total 30.24 15.20 50.26 10.02 3.04 1.52 Sipu 1 8.40 4.20 50 2.94 0.84 0.42 Sipu| | Liujia | 8.40 | 4.20 50 2.94 0.84 0.42 Sub-total | 16.8 8.40 50 5.88 1.68 0.84 99 Fig.4-12 Soil Erosion Map Of WuningCounty. r r-+S~tA~f~ r-l V'Iftf- Light E a C11W±fHtlMiddle y Cl .1nqt' Strong NW0e9X vxtreme ,>W88>S4-12 bjSits*cr AIT< I W.*98 Soil Erosion Map of PengzeCounty & VCAf-Ot Light = It 4Itiddle r--- CD 9,Utf !1 Strong tt[R _ r4~~~~r-=WHct F;xtreme - > ElB JSIJY... '¢fitl! severe 4--d, Fig.4-14 111* Soil Erosion Mapof ;}At Iiengf'cng County r-1 ; ! : ', INVi ddlI < = 'tut>''¢.[[;I:o',l,Ytwsre =.l.-s..q.;0J! 'Srcng v! J4-15K±iL*±t9UA *g Fig.4-15 Soil Erosion l t Mapof Gancounty iAt Light r-ia t1,k, Middle [a &iWiStrong O *&319I Extreme m UViFtJ Severc I 4-16 I; *itLA IkN A IftIAMI L ight Jt!9 U. Middle C , DtRtEUT Strong D~S~tI~LC) lxtreme > J.t!h! Severe Fig. 4-16 Soil Erosion Map of Nancheng County 4.3 Social and Cultural Environment 4.3.1 Population There are 11 cities with district(s) set up under them, 10 countylevel cities, 70 countiesand 19 districtsunder the jurisdiction of Jiangxi Province.In the end of 2000, the total householdsin the provincewere 10,645,800, total populationwas 41,485,400and the populationdensity was 249/km2 . The agricultural population accounts for 77.32%. The total households in the countryside are 7,415,200 with total population of 32,032,200,of which 15,471,500are the labor forth. At present, 21 counties participatein JIAMP.These countiesare distributedin 4 municipalities of Jiujiang, Shangrao,Fuzhou and Ganzhou. The populationof the project area is 1,260,000, accounting for 3.96% of the total rural populationin the province. The population of each project county and the populationin the project area are listed in Table4-9. TABLE 4-9 THE POPULATION IN THE PROJECT COUNTIES items Total Population Rural Populatioll Number of Population in the Percentage in the Percentage in the Total Population Rural Population Numberof Project Area Total Population Total Rural County \ (10000) (10000) Households Topulation(Ps) (%) Jiangxi Province 4148.54 3203.22 2K3068 1267453 3.06 3.96 Jiujiang City 440.34 124.34 50200 242226 5.50 19.48 Wuning 34.5 29.2 19554 117905 3.42 40.3S Pengze 34.1 31.4 4684 19945 5.85 6.35 Yongxiu 35.5 27 36584 36584 10.31 13.55 Hlukou 26.8 21.9 67792 67792 25.29 30.96 Ganzhou City 739.75 587.63 132393 566577 7.66 9.64 Gan 53,4 46.8 13839 65840 12.32 14.07 ZhanggongDistrict 47.2 3352 12236 2.58 Xingfeulg 64.7 55 7105 29130 4.50 5.30 Congyi 19.6 16.1 20148 80620 41.12 50.07 Longnan 29.4 25.1 35676 148831 50.61 59.30 Qunnan 18 13.1 8362 32972 18.33 25.17 Xingguo 65.9 60.5 16763 72833 11.05 12.04 Xunwu 28.7 24.9 5095 21840 7.61 8.77 Shicheng 29.1 23.7 11797 51421 17.66 21.70 Gold Development 10256 50854 District Shangrao City 598.12 496.60 67890 314B25 5.26 6.34 Hengfeng 15.8 15.8 12577 57738 36.52 36.54 Dexng 30.6 19.7 11362 53767 17.58 27.29 Guangfeng 74.2 72.9 33636 152120 20.50 20.87 Yugan 85.1 76.2 10315 51200 6.02 6.72 Fuzhou City 357.33 265.83 32585 143825 4.02 5.41 Nanchenig 29 23.3 14976 70543 24.32 30.28 Yihuang 20.8 17.7 9567 38600 18.56 21.81 Congren 30.7 25.2 8042 34682 11.30 13.76 Among the 21 project counties, five, i.e. Hengfeng, Yugan,Xingguo, Gan and Xunwu have been designatedas the poverty counties by the China governmentand one, i.e. Shiclhenghas been designatedas the poverty county by Jiangxi government,accounting for about 1/3 of the poverty counties in the province.Based on the StatisticalYearbook ofJiangxi Provincein 2000, the total povertypopulation in the province is 895,061,while that in the projectarea is 125,954, accountingfor 14.07%of the provincialtotal. 113 Jiangxi is a province with scarce population of national minorities. The total'population of national minorities is 112,800, accounting for 0.27% of the total population in the province. The minority nationality distribution in the project area is listed in Table 4-10. TABLE 4-10 DISTRIBUTION OF THE NATIONAL MINORITY VILLAGE IN THE PROJECT COUNTIES MinorityNationality Village Basic data Lanzi She-Zuvillage, Yaojiatown, Hengfeog county Total population2559, She-Zu population1413, plow-land area per capita 0.68mu, mowitainiland 4.9mu Jianshe She-Zu village,Gulonggang towi, Xmigguocounty total population1020, She-Zupopulation 352. plow-landarea per capita Imu, mounitainland 2.5mu YaoqianShe-Zu village,Gulonggang town, Xingguo county total population1070, She-Zupopulation 390, plow-landara per capita Imu, mountainland 2.5mu ShepingShe-Zu village, Fengbiantown, Xingguocounty Total population 1114, She-Zu population 371, plow-lanldarea per capita 0.5mu, mountainland 12mu LongtanShe-Zu village,Chongxian town, Xingguocounity Total population805, She-Zupopulation 342, plow-landarea per capita0.2mu, mountainland 0.3mu Yaoshan Yao NationalityVillage of Zhushan Towiishipof Total population 278, She-Zu population259, plow-land area per capita Qiuann County 0.36inu, mountainland 35mu BeltingShe-Zu village, Chenigjiangtown, Xwiawucounty Total population3025, She-Zu population2010, plow-landarea per capita 0.5mu, mountainland 2.2mu WeinkouShe-Zu village, Chengjiangtown, Xunwu county lotal population3489, She-Zu populationl702, plow-land area per capita 0.45mu, mountainland 1.5mu 4.3.2 CulturalBackground Among residents in the project area, the Han nationalityaccounts for over 99%, the remaining ininorities are She, Yao, Hui and other nationalities.The people of Han nationality in South Jiangxi are mainly Hakka lineages,which account for over 95% of the total populationin the inhdabitationareas of Hakka, such as LongnanCounty, Quannan County and DingnanCounty. The people of Yao Nationality in Jiangxi Province are mostly transalpine Yao people, who speak Yao languagewithout their own written languageand usually speak Yao and Chinese in their daily life. The Yao people use slash-and-bumcultivation. After the establishmentof PRC, except for adopting cultivationteclmiques for paddy productionfrom Han Nationality,the Yao people followedtheir traditionalmethod of slash-and-bumcultivation for dry land crops, such as maize. As to the clothing, men are dressed in black clothes with stand collar; women are dressed in blue clothes with obliquely opened borders, matched with laced short apron. Presently, except for importantholidays in their nationalityand going out to attend important activities, the Yao people in Jiangxi are dressed in the clothes of Han Nationality.When the children of the Yao people get married, they move into newly built houses apart from their parents carrying the quilt, mat and clothes originallyused with bowls and chopsticksprovided by their parents. The people of She Nationality in the affected areas are mostly the immigrants from the reservoir region of the "two rivers" (the Xin'an River and FuchunRiver) in Zhejiang Province; however, they have adopted Han Nationality characteristics in terms of society, culture, economy and living. South Jiangxi is the region where the Hakka people gather. They are Han immigrants from Central Plains of China, with cultural habits that constitute the main part of that of Hakka. For thousands of years, since they resided in reinote mountainousareas in the south, their society was relatively stable with typical traditional Han culture. With time they interacted, 114 interpenetratedand combinedwith the local Baiyue, Yao and She cultures to form the unique Hakkaculture of today.The Hakka peoplehave got strong sense of ancestorworship and family hierarchy,precise homemakingetiquette and relativelysophisticated lineage organizationand system, which is evidenced by the ancestral temples and clan pedigrees presently left over. They attach great importance to education and are fond of inscribing letters on lintels and pasting couplets on halls. Previously,the Hakka women, without foot-binding, played an importantrole in productionand dared to go to market for trading activities,especially those in old revolutionarydistricts who were more intensivelyaffected by feminism.The Hakka people have a complete set of formalitiesfor weddingsand funerals and a combinedtype of religious faith compatibleto ancestor worship, Buddhismand folk faiths. Althoughthe Hakka culture systemhas been changingconstantly, many traditional folk-customs have been kept. The residents in the project area popularly believe in the traditional Chinese religions- Buddhism, Taoism and ancestor worship. Many peasants offer sacrifice to Kwan-yin Bodhisattvaand some amulets not so piously but more to show a cultural habit. In addition, there are a smallnumber of Christiansin the projectareas. All types of religious faiths coexist harmoniouslyin the project area. 4.3.3 Public Health The main epidemicdiseases occurring in Jiangxi Provinceinclude hepatitis,dysentery, typhoid and tuberculosis.The EA team's findingsindicate that in generalthe level of medical capacity in project counties is high, and complete sets of modernized equipment for medical or examiningpurposes are availablein hospitals in the county seats. Sanitationand anti-epidemic stations have been established in each cotmty. Plans have been made specifically for the prevention and curing of regional diseases and epidemics. As a result of active preventive measures,some regional diseasesand infectiousdiseases have been eradicated,and others are effectivelyunder control. The total morbidity of epidemic diseases in each project county is lower than the nationalrequirement of 650/100,000.Public health is now safeguardedand fairly free fromdanger. The morbidityof main epidemicdiseases in someproject counties is shownin Table4-1 1. 115 TABLE4-11 MORBIDITYOF MAINEPIDEMIC DISEASES IN SOMEOF THE PROJECT COUNTIES Pengze Wuling Heiugfeng | Gaoi Per 10.000 1999 2000 1999 2000 2000 Jan. to Jwuc2001 Total 260.35 196.97 330.56 255.36 90.97 Hepatitis 57.40 49.02 88.56 70.03 108.23 15.85 Dysentery 62.13 34.72 98.33 64.20 46.84 26.S Typhoid - 12.85 5.97 8.20 Tuberculosis 123.37 103.30 75.27 35.8 40.49 16.99 Swoopingcough - - - 1.85 Measles 4.82 1.55 0.26 25.67 Hemnorrhagicfever - - 6.84 - Leptospirosis - - - 9.47 - Others 17.45 9.93 50.73 49.49 Owing to its special geographical situation, Pengze is one of the counties in .angxi where tile incidence of snail fever (Schistosomniasis)is the highest. In the past, snail area was 14,853.42 ha, and the infection rate of Schistosomiasis in the inhabitants was 30.7% (for the year 1956). After 40 years of hard work, Schistosomiasis in this place has been controlled to a great degree. At the end of 2000, the total snail area was reduced to 221.64 ha, the infection rate in the inhabitants to 8.4%, while in draft buffalos it was 5.7%. Of the existing snail areas, there are 37.75 ha distributed in the farmland and lakeside shoal of Taipo Lake Township and 25.85 ha in the Fulong Farm, where the Fang Lake irrigation scheme is located. At the end of 2000, the infection rates of Schistosomiasis in the inhabitants of these two townships are 7.7% and 8.3%, respectively, while 9% and 7.2% in draft buffalos. In 1992, the project of Schistosoiniasis control in China sponsored by the World Bank (HV) was implemented in this county, which lasted until 1998. The aims specified by the project included decreasing the incidence of both human infection and draft buffalo infection by 40%, and bringing down the natural infection of Schistosomiasis and the density of positive Schistosomiasis by 50-60%. The emphasis was laid on disease controlling, which was supplemented by health education, disease monitoring, technical training and research. In 2001, the Pengze government issued a key environmental improvement project for synthetic controlling of Schistosomiasis, which is part of the ';10 h Five Years' Plan". The project aims at Schistosomiasis eradication in six infested townships (or farms) in coordination with the improvement of irrigation and the structural adjustment of agricultural industry, and has set down six Schistosomiasis eradication programs. A budget of 139,000,000 yuan is to be put into it. In Taipo Lake, one of the six project townships, the aims are to bring down the incidence of human infection from 7.7% at the end of 2000 to 2.0% at the end of 2005, and, during the same period, to bring down the incidence of draft buffalo infection from 9.2% to below 2.1% and to decrease the Schistosomiasis infested area from 377,522 rn2 to 0 m2 . The main measures to be taken are: to change the 5,600 mu of infested paddy fields into fish ponds, and, according to the requirement imposed by the plan made by the Provincial Schistosomiasis Prevention Office, to enforce a general check once every two years and to treat all infected people and buffaloes, so that the situation can be improved with both humans and animals. 116 In addition to Pengze County,the islets and shoals in or along Poyang Lake are good breeding grounds for snail intermediatehosts. Schistosoimiasisis prevalent in these areas. The project counties of Yongxiuand Yuganare located in this area. Among the 16 villages and towns in Yongxiu County, one is Class 18 district of Schistosomiasisprevalence, 10 are the Class 3 districts and the disease is eradicatedin the other 5. The status of preventionand control of Schistosomiasisin Yongxiuin recent 5 years is listedin Table4-12. TABLE 4-12 THE PREVENTIONAND CONTROL OF SCHISTOSOMIASISIN YONGXIU COUNTY Year Incidence Treatment Snail Check (mu) Snail Eradication (mu) 1995 9456 7377 10771 7375 1996 8580 6501 12171 6335 1997 9393 7314 14878 3743 1998 5822 3743 14046 2049 1999 9716 7637 33170 3800 2000 6390 6349 13099 3302 Total 49357 38921 98135 26604 4.3.4 CulturalHeritage Accordingto the Pre-evaluatingReport on CulturalHeritage of JIAMP preparedby the Social AppraisalTeam, there are 172 known cultural heritagespots in the 21 projectcounties. Among them, there are 5 national grade protection spots, 44 provincial grade protection spots, 40 county grade protectionspots, and the rest withoutgrade. The numberof on-groundsites is 90, most of which have countyprotection grade or higher,with the majoritybeing the old buildings, built in Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty,the secondarybeing the revolutionarysites, which were related to the activitiesof the Chinese CommunistParty in the revolutionarytime. The number of undergroundsites is 82. Early in Pre-Qin Period,in Jiangxi area, there were Shanbei ancient cultureof XiushuiCounty, Fanchengdui ancient cultureof QingjiangCounty, Wucheng ancient culture,and cellaringbronze of Dayangzhou.From Qin Dynastyto Han Dynasty,there were Hongzhou, Jizhou, and Jingdezhenancient porcelain kilns. These places were also the most importantproduction fields of pottery and porcelainat that time. The above findingsshow that Jiangxi Provincehad been an importantarea for activitiesof human beings in ancient time, and it was also a center of human's culturein China at that time. 4.3.5 Scenic Spotsand Tourism The project cotnties are rich in tourism resources both of human landscapes and natural landscapes. The Bo Mountain Temple,Lingjiu Temple,Lingdi RevolutionaryMemorial Land and WangduTownship Ancient CulturalRelics in GuangfengCounty, the Hakka Circle House in Gannan,the Tao MountainTemple, Cao MountainTemple, Stone Arch Temple in Yihuang County, the former revolutionary sites in Hengfeng County, the Dragon Palace Cave In Pengze, the YunjiuMountain in Yongxiuand the Zaling Lake Scenic District etc. are all well known 8 According to consultations with the Schistosomiasis Control Office of Jiangxi Provincial Sanitary Departnent, classification is given to Schistosomiasis infected areas based on the extent of prevalence of this disease. This classification system comprises 3 classes. Classl district refers to the area where Schistosomiasis has not been under control; Class2 district refers to the areas where it is basically under control; and Class3 district refers to the area where it is basically eradicated. 117 tourismlandscapes. In comparisonwith the other project counties, tourist resourcesare more abundantin Wuning, where, centeredon the WuningLake, a specialzone for tourismhas taken shape, includingfour scenic spots: (1) Wuninghuscenic spot. ZhelingReservoir, since it started to store water, has been receiving water from an area of 9,340 km2. It has a water surface of 460,000 mu, with a total capacity of 7,100,000,000 m3 and an average depth of 24 m. Bringing about a new ecological environment, it has set up in it such natural spots of interest as "a Lake of a Thousand Islets", "a Maze of a HundredCurves", and "a Maze of a HundredIslets". The Wuninghu Lake, which constitutesthe main body of the reservoir,has a water surface of 342,000 mu, and contains within it 308 islets of more than 100 mu, of which 8 are of more than 1,000 mu. In 1995it becamea scenic spot of the provinciallevel with the approval of the provincial government. The WuninghuLake stretches from the east to the west for 102.5 kin, with its greatest width being 7.5 km and its averagebreadth being 1.9 km. Natural resourcesof animals and plants within the lake area are rich, with 45 speciesof birds, 20 species of woodyplants, 46 species of flowers and dozens of animal species. The climate is comfortable and the scenery is truly beautiful.Visibility penetration of the lake water in fine weather is 5-7 m, the water quality has reached the state standard of Type II for surface water, and the atmosphericquality has reachedstate standardof Type I. (2) Yangzh"u scenic spot. This includes Jiulingshan Forest Park of the provincial level, YangzliouMituo Temple,and the townships of Luoping and Yangzhou.Jiulingshar. Forest Park is famousfor its beautiful peaks, crags, brooks, vales and waterfallsas well 2:i for its primeval natural forest. Mituo Templehas a long history and has enjoyed a long-sustained fame in Southeast Asia both because of its abbot, Monk Chuankai, who is the 51 generation of Zen Master of the Cave Cloud School,being the brilliantdisciple to Monk Weiying,who is in tum the third generationof inheritorto the famousmonk, Monk Xuyun, and because of the return of the relics and the mantle and alms bowl of Monk Weiying.Set off by the WuninghuLakle and nestlingon the wonderfulWuning Crag, the temple is truly a wonderland,with Wuyu Peak as its screen in front, Xiliu Stream on its left and Dongyuan Stream on its right. (3) Fengkou scenic spot. Located in the county seat, it is the political, economicaland cultural center of the county.New scenic spots are to be added by the buildingof WuningBridge, WenfengPagoda, and the MemorialHall to General Li Liejun.Luxi Cave Karst, 10 meters deep, emulates Dragon Palace Cave in Pengze. The Holy Bless Palace in the Pacific Mountain,cherishing a long history of Taoistculture, includes five parts: TianyiHoly Bless Palace, WanfuPalace, WanluPalace and XunshanHall, with a total builtarea of 1,600 m2 . (4) The scenic spot of Upper Water Spring.It includes Upper Water Springand part of Upper WaterTownshipin Nine Palace Mountain. The latter is near the foot of Nine Palace Mountain,a scenic spot of the state level, with a distanceof 20 km. It is famousfor its hot spring, which is 300 m away from the townshipseat. There are two spouts, Upper Water 118 and Lower Water, the former having a flow volume of 0.454 liter/sec, with its water temperaturebeing 450C, and the latter having a flow volume of 3.162 liter/sec, with its water temperaturebeing 40° C. 4.3.6 Infrastructure Most of the irigation areas comprise reservoirs or weirs, diversion canals, irrigation and drainage canals and farmlands.Therefore water conservancyfacilities and rural and on-farm roads form the foundation for agricultural production. In the 95 inigation areas under the JIAMP, there are 150 reservoirs,of which those with height exceeding 15rmand/or storage capacity exceeding2.5million m 3 total 69. The total length of canals is 1075km.The existing water conservancyfacilities in each project countywere listed in Table2and Table3of Annex B. Some deficiencies exist in the affected areas as to the constructionand management of irrigationfacilities: > Canals seriouslysilted up. In the investigation,it was found that an importantfactor that resultsin this problem is the poor design,i.e. the gradient,bend and supportingfacilities where canals pass through were not fully taken into account. In additionsome canals pass by hills or rivers where landslidesor torrentialfloods easily occur. . Poor maintenanceand management.As a generalproblem in investigatedlocations, the govermmenttypically invested a great amount of fund for the constructionof irrigation works. However, the projects were later neglected the subsequent managementand maintenanceare not adequate,making the guaranteeof the sustainabledevelopment of irrigationprojects questionable. > Outdatedfacilities. All levels of irrigationworks seem to be completed.H6wever, many of them actually have not been repaired for many years and are therefore subject to aging. Somemay even be unusablefor designedirrigation. > Insufficient downstream water flow caused by lifted upstream water level. Some irrigated areas lift water level forcibly by dammingwater at upstream canals, which is an improper practice of water utilization and resulted in serious deficiency in downstreamwater flow to satisfythe demandsof downstreamwater users. Wuning County is agriculturalcounty mainly engaged in paddy rice cultivationand presently possesses a total cultivated area of 314,730 mu, of which the paddy field is 240,090 mu, accountingfor 76.28% of the total cultivatedarea. Sincethe existingbasic irrigationfacilities of this county is lagging, aged, out of repair and short of supporting irrigation works, many irrigationworks are unable to exert normal effects, whichleads to the difficultyin water supply and deficiency in irrigating water in some areas. In addition, the field canals have serious leakage, which renders very low availability of irrigating water and seriously restricts the agricultural production. Similar problems exist in the irrigation of Yongxiu County, mainly as: deficient interconnection among works, low irrigation level, outdated pumping and irrigating equipment, serious damage and leakage in canals, unmatched field canal systems, extremely low water utilization factor in canal systems, silting and impounding in canals of flooded-field drainage works, aging and 119 small installed capacity of drainagemachineries, etc. These problemsseriously affect the local economicdevelopment. GuangfengCounty has 15 rivers with over 30km2 catchmentarea, representedby FengxiRiver. With the per capita possessionof water resourceof less than 3000m3 , the Countypresently is in possessionof 151 middle or small sized reservoirs,of which are 3 are middle sized reservoirs, 19 are small-I sized reservoirs, 129 are small-II sized reservoirs, 15,595 are dew ponds, 136 diversion dams of all sizes, 574 are electromechanicalirrigation stations with the installed power of 11,290 kW There are over 760 km of supportingtrunk canal and 166.45km of major flood control bank. Irrigation works in Guangfeng County, except Qixing and Tiaopu Reservoirs, ai. mostly constructed in 1960s. Due to shortage of funds, most works are increasingly outdated with declined usefulness, increased ill or dangerous reservoirs and reduced water utilizationrate of canal systems(only 0.3 or so for the time being). 3,925 items of irrigation works are currentlyavailable in HengfengCounty, of which there are 3,460 water conservancyworks (1 middle sized, 11 small-I sized, 73 small-lI sized and 3374 due ponds), 163 pumping works (installed power: 2,420 HP=1,316.75kW). The effective amount of water controlledby impoundingdiversion dike works is 94,310,000m 3, accounting for 12.5%of the water yield; the effective irrigatedarea is 123,000mu, accountingfor 64.24% of the paddy field area. At present, 1,666 irrigation facilities exist in Quannan County, of which there are 647 water conservancyworks with the total storagecapacity of 3,524 m3 and the effectivestorage capacity 3 3 of 2,368 m ; 904 abstractionworks with the total diversiondischarge of 11.2 m /second; 112 pumpingworks and 3 einbankingworks with the total length of 6.55 km. The effectiveirrigated area covered by irrigationworks is 115,900mu and the stable-yieldensured area is 88,400 mu, accountingfor 78.4% and 59.5% of the cultivatedarea, respectively. In recent years, major breakthroughshave been achievedin the basic constructionof irrigation, transportation,electricity and communicationin Wuning,including newly built tar road of 56 km connecting the county seat to the townships, newly added electrical capacity of 14,000 kilowatt, newly added programmedtelephones of 10,000 switches,and a newly set up running water factory with a capacity of 10,000 t. In Datian IrrigationDistrict facilities for electricity, communicationand transportationare good, with a townshiphighway to join it with the county seat. Pengze has also speededup its steps for constructingbasic facilities.The City ProtectingDam, Mahu Dam and Furlong Dam have all been improved, the Yangtze nRiver bank along Mianchuanand other places have been strengthenedwith stone, and culver., and water gates of reservoirs and inland lake dams have been heightened and strengthened.In Taibo Lake IrrigationArea, facilitiesfor electricityand communicationare good, but part of the road to the county seat is not in particularlygood condition. Hengfeng County, making best use of the state financial policy, is also greatly increasing its investment. Headway has been made in city building as well as in improvingtransportation, irrigation and electricity capacity,with seven roads successfullycompleted: the Gexing Road, the YangpuRoad, the GemingRoad, the ShangdeRoad, the HengqianRoad, the ChenmeiRoad, and the Qingxia Road, the total length being more than 100 km. In YaoyuanIrrigation District 120 facilitiesfor electricityand communicationare good, but the road still remainsto be improved. 4.3.7 Land Tenureand Land Ownership In each county the household production responsibility system (HPRS) for agricultural production is implementedaccording to which contracts are made with households.Based on the system of the state owning the land, it means that the collective, accordingto the ratio of land to populationand workforce,make contractswith farners concerningthe use of land for production.The contractor,who has the power of managementbut no ownership,has to submit certain fee to the collectiveand sell agriculturalproduce to the state accordingto the contract. 4.3.8 Land use and FarmingPractices The total land area of Jiangxi Province is 166,900 km2, of which the cultivated land is 2,253,200ha, and the forestland 10,366,600ha. The total land area of the project counties is 37689.4 km2, accounting for 22.58% of the provincialtotal, of which the cultivated land is 280,800 ha, 12.46% of the total cultivated land in the province. The cultivated land in the project area is 1,262,278mu, accountingfor 3.73 % of the provincialtotal. The total land area of WuningCounty is 3497.4 kM2, of whichthe cultivatedland is 20,106 ha. The total sown area of crops is 52,934 ha, includinggrain 29,051 ha, oil crops 8,267 ha and cotton 754 ha. The cultivatedland in the project area accountsfor 36.0 % of the countytotal. The total land area of Pengze County is 1542 km2, of which the cultivatedland is 21,386 ha. The total sown area of crops is 41,569 ha, includinggrain 14,606 ha, oil crops 13,391 ha and cotton 11,033ha. The cultivatedland in the projectarea accounts for 14.0% of the countytotal. The total land area of HengfengCounty is 655.2 km2, of which the cultivatedland is 8903 ha. The total sown area of crops is 24,403 ha, including grain 15,448 ha, oil crops 2,241 ha and cotton 25 ha. The cultivatedland in the project area accounts for 32.9 % of the countytotal. The total land area of NanchengCounty is 1,698km 2 of which the cultivatedland is 18653 ha. The total sown area of crops is 52,121 ha, includinggrain 28,040 ha, oil crops 4030 ha and cotton 74 ha. The cultivatedland in the project area accountsfor 27.0 % of the countytotal. The total land area of Gan County is 2,993 km2 of which the cultivatedland is 24,722 ha, the forestland239,400 ha. The total sown area of crops is 64,175 ha, includinggrain 41,246 ha, oil crops 4842 ha and cotton 5 ha. The cultivatedland in the project area accountsfor 15.6% of the county total. For a long time, draft buffaloeshave been the main power for fanning, with plows, harrows, hoes, sickles and waterwheels as the main farm tools. With the developmentof agricultural machinery,the use of farm tractors, hand-controlledtractors and diesel engines are becoming more and more popular.Presently, the two fonns of farming are combinedin each of the three counties.The total agriculturalmechanical power in the 21 project countiesis 1,507,000kW in 2000. The status of land use in each of the focus studycounties is shownin Figures 4-17 to 4-21. 121 Fig.4-17 Lanld l'se Map of Wuliling jpL*e L anid _ ** idtl" t ~~~~~~4-17 e w~~~~~+ -ilt ti M i- L-9 Fig.4-18 Land L:se Map oi PeFigze . E Fig.4-19 Fig.4-19 v LandLsce Map Cft , . I Ifengfeng ; \'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i v #* I u L'St M ~4-20 Fg. 4-20 L.and l['sc Ma<¢pof Stanx i an ' 4-21 . 1~'ig. 4-21 Land Usc Map of Nanchong - *#*j~ 4.3.9 AgriculturalProducts and Income Accordingto the StatisticalYearbook of Jiangxi Provincein 2000, the total agriculturaloutput of the provincewas 76.027billion yuans (RMB),among which agricultureaccounts for 50.9%, forestry 6.7%, animal husbandry 29.2% and fishery 13.2%. The total grain output was 16,146,000t,the total cotton outputwas 60,800t,the total grain output was 967,000t,of which total rapeseed output was 530,000t, and the total fruit output was 423,000t. The total grain output in the 21 project counties was 2,684,300t,the total cotton output was 25,000t,the total oil crops output was 109,700t,and the total vegetable output was 2,064,700t,the total aquatic productsoutput was 256,400tand the total meat outputwas 380,100t. Jiangxi is considered as an underdevelopedprovince in China. In 2000, the gross domestic products (GDP) was 200.307billionyuans, of which the increasedvalue of the first industry was 48.514 billion yuans, that of the secondary industry was 70.076 billion and that of the tertiary industrywas 81.717 billion yuans. The revenue in 2000 was 17.169billion yuans. The yearly per capita dispensableincome for urban citizenswas 5103.60yuans,the yearly per capita pure income for farmers was 2135.30 yuans and the total bank deposit of urban and rural residents was 124.315billion yuans. In 2000, the total agricultural output value (at the prices of 1990) of Wuning County was 445,620,000yuans, of which 152,550,000yuans was from agriculturalcrops, 47,220,000yuans from forestry and fruit farming, 149,090,000yuans from animal husbandry, and 96,760,000 yuans from fishery.The total grain output was 122,100t, oil output 10047t,cotton output 921t, vegetable output 83500t, aquatic products output 20600t, and meat output 26800t. The net incomefor farmersper person was 2,232 yuans. In 2000, the total agriculturaloutput value of Pengze Countywas 376,150,000yuans, of which 201,930,000 yuans was from agricultural crops, 11,010,000 yuans from forestry and fruit farming, 51,190,000yuans from animal husbandry,and 112,020,000yuans from fishery.The total grain output was 62800 t, oil output 21800t,cotton output 12000t,vegetable output 66600t, aquatic productsoutput 25100t,and meat output 7900t. The net incomefor fanners per person was 1612 yuans. In 2000, the total agriculturaloutput value of Hengfeng County was 228,000,000yuans, of which 136,550,000yuans was from agriculturalcrops, 13,990,000yuans fromforestry and fruit farming, 57,460,000 yuans from animal husbandry, and 20,000,000 yuans from fishery. The total grain output was 73000t, oil output 3700t, cotton output 30t, vegetable output 45800t, aquatic productsoutput 2800t, and meat output 15200t.The net incomefor farners per person was 1249 yuans. In 2000, the total agriculturaloutput value of Nancheng County was 541,010,000yuans, of which 266,680,000yuans was from agriculturalcrops, 59,840,000yuans from forestryand fruit fanning, 14,333,000yuans from animal husbandry,and 71,160,000 yuans from fishery. The total grain output was 170,000t,oil output 8600t,cotton output 63t, vegetableoutput 138,800t, aquatic productsoutput 12600t,and meat output24400t. The net incomefor farmersper person was 2558 yuans. 133 In 2000, the total agriculturaloutput value of Gan County was 583,770,000yuans, of which 278,087,000 yuans was from agricultural crops, 39,250,000 yuans from forestry and fruit farming, 208,780,000yuans from animal husbandry,and 57,670,000 yuans from fishery. The total grain output was 190,020t,oil output 7800t, cotton output 4t, vegetable output 160,760t, aquatic products output 8300t, and meat output 35000t. The net incomefor farmers per person was 1388 yuans. The amount of fertilizers and pesticides actually applied in the Irrigation areas is listed in Chapter 6. 4.3.10 Other Employment/ManufacturingOpportunities Finding employment opportunitiesfor people in the countryside remains an important and difficult task. Because of the underdevelopmentof the local economy,only a minority of the people in the countrysidewill be able to find a job in their owincounty, while the majority will have to find jobs in the prefecture or provincial seat, or other economically.developed provinces. 4.3.11 Scio-economicDevelopment Plan The proposed JIAMP has been incorporated into the 10th 5 Years' Plan for the National Economy and Social Developmentof Jiangxi Province by the Jiangxi provincial government, and each project county has also incorporatedthe sub-projectsutnder the JIAMP into the 10 'h5 Years' national economy and social developmentplan of each couinty.Based on the outline for the 10h 5 Years' national economy and social developmentplan developed by each project county and combined with the historical statistical data in each year, the national economic developmentstatus and growth rate of the five EA focus study countiesare predicted and listed in Table4-13. 134 TABLE4-13 THE NATIONALECONOMIC AND SOCIALDEVELOPMENT PLANS OF THE EA Focus STuDY COUNTIES Mean Growth Mean Growth County Indexes Unit 1995 2000 2005 Five Yeas Rive; Yeas GDP 0.lbillion 3.83 4.7 7.8 4.2 10.7 Gross Outputof Industry 0.Ibillion 5.21 5.74 9 2 9.4 Hengfeng and Agriculture vuan . Of which: Agriculture 0. Ibillion 2.03 2.28 3 2.4 5.6 Mean Per capita Pure Income of Farmers yuan 1100 1249 2000 2.6 9.9 GDP 0.1billion 6.15 11.5 22 13.4 13.8 yuan Gross Outputof Industry 0.1billion 5.89 12.80 Wuning and Agriculture vuan Of which: Agriculture 0. Ibilion 3.94 4.46 Mean Per capita Pure yuan 1434 2232 3200 7.5 Income of Farmers ...13 GDP °Olbillion 8.02 12.84 12 Gross Outputof Industry 0. Ibillion 9.81 Pengze anidAgriculture yuan Ofwhich: Agriculture yabillion 5.71 6.95 4 Mean Per capita Pure yuan 1706 1706 2306 Income of Farners y 1 GDP 0.1billion 6.55 11.7 15.66 12.3 6 yuan Gross Output of Industry 0.1billion 11.47 Nancheng and Agnculture vua ._ Of which: Agriculture 0.Ibilnon 7.93 Mean Per capita Pure yuan 178574 2558.19 3058 3.6 Income of Farmers GDP 0.Ibillion 13.11 yua Gross Output of Industry 0.lbillion 14.98 Gan and Agriculture vuan Of which: Agriculture albillion 9.65 yua MeanPer capita Pure yuan 1388 Income of Farmers . 135 5 Public Participation The JJIAIP is an integrated agricultural development project, aiming at alleviating the agriculturalproduction constraints in Jiangxi Provinceand improvingthe participatingfarmers' livelihood by providing the environment necessary for efficient integration of production processing and marketing of agricultural comnmodities.The preliminarypreparation for this projecthas attractedwide attentionfrom every circlesof the society. The Jiangxiprovincial government strongly suppor-ts the project.A project-leadinggroup (PLG) has been establishedwith the governorof the pcovinceas the group leaderand the leadersof the line departments as the group members. TIxeparticipating county governmentsalso strongly support the project; the county project managementoffices (CPMOs)established under them have actively participated in the preliminary preparation work and have suggested many constructiveideas to the project plan. In order to learn the opinionsand suggeslionsof the public in the areas affectedby the project development,PPMO and CPMOs have done a certain work during the period of preliminary preparationiby means of meetings,fanner hotuselholdcontacts and bulletins.The EA team made 3 field trips to the project areas and visited project counties of Wuning, Pengze, Hengfeng, Dexing, Gan, Congyi and ZhanggongDistrict from May to September2001. Talkswere held with the staff from local PMOs and the local governmentaldepartments of agriculture,water conservancy,forestry, fishery and environmentalprotection and fanner representatives,and their opinions amdviews on the project were solicited. Visitswere also made to some fanner households to have an understanding of the status of pesticide and fertilizer use, crop production, living standard, public health and their understandingand attitudes toward the project. This chapter also includes some findings in the questionnaireconsultation with farmers in the area affected by the project developmentconducted by the social appraisalteam from May 28-June 14, 2001, and the findings of the farm productionimprovement team in its survey of the 15 project counties. The questionnaireinicludes questions conceming environmentaland social aspects designedby the EA team to avoidduplication in consultations. 5.1 ConsultationMethod and Subject 5.1.1 Consultationwith Family or Individual The EA team consulted 1 to 2 typicalfanner householdin each of the visitedcounties duringits 3 field trips to learn their opinions and suggestionson the project development. During consultation,the team at first gave a brief introductionof the proposed project and project 137 componentsto the consultedfarner household,then askedtheir attitudesand suggestionsto the project developmentand recorded the findings. The social appraisalteam conductedquestionnaire survey. The consultationcovers 10 villages of 9 project counties of Hengfeng,Wuning, Pengze, Longnan,Quannan, Yihuang, Guangfeng, Dexing and Yongxiu.239 families were visited; about 1059 people were consulted, including 542 males and 517 females.The proportionof male to female is 1.05:1.Theeldest interviewed was 93 and the averageage of the questionedpeople was 35. 5.1.2 Inter-agencyand NGOs Consultation During its 3 field trips, the EA team visited the local PMOs and the line departmentsof local governments concemed such as those of agriculture, statistics, water conservancy,forestry, environmentalprotection, so as to collect their opinions and commentstoward the proposed project. And some meetings were held, attended by the officials of the PMOs, leaders of the line departments and representativesof farmers, women, members of Political Consultative Conferenceand People's Congress,and other non-governnentalpersonnel. The themes of such meetinginclude: r IntroOluctionof the necessityand technicalsize of the project by PMO staff, CCormnents and suggestionsof the line departmentstoward the project plan and design; t Attittwdesand suggestionsof the representativesof NGOs toward the project plan and desigT.and the willingnessof the farmerrepresentatives to participatethe proposed project; '- Major mnvironmentalproblems involved in this project. The participants presented some important opinions on the project plan and design and the environmentalissues concerning this project, which have been integrated into the design documents.Part of the minutesof consultationwith governmentalorganizations and NGOs are presented in Annex C. 5.2 Public Opinions and Suggestions The followingfindings are based on the consultationmade by the EA teamnduring its 3 field trips to the 7 project counties, the questionnaireconsultations conducted by the social appraisal team and the consultation conducted by the farm production improvementteam. The main findingsare presented as follows: - Only 20% of the farmersconsulted are really aware of the Project,most know little or none about it, but the farmersconsulted in the 3 pilot irrigationareas are more aware the project. AI Most farmers are willingto participatein the Project, and the higher percentageof farmers tnwillingto participateis in those who are less aware of the proposed project. > Over 99% of the farmers support women to participate in the project implementation, which embodies the equality of men and women in terms of participationin the project. For national minorities, their awarenessand willingnessto participate in the project are even higher than those of Han nationality. 138 Accordingto the survey of the social appraisalteam, 92.9% of the farmers are eager for new varietiesand techniquesand are willingto participatein agriculturalextension courses, though they are clear in mind that there are certain risks thereof While accordingto the farm baseline survey, 61.2% of the farmersare willingor hope to use new crop varieties, about 40% of the farmers are willing or hope to use new techniques of pest and disease protection, culture and fertilizer applying etc., and 72.3% of the farmers who plant vegetablesor watermelonwant to use elite seed and are willingto buy it at a high price. > 93.1% of the farmers believe that the proposed project will bring no environmental pollution. Of the remaining6.9% who believe there mightbe pollution,the percentagesof those who think that pesticide pollution, livestock manure pollution, surface water pollution or ground water pollution would be the most adverse impact of the project are 50%, 14%, 15% and 10%,respectively; the farmers in Taipo Lake irrigation district show concern about the impactof Schistosomiasison their health. Most farmers are aware of the poisoningeffects of pesticides but are unwillingto wear gauze masks when applyingpesticides in the farmland. Only 6.1% peasantshave joined in farmer associations;only 3.3% sell their own farm and sidelineproducts at the prices fixed by trade societies;while 65.6% market the completely by themselves.Most fanners believe it is not difficultto acquiremarket information. Most of the farmers showinterest in participatingin the water user association. Farmers concernvery much about the managementof loan fund and suggestthat the World Bank engage an independentthird party (such as accountingfiIrm, preferably out of Jiangxi) to supervisethe allocationof loan fund. Someof them would like the CPMOsto dispense the loan find directly to villagers' teams to avoid withholdingor embezzlementlevel by level by admlinistrativedepartments at township, town and village levels. When the fund arrives at villagers' teams, a project tean independentlyelected by villages, shall answer for the credit to borrowing peasant households,the review for feasible project plans and solvenicyto guaranteethe securityof loan funds and the interests of peasants Most of the farners believe that the loan fonnalities in the past were excessively complicatedand hope the World Bank would try best to simplify formalities and reduce unnecessary links with a view of facilitating peasants practically and promoting the maximun exertionof benefitsfrom loan, so as to avoidmeaningless waste. Fanners also concern about the interest rates and period of loan. They widely accept the provisionalinterest rate and welcome the term of redemption.However, their only worry lies in whether these standardscan be fulfilledat grassrootswithout change. Since distrust exists between farmers and grassrootsgovernments, farmers require local governmentsto promise in advance. The World Bank and Jiangxi Provincial Government should also establish supervisionsystems to avoid any event of this kind. Since farmers do not trust the local governments,they worry that the loan fund might be diverted for other purposes other than the construction and maintenance of water conservancy and irrigation works. They suggest that county and townsliip water conservancy departmentsbe responsible for planning and design of water conservancy works and project teams composedof farmers manage the loan fund for these projects. Project teams shall also be responsiblefor bid invitationand award of projects, quality and 139 financial supervision and management during construction, and then hand over the completedprojects to county,township project offices and quality supervisiondepartments for acceptanceinspection. > In the project areas, county and village officials and farmers unanimouslyagree that the practice of imposing uniformity for fund allocation of the Project is not feasible and reasonableplans shouldbe customizedfor specificconditions of each place. o Some village officialssuggest that the project design form a complete set with the village infrastructureconstruction plan. > Officials of local environmental administrative departments suggest that the implementationof the proposed project be in accordance with the national policies for environmentalprotection and the environmentalmanagement procedures for construction projects. > The provincial governmentand local governmentsat prefecture/municipal/countylevels strongly support the proposed project and hope that the project could be implementedas soon as possible. The above opinionsand suggestionshave been incorporatedinto the project plan and design. 5.3 Information Disclosures and Feedback 5.3.1 Work Done by PPMO A- Infonnation disclosure bulletins were pasted in 15 project counties by the PPMO in February 2001. The bulletins include infonnation on the project briefing, potential environmentalimpacts possibly brought about by the proposed project and solicitationfor commentsand suggestionsfrom the local farmers and the public; '- The PPMO stored the EA TOR in the county librariesof Wuning,Hengfeng and Pengze in May 2001, so that the public can read it withoutthe permissionof local govenmments; . The PPMO prepared videotape for the propagandaof the JIAMP,which was displayed to the public in May 2001. 5.3.2 InformationDisclosure Plan of the PPMO A- Mass media such as TV stations,radio broadcast stations,press and bulletinsare employed to inform the public of the significance of the project, the project briefing and the environmentalaspects related to the project. The PPMO has agreed to release related informationin Jiangxi Daily, JiujiangDaily, ShangraoDaily, Ganzhou Daily and Fuzhou Daily. The EIA Report will be available to the public. The PPMO has agreed to maklethese docunents available in Jiangxi Library and the library of each project county concerned, and the names of the places where such documents are available to the public will be published in newspapers. In this case, the public can have access to the information concemed withoutgoing through a govenmuentalprocedure. 140 ' The PPMO will set up complaint telephone in each level of the PMOs, gathering and recording the public's complainton environmentalissues. Upon receivingthe complaint, the PPMO shouldmake arrangementwith local CPMO to solve the issues on site along with local EP bureaus and other relevantgovernment authorities within 48 hours' 5.4 Beneficial ParticipationPlan In order for the farmers to participate in the project design more actively, during project pre-appraisalperiod it was suggestedto the PPMO to develop a detailedbeneficial participation plan. Presently a beneficialparticipation plan for JIAMP has been prepared by PPMO. This plan details participating activities in each stage of project implementationand participants includingfarmners, government organizations, NGOs and particularlythe disadvantagedgroups includingwomen and minoritynationalities in the project area. Since no specificsites and dates of participatingactivities are specified in this plan, it is suggestedthat the PPMO develop a concrete schedule based on the plan to guaranteea smooth implementationof the plan during project implementation. 5.5 Summary of Public Participation The JIAMP has won strong support from each level of governmentof Jiangxi Province,which will play a role of administrativeguaranteeing in the successfulimplementation of the project. The majority of consulted farmersare willingto participatein the project and expect that they will benefitfrom it, which lays a solid foundationfor project implementation. The PPMO attached great importanceto the public opinionsand has made a detailedbeneficial participation plan and a concrete plan for information disclosure of the JLAMP,whiclh is favorable for the farmers to kInowthe project, propose constructivesuggestions and actively participate in the project plan and design. The project designer has integrated the proposed suggestionsinto the design of the project, which will play a role in safeguardingthe farmers' benefit fromthe project. As to the environmentalconcems caused by the proposed project, the EA team and designer have worked out correspondingmitigation meastures, which have been incorporatedinto the project designdoctunents. 141 6 Analysis of EnvironmentalImpacts & Proposed MitigationMeasures Environmentaleffects can occur during both the constructionand operationalphases of the project. This section identifies the main sources of effect for both phases of the proposed integrated agriculturalproject, describes the predicted impacts from these activities,and then recommends appropriate mitigation measures that should be adopted to minimize those impacts. A detailed environmentalanalysis of the 27 irrigationdistricts located in the 5 project counties of Pengze, Wuning,Hengfeng, Nancheng and Gan, each located in a differentriver catchment, was carried out by the EA team. In addition a separate analysis was made for each of the irrigation schemes beyond the 5 EA study counties in proximity of natural reserves or ecologically sensitive areas to identify possible adverse impacts and propose future study programs. Analysiswas also made for each irrigation scheme around the Poyang Lake and on the banks of the YangtzeRiver associatedwith the problem of Schistosomaisisbeyond the 5 typical counties. The environmentalimpacts of the project can be divided into the reversible or irreversible accordingto the nature of the impact, and into the short-termand long-tenn accordingto the temporalhorizon. The irreversibleimpact is mainlythe permanentoccupancy of farmlandthat might be brought about by the proposed project.The short-tennimpacts includethe temporary land occupancy,soil erosion, water pollution, noise pollution,air pollution, sedimentloading etc. occurring during constructionphase. The long-termimpact will be mainly the cumulative and residual impact of the applicationof agrochemicalson the water quality, flora and fauna within the river catchmentsand the PoyangLake. 6.1 Construction Phase Adverse impactsin constructionphase are mainly short-termvariety such as the temporaryland occupancy,soil erosion,water pollution,noise pollution,air pollution,etc. This sectionincludes the identification of potential sources of effect, the impact analyses and corresponding mitigationmeasures to mitigatethe adverse effects. A good project design can also eliminate or minimize impacts envisaged during the pre-construction phase, some enviromnental measuresare proposedfor this phase. 6.1.1 Potential Sources of Effect Potential sources of effect have been identified through reviewing the project documents and the field survey of the EA team with respect to the environmentalaspects that are likely to be affected. The constructionitems under the proposed JIAMP are listed in Table3of Annex B, and the constructionactivities, which could cause environmentalimpacts, are describedbelow. 143 Project Access Roads: During constructionof irrigation component,access from construction materials sites (quarries, sand borrowing sites) to construction sites and access between construction sites can depend on existing road and on-farn road system in most localities. Some access roads, usually very short, will still be required in a few locations.For instance,the construction sites of Shantang main canal, east branch canal, Shenlong branch canal, and Yuqiaolongbranch canal in Yaoyuanirrigation district do not have access and would require new access roads. Road Rehabilitation: Though no new roads are proposed in the irrigation districts, there are about 23 irrigationdistricts that propose upgradingof existingrural or on-farmnroads. Those identifiedto entail relativelylarge engineeringwork are as follows: -Upgrade of a 75-km rural road in Chengguang irrigation district, 48-km rural road in Guizhumaoand 27-km rural road in Chengjiangin XunwuCounty; -Upgrade of a 12-km rural road in Shanjiao irrigation district, 11-km rural road in Lower reaches of Zaling, 8-km rural road in Wuxing Reservoir and 12-kin on-farm road in Dengjiayuanin, ongxiuCounty; - Upgrade of 16-km rural road in Gaoqiao irrigation district, 12-km rural road in Xiafang in NanchengCounty; and -No.2 Road (total length 2 km) in Taipo Lake irrigationdistrict is proposed to be heightenedby 1.5mand widen to lOm. ConstructionMaterials and Delivery: Constructionmaterials needed by the irrigation work and road upgrade work include steel, cement, PVC pipes, block stones, rubble, macadam, sand and gravel, and earth material. For instance, the irrigationworks in YaoyuanIrrigation area will need 3890t of cement, 6t of steel, 6,110 m3 of sand and gravel, 14,720 m3 of rubble, and 35.02 km of PVC pipe. PVC pipes, steel and cement will be bought in the nearby cotnties and will be deliveredto site by truck. Earth will be borrowed onsite. Sand and gravel will be bought from thienearby sand and gravel sites that are scatteredalong the riverbanks. Rubble and macadam will be fetched or bought from quarries in or near the project area. Crushing plants in quarries will provide various specifications of stone to meet engineering needs. Constructionsites are generallyestablished along rural roads. In Datian irrigation district, the nearest constructionsite to the roads is 2 km away,and the farthest is 4 km away,while in Taipo Lake irrigationdistrict, the constructionsites are about 5 km away from the county-levelroad, and constructionmaterials need to be delivered to the site by small agricultural trucks. In most of the proposed projects, constructionmaterial will be delivered between rural roads and constructionsites by manualcart or will be carriedmanually. Machineries:Machineries for constructionwork include cement mixer, bulldozer, excavator, vibrator,truck and tractor. - Irrigation Work: The proposed irrigation works in most irrigation areas are confined to the rehabilitation of the existing water conservancy facilities, such as hazard removal (dam safety) and strengtheningof irrigation dams, rehabilitationof main and secondarycanals, 144 completionof canal system,consolidation of spillway,upgrading of pump station,etc., with the exceptionof the irrigationareas in NanchengCounty, where a significantpoflion of the proposedworks are to be newlyconstructed. Irrigationworks in the 96 irrigationareas are listedin Table3 of Annex B, and those in sometypical irrigationareas are listed below: Yaoyuan Irrigation District in Hengfeng County: A breakdown of the details of the irrigationcanals for rehabilitationare summarizedbelow: -0.9 km of lined generalmain canal,bottom width 2.6m; -12.86kmlined main canal in Lianhe,bottom width 2.6-0.8m; -11.23kmof lined main canalin Shantang,bottom width 1.1-0.3m; -3.7kmlined eastem secondarycanal, bottomwidth 0.3m; -10.2 km lined secondarycanal in Shelong,bottom width 0.9m; -2.6 km lined secondarycanal in Yuqiaolong,bottom width 0.3m; -1.4kmlined secondarycanal in Xintang,bottom width 0.3m; -12.86kmlined secondarycanal in Hutongban,bottom width 0.3m. A breakdownof the detailsthe irrigationcanals for constructionare summarizedbelow: -2.6 km secondarycanal in Yuqiaolong; -2.13 km main canal in Shantang; -4.2 km secondarycanal in Shelong; -1.2 km eastern secondarycanal. To sum up, the total increased length of irrigation canal will be 10.13km;the length for rehabilitationwill be 40.185km,of which concretelined length is 0.125km,concrete earth lined lengthbeing 36.86 and M7.5 groutedrubble arch being3.2km long. The project also includes rehabilitationof existing 50 drainagecanals and the existing sluice gate into spillway. Other canal-affiliatedbuildings include 2 control gates, 5 diversiongates and 40 spillways. > Datian Irrigation District in WuningCounty: The project includes: rehabilitationof 6.68kmof existingmain irrigationcanal and 15.5 km of 4 secondarycanals; construction of over 10 drainage canals; constructionof 2 spillway,2 control gates, 4 diversion gates, 2 sluice gates and reconstructionof existing45 diversionoutlets into buriedconduits. > Taipo Lake Irrigation District in Pengze County: Taipo Lake irrigation district is divided into 2 areas, one is paddy area and another the aquaculturearea. A breakdownof the details of the irrigationand drainagesystems in the paddy area are summarizedbelow: -2220+2150nmof 2 concretelined drought-resistantcanals; -Constructionof 3 main irrigationcanals and 35 secondarycanals; -Constructionof one centralmain drainagecanal with curve cut-off, -Constructionof 2150m of easternmain drainagecanal; 145 -Constructionof 2 drainageaqueducts over NO.1 Road; -Construction5 drainageaqueducts over drainageriver/ditch, -Dry rubble embankrnentbottom for drainagemain canal (3300+21-Om); -Constructionof 2 snail- sinkingponds at inletsof drought-resistantcanals; -Installingof 35 sluice gates and 35 gauge boxes. A breakdownof the details of the irrigation and drainage systemsin the aquaoulturearea are sununarizedbelow: -Cuttingof fish- ponds; -Cuttingof main drainagecanal of fish breed ponds; -Cutting/fillingof southernand northernmain water supplycanals (3150-+2775m); - Cutting/fillingof water supplysecondary canal of adult-fishpond (6000m); - Cutting/fillingof water supplysecondary canal of fish-breedponds (4725m); -Constructionof irrigationaqueduct over drainagecanal (9+7 places); -Constructionof one pressure water box behindTanqiao gate; -Constructionof pump stationin the middleof Tanqiaodike (30kw); -Dredgingof existingriver (1200m); -Constructionof 2 inlet sluice gates along hill-footcanals; - Bottomembankment of main drainage canals (5350+4750); - Concretelined main water supplycanals (3150+2775+6000+4725m); -Inlets and outletsof fishponds(2 X 288 places); -Inlet gaugebox of secondarycanals (2 X 288 places); -Constructionof 2 snail-sinkingponds at outlet of inletgate of hill-footcanals. > Mayuan IrrigationDistrict in NanchengCounty: -Reconstructionof spillway; -Completionof canal system; -Constructionof 3 pumpstations (55kw); -Constructionof 6 weir dams; -Constructionof 14 agriculturalbridges. Potable Water Supply: As the constructionsites of irrigation componentare not far from residential areas of local people, potable water can be suppliedby water wells in the residential areas. In the constructionsites of market component,faucet water is availableor water can be suppliedby water wells of the nearby local residentialareas. TemporaryLand Occupancy and LaborCamp: During the project construction,temporary land occupancy cannot be avoided. According to the preliminarydesign documents of the 6 pilot irrigationareas, temporarylabor camp and office will be set up by renting houses of local people as near as possible to the constructionsites. For instance, 200 m2 of houses will be rented and used as labor camp in each constructionsite in Yaoyuanirrigation district. In the construction of canals, mobile offices, mobile cement mixing plants and building materials storing houses will be arranged near the constructionsites. For instance, 400 m2 of storing 146 house will be needed in the constructionof Yaoyuanirrigation district. In addition,the access road will also entail temporaryland occupancy. Waste Disposal Sites: A waste disposalsite will be required for disposal of non-hazardous wastes generatedduring construction process. This will includewaste wood, steel, and concrete. In addition, waste oil generated from construction machineries should be collected and transportedto a proper disposalsite or for reuse. Proper disposalof domesticliquids and solid wastes originatingfrom labor camp will also be required,as well as proper sanitaryfacilities. 6.1.2 PredictedImpacts and ProposedMitigation During Construction A: Flora and Fauna9 ImpactAnalysis: During construction,a certainamount of vegetationcould be pennanentlydisturbed due to dam reinforcement,canal schemes and road upgrading. Vegetationdestruction will also occur in earths borrow sites and rock quarries. As stated in Chapter 4, in most irrigation areas, vegetation is mainly artificial forest. The dominantspecies of wildlife are rabbits and various mice species, usually of low protection levels. Therefore,no significanteffect on vegetation and wild animalsis envisagedin theses areas. Some of the proposed irrigation schemes are inside or near the buffer zone of some natural reserves. In addition, some of the irrigation schemes in Pengze County are near the over wintering habitats of some rare species of migratory birds. It is envisaged that some constructionactivities in these areas will have potential impacts on these natural reserves, the aquatic species inside them and the birds' habitat. The adverse impacts of the constructionactivities entailed by the proposed project inside or near natural reserves/habitatsof wildlifeare mainlyreflected in the followingaspects: > Animalsthat used to live in quietnesswill be disturbedby noise from construction; - Increase possibilitiesof encroachingto the natural reserves and the habitats of wildlife withinthem duringconstruction period; > Blockageof the travel/migratingroutes of animalsthat drink and eat outsidethe reserves; > Directlydestruct vegetationinside or outsidethe naturalreserves; The Fang Lake irrigation area is very near to the TaohonglingSika (Cervus nippon kopsci) Natural Reserve, with the nearest straight distance being about 1.0-1.5kn fi-omthe northern boundary of the protection zone. Accordingto personal communicationsand consultations with Mr. Liu Xingzhong , some local farmers have seen sikas drinking water in canals and head works of the dam. In addition, as stated in Chapter 4, due to lack of food in fall and winter, sikas often travel down the mountain to find food in the farmlands of wheat and 9 It is emphasizedby the EA team that the analysis of this part depends to a great extent on the precision of the draft drawings of the envisaged scope of the proposed irrigationschemes providedby the local PMOs. '° An expert of wetland ecologyin Jiangxi Provincial WildlifeConservation Admninistration. 147 rapeseed. It was also mentionedby Mr. Liu Xingzhiongthat in recent years the Fang Lake and the Taipo Lake of Pengze County, the Nanbei Lake Port of Hukou County, and the lak-eside beach in Yugan County have become the over wintering habitats of some species of rare migratory birds. The migratorybirds begin to appear in theses areas in October and leave in March of next year, with the peak appearing from November to December. As the construction activities of the proposed project are also arranged in the same season, the implementationof these irrigation schemes might negatively impact the drinking, eating and traveling/migratinghabits of these animals during the dry season. Further study need to be made to confirm the actual travel route of sika and actual over wintering habitats of rare migratory birds in the Fang Lake and Taipo Lake and their relative positions to the proposed constructionsites. Based on the preliminary identification,the Yishui irrigation district is believed to encroach inside the buffer zone of the Yihuang South China Tiger (Pantheratigris amoyensis) Natural Reserve. Since any forms of manufacturingand economicactivities are forbiddeninside the buffer zone according to the Notice on Further Strengthening the Admninistrationof Natural Reserves in the People k Republic of China (The State Council, No.]]], 1998), further study might be needed after finalization of the project design documents and the actual project area to confirm the actual position of the projectrelative to the naturalreserve. In addition, some constructionitems of the Taipingjiangirrigation area in LongnanCounty are envisaged to be located in the Jiulian Mountain Natural Reserve, and the Xiaojiangirrigation area to be located in the fringe of the YanglingNatural Reserve. Potential impacts could be envisagedon these reservesand someof the wildlifespecies inhabitingthe reserves. MitigationMeasures: - During project plan and design, attention should be paid to avoiding environmental sensitive areas like natural reservesand wildlifehabitats; r During preliminarydesign, the PPMO should submit the project design documents of the sub-projects near natural reserves and wildlife habitats to the wildlife administrative departmentfor review and approval; - During pre-construction,appropriate training on the laws/regulationsand knowledge on preservation of natural reserves and wildlife should be arranged by the PPMO for the environmentalprotection staffand contractors; > Contractors should enhance workers' awareness of protection of natural resources and wildlife, and educate them not to enter the core area of the natural reserves, not to hunt wildlifeand/or damagevegetation inside the reserves; - Constructionmachineries should be kept far from naturalreserves and wildlifehabitats; in case that constructionactivities near these areas cannot be avoided, effort shouldbe made to reduce noise as low as possible; - Earth borrowing, stone excavation and waste disposal sites should be located far from natural reservesand wildlifehabitats; and 148 With respect to the migratory bird habitats, project construction activities should be coordinated so that no constructiontakes place during peak periods of migratorybirds wintering (November and December). More detailed review of the actual wintering periods within the laklesand the peak periodsshould be obtainedto finalize the acceptable constructionperiod(s). B: Soil Erosion Impact Analysis: Soil erosion is the result of the long time combinedimpact of natural factors (wind and water) and is a necessary process in the formation of soils. However, the accelerated soil erosion, cause mainly by human activities is not only destroying the precious natural resource and dislodgesthe fertile topsoil, but also cause the developmentof sheet, rill and gully erosionthat are unsightlyand cause major economicloss. Since most of the proposed constructionactivities in the project involve only rehabilitationof existing irrigation facilities, no large-scale soil erosion is envisaged. However, some constructionactivities of the irrigationcomponent may disturbthe existinglandform, especially in areas with already fragile soils and damage the vegetation,causing increased rate of soil erosion in some localities.These activitiesinclude cut and fill work associatedwith new canal construction,earth borrowingand stone excavationin quarriesand borrow sites. For instance, constrnction in Yaoyuan irrigation area will involve earthwork cutting 11.258X 104 m3 , earthworkbackfilling 2.41 X 104 m3 , filling ways and holes 7.8X 104 m3, and waste slag 1.048 X 104 m3 . The exposedexcavation sites and loose slag piles left behind by these activities,if not well handled, will cause sever soil erosionduring wet season. In addition, it is estimated that the implementationof the proposed project will increase 45,048muof orchardsand 8,245muof medicinalherbs. The reclamationand terracingentailed by new orchard and medicinalherb plantation,if not well managed,could cause acceleratedsoil erosion in wet seasons. Based on the field survey by the EA teamn,slope gradientof most of the upland areas in the southern project counties is between 5°-25°, some even over 250. According to the WYater& Soil Conservation Law qf the People § Republic of China (June 29, 1991), it is forbiddento plant crops on upland with gradient over 250, and effective soil and water conservationmeasures must be adopted if land is reclaimedfor plantingeconomic forest on upland between 5°and 25°. Effectivemeasures must be developedand adopted to prevent and control potential soil erosion during constructionor renovationof orchards and medicinal herb. It is recommendedthat the PPMO prepare a water and soil conservationprogram and include it in the design and contract specification. According to the Law, a qualified institutionof water and soil erosion shouldcompile such program. The measuresproposed in this program shouldfomi an importantsection of the enviromnentalmanagement plan. MitigationMeasures: - To reduce the area and number of constructionsites as much as possible, construction 149 shouldbe made in designed site and the earth borrowingand care must be taken to prevent enlargementof waste areas to minimizethe areas of exposed soil. 0 During construction, a comprehensiveplan for earth and stone borrowing and dumping shouldbe prepared to try to keep a balancebetween filling and excavationsto reduce waste material. The waste earth and stone chips, if cannot be used in construction,should be piled in designated areas and be removed to dump sites. If no assigned dumpsites are available they could be compactt.1 layer-by-layerand protected by surroundingretaining walls, and then be timely covered witlhvegetation. In the design documentof Yaoyuan irrigationarea, a simnilardesign for waste slag disposalis suggested. > After the canal constructionis finished, on such canals that the canals is designed in fill material,vegetation planting shouldbe arrangedto cover the exposedside slope. To get the bt ,ffect, the side slope plantationshould be completedone montlhin advanceto thie rainy season. > Reclaimingand planting measuresshotuld be taken after completionof the borrowingand disposal sites. For the waste bank near fannland, reclamationfor agriculturaluse should be considered. Crops could be planted after land is leveled and soil fertilityis improved. ' The excavated surface soil should be piled separatelyto be used as the raw materials for waste bank, canal embankmentand farmlandreclamnation; '- During constructionof hillside canals, cuttingshould be avoided during rainy days. Sand bag, silt fence and/or straw mat should be used to on the down slope side of cut areas to reduce soil erosionand prevent increase in river sedimentload. The above mitigationmeasures should be implementedconcurrently with the major works. C: Land Use Impact Analysis: According to the project design docunents, there will be some temporary land occupancy duringconstruction of irrigationworks, for example,the access roads and labor camp. During construction period, land occupancy will bring about a certain impact on the agricultural production in some localities. Since the occupiedland area is relativelysmall, and the above structureswill be removedafter constructionis finished,this impact is consideredtemporary. MitigationMeasures: - The construction labor camp should be located away from agricultural fields as far as possible. Construction scheme should be reasonably arranged to reduce the time of temporaryland occupancy. )- Contractors should reasonably arrange with the farmers with regard to land occupancy, keep the temporaryland occupationto minimum,and reclaim the lanidin a timely manner after completionof the project construction. > Earth borrowing and waste disposal shall be conducted in strict accordance with design requirementsso to well protect and restore the surroundingenvironment. The surface soil (30cm) of the acquiredfannland shall be kept for reclaimingand compensation. 150 Construction vehicles should run on access ways, not in agricultural fields and woodlands. D: Acoustic Environment Impact Analysis: The main noise sources during road construction are construction machinery and hauling trucks. Though the noise impact during construction period is temporary, the noise produced by machinery is characteristic of high soutnd intensity and irregularity, if not controlled, the machinery noise would have impact on the surrounding acoustic environment. The noise sources and estimated sound level by analogical monitoring are shown in Table 6-1. TABLE 6-1 NOISE SOURCESAND ESTIMATEDSOUND VALUE NO. Noise Sources Machinery Type Distance Lmax (dB) I Excavator W4-60C 5 84 2 Mixer JZC350 1 79 3 Bulldozer D140 5 86 According to the attenuating model of point source noise, the estimated results of machine noise attenuating with distance are shown in Table 6-2. TABLE6-2 ESTIMATEDNOISE VALUEOF CONSTRUCTIONMACHINERY Machinery Estimated Noise value dB (A) Description 5m 1Gm 20m 40m 50m 60m 80m 10Gm 150m 300m Excavator 84 78 72 66 64 63 60 58 55 47 Mixer 87 81 J 75 69 67 66 63 61 58 50 Bulldozer 86 80 74 68 66 65 62 60 57 49 According to GB12523-90 Noise Limit at Construction Site, the limits are 70-75dB(A) in day tine, 55dB(A) at night. Based on what is shown in Table 4.2-1, it is known that: > The daytime noise produced by construction machinery is within the noise limits of GB12523-90 at locations 50m from the construction site, while that of night are within the noise limits at locations 300m from the construction site. - At night, the impact of construction machinery noise is serious. Therefore it is suggested that night construction needing machinery of high sound power should be prohibited in locations where there are residential areas and natural reserves and wintering areas of migratory birds, and should avoid night construction as far as possible. The construction machinery operation site of fixed locations should be located in places where there are no schools or large residential areas within 300m from the operation site. 151 MitigationMeasures: ' Accordingto the requirementsof the Regulationfor EnvironmentalPollution Prevention in Jiangxi Province, if there is residential area within 300m from the construction site, constructionactivities are forbidden at 22:00-6:00 at night, 12:00-14:00 in day time; the constructionteams shouldcomply with this regulation; > The access roads should be selected away from such sensitive locations as schools, residences and hospitals. When dense residences exist 50m within access road, night transportation of building materials is forbidden. For lorries transporting construction materials by the existingroads, the contractorshould pay attention to the maintenanceof the lorries and keep the noise producedat a minimumlevel. > When the construction site is close to school, no construction work with heavy noise machinesshould be arrangedat schooltime; when the constructionsite is close to densely populated residence,construction work with strong noise machinesshould not be arranged at nighttime.In case that the above constructionwork has to be proceeded, consultation must be made with the residents who may be impacted, or proper compensationmust be paid. To reduce the noise pollutionof constructionmachineries, mobile noise isolationcan be used. - The constructionoperator's work time should be arranged in accordance with the labor hygiene standard,and personalprotection measures such as wearingear-plugs and helmets, etc. shouldbe providedto the operators. E: Air Quality Impact Analysis: The major air pollutant in the constructionperiod is the raised dust caused from lime-clay mixing, earth borrowing and stone excavation,refilling, and by the constructionvehicle and machinery.Therefore, the factor to be assessed for the constructionperiod is TSP. Station mixing will be adopted for the constructionwork of this project. According to the on-the -spot monitoring carried out by the Highway Research Institute of the Ministry of Communicationat the Bazhou stable-clay mixing plant of the Jin-Bao Highway in August, 1999, the concentrationof TSP can reach 1.367mg/i 3 at the spot 50m leewardfrom the mixing plant, showing excess over Grade It standard; at the spot lOOmleeward from the plant, the concentrationof TSP is 0.619 ing/ m3 , showingno excess over Grade II Standard. TSP pollutioncaused by the excavationand filling operationsis closely related to the weather: the pollution is comparativelysevere at the areas leeward to the constructionsites in windy weather,or the state standardscan be normallymaintained at the distances50 to 500m from the constructionsites. During the constructionperiod, the loading, unloading,and transport of constructionmaterials will cause TSP pollution along the route. Based on the monitoring findings of similar conditionsin constructionsites, the concentrationof TSP caused by transportingvehicle can 152 exceed the Grade II standard by 10 time at a distance 50m leeward from the road side; the excess can be 4 timesthat of the required standardeven at a distance 150mfrom the road side. This suggeststhat the flying-dustpollution caused by transportvehicle along the access roads could be seriousduring construction period. Mitigation Measures: - The mixingplants shouldbe set up at the leeward side and 300m away from the sensitive locationsof residences, hospitalsand schools. The mixingplant should be equipped with sealing device, shock absorberand dust remover. Labor protection measures should be providedto the operatorsof the constructionmachine such as eye mask and mouthmask. > Bulk constructionmaterials transportedby truck shouldbe covered to prevent spillageas much as possible. The storage of the bulk constructionmaterials shouldbe covered and kept over 300m away fromthe schooland villagesensitive locations. ' Haulingroads and constructionsite, particularlythe mixing plants, shouldbe sprayedfrom tine to time to prevent secondarydust flying. F: Water Quality Impact Analysis: The construction material needed by this project is mainly transported to the construction sites by trucks. Both the maintenance of the transport vehicle and the process of transport may cause leakage of waste oil, and therefore, cause some oil pollution to part of the water bodies. According to relevant references, concentration of oil and suspended solids can reach 30-150mg/l and 300mg/l, respectively. During construction of irrigation facilities, suspended solids in near water bodies might increase, whichi may cause unpleasant sense perception in some water bodies. Although this effect will disappear after the construction is finished, it miglhtnegatively impact aquatic biota. Some effects can be envisagedin labor camps. The generatedsewage may be dischargedinto near water bodies without treatment, and the garbage may be thrown away at random, which may cause some temporary negative effects on near surroundings. Mitigation Measures: > The waste oil coming from maintenanice should be disposed in specified containers and removed to proper landfills. Solid waste with oil should not be cast about at random, but should also send to landfills. - Temporary septic tank and garbage tank should be provided at temporary construction camps for timely cleaning of the wastes; constructionmaterial should be covered with rain-proof means and kept far away from water wells or other water sources; 153 G: Village Traffic Impact Analysis: During construction,construction materials like sand and gravel, rubble, block stone, cement, steel and PVC pipes will be generallytransported by trucksor agro-carsthrough rural roads and access roads to constructionsites. Due to the bad traffic conditionsin villages in most of the irrigation districts, the constructionactivities might bring about a certain traffic jam in some villages, causingsome inconveniencesto village farmers.As most of the constructionactivities will be arranged in slack seasons,this impactmay not be significant. MitigationMeasures: > The constructionactivities should be reasonablyorganized. An on duty systemshould be establishedto guaranteethe smoothoperation of traffic and traffic safety. Transportation of constructionmaterials at rush hours shouldbe avoided, the constructionteam is required to make a reasonabletransportation plan. H: Public Health ImpactAnalysis: During construction, especially the construction of irrigation component, there will be a concentrationof buildingworkers and the sanitary conditionswill be comparativelypoor in the construction sites. In addition, the probability of workers being infected with diseases may increase due to possiblereduction in immunityresulted from high intensityof work. Without proper measures, it is possible that such diseases as hemorrhagicfever, dysentery,hepatitis, typhoidfever, and other entericdiseases will break out and spread. MitigationMeasures: > Septic tank and garbage tank shall be set up at constructioncamp, which are to be cleared by the contractor periodically so to prevent outbreak of disease. Drinking water that complieswith hygienestandard shall be providedat the site; . Constructionteams must adhere to labor protectionregulations to provideperiodic physical exarninationto workers; > Full-timehealth worker shouldbe arranged by the constructionteans to provide medical guaranteeingfor the constructionworkers, free condom shouldbe available in each labor camp. The health worker shouldperiodically deliver hygienic knowledge and education to the constructionworkers. ' Local project environmentalmanagement office (EMO) shoLildarrange local governmental epidemic prevention institutions to monitor periodically the epidemic situation in the constructionsites. 154 I: Schistosomiasisin IrrigationDistricts of Pengze and Yongxiu Impact Analysis: As delineatedin Chapter4, most of the irrigationschemes in Pengze and Yongxiucounties are located in areas where snail fever (Schistosomiasis)is prevalent.Construction of both irrigation componentand farnland componentin these areas involvesearth borrowing/fillingin the area where host snailsare distributed.Incidence of snail fever could increaseand new infectionarea could be formedif no measureswere consideredto control/killthe snailsbefore construction. There are other constructionactivities envisaged to be located near infested water bodies. Although the majority of constructionitems will be carried out by machinery,in some cases, contact with infested water cannot be avoided and could increase the constructionworkers' incidenceof Schistosomiasis. MitigationMeasures: - During preliminary design phase, the designer should consult the Schistosomiasis prevention departments at county and province levels to make sure that the measures developedin the designdocuments are appropriate; L Before construction, the construction team should consult the designer and related Schistosomiasisprevention departments to make sure that the team fumllyknows how to carry out the Schistosomiasisprevention measures during construction; ' Based on the constructionprogress and layout, the constructionteam should make, at stages and in batches, a thoroughinvestigation of the snail distributionin each construction site, especiallythe earth- borrowing,excavation and refillingsites; > At the early stage of construction,earth-burying and Molluscicideswill be used to control snails and Cercaria in earth borrowing/fillingsites; > The earthwork entailed by the project should be borrowed in the islet, where snails are distributed, and by cutting the snail isolation ditches so as to effectively destroy the environmentfor snail growth and multiplication; - Educate the constructionworkers not to contact the epidemic water bodies as much possible In such cases that they have to, they must wear snail-proofingcotton stockings, boots and trousers or apply snail-resistantmedicine to exposedbody parts; before entering water; ' All affected workers and the local people living in the vicinity should be examined by serologymethod to detennine the infected rate of Schistosomiasis. The examinationwill be done fromMay to June of every year; - Set up barrier and sentry posts for protectionto require people to avoid infection areas, to be operatedduring rainy season; i- Borrowing areas should be graded to prevent establishmentof shallow water bodies, a suitableecology for mosquitoand snail breeding,at later stage of construction. - A detailed program for snail monitoringand control in each operationalyear should be developed. 155 J: Cultural Heritages Impact Analysis Cultural relics can be divided into the existing on-groundhistorical sites and the underground cultural relics, which have not been unearthed. Generally speaking, the adverse impact on on-ground historical sites is either from the direct destructionactivities of human or from air pollution such as acid rain and sulfur oxides. Since the proposedproject is not associatedwitl producing sulfur oxides or acid rain, no significant impact is envisaged in this aspect. Constructionsites of some sub-projectsunder market componentmay be in proximityof some on-ground historical sites, the construction activities in these areas would increase the possibilityof encroachingto these historicalsites and bring about adverse impacton these sites if no effectivemeasures are taken. Breaking ground is the straightestway of destroying undergroundcultural relics. Since this project is mainly a rehabilitationof the existing irrigationfacilities and rural roads and no new canal deep cut is involvedduring construction,no significantadverse impact on cultural relics is envisagedduring project construction. However, in the Pre-evaluating Report on Cultural Heritage of Integrated Agricultural ModernizationProgranm ofJiangxi Provinceprepared by the Social AppraisalTeam, it is stated that there are many relics and cultural heritage distributedalong the Gan River catchment. It also says that the number of the found cultural sites doesn't conformto the historicalposition of Jiangxi Province as an important area for activities of human beings and also a center of human's culture in China in ancient time. In this context,there would exist a large number of cuLlturalrelics, which have not been unearthled.In fact, fanners when cultivatingfarmland or relhabilitatingwater conservancy facilities found a certain portion of the cultural relics unearthed to date. These include the tomb of East Han Dynasty in Zhajin town, Xiushui County; undergroundsite of Yangjialing;and the tomb of Warring States Period of Shimen town WuningCounty. Since most of the proposedirrigation schemes are scatteredin this area, there ;ist possibilities of finding cultural relics during project implementation.Effective measures need to be taken to protect the cultural relics possibly found during project implementation. MitigationMeasures . Contractors should educate construction workers knowledge of cultural relics and the consciousnessof protectingcultural relics prior to construction; O The PPMO should train its staff and the staff of CPMO by holding training courses on relics protectionand spreadpropaganda among farners duringproject implementation; - During construction,if cultural relics are found, then construction should stop and the supervisoryengineer and the environmentalinspector will protect the site, and concerned departmentsuch as Jiangxi ProvincialCultural Relics Bureau (JPCRB) will be notified to handle it. 156 K: Water Qualityof the PoyangLake ImpactAnalysis: The possible impact of the project constructionon the Lake, if any, would be the suspended solids (SS) producedduring constructionof irrigationworks. Since the constructionsites of the proposed project are relativelyfar from the Lake, SS will not change the water quality of the Poyang Lake after sedimentationduring long distance of transport. Therefore,no significant impact is envisagedon the water qualityof the PoyangLake duringproject construction.. The potential environmentalimpacts in each of the irrigation districts of the 5 EA study counties during constructionphase are analyzedand summarizedin Table 6-3. The following symbolsare used to represent the environmentalinpacts: Positive impact: + Slight impact ++ Medium impact +++ Significant impact Negative impact: - Slight impact - - Medium impact - - - Significant impact. 157 TABLE6-3 ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT SUMMARY DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE, 5 EA STUDYCOUNTIES 1aNaturalEnvironment EcologicalEnvironment SocialEnvironment Area Proposed schemes Water Air Flora & | Soil Natural Land [Village |Cultural Public Quality Quality | Fauna | Erosion [Reserves Use [Traffic I Relics iHealth PengzeCounty Rural road upgrading ______Pumpingstation Taipo Lake upgrading Dike embankment, completion of canal ______system _ Dike embankment, Fang Lake completion of canal _ _ _ _ _ system Rural road upgrading _ _ Rehabilitationof Donghu pumpingstation Rural road upgrading _ _ _ _ = Wuning County Completionof canial sytem DatiauiReservoir Reconstructioinof 2 weirs, reliabilitating 6 ______weirs Consolidating danm - _ _ - X - X - Lininganid upgrading of spillway _____ Dengjiayuan Comnpleionof canal Reservoir systemi Rehabilitatioinof on-farmroad Upgrading 5 weirs _ _ _ _ _ Consolidating 4 dams Completionof canal Xinxi system Construct 5 weirs _ _ _ _ _ Upgrading 3 aqueducts and 30 culverts _ _ ___ Consolidating 2 dams _ _ _ Shangqing Completionof canal system Replacing opening and closing equipment for 3 _ _ _ _ _ - reservoirs Lining and upgrading of spillway Wuxing Reservoir Completion of canal system _ _ _.. Conistruct4 weirs and I aqueduct ____ Rural road upgrading 8km Reinforcementof Quutik-ou secondary damr Completionof canal system . _ _ _ _ 159 Irrigation NaturalEnvironment EcologicalEnvironment SocialEnvironment Areat Proposed schemes Water Air Nohe Flora & Soil Natural Land Village Cultural Public Quaiity Quality Fauna Erosion Reserves Use Traffic Relics Health Completionof canal system Shimeng ConstrUctionof 5weirs _ _ Rural road upgrading __ Completionof canal system ____ Luoxi Constructionof 4weirs _ Rural road upgrading __ Completionof canal Shidu system _ _ _ Constructionof weir __ _ HeligfeingCounty Hazardremoval for smaDdams, anti-seepage ______Yaoyuan for canals Completionof canal system= Hazardremoval for small dams, anti-seepage _ _ _ _ Huangyuan for canals Couipletionof canal system ______Hazardremoval for sinamadams, anti-seepage - - - Shimaguandu for canals Completionof canal system Hazardremoval for small dams, anti-seepage - - - - | - _ Yaojia for canals Completioniof canial system Hazardremoval for small dams, anti-seepage -- - - | Gexmi for canals Constructionof canal system fHazardremoval for s smalldams, anti-seepage -- - Slipu| for caials Constructionof caial * systemn I I I I _ Gan County liazard retnovalfor I I~~damns I JingpanReservoir d ______Constructionof canal systemII Hazardremoval for damns Tianchunhe Constructionof canal I ______Isystem I I II IIII 161 Irrigation NaturalEnvironment EcologicalEnvironment SocialEnvironment Area Proposed schemes Water Air Flora & Soil Natural Land Village Cultural Public Quality Quality Fauna Erosion Reserves Use Traffic Relics Health Hazard removal for damns Constructionof canal Gongjiang system Powertransmnission equipment and pumping _ _ _ _ sets Hlazardremoval for dams Cliangchun Constructionof canal system _ NanchengCounty Reronstructspillway ______Construtioniof canial system IfMayuan Construct3 55kw pumpingstations Construct6 weirs ______Construct14 agricuLitural bridges Reconstrut spillway = = - _ _ Construetionof canal system Gaoqiao Construet4 weirs ______Construct7 agricultural bridges Rehabilitationof 16 rural roads Constructionof canal system _ Construct6 weirs ______Xiafang Construct4 agricultural bridges Rehabilitationof rural _ roads 12kmn Reconstructspillway ______Constructionof canal Shixi systemn Construct3 weiis _ _ _ _ Construct6 agricultural bridges Consolidatingspillway _ _ _ _ Constructionof canal Slianao system Rehabilitationof 16 sluice gates and 6 weirs 6agriculturalbridges - _ _- _ _ 163 6.2 Operational Phase Most of the social impactsof the projectimplementation during operation phase will be positive. There are, however,a number of unavoidableaspects of project implementation,which, if not well handled, may have potential adverse effects on both natural environment and social environment.The potentialissues include: -Potential cumulative impact of increased application of fertilizers on water quality and eutrophicationin water bodies includingthe PoyangLake; -Potentialimpact due to use of highly toxic pesticidesthat could negativelyimpact not only the aquatic and terrestrialbiota, but also the local and downstreamresidents; -Social impacts of possible land acquisitionand the compensationpolicies associated with the constructionof water conservancyfacilities, rural roads and markets. -Impact of existing Schistosomiasis on the sustainability and success of the project implementationin the irrigationareas in Pengze and Yongxiucounties; 6.2.1 Analysisof PotentialEnvironmental Impacts during Operation Phase A: AgriculturalNon-Point Source Pollution Agricultural non-point source pollution is mainly caused by application of agrochemicals includingN and P fertilizers,pesticides and animal manuresentailed by agriculturalactivities. The main adverse impact of the proposed project could be expected from a more intensive agriculturalproduction that might cause a general increase in non-point source pollution of nutrients and other forms of hazardous agrochemicals. Many studies have shown that over applicationof N and P fertilizers could lead to eutroplication of surface waters. Long-term over use of N fertilizer pollutes groundwaterthrough leaching and further negatively impact human health. Increased use of hazardouschemicals, especially extremely/highly hazardous pesticides(Category Ia and lb of WHO classificationsystem) could have significantadverse imnpactsoti the ecosystemincluding water bodies,flora and fauna and human health in the areas of influence. ) Use of extremely/lHighlyHazardous Pesticides The applicationlevel of pesticide in some project counties is listed in Table 6-4. Table 6-5 presents data on the variety and applicationprobabilities of pesticides for crops based on the survey on 70 farmer households in 15 project counties conducted by the farm production improvementteam. 165 TABLE 6-4 TOTAL PESTICIDE APPLICATIONS IN THE WHOLE PROVINCE & SOME PROJECT COUNTIES Years 1990 1995 1996 I 1997 1998 1999 Project County (Metric Tons) Jiangxi Province 36,482 41,932 44,482 45,259 48,704 54,502 Wuning 174 NA* 186 218 200 200 Pengze NA NA NA NA NA 521 Hengfeng NA NA NA NA NA 431 Nancheng NA NA NA NA NA 336 Gan NA NA NA NA NA 697 Hukou 117 455 362 322 315 372 Guangfeng 487 477 433 446 487 443 Yugan 512 527 538 549 578 592 Quannan 62 73 190 376 412 438 Longnan 23 84 50 65 47 55 Note: Data from the Statistical Book of Jiangxi Province (1990-1999). * NA: Data not available TABLE 6-5 VARIETIES AND PROBABILITY OF PESTICIDE USE FOR CROPS IN THE PROJECT AREA Crop Variety & Application Probability Amount, kg/ha Early rice Phorate50%, disosultap90%, pyrethrins80%, herbicides90%, fungicide80% 7.5 Late rice Phorate50%, disosultap90%, pyrethrins80%, herbicides80%, fungicidel00% 10.5 Cotton Phorate50%, pyrethrinslO 0%, herbicidelOO%, fungicidelOO% 33.0 Peanut Herbicide 70%, fungicidelOO]% i.5 Vegetable (I crop) Phorate20%, pyrethrins90%, fungicidel 00% 7.5 Green-house Phorate20%, pyrethrins80%, fungicide8O% 22.5 vegetable (I year) Lotus Phorate or omnethoate50%, pyrethrins50% 7.5 Mulberry Phorate, dimothoate, dichlorvos 60%, pyrethrins50% 6.0 Medicinal herb Phorate20%, pyrethrins40%, fungicide40% 3.0 Fruit tree Insecticidel00%, herbicides80%, fungicidel00% J.5.0 Rapeseed Insecticide20%, herbicides50%, fungicide7O% 1.5 Note: Data provided by PPMO. Based on data presented in Tables 6-4, 6-5 and the findings of the production improvement team, the followingconclusion are reached: (1) From 1990 to 1995, the rate of pesticide use in whole province increasedaveraged by 3% per year and from 1995 to 1999 it increasedaveraged by 7.5% per year, whichshowed that the rate of increase was relatively high. (2) In the project counties, the general rate of pesticide use also increased year by year. However, the rates in Wuning, Huk-ou,Guangfeng, Yugan and Longnan counties had no obviousdifference from 1995 to 1999, while that in Quannanincreased by 8-100%per year, possiblycaused by productionof cash crops and vegetables. (3) Among all pesticides used on rice, lotus and mulberry, high toxics, including phorate, omethoate and parathion-methylaccount for 56-60%. The applicationrates of disosultap and phorate on rice all exceed the limits of the State Standard(GB4285-89), i.e, disosultap 250mlJmu,phorate 50m1!mu.It was obviouslythat farmers didn't properly and rationally apply pesticides. (4) According to rules for safe use of pesticides,high toxic pesticides were banned using on vegetable, tea, fruit tree and traditional medicine materials crops. However, among all pesticides used on those plants, there were still 20%-30% high toxic pesticides. So the government and teclmician should strengthen the propagation for the rules for pesticide safe use so that farmercould know how properlyand rationallyto use pesticide. 166 (5) The rates of pesticides on cotton, especially greenhouse vegetable and fruit tree, were over-high. (6) 100% of farner used herbicide, but fanner didn't know some herbicide would seriously pollutedsoil and ground water. Accordingto the WHORecommended Classification of Pesticidesby Hazard and Guidelinesto Classification 2000-l(WHO/PCS/01.4),phorate and parathion-methylare classified as the extremelyhazardous (Class Ia), omethoateand dichliorvos,are classifiedas are classifiedas the highly hazardous (Class Ib), and dimetlhoateand pyrethrins are classified as the moderately hazardous(Class Il). While in the Regulationsfor Safe Use of Pesticides (The Public Health Mitnistryof PRC. JuneS, 1982), phorate, parathion-methyl,omethoate and dichlorvos are classifiedas the highly poisonous(Class I), and dimethoateand pyrethrins are classifiedas the moderately poisonous (Class II). Wide application of these extremely/highly hazardous pesticides not only contaminatedthe ecosystem,but also threatened farmers' life within the project area. In fact, during farmer household consultation,almost all farners interviewed mentionedthat they had experienceof being poisonedduring pesticide applicationin farmland in busy season. Based on the proposedcropping patterns in the WaterConservancy Component Planned Project List (Table3of Annex B), after the implemnentationof the proposedproject, the plantedareas of paddy, cotton will be decreased by 41511mu and 7354mu respectively;the areas of green manure, rapeseed, fish ponds, orchards, vegetablesand medicinalherbs will be increasedby 2486mu, 1937mu, 13900mu, 45048mu, 32448muand 8245murespectively. The changing croppingpattern will lead to change in applicationlevel of fertilizerand other agro-chemicalsin the irrigation districts. It can be envisaged that the project induced pesticides use could be increasedin some irrigationdistricts, while decreasedin others.In the irrigationdistricts where there would be a significant increase of orchard, vegetables and medicinal herb planting, effective measures must be taken to avoid/minimizeapplication of Class Ia, lb pesticides.If these varietieswould continueto be used in theses areas during project operation,they would not only damagethe ecosystem and human health but also be against the criteria for pesticide selection and use stipulatedin the WorldBantk OP 4.09-PestManagement. The proper control of pests is best achieved by implementingan integrated pest management program (IPM). Such a prograiu combines several strategies to reduce the pest population below the level producing economic injury. First, the concentrationsof pests and natural controls will be carefullymonitored to determinewhether further measuresare requiredand, if so, the best time to apply the proposed pest control measures. Second,all efforts shouldbe made to ensure that natural controls will not be disturbed. Maximizing natural controls through proper cultural practices can minimize Pest buildups. Third, the most appropriate techniques of pest suppressionwill be used if the threshold level at which significant crop danage from the pest occurs is likely to be exceeded. Recommendationsof the proposedIPM should be followed and only selective pesticides should be applied at the proper times and appropriatetime. The advantagesof such an integrated program are that there will be less environmentalpollution from pesticides and fewer problems of pest resistance. A project specific IPM for each of the six main crops (paddy,cotton, orange, capsicum,cabbage and silver lotus) is prepared by the PPMO. It is suggestedthat the measures containedin the IPM be incorporatedin the farmer training programs,proposed by the farm production team and agro-extensionprograms be implementedto avoid/minimizeapplication of highly poisonous varieties of pesticide in the project area. If these IPM programswere fully implemented,the proposedproject shouldnot only have no negativeimpact due to pest application,but it should also reduce the pesticide impact that provide a positive impact on human health and natural 167 environment through reduction of highly toxic pesticides within the project area. It is proposed to develop a specific training program on 1PM and entrust the County level Agrochemical Supplier Companies, the supplier of agrochemicalsto the rural farmers, to present the farmer IPM trainingprograms. > IncreasedApplication of Fertilizers Many of the non-agriculturalorganizations believe that the high yield and high efficiency crop production system based on fertilizer use is not an environmentallyfriendly and sustainable method of agriculturalproduction. However,to produce higher crop yields at a commercially viable scale, the use of mineral fertilizer is necessary. The low-input farm management system limits farm production and prevent the development of a sustainable intensive agriculturaldevelopment system. As long as fertilizerapplication rates, timing, and quantities are rational, applicationof mineral fertilizer should not cause any significant impact on the natural environment. The main mineral fertilizers, recommendedby the farm production team are nitrogen (N) and phosphorus(P). The main potential environtnentalimpacts of over applicationof N-fertilizer are surface and ground water pollution due to its high solubility in water. All N-sources, including chemical fertilizers, crop residues, soil organic matter, and animal manure could potentiallyinput to the non-pointsource pollutionof surface and groundwatersince they could easily transform to nitrate. Therefore,it is necessaryto ensure that N-fertilizerapplication is well managed, especially in soils with low cation exchange capacity (CEC) through split applicationto reduce potentialwater pollution. Contraryto N, P sourcesare not highlysoluble in water and do not transporteasily by leaching. Thiemain mode of transport of P is soil erosion and sediment load in the runoffs. Surface water body eutrophicationis an environmentalproblem that is caused due to increase in phosphorus concentration and reduction in the oxygen content of the water bodies. Abundanceof algae and other aquaticplants and microorganisms,and low concentrationof free oxygenare some of characteristicsof water body eutrophication. The major sources of P that cause eutropliicationinclude domestic and industrialwastewater, detergents, farm drainage,soil erosion,anirnal manure, plant residuesand fertilizers. In order to prevent N pollution, some experts suggest that the rate of total N applicationin Southern China should not be more than 150 kg/ha per cropping season, while the total applicationof N per year shouldnot exceed 315 kg/ha. Table 6-6 shows the present applicationlevel of fertilizer in the 5 project counties. The data indicates that the rate of N application was relatively constant between 1995 to 1999, but potassiumand phosphorusapplication rates were increased,indicating that fertilizer application rates has reached an equilibrium. 168 Table6-6 FertilizerApplication Level in EachProject County Cay Fertilizer 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Remarks type Metric tons Total 2,856,000 3,500,000 3,547,000 3,700,000 3,521,000 3,542,000 Jiangxi N 1,566,000 1,900,000 1,898,000 1,942,000 1,814,000 1,797,000 K 328,000 489,000 518,000 577,000 579,000 615,000 Total NA* NA 14,789 16,898 16,132 13,488 5959 t (Total N) Wuning N 13,200 14,044 8,037 9,451 8,275 6,973 599t oaN) K NA NA 1,484 2,142 2,580 2,377 i 1999,Wumng Total NA NA NA NA NA Pengze N NA NA NA NA NA 9,466(Total) K NA NA NA NA NA Total NA NA NA NA NA Hengfeng N NA NA NA NA NA 3,530 (Total) K NA NA NA NA NA Total NA NA NA NA NA Nancheng N NA NA NA NA NA 7,091 (Total) K NA NA NA NA NA Total NA NA NA NA NA Gan N NA NA NA NA NA 9,987 (Total) K NA NA NA NA NA Note: Data from Statistics of Jiangxi Province, Data not available Table 6-7 presents data on the amountof fertilizerapplication for major crops based on survey on 70 farmer households in 15 project counties conducted by the farm production team. It could be concludedthat: 1) The average rates of N applicationto rice, peanut, medicinalherbs and rapeseedwithin the project counties are below the upper limits proposed by Wu Linghui(1999), however,the maximum rates of N applicationto rice crops exceeded the proposed upper limit that accordingto Wu Linghuimight cause nitrate pollutionof groundwater. 2) The average rates of N applicationto cotton and mulberry exceeded the upper limit and could cause groundwater pollution. 3) The rates of N applicationto field and greenhousevegetables exceeded the upper limit, specifically on greenhouse vegetables that could not only cause ground water nitrate pollutionbut could also cause in nitrate accumulationin crops. TABLE6-7 FERTILIZERUSE PER HECTAREFOR EACH CROP (FARMERHOUSEHOLD SURVEY) Crops No. Or anic Matter N P205 K20 ______x Min I Max X Min Max X | Min| Max X Min I Max Kg/ha Early rice 21 4,500 0 30,000 150 104 240 59 35 90 92 0 147 Laterice, I crop 26 1,500 0 15,000 171 99 240 45 0 68 126 0 180 Cotton 6 600 0 2,250 344 276 480 111 59 225 186 125 360 Peanut 14 1,200 0 11,250 53 21 92 66 39 90 54 0 135 Vegetable,I crop 6 18,000 7,500 37,500 219 144 351 102 68 282 210 90 360 Greenhouse,I year 14 45,000 30,000 90,000 242 407 1362 363 255 518 788 495 1,230 Lotus 4 7,500 4,500 15,000 245 144 389 113 68 173 203 126 303 Mulberry 4 12,000 0 30,000 546 441 750 141 101 225 195 90 375 Herb 8 15,000 7,500 30,000 83 23 225 83 23 225 83 23 225 Fruit tree 6 30000 15,000 60,000 240 156 260 150 113 225 180 0 390 Rapeseed 10 0 0 0 75 45 135 38 23 68 68 | 45 _113 Note: Data provided by PPMO and abstracted from Statisticsof JiangxiProvince. 169 Accordingto the data presented in Table6-7 and the proposedcropping pattern for the project, presentedin Table 3 of Annex B, a rough estimate of the change of applicationlevel of fertilizer can be deduced. Assumingthat fertilizerapplication rates for each crop do not change before and after project implementation,the total fertilizerrates in each of the irrigation area of the 5 countiesafter project implementationare estimatedand listed in Table 6-8. TABLE 6-8 FERTILIZERAPPLiCATION RATES BEFORE AND AFTER THE PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION IrrigationAma pCropingArea (ha) Applicationof Fertilizer (t/a) Beforeproject After project Change Beforeproject After project Change Pengze County Taipo Lake 1000.0 6000 400.0 353.7 213.8 -139.9 Fang Lakc 833.3 666.7 -166.6 417.9 319.5 -98.4 Donghu 1533.3 1533.3 0.0 657.1 657.1 0.0 Sub-total -566.6 -238.3 WuningCounty DatianReservoir DengjiayuanReservoir 1267.5 1680.0 +412.5 467.3 557.0 +89.7 Xinxi 953.3 1153.3 +200.0 278.9 292.7 +13.8 Shangqing 703.1 980.0 +276.9 191.9 244.5 +52.6 WuxingReservoir 980.0 1179.0 +199.0 267.7 303.6 +35.9 Quarnkou 1226.7 1400.0 +173.3 304.8 329.1 +24.3 Shunen 1411.3 1500.0 +88.7 358.1 362.5 +4.4 Luoxi 1240.0 1291.7 +51.7 695.1 647.7 47.4 Sub-total +1402.1 +146.3 Hengfeng County Yaoyuan 1813.5 1766.7 46.8 415.7 404.2 -11.5 HLuanyuan 2341.4 1686.7 -654.7 525.2 354.0 -171.2 Shimaguantang 977.9 993.3 +15.4 229.7 227.9 -1.8 Yaojiayuan 804.0 840.0 +36.0 192.9 193.1 +0.2 Gexin 550.0 527.0 -23.0 126.2 122.2 4.0 SipuL 471.3 466.7 4.6.0 109.7 107.8 -1.9 Sub-total -677.7 -190.2 Gan County Jingpan Reservoir 3200.0 3373.3 +173.3 914.6 961.9 +47.3 Tianchunhe 646.7 420.0 -246.7 164.2 106.6 -57.6 Gong River 1060.0 666.7 -393.3 359.4 319.2 40.2 Changchun 384.0 230.7 -153.3 174.5 245.1 +70.6 Sub-total -620.0 +20.1 NanchtngCounty Mayuan 2000.0 2706.7 +706,7 788.8 1008.6 +219.8 Gaoqiao 620.0 766.7 +146.7 329.2 388.0 +58.8 Xiafalig 733.3 866.7 +133.4 336.8 386.3 +49.5 Shixi 720.0 933.3 +213.3 468.8 478.4 +9.6 Shanao 786.7 933.3 +146.6 284.0 320.5 +36.5 Sub-total +1,346.7 1 +3,74.2 Total +884.5 __ __+113.2 Data in Table 6-8 indicate that after project implementation,there would be a net increase im fertilizerapplication in the five project counties,with a net increasein over half of the irrigation districts. Increased application of fertilizers could increase the total nitrogen and phosphorous loads in the downstrearn water bodies (rivers, lakes and water wells), forning favorable climate 170 for increase in eutrophication. Based on field survey,most farmnersdepend on groundwaterfor domestic use including drinking. Although the present quality of groundwaterin the wells located in the project area meet the nationalhygiene standard for drinking water, the potential long-term adverse effects of the increase in fertilizer applicationcannot be neglected. It is proposedto includeactivities in the projectdesign to supportbetter watershedmanagement and best farm managementpractices (BMP). If the findingsof appliedresearch sub-componenton watershedmanagement and BMP are successfullyimplemented, the adverse impact shouldnot be significant. > Impacton Water Quality of Poyang Lake Except for project areas of Xunwu and Pengze Counties that lie in Dong River catchmentof GuangdongProvince and YangtzeRiver watershed,respectively, the project areas of the other 19 counties are situated in the Poyang Lake watershed that lies south of the middle reach of YangtzeRiver in northernJiangxi Province. Poyang Lake is the largest fresh water lake in China. It is water flowingthrough and seasonal lake, which accepts the water comingmainly from 5 rivers of Gan, Fu, Xing, Rao and Xiu. The draining area of the Poyang Lake river systemis 162,225km 2 and occupies about 97.2% of the total area of JiangxiProvince. According to the data presented in Environmental Quality Statistics of Jiangxi Province (1996-2000),the water qualityof the lake is fairly good, and varies between Class1I and Class III of the national standard for surface water. The major pollution indexes are IdMn (permnanganateindex), total phosphorous,ammonia nitrogen and phenols. In nonnal seasons (transitionfrom wet season to dry season), water quality in the central part of the lake is the best, sometimessatisfying the requirementsof Class I water. In wet season, water quality is ClassII in majorityof the water bodies, while in the dry season water qualityvaries between Classll and Class lII. Data presented in Chapter 4, indicate that in recent years, P and N concentrationshave exceeded standard limits in some parts of the Lake. The data from 19 routine monitoringcross sections located in the inlet, the middle and the outlet of the lake, indicate that invariably phosphorousloading exceeded the standard limits between 1998 and 2000 with the percentageof the sampled cross sections exceeding the limits varying between 15.8%, exceeding the limit by 50% to sampled cross sections with P loading exceeding the limitsreaching 42. 1%, exceedingthe limnitby 236%. In 1999, the cross sectionswith N exceedingthe standard limit account for 21.2% of the total, with maximumyearly average concentrationappearing in the south branch of the Gan River and the Fu River, exceedingthe limit by 100%. Thoughthe existingwater qualityis good and no trend of eutrophicationhas been observed, the impact exerted by highiconcentration of nutrient loading, especially phosphorous,nitrogen and other organic and inorganicpollutants enteringthe lake cannot be ignored. One potential impact of JIAMP on Poyang Lake is the potential increase of nitrogen and phosphorous,i.e., eutrophicationincurred by increasedapplication of fertilizers in the project counties. However,as the lake is water flowingthrough and seasonallake and water changes completelyabout every 10 days, the extent of eutrophicationand the impact does not appear to be significant. The increased amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer is far less than the decreasedamount in the wholeprovince. Therefore,the impactof increasednitrogen fertilizer use on the lake is believed to be small, especially in the short term. The increased use of phosphorous fertilizers, however, potentiallycould increase the phosphorousloading in the 171 lake. Assuming that the provincial environmentalpolicies conceming treatment of industrial and domestic waste water, increased industrial water utilization efficiency, and construction of urban sewage treatmentplants will be implemented,and the envisaged decrease of fertilizer application in the counties where a development mode of EcologicalDemonstration County (EDC)'1 will materialize,the total phosphorousmight be kept at the same levels in the short term. In addition, the project includes sub-components to support better watershed management and the best fanmingpractices that, if implemented,should reduce the adverse impactsto acceptableminimum. Another potential impact of the project on the lake is the pesticide residual incurred by continued use of highly toxic pesticides. As stated in the impact analysis of pesticides,since the project supports the use of IPM, use of highly toxic pesticides should be stopped through restrict implementationof IPM. Therefore, if successfullyimplemented, the proposed project shouldnot have significantadverse impact on PoyangLake. B: Impact on Social Environment The project's objective is to improvethe livelihoodof the farmers in the project areas through the establishmentof integrated,demand driven and sustainableagricultural production systems (including market systems). The achievement of this objective would not only lead to reduction of poverty and greater social stability in the project area, but it would also enhance food security for the province and the countryas a whole. ; Improvementof Infrastructureand Socio-Economyin the ProjectArea The project will have a positiveimpact on the socio-economyin the project area. About 55% of the total project investmentwill be devoted to improvingthe infrastructurein the project area. The improvementsinclude dam safety review and correspondinghazard removal/reinforcement of existing unsafe dams, completion/rehabilitationof canal system (including headwork)and upgradingof rural roads. These improvementswould contributeto conditionsthat favor better safety, improved farming conditionsand inproved accessibilityin the project areas. On the other side, the improved infrastructurewould improve the efficiency of water and land use practices and reduce the incidenceof waterlogging,soil salinity,and soil erosion.The activities proposed under the farm production component and implementationof applied research anid 1PM would also have a positive impact on the natural environmentand public health through more efficient and timely use of fertilizers and reduction in the quantity of extremely/highly hazardous pesticides within the project area. Through a series of measures such as introduction and application of better quality seeds, agriculturalextension and rural market construction,the project implementationwill improve farming techniquesand increase their income, raising the living standard of farmers and promoting sustainabie economic development in the project area. If successfully implemented,the project would directly benefit 1,267,500farmers in the project area. ) Poverty Reduction If successfullyimplemented, the project would benefit 125,954poor rural populationsliving in Xi ECD is a developmentmodel developed and spread by SEPA aimingat realizing sustainable developmentof economy at county levels. To date, ECD is implementedin some project counties such as Wuning, and Nancheng. Some indexes for acceptanceof ECD include: intensityof pesticide use<3.0 Kg/ha, intensityof fertilizer use (Total) <280 Kg/ha. 172 6 poverty counties in the project area, accountingfor 14.07 % of the total poor populationin Jiangxi Province. In order to improve their status in the project area and raise their living standards, the project has developed effective measures to help the farners to actively participatein project implementation. These measuresinclude provision of technicaltraining, encouragingthe householdto take lead and undertakeloan on a voluntarybasis. The plans are presented in more details in the beneficialparticipation plan. , DisadvantagedGroup Including Women and MinorityNationalities The total populationof Jiangxi province is 41.485 millions, among which 19.915millions are female, countingfor 48% of total population. The agriculturalpopulation is 32.075 million and near half is female. The total labor force in villages and towns is 15.471million, among which the female labor force is 6 million. Since large numbers of young and strong men migrate to the coastal areas or engage in non-agriculturalproduction, agricultural production is increasinglydepending on the female, especially the mniddle-agedor old women. They work the longest in family and deal with over 30% of thlearduous farm and housework,including raising livestock,bringing up children,supporting the aged, etc. to maintain the livelihoodof the whole family. They have been able to stand the adversitiescaused by sexual disparity. The implementation of the project should count women as important participants and beneficiariesthat should help to relieve their labor burden, improve their living conditions, increase their degree of participationin labor force, and reduce the inequalityresulting from sexualdisparity. According to the survey of the social appraisal team, there are 19 villages of minority nationalities distributed in the project counties of Hengfeng, Wuning, Yongxiu, Xingguo, Congyi, Xingfeng, Longnan,Quannan and Xunwu. The total minority populationis 12,905, accountingfor only 0.002% of the total populationof the 21 project counties. The minority nationalitiesin the project area are mainlyShe Nationalityand Yao Nationality. Since most of the minority populationslive in mountain areas, where transportationis inconvenient, and informationdissemination is difficult,the life of minoritypopulation is poor. In order to help the developmentof womenand minoritypopulation, this projecthas arrangeda certain amount of funds to set up an independent sub-project to support the women and minoritiesto develop productionand increase income. In order for the womenand minority populationto actively participate in the project and improve their agriculturalproduction and living condition,the project plans to take four project counties (Hengfeng,Yongxiu, Longnan and Quannan)as the pilot areas. The project will be implementedin 11 villages of the four counties. r Land Acquisition Some project activities such as constructionof roads, canals, and market places might require penranent or temporary acquisition of land that is used by individual fann households or communities. Althougha Policy Frameworkfor Resettlementand Land Acquisitionhas been prepared by the PPMO, no such land acquisition(or any kind of involuntaryresettlement) has been identified and confirned in the project FS/design documents. The infonnation with regard to the land acquisition requirementsof the project should be collected as early as possible to enable the project to provide for resettlement/compensationmeasures on a timely manner. Therefore,it is suggestedthat the projectdesign avoid/minimizeland acquisition. If such acquisitioncannot be avoided during pre-constructionphase, the PPMO should identify and confinn the detailedfigures includingtype and size of land to be acquired,and number of 173 affected households. Correspondingly, appropriate arrangement should be provided for the possibly affected farners according to the established policy framework. - Public Health (IncludingSchistosomiasis) In general,the implementationof the proposed project should improve generalhealth status of the beneficiariesthrough improvement of food security,and increasein purchasingpower of the fanning cofununities. Since the project is mainly a rehabilitationof the existing irrigation facilities and does not include any new imnpoundments(dams and reservoirs),the increase in water-borndiseases should not be significant. The improvementof canals and introductionof better water managementpractices through establishmentof WUAs and SIDDs should reduce the incidence of water logging in farmlands that could have a positive impact on decreasing waterbome diseases. In addition, the implementationof agro-extension,implementation of IPM, and fanner training plans should positively contribute to the public health through reducingthe use of broad spectrum and hazardouspesticides. As was stated earlier, Schistosomiasis is prevalent in project counties along the Yangtze River and surrounding the Poyang Lake. Since most of the low lying areas are inhabited by snails (Onconmelaniahupensis) that are the intermediate host of Schistosomaajaponnicum, the project implementation could increase the incidence of this water-borne disease in these areas. Appropriatemitigation measures are proposed in the EMP to monitorand reduce the incidence of Schistosomiasiswithin the affectedproject areas. ) DownstreamWater Users The calculated results in the FS report of irrigation component shows that the project implementationwill have no significant adverse impact on the down stream users. On the contrary, with the rehabilitationof the irrigationfacilities and the establislunentof SIDD, water use efficiencywill be raised, which is favorableto the downstreamwater users. C: Market Construction/AgriculturalEnterprises This component involves construction,renovation and upgrading of 35 agricultural product markets and developmentof 71 agro-enterprises.To date, three agriculturalmarkets and five agro-processingenterprises are included in the FS report. According to The Admzinistrative Rulesfor the Environmental Protection of Construction Projects (The State Council Decree No. 253, Novenmber 18, 1998), separate EA reports/tables should be prepared for the construction/rehabilitation of theses markets and enterprises. The prepared reports/tables should be submitted to either JPEPB or the municipal EPBs for approval depending on the size of the investment. Such projects could potentially have an increase in air pollutants, wastewater and solid waste, depending on the type and size of the market/enterprise projects, and effective impact and mitigationmeasures shouldbe developed upon finalizationof such plans. Since the proposed project is a phased project, it is not possible to review all the proposed market/enterprise projects at this point. Therefore, a checklist of screening criteria is prepared in this report and will be used by the environmentalconsultant before any of the proposed projects are environmentallyapproved. The checklistis presentedin Chapter 8. 174 6.2.2 ProposedMitigation Measures A: Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution > Improve efficiency of agro-chemicals application and control of pesticides use based on a practicalIPM to be iuplemented by the projectbeneficiaries. Practicaltraining programs on the proposed IPM measures should be prepared by the PPMO and preferably be presented by the Agricultural Input Supply Corporations and County Agricultural Extension Stations who are responsible for the supply of pesticides and other agrochemicals to ensure that highly toxic chemicals will not be available for use by the project beneficiaries; - Improve watershed management and agricultural practices based on findings of proposed applied research, which should be incorporated into the agro-extension program and farmer training program to promote timely and well balanced application of fertilizers; - It is suggested that the PPMO strictly canry out not only the IPM, but also the agro-exteiision and farmer training program during project implementation; and - The PPMO must cany out the environmental management plan according to the plans developed in this report. The above mitigation measures must be incorporated into the project design. B: LandAcquisition t- Project should be designedto avoid/minimizeland acquisition; ' Provide compensationto the affected farmersaccording to the related national policy,and develop detailed programs for land compensationand employmentarrangement. C: Schistosomiasis t Developa programfor Schistosomiasiscontrol and health improvementin the irrigationdistricts of Pengze and Yongxiucounties, which is suggestedto be combinedwith the 10th 5Years' Plan for SchistosomiasisControl of China; - Design and manage canalsto mininize weed growth;provide accessroads to canals and drains for treatment and removalof weeds; t Any lowly areas such as earth borrowingpits left behind after projectconstruction should be graded to prevent establishmentof shallow water bodies, a suitable ecology for mosquito and snail breeding; - Disseminateknowledge of Schistosomiasisand preventionmeasures to farrnersand educatethem to take such measures when engagedin farming activitiesin snail distributedareas; The PPMO must implementthe monitoringitems of Schistosomiasisin EMP and prepare yearly evaluationreport on snailhabitats, snail density and incidenceof Schistosomiasisin the project area. tpeatmeazamoeinauaf&wzeds, to vrent establishrnentof' shallow w^att. lbudie, a a.tablc ccolog~y fur .iczutcs and srnal breedng,, > D'epinietp kateowledgeof Schisctascni,a,1 s cui pseVjIItiUjI qIi.ea tV-.l AcId educate dicilti o r 91s PPO fut ii enither Iiouii n ;tcz of SIiipsua17 in E5P aRd prepe early 175 7 Project Screening Checklist The proposed project is a phased project and annually,a number of project proposals will be prepared by project counties and presented for financing. Due to the specific nature of the project,not all plans are finalized at the onset of the project and furtherreview of technicaland environmentalfeasibility of each sub-project has to be completed before funds could be dispersed and constructioncould begin. In order to facilitate EA review of the sub-project, specific criteria checklists have been prepared based on the findings of this EA. Tables 7.1 and 7.2 present the major environmentalissues, PRC's laws and regulations that could be triggered, and measures to be considered in the EA review of the proposed sub-projectsfor irrigation and market/agriculturalenterprises projects, respectively. 177 TABLE7. 1 CRITERIALIST FOR PROJECT SCREENING AND APPROVAL OF IRRIGATIONPROJECTS Environmental/Social Measuresand Regulations Issues Laws and Regulations Measures 1. Natural Reserves Article 26 of the Regulations on Natural Activities such as forest cutting and reclamation are forbidden inside the Reserves of the Peoples Repuiblic of China natural reserves. Project should not include any forest cutting or (The State Council Decree No. 167, September conversion/use of land for agriculture within the core and buffer zones of 2, 1994); reserve boundaries. If the proposed project is encroaching the natural reserve, the plans should be reviewed and amended to prevent such an encroachment. 2. Cultural Relics and Article 11 of The Cultural Relics Protection It is forbidden to construct other projects in the protection area of cultural HistoricalSites Law of the People y Republic of China relics. 3. Soil Erosion Article 14, the Water & Soil Conjservation it is forbidden to reclaim and plant crops on upland with gradient over Law of the People s Republic of China 250. If the project is planning land development on slope of over 250, it (June 29, 1991). will be rejected or modified. 4. Water Source Protection Article 20, the Water Pollution Lawtof PRC. It is forbidden to discharge wastewater into water body of Class] protection Zone zone of surface drinking water source or construct/rehabilitate projects unrelated to water supply or water protection. The proposed projects will be rejected if located within Classl protection zone of surface drinking water source. Regulations on Pollution Prevention and The scope of Class I protection zone of surface drinking water source is Control in Jiangxi Province (December 2000). defined to include the water body between I OOOmupstream and I OOm downstream of the water intake and the shoal and land (IOOm from riverbank) on the side of intake. Sanitar) standard for Drinking Water Quality It is forbidden to engage in any activities that might pollute water source (GB 5 745-85) within a radius of lOOm from the source. It is forbidden to discharge wastewater into the water body between 1OOOm upstream and I OOm downstream of the water intake or dump/pile waste dregs on river bank between this area. 179 Table 7.1 (Cont.) ENVrIRONMENTAL/SOCIAL Measuresand Regulations ISSUES Laws and Regulations Measures 5. Resettlement Article 31, 48, 49, LandAd,ninistrationLavt' The state implementscompensation policies for land acquisition.Approved of PRC cultivatedland acquisitionby non-agriculturalprojects should comply with the principleof 'reclamnationof equivalent area of land to that of acquired land'. The project proponent will be responsiblefor compensationof the displaced people.The compensationcould be in the form of providing the same quality land, through land reclamation or if the reclaimed land does not meet the requirementor is not available, the project proponent should pay a land reclamation fee according to the provincial or municipal laws/regulations. The provincial or municipal government should prepare plan for land reclamation,supervise the project proponentto be sure that the reclamation complies with the plan and organize acceptanceof the reclaimed cultivated land. If the PMO does not provide a workable resettlement plan according to above criteria,the project would not be approved. 181 TABLE 7.2 CRITERIA LIST FOR PROJECTSCREENING AND APPROVALOF MARKETING/AGRO-ENTERPRISEPROJECT Environmental/Social Issues Measures and Regulations __Laws/Regulations Measures 1. Natural Reserves Water Article 32 of The Regulations on Natural No manufacturing facilities can be constructed in the core area and buffer Source Protection Zone Reserves of the People s Republic of China (The area of natural reserves. Any market/enterprise that is located within the State Council Decree No. 167, September 2, core/buffer areas will not be approved. 1994). 2. Air Pollution/Noise Article 32 of The Regulations on Natural In the experimental area of the natural reserves, only projects that cause Resernes of the People . Republic of China (The environmental pollution or damage to natural resources and landscapes are State Council Decree No. 167, September 2, forbidden; when constructing other projects in this area, pollutants 1994). discharge/emission must meet national and local standard limits. Project Article 4, Air Pollution Law, of PRC; Article 5, construction outside but in close proximity to the reserves will be 15, Noise Prevention and Control Law of PRC. reviewed to ensure that the project does not cause any damage to the environmental quality in the reserves. 3. Water Source Protection Article20 theWaterPollutionLau ofPRC It is forbidden to discharge wastewater into water body of Classl Zone protection zone of surface drinking water source or construct/rehabilitate projects unrelated to water supply or water protection. The proposed projects will be rejected if located within Classl protection zone of surface drinking water source. Regiulations on Pollution Prevention and Control The scope of Class I protection zone of surface drinking water source is in Jiangxi Province (December 2000). defined to include the water body between 100Om upstream and 10Dm downstream of the water intake and the shoal and land (100m from riverbank) on the side of intake. Sanitary standard for Drinking Water Quality, It is forbidden to engage in any activities that might pollute water source (GB 5745-85) within a radius of 10m from the source. It is forbidden to discharge wastewater into the water body between 100Dm upstream and l0m downstream of the water intake or dump/pile waste dregs on riverbank between this area. 183 Table 7.2 (Cont.) Environmental/Social Issues Measures and Regulations Laws/Regulations Measures 4.Public Health Article] 7, 19, Epidemic Disease prevention and For construction of large-scale projects in natural epidemic focus, the Contiol Las of PRC. project proponents should apply to local anti-epidemic institutions for a sanitary inspection of the construction sites before construction starts. According to the findings and requirements of the anti-epedemic institutions, appropriate measures should be developed and adopted. During construction, construction teams should arrange health workers to be responsible for sanitary and anti-epidemic work of construction sites, The project will not be approved if appropriate measures in accordance to Articlel 7, 19, Epidemic Disease prevention and Control Law of PRC are not developed. 5. Cultural Relics and Article 11 of The Cultural Relics Protection Lai, It is forbidden to construct other projects in the protection area of cultural Historical Sites of the People s Republic of China relics. 6. Health and Safety Article 36, 52, 53, 54, Labor Law of PRC (The Articles 36, 52, 53, 54 stipulate that: labor work time cannot exceed eight People s Congress, July 5, 1994). hours each day and 44 hours each week; employers must establish and improve labor health and safety regulations, strictly imnplementnational rules and standards of labor health and safety and educate labors on health and safety to prevent accidents and reduce occupational hazards; facilities of labor health and safety must comply with the requirements stipulated in relevant national rules; employers must provide labors with healthy and safe work conditions stipulated in relevant national rules and necessary appliances for labor protection. The proposed projects must develop project specific health and safety policies before environmental approval could be obtained. 185 8 Analysis of Alternatives As stated in Chapter 4, the proposed JIAMP has been incorporatedinto the 10I 5 Years' Plan for the National Economy and Social Development of Jiangxi Province by the Jiangxi provincialgovemment, and each projectcounty has also incorporatedthe sub-projectsunder the JIAMP into their lOth5 Years' nationaleconomy and social developmentplan. In addition,the proposed project is mainly a rehabilitation of existing irrigation facilities. Therefore, the project study team considered only reviewed "with" and "without" project scenarios and no other alternativeschemes were considered. This chapter will only considerthe "with project" and "withoutproject" alternatives. 8.1 Analysis of "without project" A number of major constraintsfor agriculturalproduction systems exist in the project areas that the development of agro-productionand limit farmers' income. Among the 21 project counties, five, i.e. Hengfeng, Yugan,Xingguo, Gan and Xunwu have been designatedas the poverty counties by the China governmentand one, i.e. Shichenghas been designatedas the poverty counityby Jiangxi govermnent,accounting for about 1/3 of the poverty counties in the province. The main reasons stated for consideringthese countiesas poverty counties include the lack of adequateirrigation and drainagefacilities, and the technicalconstraints in farmland production. 8.1.1 Current Status and Constraints for Water Conservancy and Irrigation A major constraintis the lack of adequate irrigationand drainage facilities. The majority of the existingwater storage and canal facilitiesin the project area have long been in the state of disrepair and severe seepage problem is causing high rates of water loss from canals, causing very low irrigation efficiency. Existing unsafe dams also threaten the fanners' life and properties in some of the irrigation districts. Alonigthe existing main and secondarycanals, there are many outlets that are illegally cut by upstream farmers to irrigate their farms usinig flood irrigation, leading to loss of water resources and reduced availability of a secured irrigation water for the downstreamareas. In addition,the majority of the existingmain canals were built along foothills and canal side slopes are very steep. During wet season, frequent sideslipand silting occurs,causing soil erosion and siltation,affecting downstream water users. In some localities, paddies frequently inundate by flood due to inadequate drainage canal capacity. Because of the incompletewater storage and canal facilities, the farnlands in the project area have been affected by frequent drought and flood, and many tailgaters have convertedto rain-fedfanning due to inadequacyand unavailabilityof irrigationwater. For example, among a 700ha farmlands designated for irrigation by DatiainReservoir in WuningCounty, 26 ha is susceptibleto drought,340 ha do not receiveirrigation water, and only 420 ha can be irrigated with an irrigation-guaranteerate of 50%. Among the farmland designed to be irrigated by YaoyuanReservoir in HengfengCounty, 36.5 ha is susceptibleto drought,236.5 ha do not receive irrigation water, 50 ha can receive irrigationwater at a low guarantee rate, and the actual irrigationarea is only 486.8ha. Taipo Lake irrigation area in Pengze County lies in low-lying areas, surrounded by water. The area is susceptible to frequent floods during storms, inundatingthe 6400 mu farming area. The crop harvest is negatively impacted by flood and drought disasters that also limit the local socio-economic development. Table 8-1 presents the crop loss statisticsdue to flood and drought disasters in Yaoyuanand Datian irrigationdistricts in 1997 to 1999. 187 The agricultural production, especially paddy production, has been greatly limited by the constraints of the inadequatewater storage and canal facilities,reflected in low yield and low benefit. The farmers' enthusiasm for agricultural production was depressed by the existing fanning conditions and presently a certain amount of farmland has been left behind and changed into wild land. Table 8-1 Statistics of Crop Loss Incurred by Flood and Drought Disasters in Yaoyuan and Datian IrrigationDistricts in 1997-1999 Irrigation Year FloodInfluenced DroughtInfluenced GrainYield EcononucLoss District Area (ha) Area (ha) Reduction(ton) (Y10000) 1997 266 75 110 106.8 Yaoyuan 1998 287 103 121.7 1999 289 130 120.0 1997 226 75 120 112.0 Datian 1998 287 104 122.0 1999 290 131 121.0 Note:Above data is abstractedfrom the irrigation design document. 8.1.2 Current Status of Farmland Production & ExistingConstraints Another factor restricting the agricultural production is the existence of a large part of low/middleyielding farmlandin the project area. Based on the survey of the fanu production improvement team to 15 project counties, a total of 320,323 hectares of farmland exist, of whicil 23.9% high, 49.8% medium and 26.3% are low yielding. Therefore, mediumand low-yieldingfields accountfor 76.1% of projectcounties. The percentageof differenttypes of medium and low-yieldingfields include: cold, waterloggedand low lying field accounts for 35.09%, rain fed account for 52.13%, sandy field accounts for 12.78%. Moreover, P (phosphorous)and K (potassium)deficiency is widespread in the soil of the project counties. The main reasons for the present poor soil fertilitystatus are: ' Little applicationof green and farmyard manure, leading to low organic matter content in the soil; ' Imbalanced applicationof nitrogen (N), phosphorous(P), and potassium (K) fertilizers. The general practice is to apply higher rates of N fertilizerand lower P and K fertilizers, causingnutrient imbalance in the soil; and 0 High applicationrates of fertilizers and highly toxic pesticidesand other agriculturalinputs, affecting soil ecosystem. For example,pesticide residue in soil could reduce the number of soil microorganisms,protozoa and other anthropodasuch as earthworms,ants, termites, etc., resulting poor soil structure, soil compaction, increase in bulk density and low penneability,leading to a reductionin root volume,and P and K availability. Another problem associatedwith irrational and unbalancedapplication of fertilizers and highly toxic pesticidesis the agriculturalnon-point source pollutionin the project area. As indicated in Chapter 6, wide applicationof extremely/highlyhazardous pesticides not only contaminates the ecosystem, but could also threaten farmers' life. The over applicationof fertilizers and poor soil and agronomic managementpractices the main causes of the development of an environment conducive for eutrophication in surface waters and nitrogen pollution in groundwater. In addition,lack of agriculturalextension personnel makes it difficultto launch regular training, and a lot of new teclmologiesand new research results cannot be disseminated to fanrers, 188 limitingfarm productionimprovement. 8.1.3 ExistingProblems in MarketDevelopment Review of the operations of the existing markets in project counties indicates that market functionsare simple,facilities are inadequateand marketconstruction is poor. Farmersdo not have a good appreciationof markets and do not participatein market operations. Therefore, effectivemarketing system for agriculturalproducts has not been formedin the project area. 8.2 "With Project" Alternative The project's objective is to improvethe livelihoodof the farmers in the project areas through the establishmentof integrated,demand driven and sustainableagricultural production systems (including market systems). The achievement of this objective would not only lead to reductionof poverty and greater social stability in the project area, but it would also enhance food security for the provinceand the countryas a whole. The project will have a positiveimpact on the socio-economyin the project area. About 55% of the total project investmentwill be devoted to improvingthe infrastructurein the projectarea. The improvementsinclude safety review and correspondinghazard removal/reinforcementof existing unsafedams, completionof canal system(including headwork) and upgradingof rural roads. These improvementswould contribute to conditionsthat favor better safety, improve fanning conditions and improve accessibilityin the project areas. On the other side, the improved infrastructuirewould improve the efficiency of water and land use practices and reduce the incidenceof water logging,soil salinity,and soil erosion. The project is plained to increase the effectiveirrigation area by 17,860mu, improve irrigationarea in 472,304 mu anid raise the irrigation-guaranteerate fronmthe present 50% to 80%. The activitiesproposed wider the farm production componentand implementationof applied research and IPM should also produce positive impacts onithe natural environmentand public health through more efficient and timely use of fertilizers and reduction in the quantity of extremely/highlyhazardous pesticides within the project area. Through a series of measures such as use of better seed quality,more responsiveagricultural extension and developmentof rural market. The project implementationwould improve the farmers' agriculturalknowledge and increasetheir income. If successfullyimplemented, the project would directlybenefit 1,267,500farnmers in the project area. The project supports poverty reduction in the project area. If successfullyimplemented, the project would benefit 125,954rural populationsliving in six poverty countiesin the project area, accountingfor 14.1 % of the total poor populationin Jiangxi Province. In order to improve tihestatus in the projectarea and raise the livingstandard of the poor, the projecthas developed effective measuresto help the poor fanners to activelyparticipate in project implementation. The project supports protectionof benefit of the disadvantagedgroups includingwomen and minority nationalities in the project area. If successfully implemented, the project would benefit about 633,750 women and 12,905 minority population. In order to help the developmentof womenand minoritypopulation, this project has arranged a certain amount of funds to set up an independentsub-project to support the female and minority to develop production and increase income. In order for the women and minoritypopulation to actively participate in tfe project to improve their productionand living condition,the project plans to take four project counties (Hengfeng,Yongxiu, Longnan and Quannan)as the pilot areas, the project will be implementedin 11 villagesof the four counties. 189 The project implementationmay bring a number of negative impacts such as the effects of increasedfertilizer and pesticide applicationon aquatic environment,land occupancyand some impacts on local farmers during project construction. Regarding the possible increase of non-point source pollution,the project has developedand is going to promote integratedpest managementto reduce the use of highly toxic pesticidesthat are widely used in the project area. Better watershed management and incorporationof best management practices in farming activitiesbased on the availableand future findingsof appliedfanning research will be built-in the project development. In addition, the EA team has developed an environmental managementplan that includes effective mitigation measures and environmentalmonitoring program,which has been incorporatedinto the project designdocuments and will be carried out by the PPMO and construction teams to reduce the other possible negative impacts to minimum. To sum up, if successfullyimplemented, the proposedproject would not only promote the local social and economic development,but would also increase the living standards of the framers. In the "with project" scenario, the impacts of the project on the natural environment are believed to be neutral, while the social and economicimpacts appear to be highlypositive. 190 9 EnvironmentalManagement Plan The experienceson EIA from the developingcountries arounddlie world has shown that even if mitigationand monitoringplans proposed in the EIA are clearly described, thlemitigation and monitoringplans may be ignoredwithout effective and competentmonitoring and enforcement proceduresto superviseand ensurethe implementation.Therefore, the developmentof a special office within PMO, EnvironmentalManagement Office (EMO),is recommendedin the project proponent prior to commencementof project construction activities as part of the overall project managementoperation. The EMOs are responsiblefor the progress of implementation of the mitigation and monitoring activities during design, constructionand operation. For projects where InternationalFinance Agencies (IFAs) participatein project funding, the Loan Agreementguarantees that the moniesneeded for establishingand operatingthe EMO would be made availableas an integralpart of the projectbudget (not as a kind of "add on"). In the early 1990s,the structureof the EIA report was modifiedto include a separatechapter on EnvironmentalManagement Plan (EMP). The EMP developedin the projectETA includes all mitigationand monitoringrequirements specified in the EIA. As soon as the feasibilitystudy of the project including EIA is approved, an implementinginstitution, the Environmental ManagementOffice (EMO) shouldbe established.The EMO will be a part of the overallPMO structure and will be responsible for implementationof project mitigation and Jmonitoring activities. 9.1 The ImplementationOrganization and Responsibilities As shown in Fig.2-1 of Clhapter2, in China, project environmentalmanagement within each concemnedministry and commission is organized and carried out by their respective environmental protection department under the supervision of SEPA and local EPBs. However, the EPB and the environmentalmonitoring station (EMS) staffs are not responsible for daily inspectionand monitoringof the environiental perfonnance of the project, and the EMO is responsiblefor the implementationof the environmentalmitigation measures identified in this project. If any accident or spills occurs and/or if new artifacts/culturalrelics are found, the project should report the finding/accident to the responsible governmental agencies includingEPB and Jiangxi ProvincialCultural Relics Bureau (JPCRB).Therefore, the project should provide necessary organization and manpower to ensure effective and smooth implementationof the environmentalrequirements of the project. The following chapter discussesthe detailsof implementinginstitutions and the proposed environmentalmanagement plan (EMP),its manpowerand institutionalrequirements. 9.1.1 ImplementationOrganizations The environmentalmanagement for the proposed project is organizedby Jiangxi Provincial DevelopmentPlanning Conunission(JPDPC) and implementedby PPMO. The project is actually composedof 21 sub-projectsthat are locatedin differentproject countiesand under the differentadministrative jurisdictions. In order to implementthe mitigationand monitoringplans more efficiently,an overall project coordinationwill be the responsibilityof the Provincial EnvironmentalManagement Office (PEMO) set up under PPMO. The PEMO will be staffed with one environmentalexpert, preferablyseconded from relevantenvironmental institutions. The PEMO will be responsiblefor the implementationof the activities defined in mitigation and monitoring sections of the EIA report during each phase of project implementation. 191 During construction phase, eacli project municipality PMO (MPMO) will be staffed with appropriate number of enviromnnental inspectors (El) to ensure adequate coverage of the projects. Els, under the supervision of the PEMO environmental scientist will be responsible for environmentally sound performance of the construction contractors. The staff for the implementation of the EMP could either be hired directly by the PPMO, or the environmental management activities could be contracted out to a qualified institute or consulting group with adequate number of qualified environmental personnel. PLG or JPDPC PPMO PEMO (I person) Design Contractors Environmental Local governmental institutions Unit (More than I Inspectors of 21 including stations for environmental person) Project Counties (6 monitoring, anti-epidemic disease persons) and Schistosomiasisprevention etc. Fig.9-1 EnvironmentalManagement Organization in ConstructionStage PLG or JPDPC PPMO PEMO (I person), LocalPMOs Local governmental institutions including stations for environmental monitoring, anti-epidemic disease and Schistosomiasisprevention. Fig. 9-2 Environmental Management Organization in Operation Stage 192 During operationphase, each CPMOand MPMO will assist the PEMOwith implementingthe environmentalmonitoring program and other work includedin the environmentalmanagement plan. The environmentalmanagement and organizationsduring constructionand operation phases are diagrammedin Fig.9-1and Fig. 9-2, respectively. 9.1.2 Role of PEMO and Els The PEMO will ensure that all mitigationand monitoringplans specified in the EIA will be carried out effectively.Their major tasks include: > Review and implementationof mitigationand monitoringactivities with commentson the activitiesas needed to obtain minimumacceptable environmental perfonnance level in the overallproject; > Recommending, gaining approval for and carrying out any special studies, which are believednecessary for reachingthe minimumacceptable environmental performance; > Check with the project final design team to ensure that the final design incorporatesthe mitigationand monitoringactivities identified in the EIA report; - Provisionof necessarytraining for Els and contractors'enviromnental personnel. > Identify and arrange El to monitorthe environmentalperformance during the construction activities.El is a key person in project environmentalmanagement. He has to be able to decide, on the spot, and implementthe necessarymeasures, including project construction shut down, to ensurethat the constructioncontractors or teams implementall the mitigation and monitoringmeasures identified in the EIA report. The major tasks of Els include: - Supervisethe implementationof the environmentalprotection measures as specifiedin the enviromiientalmitigation plan - Providewritten guidelineswhenever gaps in environmentalperformance are found and to take correctivenmeasures; - Perform emergencyresponse plans during environmentalemergency conditions and report any environmentalaccident/mishaps to the PEMO in a timelymanner; and - Monitor the impacts on the public in the areas outside of and adjacent to the constructionareas to determinewhether there is a need to tak-eadditional measures; ' Implement the environmental monitoring plan including engaging and supervising monitoringinstitutions and ensure that all samplingactivities as defined in the monitoring plan is completedon a timelymanner; > Coordinatethe relationsbetween EIs, the contractorand the design unit(s). r Prepare periodic reports (say, once a year) on the environmentalperformance of the project's operations to relevant environmentaladministrative departments and the World Bank; > Deal with the complaintsconcerning the environmentalaspects and accept the supervision of the enviromnentalprotection departments; > Arrangefor the visits of the Bank-Mission staff, if necessaryand regulatorystaff of EPB or EMS; > Be responsiblefor other actions needed for implementingthe EMP; and > Be responsible for environmental inspection in Yu#gan County, performing the responsibilityof the El for that county(one or two days per week). The main work of the PEMOis presentedin Fig.9-3. 193 PEMOM Reviewof Final m Conslrucion Saee sOperation Stage ju Service toof t Design lIMisso Docwnenls Ro MUpgrting Rehabilitation Drainage Reclamatiof evaiondDanaf qati y whing Athe a jdMurit CanceTnis establishedunderunicipal EPBsabiritatson Terracing t Fig. 9-3 Main Work of PEMO cunicipalDandEPBsl at coungtyilvel are the landmiisrai erdeartient of thIcrr espooandAcingie loa goenet Une thr iesalseJigxPrvnalCnalEion.PPB nta o.un3 Supervision Organization JaiangxiProvincial Environmental Protection Bureau (PEPB) is the administrative department of environmnental protection under Jiangxi provincial goveprment. It is responsible for the environimental management and spervisioni within the jurisdiction of the province. The local EPBs at muniicipal and county levels are tie adininistrative depatents of the corresponding local governments eniviroiimental protection under Jiangxi provincial government and are reposblefor the en 'romnental managemenit and supervision within the jur'sdiction of the local governllneiit. Under JPEPB, there is established Jianigxi Pfovincial Central Enviroinmental Moni'toring Station, responsible for the nionitoring of envitonmental quality withiin the jurisdiction of the province. Tlle inunicipal enviromunental imonitoring stations (EMS) establislied tinder municipal EPBs are respoinsiblefor the environmnentalmonitoring witliin tile jurisdict'ion of municipalities. The environmental protection work of thilsproject will be carried ouit tinder the stipervi'sion of SEPA, JPEPB anid local EPBs of the project areas. The eiivironmnentalsupervision framework for the proposed project is presented in Fig.9-5. The environmeiital supervision plan is shown in Table 9-1. 194 TABLE 9-1 ENvrRoNMENTALSUPERVISION PLAN Stage Organization Supervision contents Supervision objectives FS SEPA, JPEPB, I. Review EIA 1. Guarantee a complete environmental assessment, and appropriate subject identification, Stage The World Bank 2. Review EMP draft emphasize the key points. 2. Make sure it reflects the possible, significant potential problems which might be produced by this project 3 Guarantee a concrete practicable action plan of mitigation measures Design & World Bank, 1. Review the preliminary 1. Strictly execute EMP Construction SEPA, JPEPB design for environmental Stage protection and EMP World Bank, 2. Check if the EP investment 2. Secure sufficient EP investment in place SEPA is in place JPEPB, 3. Inspect the appropriateness 3. Ascertain these sites in compliance with environment protection requirements municipal and of material yard, and county EPBs cement/earth mixing site 4. Inspect dust and noise 4. Minimize the impacts on surrounding environment by construction, enforce applicable pollution control, decide on regulations and laws goveming environmental protection construction time 5. Inspect whether the air 5. Minimize the impacts on surrounding environment by construction, enforce applicable pollutants emission meets the regulations and laws goveming environmental protection standard 6. Inspect the discharge and 6. Guarantee the surface and underground water uncontaminated treatment of daily sewage and waste machine oil in construction site 7. Inspect the reclamation of .7.Guarantee the landscape and land resources not seriously damaged JPEPB earth borrowing sites and waste disposing sites 195 Table 9-1 (Cont.) Stage Organization Supervisioncontents Supervisionobjectives SEPA,JPEPB, 9. Inspect whether there are 10. Protectcultural relics Jiangxi undergroundcultural relics. Provincial CulturalRelics Bureau (JPCRB) Operation JPEPB .Inspectthe irnplementation I .Protectthe environment,minimize the environmentalimnpact during operationphase Stage of EMP in operationstage 2.Checkthe implementation of monitoringplan 3. Verifythe necessityto take further Ep measuresfor unforeseenenvironmental problem JPEPB,Local 4. Inspect whetherthe 4. Enforceenvironment management, safeguard people health EPBs environmentalquality of 5. Guaranteethe sewagedisposal meet the standard sensitivelocation meet relevantstandard 5. Inspect whetherthe sewage in living and servicingareas meets dischargestandards 197 State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) Jiangxi Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau (JPEPB) Ganzhou Municipal Jiujiang Municipal Fuzhou Municipal Shangrao Municipal EPB EPB EPB EPB 10 County EPBs 4 County EPBs 3 County EPBs 4 County EPBs including Gan including Pengze including Nancheng including Hengfeng Fig. 9-4 Organization of Environmental Supervision 9.1.4 Environmental Management Plan To guarantee the effective implementation of the proposed environmental mitigation measures for the project, an environmental management plan has been developed and listed in Table 9-2. 199 TABLE9-2 ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE JIAMP nvironmental EOrganization for Organization issues mitigationmeasures issues ~~~~~~~~~Environmental actionato inncag charge A. Design stage 1.Projectplan and design should be optimizedto mininmizethe negativeenvironmental and social impacts. 2. Sub-projectsshould be planned and designedto avoid environmentalsensitive areas like natural reserves and xwildlifehabitats, to minimizeland occupancyand to avoid poor geologicalcondition and culturalrelics and to reasonablyarrange constructionschedule to decrease land occupancytime. 3. PPMO shouldsubmit the project design documentsof the sub-projects near natural reserves and wildlife habitats to the wildlife administrativedepartment for review and approval; appropriate training on the laws/regulationsand PPMO, Design PEMO 1. Project knowledgeon preservation of natural reservesand wildlife shouldbe arrangedby the PPMO for the environmental unit protectionstaff and contractors. 4.The PPMO shouldtrain its staff and the staff of CPMO by holding training courses on culturalrelics protection and spread propaganda among farmers during project implementation. 5. Separate EA reports or tables should be prepared for the constructionof the agriculturalmarkets and agro-processingenterprises. 2.Land occupancy, 1. The access roads shouldbe designed to minimizeland occupy and vegetationdamage. PPMO, Design PEMO 2. Projectshould be planned and designed to avoid/mininmizefarmland acquisition. Unit 1. Water and soil conservationprogram should be prepared both for the water conservancyworks and the upland reclamationactivities. 3.Soil erosion 2. Reasonablyselect earth borrowing and rock excavation sites and soil erosion preventiondesign should be made Design unit PEMO for these sites and the upland reclamation. _ 4.Pesticides LAlternativesshould be selected to replace the highlypoisonous pesticidespresently widely used in the project area Design unit PEMO 4.Pesticidescombinedwith IPM. Design unit PEM2 201 nvironmental EOrganization for Organization issues Environmentalmitigabon measures action in charge I During preliminarydcsign phase, thc designershould consult Schistosomiasisprevention departmentsin Schistosomiasis county/provincelevels to make sure that the measures developed in the design documents are appropriate. Prevention 5.Schistosomiasis 2.Beforeconstruction, the constructionteam shouldconsult the designer and related Schistosomiasisprevention Department/ PEMO departments to make sure that the team fullyknows how,to carry out the Schistosomiasisprevention measures Contractor during real construction; 6.Labor camp I.The constructionlabor camp should be designed to be located away from agricultural fields as far as possible. Designunit PEMO B. Constructionstage 1. The mixing plants shouldbe set up at the leewardside and 300m away from the sensitive locationsof residences, hospitals and schools and be equipped with sealing device, shock absorber and dust remover. 2. Labor protection measuresshould be provided to the operators of the constructionmachine such as eye mask and mouth mask. I.Air Quality Contractor PEMO 3. Bulk constructionmaterials transportedby truck should be coveredto prevent spillage as much as possible. 4. The storage of the bulkconstruction materials shouldbe covered and kept over 300m away from the school and village sensitive locations.5. Hauling roads and constructionsite, particularlythe mixing plants, shouldbe sprayed from tirne to time to prevent secondarydust flying. I.The waste oil coming from machinerymaintenance should be disposed in specifiedcontainers and removedto proper landfills. 2.Waterpollution 2. Solidwaste uwith oil shouldnot be cast about at random, but should also send to landfills. Contractor PEMO 3. Constructionmaterial should be covered with rain-proof means and kept far away from water wells or other water sources; 203 Environrnental E_t measures Organization for Organization issues action in charge 1. To reduce the area and number of construction sites as much as possible, constructionshould be made in designed site and the earth borrowing and care must be taken to prevent enlargementof waste areasto minimizethe areas of exposed soil. 2. During construction,a comprehensiveplan for earth and stone borrowingand dumpingshould be prepared to try to keep a balancebetween filling and excavations to reduce waste matenal. 3. The waste earth and stone chips if cannot be used in constructionshould be piled in designatedareas and be removedto dump sites. If no assigned dumpsites are availablethey could be compactedlayer-by-layer and protected by surroundingretaining walls, and then be timely coveredwith vegetation. 4. After the canal constructionis finished, on such canals that the canals is designed in fill material, vegetation plantingshould be arranged to cover the exposed side slope. To get the best effect, the side slope plantationshould 3.Soil erosion ,Contractor PEM0 be completedone month in advanceto the rainy season. 5. Reclaimingand planting measures should be taken after completionof the borrowingand disposal sites. 6. For the waste bank near farmland, reclamation for agriculturaluse shouldbe considered. 7. Crops could be planted after land is leveled and soil fertility is improved. 8. The excavated surface soil should be piled separately to be used as the raw materials for waste bank, canal embankmentand farmland reclamation. 9. Duringconstruction of hillside canals, cutting shouldbe avoided duringrainy days. Sand bag, silt fence and/or straw mat shouldbe used to on the down slope side of cut areas to reduce soil erosion and prevent increasein river sedimentload. 10.No activities(project developmentor staging areas) should impact slopes greater than 25°. 205 Environmental Environmentalmitgation Organizationfor Organization issues action in charge l.Septic tank and garbage tank shall be set up at constructioncamp, which are to bc cleared by the contractor periodicallyso to prevent outbreakof disease. 2. Drinkingwater that complieswith hygienestandard shall be provided at the site. 3. Constructionteams must adhere to labor protectionregulations to provide periodicphysical examinationto workers. 3.Labor camp 4. Full-timehealth worker shouldbe arrangedby the construction teams to provide medicalguaranteeing for the Contractor PEMO constructionworkers, free condom should be availablein each labor camp. 5. The health worker should periodicallydeliver hygienic knowledge and education to the constructionworkers. 6. Local PMOs should arrange local governmentalepidemic prevention institutionsto monitor periodicallythe epidemic situationin the constructionsites. 1. If there is residentialarea within300m from the construction site, construction activitiesare forbidden at 22:00-6:00 at night, 12:00-14:00 in day time, the construction teams shouldcomply with this regulation. 2. The access roads shouldbe selected away from such sensitive locations as schools, residencesand hospitals. 3. When dense residencesexist 50m within accessroad, night transportation of buildingmaterials is forbidden.For lorries transportingconstruction materials by the existing roads, the contractor shouldpay attention to the maintenanceof the lorries and keep the noise producedat a minimumlevel. 4.Noise 4. When the constructionsite is close to school, no constructionwork with heavy noise machines should be arranged Contractor PEMO at school time; whenthe constructionsite is close to densely populated residence,construction work with strong noise machines shouldnot be arranged at nighttime.In case that the above constructionwork has to be proceeded, consultationmust be made with the residents who may be impacted,or proper compensationmust be paid. To reduce the noise pollution of constructionmachineries, mobile noise isolationcan be used. 5. The constructionoperator's work time shouldbe arranged in accordancewith the labor hygienestandard, and personal protectionmeasures such as wearingearplugs and helmets, etc. shouldbe provided to the operators. 207 Environmental Environmental mitigaton Organization Organization issues for action in charge 1. Construction scheme shouldbe reasonably arrangedto reduce the time of temporary land occupancy. 2. Contractors shouldreasonably arrangc with the farmers withregard to land occupancy,keep the temporary land occupationto minimum,and reclaim the land in a timelymanner after completionof the project construction. 5.Land occupancy 3. Earth borrow"ingand waste disposal shall be conductedin strict accordancewith design requirementsso to well Contractor PEMO protect and restore the surrounding environment.The surface soil (30cm) of the acquired farmlandshall be kept for reclaimingand compensation. 4. Constructionvehicles shouldrun on access ways, not in agriculturalfields and woodlands. I.The constructionactivities should be reasonably organized. An on duty system shouldbe established to guarantee 6.Villagetraffic the smooth operation of traffic and traffic safety. Transportationof constructionmaterials at rush hours shouldbe Contractor PEMO avoided,the construction team is required to make a reasonabletransportation plan. 1. Based on the constructionprogress and layout, the constructionteam should make, at stages and in batches, a thorough mivestigationof the snail distribution in each constructionsite, especiallythe earth- borrowing,excavation and refilling sites. 2. At the early stage of construction,earth burying and Molluscicideswill be used to control snails and Cercaria in earth borrowing/fillingsites. 3. The earthwork entailed by the project should be borrowedin the islet, where snails are distributed, and by cutting the snail isolationditches so as to effectivelydestroy the environmentfor snail growth and multiplication. 7. Shistosomiasis 4. Educate the constructionworkers not to contact the epidemicwater bodies as much possible In such cases that they Contractor PEMO have to, they must wear snail-proofingcotton stockings,boots and trousers or apply snail-resistantmedicine to exposed body parts; before entering water. 5. All affected workers should be examined by serologymethod to determine the infectedrate of Schistosomiasis. 6. Set up barrier and sentry posts for protection so that people avoid infection areas duringrainy season. 7. Borrow areas shouldbe graded to prevent establishmentof shallow water bodies, a suitable ecology for mosquito and snailbreeding, at later stage of construction. . 8. The SchistosomiasisPrevention Departmentshould be contractedto monitor and control the population of snails. 209 Environmental Organization for Organizatio issues ~~~~~~~~~Environmentalmitigationmeasures ato ncag issues action n in charge I. Contractors should enhanceworkers' awareness of protection of natural resources and wildlife,and educatethem not to enter the core area of the natural reserves, not to hunt wildlife and/or damage vegetation insidethe resenres. 2. Constructionmachineries should be kept far from natural resenres and wildlife habitats; in case that construction activitynear these areas cannot be avoided, effort should be made to reduce noise as low as possible. 8.Naturalreserves and 3. Earth borrowing,stone excavation and waste disposal sites shouldbe located far from natural reservesand lwildlife Contractor, EI PEMO wildlife habitats habitats. 4. With respect to the migratorybird habitats, project construction activitiesshould be coordinatedso that no construction takes place during peak periods of migratory birds wintering (Novemberand December).More detailedreview of the actual winteringperiods withinthe lakes and the peak periods shouldbe obtained to finalize the acceptableconstruction period(s). I.Inform contractors and construction workers on recognition of culturalrelics and importanceof protectingthem. 9.Culturalrelics During construction,if cultural relics are found, then constructionshould stop and the supervisoryengineer and the Contractor, JCRB, JPCRAI PEMO environmentalinspector will protect the site, and concerneddepartment will be notified to handle it. 10.Minoritynationality 1. Respect the customs of minoritynationalities during constructionin area inhabitedby minoritynationalities. Contractor PEMO C. Operationalphase 1Land acquisition 1. Provide compensationto the affected farmers according to the related national policy,and developdetailed programs Local PMOs PPMO, for land compensationand employmentarrangement. PEMO 1. Improveefficiency of agro-chemicalsapplication and control of the use of pesticidesbased on a practical IPM, to be incorporatedinto the agro-extensionprogram and farmer training program; 2.1ncreased 2. Improve watershedmanagement and agriculturalpractices based on findingsof proposed appliedresearch, to be application of included in the extensionprogram. Promote timelyand well balanced applicationof fertilizers; PPMO, Local PEMO fertlizer and PMOs EPBs pesticides 3. It is suggestedthat the PPMO strictly carry out IMP, agro-extensionprogram and fanner training programduring project implementation; 4. PPMO should camyout the environmental monitoringplan developedin this EA. 211 Environmental Environmentalmitigation measures Organizationfor Organization issues I action in charge 1. Develop a programfor Schistosomiasiscontrol and health improvementin the irrigationdistricts of Pengze and Yongxiucounties, wvhich is suggestedto be combined withthe 10" 5 Years' Plan for SchistosomiasisControl of these two counties. The programsould be contracted to the SchistosomiasisPrevention Department. 2. Design and manage canals to minimizeweed growth; provide access roads to canals and drains for treatment and removal of weeds; 3. Any lowlyareas such as earth borrowingpits lefl behind afler project construction shouldbe graded to prevent 3.1mpactof ,p &%tablishmentof shallowwater bodies, a suitable ecologyfor mosquito and snail breeding; PPMO, Shistosomiasison 5. Disseminateknowledge of Schistosomiasisand preventionmeasures to farmers and educate them to take such Schistosomiasis project sustainability measures when engaged in fanning activitiesin snail distributed areas; Prevention and success. 6. The PPMO must implementthe monitoringitems of Schistosomiasisin EMP and prepare yearly evaluationreport on Department snailhabitats, snail densityand incidenceof Schistosomiasisin the project area. D.cignp cm .alzto e ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~s;, ^'..A*ny io'^y ar cu^h ns t tbv ,,vng pits lcft bchnd nfter project ce.,tuictizn cho'Adbe graded to prevan't e.stbl u11dL.t uf ZISAllu,w,nwt bo~dies,n sitabe cl6g for mosquito an's'rnail hrmedirg; &rD; z lwutlcL.. ,1i.5f Sc itG3Cmiidsisuxd pr. c~u.uteas,res t a~ dctc thmtozkc -sih ~we&sxci vern enxgageuin ta fn i_tc n~.i ~b.z c~ D. Environmnental monitoring . . . Constructionphase 1. Monitoringitems: TSP ILAirQuality 2. Monitoringfrequency: once each quarter or at random Local EMSs PEMO 3. Monitoringtime: I to 2days 4. Monitoringspots: In constructionsites from which there is large residentialarce within I 00m. 213 Environmental Environmentalmitigation measures Organization for Organization issues action in charge Construction phase 1. Monitoringitems: Oncc/monthor by random. 2 Noise El PEMO 2. Monitoringtime: Once/day,Once/ night 3. Monitoring spots: In constructionsites from wvhichthere is large residentialarea wvithinI 00m, Pre-Constructionphase 1. Monitoring items:Total Phosphorus,Total Nitrogen,Nitrate, DissolvedOxygen, DDT, Demethoate 2. Monitoring frequency:Once 3. Monitoringtime: 1- 2 days 4. Monitoring spots: Hengfeng/GangbianRiver, Yaoyuan Reservoir,Huangten Village, WuninglQingjiang river, Datian Reservoir,Qingjiang Village; Pengze/Xinqiao River, Boqiao Village,Baishi Village;Gan/Shivuan River, Jingpan Reservoir.Shivuan; NanchenglMayuan Rive, Mayuan Reservoir,Shongiiapai El>al EMSs PEMO 3.Surfacewater Operation phase 1. Monitoring items:Total Phosphorus,Total Nitrogen,Nitrate, Dissolved Oxygen,DDT, Dcmethoate 2. Monitoring frequency: 5 years, once/year. 3. Monitoring time: I to 2days 4. Monitoring spots: Hengfeng/GangbianRiver, Yaovuan Reservoir, Huangten Village;Wuning/Qingjiang river, Datian Reservoir,Qingjiang Village; Pengze/Xinqiao River, Boqiao Village,Baishi Village; Gan/Shiyuan River, Jingpan Reservoir,Shiyuan; Nancheng/Mayuan Rive. Mayuan Reservoir,Shongiiapai. Pre-Constructionphase 1. Monitoring items:Total P,N, nitrate,DDT 4.Ground Water 2. Monitoring frequency:Once Local EMSs PEMO, 3. Monitoringtime: one day CPMOs 4. Monitoring spots: Hengfcng/Lingxi Village, Wuning/ Datian Village, Pengze/ Baishan Village,Gan/ Xingjiagyun,Nancheng/ Shongjiapai. 215 nvironmental En Organization for Organization issues Environmentalmitigation measures action in charge Operation phase 1. Monitoringitems: Total P,N, nitratc, DDT 2. Monitoringfrequency: 5 years, once/year. 3. Monitoringtime: one day 4. Monitoringspots: Hengfeng/Lingxi Village, Wuning/Datian Village, Pengze/ Baishan Village, .______Gan/Xingjiangvun,Nancheng/ Shongjiapai. Constructionphase 1. Monitoringitems: Epidemicdiseases includinghepatitis, dvsentery,typhoid fever, hemorrhagicfever, Local sanitary and 5. Public Health leptospirosis,swooping cough and tuberculosis. anti-epidemic PEMO 2. Monitoringfrequency: once institutions 3. Monitored targets:construction workers Constructionphase 1. Monitoringitems: Schistosomiasis 2. Monitoringfrequency: 2 times Local sanitary and 6.Schistosomiasis 3. Monitored targets: Schistosomiasisin the irrigationareas in Pengze and Yongxiucounties. Shistosomiasis PEMO Operation phase prevention I Monitoringitems: Schistosomiasis institutions 2. Monitoringfrequency: 2 times 3. Monitoredtargets: Schistosomiasisin the irrigation areas in Pengze and Yongxiucounties. Pre-Constructionphase Provincial 1. Monitoringitems: The boundary of the natural reserve under monitoring and the boundary of the construction PPMO Provincial Natural sites near it; the habitatingscope of the vildlife within it. , Prvc Reserve 7.NaturalReserves 2. Monitoredtargets: TaohonglingSika (Cervus nipponkopsci) Natural Reserve, located in Pengze County, Administrative Administrati Yihuang South China Tigcr (Pantheratigris arnoyensis)Natural Reserve in Yihuang County, JiulianMountain ydepartineve Natural Reserve in Longnan County, YanglingNatural Reserve in Congyi County and the over vintering habitats department Department, of rare migratorybirds in the Fang Lake and Taipo Lake irrigation areas in Pengze County. PEMO Note: JPCRAI- Jiangxi Provincial Cultural Relics Archaeological Institute. EMS- Environrnental Monitoring Station. 217 9.2 EnvironmentalMonitoring Plan The purpose of this Section is to assemble the inputs on monitoringneeds for the various environmentalissues, and to put these together to prepare a sound environmentalmonitoring program.The programaims at achievingthe followingobjectives: To ensure that all the mitigationmeasures specified in the EIA will actuallybe carried out; and To evaluate the monitoringdata to determinewhether the project as planned (includingdesign and operationalprocedures) is actuallyfurnishing adequate environmental protections and if not, to indicate the correctionmeasures that is needed. 9.2.1 MonitoringItems The monitoringprogram includesmonitoring for each of the individualenvironmental issues as identifiedin Chapter 6. 9.2.2 MonitoringImplementer Implementationof the monitoringprogram is the responsibilityof the project's.Provincial EnviromnentalManagement Office (PEMO). According to the jurisdiction zoning of the projectarea, the correspondingmunicipal environmental monitoring stations will monitorwater quality, air quality, and noise levels. Schistosonmiasisprevention stations and anti-epidemic disease stations will monitor the Schistosomiasisand epidemic diseases in the project area. Contracts shouldbe signed between the PPMO and the monitoringstations before monitoring starts. The Els will be responsiblefor requesting for monitoringactivities by the respective monitoringstations, wheneverthe situationarises. 9.2.3 MonitoringReport System The environmental monitoring report system is shown in Fig.9-5. When each of the monitoringwork is completed,the monitoringstation should submit the monitoringreport to the PPMO and the higher administrativedepartment of enviromnentalprotection or public health. The PPMO should submit the environmentalquality report to the World Bank once every quarter duringconstruction phase and once every year duringoperation phase. 9.2.4 Pre-constructionMonitoring The pre-constructionmonitoring program is designedto achievetwo objectives. The first is to check the final designs and specificationsand the constructioncontract documentsto ensure that all mitigationmeasures identified in the EIA report are included. The second is to assess the existingconditions, including seasonal variability of the variousparamneters. The proposed monitoringplan for each componentis as outlinedbelow. 219 | SEPA | |EOo DC| |WrdBn ILocal EPB/SB PPMO Municipal Monitoring Stations| IPSD-JiangxiProvincial Sanitary Department SB-sanitarybureau Fig. 9-5 Monitoring Report Chart Land Use: The main monitoringitems include: -To check the final designs and specificationsto be sure the environmentalmitigation measures for possible farmlandoccupancy due to constructionactivities such as irrigationand drainage canal rehabilitation,rural road upgradingand market constructionare included;and -To prepare a map of existingland use and croppingpatterns to providebackground conditions for comparisonof land use changes in constructionand operationperiods. Public Health:The monitoringitems include: -To check the final designs and specificationsto be sure all mitigationmeasures for epidemic diseases and especiallyShistosomiasis are included;and -To check the constructioncontract documents to be sure all mitigation measures during constructionperiod are included. Surface Water Quality: The project implementationplans calls for increasing applicationof fertilizer,especially N and P in all project areas and pesticidesin some of the irrigationareas that could potentiallyhave negative impact on water quality. Findings of the EA study team indicate that even at present fertilizer applicationrates, the P loading in the Poyang Lak-eis above permissiblelevels. The pre-constructionsurface water-monitoring program is designed to establishbackground data from which future water qualitywill be evaluated. Accordingto the geographic positions and the features of the watersheds where the proposed irrigation schemes are located, five representativerivers are selected to be includedin this program. The monitoringprogram is presented in Table9-3. Natural Reserves: In those counties that the proposedprojects are close to the naturalreserves, or the preliminaryplans show that there is a potential encroachmentinto the natural reserves, the PEMO shouldmake sure that such encroachmentdoes not occur. The preliminarydesigns might have to be amendedto reflect the enviromnentalrequirements according to the laws and regulationof PRC. 220 TABLE 9-3 PRE-CONSTRUCTIONSURFACE WATER QUALITYMONITORING PROGRAM County! Sectionsto beImlenr Items to be monitored Frequency Implementer River monitored Wuning/ Datian Reservoir, The PEMO is responsible Qingjiang Qingjiang Village for the implementation of HeDngfengl Yaoyuan this prograrn, and will angbang/ Reservoir,Huangten entrust the corresponding Gangbian Village Total Phosphorus, One o2municipal Total Nitrogen, Nitrate, Once I to 2 Pengze! Boqiao Village, Dissolved Oxygen, days environmental monitornng Baishi Village stations to undertake the Xinqiao DDT, demethoate monitoring tasks. Gan/ Jingpan Reservoir, Shiyuan Shiyuan Nancheng/ Mayuan Reservoir, Mayuan Shongj iapai Ground Water Quality: This monitoring program is designed (as shown in Table 94) based on the local geological structure and infiltration status of shallow ground water. TABLE 9-4 PRE-CONSTRUCTIONGROUND WATER QUALITY MONITORINGPROGRAM County! Section to be Items to be area monitored monitored Frequency Implementer Wuning Datian Village The PEMO is responsible for the Hengfeng Lingxi Village Total P, N, implementation of this program, Pengze PengzeBaTshanaishanVillag Village nitrae,otal DDTDD Once and will entrust the corresponding Gan Xingjiangyun municipal environmental Nancheng Shongjiapai monitoring stations to undertake the monitoring tasks. Dam Safety: Within the project pilot irrigation areas there are 69 dams exceeding 15 meters in height and/or 2.5 million cubic metes in storage capacity. According to the Operational Policy 4.37-Safetyof Dams of the World Bank, the Bank requires the borrower to cause the owner to perform the measures for assessing dam safety set out in certain paragraphs of this Policy. Detailed monitoring on dam safety is to be carried out by pertinent qualified engineering institution entrusted by the owner or the PPMO prior to any irrigation rehabilitation and construction. The task of PEMO on dam safety is to check and monitor the results to ensure that this issue is well handled by the dam owner and/or PPMO. 9.2.5 Construction Monitoring The construction monitoring programs are designed to evaluate construction activities and meet the established criteria. The construction of the project will bring about some adverse impacts on environmental parameters including air quality, vegetation, soil erosion, acoustic 221 enviromnent, public health, community interest, biological resources, etc. Air Quality: Dust control methods implemented to reduce construction generated dust levels will be spot checked throughout the construction period to evaluate their effectiveness and provide the basis for additional measures (as required). Table 9-5 presents air quality monitoring program for the project areas. TABLE9-5 CONSTRUCTIONAIR QUALITYMONITORING PROGRAM MonitoringSite Item Frequency SamplingTiming hiiplementer The PEMOis responsiblefor the Constr-uctionsitesOnce/each Once in the morning implementationof this program, where large and will entrust the corresponding TSP quarter, and once in the residential area I-2days afteroon. municipal environmental widin 100m. monitoringstations to undertake the monitoringtasks, as needed. Noise: The construction noise-monitoring program is designed (see Table 9-6) to monitor the impact of construction noise on the near residents. For noise-producing construction activities far away from residential areas, this monitoring is unnecessary. The El is responsible to determine if such monitoring is necessary. If monitoring is found necessary, the El should contact the appropriate authorities to conduct the monitoring. TABLE9-6 NOISEMONITORING PROGRAM DURING CONSTRUCTION Site Monitored Frequency Monitoring Monitoringtiming Implementer Environmentally-sensitivesites _ hi 100 of construction site ~Atrandom 1-day Once/day,Once/ night ElUEMS within I100m of constructionsite Soil Erosion and Vegetation Recovery: According to the water and soil conservation laws of the PRC, the PEMO should request a water and soil conservation institution to monitor vegetation damage (including area and types of vegetation), soil erosion status, etc. incurred by construction activities such as earth borrowing, rock cutting and filling back, storage of materials and temporary occupation of land entailed be access roads, etc. The water and soil conservation institution should also be entrusted to conduct an assessment of the implementation of the mitigation measures performed by the construction teams: Public Health: The PEMO will entrust the corresponding municipal anti-epidemic stations to duly monitor the epidemic and contagious diseases among the construction workers and especially those coming outside in the construction area. The monitoring program is presented in Table 9-7. The Els will be responsible to identify the onset of any epidemic and infonn the respective agency. 222 TABLE 9-7 PUBLICHEALTH MONITORING PROGRAM DURING CONSTRUCTION Location Monitoring Monitoring Items limplementer Subjects Construction Epidemicdiseases including hepatitis, dysentery, sites in each Construction typhoid fever,hemorrhagic fever, leptospirosis, PEMO irrigatio areaworkers swoopingcough and tuberculosis;Schistosomiasis rrgationarea (limited to the area where Schistosomiasis exists) Waste Disposal: The key monitoringwork on this issue is to be done by the Els. The Els' work is to make sure that the constructionteam piles and disposeswaste materials (including buildingdregs, domesticgarbage etc.) in places and ways as designedin project final design. Surface and Groundwater Contamination: Soil and water pollution by the oil/machine oil/fuel/paintcoming from constructionmachinies could cause serious environmentalimpact on the natural environment. The El will be responsibleto inspect the contractor'smachinery and if any fuel/oil leakage were observed,he would be responsible to instruct the contractor to immediatelyrepair the equipment. He shouldalso make sure that fueling/stagingareas are far from any surface water (river, lakes, wetlands, etc.) and open wells to prevent any accidental spill into the water sources. If an accidentalspill occurs, he is responsibleto quickly contain the contaminationand informthe appropriateauthorities to clean up the contamination. Soil Erosion and Surface Water SedimentLoading: Soil erosion could occur at construction sites, alongareas of cut and fill such as irrigationcanals and duringdam safety activitiesaround water conveyancestructures (dams, weirs, sluices,spillways, etc.). Such erosion could cause increase in river sedimentload that could negatively impact aquatic flora and fauna. The El will be responsible to identify areas that could cause such impacts and should direct the contractorto provide adequatesoil conservationmeasures along the slope such as hay-bale,silt fence and/or fiber mats to prevent increase in the sedimentload of rivers and lakes within the project area. 9.2.6 Monitoring During Operational Period During project operation, environmental impacts will be mainly reflected in a possibly increasedapplication of fertilizerand pesticides,which might impact the aquatic environment including surface water, ground water and aquatic biology. The following parameters should be monitored during the operational phase of the project. Surface Water Quality: The monitoring items are the same as listed in Table 9-3. The monitoringduration anidfrequency are as follows: continuedmonitoring for a minimum of 3 years, once a year, takingmixed samples. Ground Water Quality: The monitoring items are the same as listed in Table 9-4. The monitoringduration and frequencyare as follows:continued monitoring for 3 years, once a year, 223 taking mixed samples. Public health: The monitoring item is Shistosomiasisand monitoring targets include the residents and livestock in the infested areas. The monitoringduratlon and frequency are as follows:continued monitoring for 3 years, once a year. Natural Reserves: In those counties where the project sub-components(irrigation, market, or agriculturalenterprise) are witllinthe research area of the natural reserve or in close proximity of the natural resources, there is a need to monitorthe potential impacts of the project on the natural reserve. The monitoring activities will differ from project to project based on the nature of the sub-componenitand might include water quality, effluent monitoring, noise measurement, air pollution review, etc. The decision on the factors to be monitored is the responsibilityof the PEMO officer. 9.2.7 MonitoringBudget An estimated budget for the implementationof the monitoringprograms of the project area is listed in Table 9-8. The cost during pre-construction monitoring is 15,000Y (RMB), 240,OOOYduring constructionphase and 195,OOOYduring operationphase. The total cost of environmentalmonitoring is estimatedas 450,000 Y This budget doesn't include the cost for dam safety examination. The cost for checking the project design document during pre-constructionphase is also excludedfrom the budget. 224 TABLE 9-8 ESTIMATEDCOSTS FORENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN Stage Item Cost (YlOOOO) Pre-construction SurfaceWater Quality (Base line data) 1.0 Ground Water Quality (Baseline data) 0.5 Dam Safety Sub-total 1.5 Construction phase Air Quality 3.0 AcousticEnvironment 3.0 Vegetation/soilerosion 10.0 Water Quality 5.0 Waste Disposal 2.0 Schistosomiasis/publichealth 1.0 Sub-total 24.0 Operational phase Surface Water Quality 5.0 Ground water Quality 2.5 ______X ______Vegetation cover/Soil erosion control 10.0 Schistosomiasis 2.0 Sub-total 19.5 Total 45.0 Note:Data on Shistosomiasisduring operation phase can be obtainedfrom the localShistosonilasis PreventionDepartments. 9.3 Environmental Training Plan 9.3.1 Training Objectives The objective of the Environmental Training Program (ETP) is to provide training for Els and environmental personnel of PEMOs to enable them to ensure implementation of the mitigation and monitoring plans specified in the EIA during final design, construction and operation of the project. 9.3.2 Training Courses The following courses will be included in the ETP: Understanding and applying of laws, regulations, standards and nonns of the Chinese government concerning enviromnental protection; Environmental management criteria utilized by the World Bank; Environmental teclmology and environmental monitoring techniques including: - Role and function of vegetable cover; - Status of regional surface water system and water resources; - Status of regional hydrogeology and distribution of ground water; 225 - Status of regionalhydrogeology and distributionof groundwater; - Knowledgeon soil erosioncontrol measures; - Impactof fertilizerapplication amount and techniqueson environment; - Impactof pesticidesapplication amount and techniqueson environment; - Impactof constructionactivities on naturalreserves and wildlife; - Knowledgeon culturalheritage and basic knowledgeon their protection; - Usual epidemicdiseases and their incidenceand preventionmeasures; and - Elementaryknowledge on enviroimnentalmonitoring; Watersampling and samplepretreatment for analysisof differentelements; Preparationof reportson environmentalissues; Environmental management plan; Specificduties of Els in evaluatingenviromnental performance of constructionteams; There are 9 irrigation areas where Schistosomiasisexists, and some irrigation areas near or inside natural reservesor over winteringhabitats of rare migratorybirds. The Els in these areas shouldalso attendthe followingadditional training courses that will be held by PEMO: - The livinghistory of Schistosomiasisand its pathologicalcharacteristics; The identificationof the host (snail), and basic knowledgeof preventivemeasures; -The type and scope of naturalreserves; and -The protectionmeasures for wildlifeand naturalreserves. 9.4 Budgets 4Lf0, 000 Table9-8 shows the estimatedbudget, Y 425O,0G,for the environmentalmonitoring program. Table 9-9 shows the estimated budget, Y 452,500, for salary of the staff of PEMO (including Els) for preparation,construction and operationperiods of JIAMP. Table9-10 shows the estimatedbudget, Y36000, for the environmentaltraining program. Table9-11 showsthe overallenviroiunental management cost estimate,Y-2,427-,94-5. TABLE9-9 ESTIMATEDSALARY COSTS FOR PEMO AND El STAFF Pre-construction Construction Operation Staff (Half-year) (5 years) (5 years) Total Total Total Total Total Total MMs Cost, Y MMs Cost, Y MMs Cost, Y PEMO Envirorrnentalexpert 6 15,000 25 62,500 60 150,000 Els (6) 1 150 225,000 EstimatedSub-total Cost Y 15,000 Y 287,500 Y 150,000 Total Cost Y 452,500 Notes: o MMs = Chineseprofessional man-month. . Y2,500 is estimatedmonthly cost for environmentexpert, andYI,500 for Els. ' Doesnot include costs for environrmental monitoring and environmental training. 226 TABLE 9-10 TRAININGPROGRAM COSTS No. of Training Length of Unit Rate Total Programn Personnel Classes Tdme, Y/day Y 1. Classroom Training 1.1 Outside Trainer 5 Listed 2/person 800 8,000 1.2 PEMO Staff 7 the ETP 10 200 14,000 1.3 Facilities and Management 5,000 Subtotal 27,000 2. Field/practical Training 2.1 Outside Trainer 1 5 800 4,000 2.2 PEMO Staff 7 Field Trip 5 200 14,000 Subtotal 18,000 Total _ iv% 4t, Ce0O TABLE 9-11 ESTIMATEDTOTAL COST FOR OVERALLENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS, (RMB Y) Item Reference Pre-Construction Constrmction Operations Sub-total Table Period, 0.5 year period, 5 period, 5 years years Environmental Table 9-9 15,000 287,500 150,000 452,500 Management Office _ ._I Training Table 9-100 36000 Program 43, o0o Environmental Table 9-8 15,000 240,000 195,000 450,000 Monitoring Field expenses 120,000 300,000 420,000 Sub-total ,K,000 647,500 645,000 +,358,;0 I, /7,S. Contingencies T,400 64,750 64,500 .J45&8$ /36' ?f (10%) Total 60712,250 709,500 /J& /) 2IJ,9Z 824-02 227 10 Conclusions and Recommendations 10.1 Coiiclusions The environmentaland social analysis of the Jiangxi Integrated AgriculturalModernization Project indicated that while the project would have no major direct negative impact on the natural environment,its overall social impact would be positive. The project, if successfully implemented, should increase agriculturalproduction, hence, improving the economic and social well being of the farmersof the project area in the forms of a reliable supplyof irrigation water which ensures the agricultural production without major irrigation water deficiency inducedyield reduction,and provisionof on-fann research and extensionservices and adequate market system. The proposed project, in general, will have a positive impact on the socio-economicconditions of the farming communitiesby improvingtheir livelihoodthrough increasedpurchasing power. There are, however,a number of unavoidableaspects of project implementation,which, if not well handled, may have potential adverse impacts on both natural environmentand social environmentin some localities. The magnitudeof such impactswill depend on the success of and the manner in which proposed project specific mitigation plans and programs are implemented. The degree of impact could be insignificantif programsare well designed and successfullyimplemented. Alternatively,there could be potentialnegative impacts if adequate and proper planning is not undertakento refine the final stage of these programs. During constructionphase, temporarynegative impacts on local people may arise. Theses impacts include vegetationidamage, temporary land occupancy,soil erosion,public heath deterioration, noise, air, and water pollution,resulting from such activities as constructionof access roads, rehabilitationor reconstructionof main canals, stable soil mixingplants and establishmentof labor camps. Duringoperational phase, potentialenvironmental issues include: Potential cumulative impact of increased application of fertilizers on water quality and eutrophicationin water bodies includingthe Poyang Lake; Potentialimpact due to use of higlhlytoxic pesticidesthat could negativelyimpact not only the aquatic and terrestrialbiota, but also the localand downstreamnresidents; Impact of existing Schistosomiasis on the sustainability and success of the project implementationin the irrigationareas in Pengze and Yongxiucounties; and Social impacts of potential loss of farmland the compensationpolicies associatedwith the constructionof roads, canals, and marketplaces in the projectarea. Regardingeach possible adverseimpact, correspondingmitigation measure is proposed for the purpose of reducing it to minimum. Particularly,regarding the possible increase of non-point sourcepollution, the projectsupports pest managementbased on the projectspecific IPM plans, developedby the PPMO to reduce the use of highly toxic pesticides,presently widely used in the project area. The use of betterwatershed management and best farmingpractices based on the latest findings of farming research to guide farmers to apply fertilizers in a rational and balanced way should also reduce non-point source pollution. Since the project schemes are 229 scatteredand involve a large area of Jiangxi Province,effective implementation of the proposed mitigationmeasures would be a challengeto the project proponent. In order to cope with the complex environmental issues, an environmental management plan (EMP) including institutional strengthening, environmental training and environmental monitoring plan is developed. The EMP should be strictly implementedto ensure that the proposed project would have neithersignificant nor irreversibleadverse impact on the naturalenviromment of the project area. In order to prevent potential negative impacts of the project and to improve the likelihood of having a successfulproject, it is suggestedto develop and arrange for implementationof the followingsub activities: Programs for land compensationand employmentarrangement associated with possible land acquisition; Project specific program for Schistosomiasiscontrol and health improvement in Pengze and Yongxiucounties, to be combinedwith the 10th 5 Years' Plan for SchistosomiasisControl of county; The project areas that appear to potentiallyhave impact or are encroachingnatural reserves sliould be further studiedand ensure that no part of the project is within the buffer or core zone of the natural reserves. Final environmentalapproval of such projects depends on the final review of the project maps and designdocuments, and before approvalof those projects. Water and soil conservationplans shouldbe developedduring the project designphase within areas where cultivationof the fruit trees, and medicinalherbs on sloping lands are proposed to prevent/reduceproject induced acceleratedsoil erosion. 10.2 Recommendations 10.2.1 Follow-up Program A follow-up program is recomnnmendedto analyze the overall impacts of the project implementationand operation. Such program will be served to verify that predictions of impact put forward in the planning stages are as expected, and if not, adequate and timely corrective measures would be developed and implemented. Hence, correctivemeasures can be undertaken before irrevocable impacts have occurred. Infonnation gathered from these programsis also used as input to refine futuredesign. The proposed progran shouldincorporate the monitoringplan as presentedin Chapter9. A number of interim reports should be prepared by the EL/PEMO,as outlined below,to ensure that findings of the EMP are incorporatedin the project design of future sub-projects and a dynamicapproach to EMP is followedby the project; An interimreport at the end of the pre-constructionmonitoring program, to provideinput to the final stage; 230 An interimrep)rt on the completionof constructionactivities; An interimrep)rt at the completionof 3 years of operationand monitoring;and A final report,sunmnarizing impacts and successesof mitigationmeasures. If significantxegative unforeseen negative impact is discerned at any stage, the schedule will allow for a rc-evaluationof the situation and provide sufficienttime to implement further measures. Reports shouldbe submittedto senior PPMO managementand variousregional lined agencies for reviewand comments. 10.2.2 Public Participation The communityand public involvementprocess was initiatedduring the socio-economicsurvey when farmers and village committees were contacted to obtain baseline information. It is imperativethat these processes should continue so that the local farmers feel that they are involvedin the projectand that their views and concernsare being adequatelyconsidered in the project planningprocess. In order for the farmers to participate in the project design more actively,during project pre-appraisal period it was suggestedto the PPMO to developa detailed beneficial parlicipationplan. Presently, a beneficial participationplan for JLAMPhas been prepared by PPMO. This plan details participating activities in each stage of project implementationand participants including farmers, government organizations, NGOs and particularlythe disadvantagedgroups including women and minoritynationalities in the project area. Since no specificsites and dates of participatingactivities are specifiedin this plan, it is suggestedthat the PPMO developa concreteschedule based on the preparedplan to guaranteea smoothimplementation of the plan duringproject implementation. 10.2.3 Support Applied On-farm Research Programs To pursue a sustainableagricultural development in the project area, it is imperativeto improve the present farming practicesbased on the latest findingsof applied on-farmresearches. The success of the project on an enviromnentallysustainable manner depends on a strict and successful implementationof both IPM, prepared by the project, and better watershed managementthrough rational and balanced use of fertilizersand pesticidesincorporation of the findingsof the proposedapplied research. 10.2.4 Review of Future Project Sub-components Since the proposedproject is a phasedproject and not all of the proposedirrigation, market, and agriculturalenterprises sub-componentsare finalized, it is imperativeto develop a screening criteria based on the findingsof the present EA to ensure timely environmentalreview of the future sub-projects,before they could be approvedfor implementation. A series of checklist are developed in this report that shouild be strictly followed before any construction or disseminationof funds couldbe started. 231 11 List of )teferences The followingmaterials have been referred to duringthe preparationof the EA report. 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