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Home , Thirteen Colonies

Chapter 4 Growth of the Thirteen

Section 1: Life in the Colonies Vocab. • Subsistence Farming • • Middle Passage • Cash Crop • Surplus • Tidewater • Backcountry • Overseer • Slave code • Rely • Principal The Colonies

• Subsistence Farming – – Farmers produced just enough food to meet their families needs – Had little left over to trade for profit • Family Work Force – Every member of family labored – Spinning yarn, preserving fruit, milking cows, fencing fields, planting and harvesting grain Commerce in New England

• Small businesses – Large towns attracted craftspeople – Blacksmiths, shoemakers, furniture makers, gunsmiths, metal smiths, and printers – Made enough to sell and trade • Shipbuilding – Lumber from nearby forests • Fishing Colonial Trade

• New England – Trade center between Northern, Middle, and – Also linked America to rest of world • Triangular Trade – Connected the , , and – Routes formed a triangle shape The Middle Passage

• Part of the Triangular Trade • African Slaves were shipped to the ( Islands) – Captured Africans were chained together and given little food or water – Slaves that died or became sick were thrown overboard The

• More fertile soil and milder climate – Produced larger harvests than farms in the • Cash Crops – Used by farmers’ families – Sold easily for profit in colonial markets and overseas Industries of Middle Colonies

• Home-based crafts – Similar to New England Colonies – Examples: carpentry and flour making • Larger Businesses – Lumbering, mining, manufacturing – Many workers immigrated from Germany German Immigrants

• Colonial Era – Nearly 100,000 came to America – Majority settled in – Used successful European agricultural methods • Cultural Diversity – German, Dutch, Swedish, and other non- English immigrants – Created tolerance for differences The Southern Colonies and

• Agriculture – Rich soil and warm climate – Well suited for large scale farming • Most made their living farming • Little industry developed and Rice

• Tobacco – Principal cash crop of and – High demand in Europe – Southern planters used enslaved Africans for the hard labor – Tobacco surplus led to low prices • Rice – Main Cash Crop in and – Price of rice rose; South Carolina and Georgia developed strong economies Tidewater and Backcountry

• Tidewater – of flat, low-lying plains along the coast – Plantations made up most of the farms in this area • Backcountry – West of the Tidewater – Region in the hills and forests near the – Small family farmers settled this area Slavery

• Enslaved Africans – Live on plantation in the southern colonies – Usually suffered great cruelty – Most worked in fields, some did housework • Slave Code – First created in Virginia in 1705 – Strict rules that governed the behavior and punishment of slaves

African Traditions

• Strong family ties – Families often separated when sold – Turned to customs and traditions for strength • Buying Freedom – Some slaves learned trades – Skilled workers could share profits with owner and occasionally were able to buy their freedom Criticism of Slavery

• Southern economic success – Slavery played a major role – Built on idea of one man owning another • Against slavery – Not all southerners owned slaves – Northern and Middle Colonies • Less support for slavery • and condemned slavery – helped start a future war Chapter 4 Growth of the Thirteen Colonies

Section 2: Government, Religion, Culture Vocab

• Export • Import • Charter • • Royal Colony • Successor English Colonial Rule

• – Many people in England unhappy with King James II – 1688: Parliament forced James out and put William and Mary on the throne • Signed English Bill of Rights • Guaranteed certain rights to all citizens – Demonstrated the power of elected representatives English Colonial Rule (cont.)

• Royal Colonies – Ruled by Britain – Seen as an economic resource – Provided England with raw materials • – Passed by parliament to direct trade between England and the colonies – Ensured only England benefited from colonial trade – Controls on trade would eventually cause great conflict between England and the colonies Colonial Government

• Limited and Representative Government – Concept that government is not “all-powerful” – Colonies developed small government that made local – (The Great Charter) • Established principle of limited government • Stated the power of the king or government is limited • Protected people against unjust loss of life, liberty, and property Charter Colonies

• Colonies started and ruled by settlers – Settlers were granted rights to establish colonies – Colonists elected their own and legislature – and Proprietary Colonies

• Established and governed by proprietors – Individuals England granted land to – Free to rule as they wished – The proprietors appointed and upper house – Colonists elected the lower house – , Maryland, and Pennsylvania Royal Colonies

• Directly ruled by Britain – King appointed the governor and upper house (council) – Colonists elected assembly known as lower house – Conflict was common between the colonists’ assembly and the council – Georgia, , , New , New York, , South Carolina and Virginia Voting Rights

• Colonial Legislature – Gave some voice in government – White male property owners – People involved in government was higher in the colonies than any where in Europe – Helped prepare colonists for independance An Emerging Culture

• Great Awakening – Religious Revival in New England and Middle Colonies – Led to many new churches • Religion, education, and arts led to a new “American” culture Family Roles • Colonial families – Formed the basic foundation of colonial society – Men • Formal heads of house • Represented family in community – Married Women • Ran household and cared for children • Under husbands authority; few rights – Unmarried Women • Young women – work for wealthy families as maids or cooks • Widows and other unmarried women could run businesses and own property, but could not vote Education • Very important in the colonies • High levels of literacy – In New England about 85% of men and 50% of women could read – Passed public education laws that required schools • Colonial Schools – Ran by widows and unmarried women, Quakers and other religious groups – Craftspeople – for training apprentices • Colleges were originally founded to train ministers – Harvard – • first college; founded by in Cambridge, Massachusetts The Enlightenment

• European Movement that spread to America – Idea that knowledge, reason, and science could improve society – Increased interest in science – People observed nature, experimented, and published findings – – best-known American Scientist Freedom of the Press

• John Peter Zenger – Published report criticizing governor of New York – Charged with libel (slander) – Found not guilty because what he said was true – Zenger libel trial became important step toward freedom of the press

Chapter 4 Growth of the Thirteen Colonies

Section 3: France and Britain Clash Vocab

• Confederacy • Militia • Convert • Design British-French Rivalry

• Two of the strongest European powers – Competition spread to colonies – Fought over control of – Conflict increased when Britain became interested in the fur trade of the French Valley Native Take Sides

• French had many native allies • Native Americans often helped the French – Never had desire to conquer natives – French men often married native women – French missionaries had passively converted many natives to Catholicism The Iroquois Confederacy

• Most powerful group of Natives in the East • Known to the British as the “Six Nations” – Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and later the Tuscarora – Remained independent by trading with both the British and the French until mid – Allied with British and tipped the balance of power in their favor American Colonists Take Action

• – Worked as a surveyor at age 21 – Sent by governor of Virginia to demand that the French leave Ohio – French refused his demands Washington’s First Command

• Washington and his militia – Sent back to Ohio with 150 men to build a military fort – Discovered that the French had already built Fort Duquesne near modern day Pittsburgh – Fort Necessity • Small outpost established by Washington near French Fort Duquesne – Washington and militia attacked and were captured; eventually released • Became colonial heroes for attacking French of Union

• Benjamin Franklin’s plan for united colonial government – Unite the British Colonies in defense against French under “one general government” – Representatives from colonies met in Albany, New York – None of the colonial assemblies approved plan – Failed because the colonies did not want to give up any of their individual power Chapter 4 Growth of the Thirteen Colonies

Section 4: The Vocab

• Alliance • Speculator • Prospect The British Take Action

• French and Indian War – French built many forts and controlled the heart of North America with native allies – British colonists fought French with little help from England • General Edward Braddock – Appointed as commander and chief of British forces in America Braddock Marches to Duquesne

• Set out for Fort Duquesne in 1755 – 1,400 British soldiers and colonial militia • George Washington – Braddock's Aide – Warned Braddock that his forces were not prepared for fighting the French and Natives – British troops were ambushed – Confused and frightened, the British lost almost 1,000 men and Braddock was killed Britain Declares War on France

• Seven Years’ War – Fighting in America increased conflict in Europe between Britain and France – French and Natives dominated North America early • French troops captured British forts • Native allies raided farms, killed settlers, and burnt houses and fields Pitt Takes Charge

• William Pitt – Secretary of who became Prime Minister of Great Britain – Ran up a large debt to pay for the war effort in North America and raised colonists taxes after the war to pay for the debt • Conquering French – Sent troops under commanders Jeffrey Amherst and James Wolfe – British captured Louisburg, Fort Frontenac, and Fort Duquesne (renamed Fort Pitt) The Fall of

• The Battle of – Capitol of New France; thought to be impossible to capture – James Wolfe’s soldiers attacked and pushed up a poorly defended path up the cliff – British forces defeated the French on the “Plains of Abraham” The

• Treaty of Paris 1763 – End of France as a major power in North America – Forced France to give up Canada and most territory east of Mississippi to Great Britain – Britain also acquired from Spain – Spain took control of French lands west of the Mississippi Trouble on the Frontier

• Native Americans – Weakened from the fall of French allies – Left to deal with British alone – British raised prices of traded goods, and would not pay natives for use of land – British colonists continued west into Native lands Pontiac’s War

• Pontiac – Chief of an Ottawa village near Detroit – Brought native groups together in defense against British • Pontiac’s War – Natives attacked and pushed back settlers along the colonial frontier (especially Virginia and Pennsylvania) – In 1765 Pontiacs allies were defeated Proclamation of 1763

• Halt to settlers’ westward expansion – Prevent fighting between natives and settlers – Set Appalachian Mountains as temporary boundary for colonies – Angered many colonists • Speculators – investors who had purchased land west of the mountains – Beginning of increased conflict between American Colonists and Britain