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Table Des Matieres CMS Technical Series Publication No. 4 Mesures de Conservation pour les Antilopes sahélo-sahariennes. Plan d'Action et Rapports sur le Statut des espèces. Convention sur les Espèces Migratrices i Séminaire sur la conservation et la restauration des antilopes sahélo-sahariennes Djerba, Tunisie 19-23 février 1998 Plan d’Action pour la conservation et la restauration des antilopes sahélo- sahariennes 1998 Préparé pour le Séminaire de Djerba, Tunisie 19-23 février 1998 par : R.C. Beudels – Jamar, P. Devillers et R.M. Lafontaine L’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Sponsorisé par : Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement République Fédérale d’Allemagne : ) Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung ) Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit Tunisie : Ministère de l’Agriculture France : Ministère de l’Environnement Belgique : ) Vlaams Ministerie van Leefmilieu ) Services du Premier Ministre – Affaires Scientifiques, Techniques et Culturelles ii TABLE DES MATIERES Liste des acronymes 1 Avant propos 3 Introduction 5 Déclaration de Djerba 7 Plan d’action Les antilopes 11 Ö Oryx dammah 12 Ö Addax nasomaculatus 18 Ö Gazella dama 22 Ö Gazella leptoceros 26 Ö Gazella cuvieri 30 Ö Gazella dorcas 34 Les états de l’aire de répartition 37 Ö Maroc 38 Ö Algérie 42 Ö Tunisie 46 Ö Libye 50 Ö Egypte 54 Ö Soudan 58 Ö Tchad 62 Ö Niger 66 Ö Mali 70 Ö Mauritanie 74 Ö Sénégal 78 Ö Burkina Faso 82 Ö Nigéria 86 Ö Ethiopie 90 Annexe: Rapports des groupes de travail I i LISTE DES ACRONYMES CMS: The Convention on Migratory Species CMS Secretariat: The CMS Convention Secretariat CMS-SC: The CMS Convention Scientific Council IUCN: The World Conservation Union International Union for Nature Conservation and Natural Resources IUCN ASG: IUCN Antelope Specialist Group of the IUCN Species Survival Commission IUCN CBSG: IUCN Captive Breeding Specialist Group IUCN RSG: IUCN Reintroduction Specialist Group EAZA: European Zoological Association AZA: American Zoological Association SSP/EEP: Species Survival Plans of the EAZA and AZA CMS/CEM: La Convention sur les Espèces Migratrices CMS Secrétariat: Le Secrétariat des la Convention sur les Espèces Migratrices CMS-SC: Le Conseil Scientifique de la Convention sur les Espèces Migratrices UICN: L’Union Mondiale pour la Conservation de la Nature L’Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature et des ressources naturelles UICN ASG: Le groupe des spécialistes des Antilopes de la Commission pour la Survie des Espèces de l’UICN UICN CBSG: Le groupe des spécialistes de la reproduction en captivité de l’UICN UICN RSG: Le groupe des spécialistes de la réintroduction de l’UICN EAZA: L’Association des jardins zoologiques européens AZA: American Zoological Association SSP/EEP: Species Survival Plans of the EAZA and AZA 1 AVANT PROPOS Les zones désertiques et de savanes de la région Sahélo-saharienne au nord de l’Afrique couvrent une superficie plus grandes que la surface totale de l’Australie (7.7 million de km²). La désertification dans cette région est un problème d’environnement global. Les causes de celle-ci sont, entre autres, le surpâturage, les activité agricoles et la surexploitation de la végétation pour des usages domestiques, y compris la surexploitation des arbres et des buissons pour le bois de chauffe (PNUE, Atlas de la Désertification). En conséquence, la dégradation des sols par l’eau et le vent affectent la fertilité des terres. En parallèle et suite à cette évolution négative cette région a perdu de nombreuses antilopes indigènes. Cinq d’entre elles, Oryx dammah, Addax nasomaculatus, Gazella dama, Gazella leptoceros et Gazella cuvieri sont en danger d’extinction imminente et une sixième, Gazella dorcas, est en sérieux déclin. Ces espèces sont d’excellents indicateurs de la surexploitation des ressources naturelles, soit via leur exploitation directe soit, indirectement, via la dégradation des terres. De plus, ces espèces pourraient devenir des éléments très importants de projets de restauration environnementale de vastes zones de cette région. Le renforcement de leurs populations ou leur réintroduction pourraient même être bénéfique à la restauration du couvert végétal, du fait que, contrairement au bétail domestique, elles ne détruisent pas ce couvert végétal, mais sont au contraire d’importants disséminateurs de graines. Elles sont particulièrement bien adaptées à cet environnement aride, peuvent supporter de longues périodes de sécheresse, et sont beaucoup moins sensibles que le bétail au manque d’eau et de pâturages. A l’instar de ce qu’on réalise actuellement en Afrique australe, elles pourraient même un jour, si l’on arrivait à rétablir des populations suffisantes, devenir une source de revenus directs, par la commercialisation de leur viande très appréciée et de leurs cuirs très fins. Ces antilopes sont extrêmement intéressantes et superbes à regarder. Elles pourraient devenir le fer de lance du tourisme, tant de vision que cynégétique. Ces espèces sont potentiellement des atouts majeurs du développement des pays de leurs aires de répartition, à condition de tout mettre en oeuvre pour les rétablir. Ces antilopes sont des espèces migratrices, qui se déplacent sur de grandes distances et qui ne s’embarrassent nullement de considérations politiques concernants les frontières. Elles représentent de ce fait un patrimoine commun des différents Etats de leurs aires de distribution. Ce qui implique des droits d’utilisation rationnelle sur cette ressource et l’obligation commune de la conserver. Ces antilopes sont un élément très important de la diversité biologique de ces régions. Le rétablissement ou la réintroduction de ces espèces dans leurs milieux naturels serait un facteur essentiel de survie ou de restauration de beaucoup d’espèces animales et végétales. Elles pourraient être également de très utiles indicateurs de l’efficacité de la lutte contre la désertification. Les institutions de la Convention sur la conservation des espèces migratrices (la Convention de Bonn ou CMS) a réuni une première fois les experts des différents Etats sahélo-sahariens de l’aire de répartition de ces antilopes ainsi que les experts internationaux afin de favoriser des débats sur la restauration des antilopes menacées de la région (Séminaire de Djerba, Tunisie, 19-23 février 1998). Une première version d’un Plan d’Action fut discutée de façon intensive pendant le Séminaire, et, moyennant quelques amendements utiles, adoptée par consensus. De plus, dans sa « Déclaration de Djerba », le Séminaire prie instamment les autorités des Etats des aires de répartition des espèces concernées, les Etats ne faisant pas partie de ces aires de distribution, les organisations gouvernementales internationales et les organisations non-gouvernementales compétentes de respecter les engagements et d’aider à transformer le Plan d’Action en actions concrètes sur le terrain. Cette recommendation se lit comme suit : « 6. Invite toutes les institutions gouvernementales, nationales et internationales des Etats de l'aire de répartition et celles extérieures à l'aire de répartition, à mettre en œuvre le Plan d'Action et à l'intégrer dans leurs activités, les institutions gouvernementales internationales et supranationales, en particulier les organes de la Convention sur la Diversité Biologique (CBD), de la Convention sur la Désertification, le Fond pour L'Environnement Mondial (FEM), la Banque Mondiale (BM), le Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement (PNUD), le Programme des Nations Unies pour l'Environnement (PNUE), l'Union Européenne, à soutenir la mise en œuvre de ce Plan d'Action en intégrant ses recommandations dans les priorités de leurs programmes de travail et en assistant techniquement et financièrement le développement de la coopération transfrontalière et la mise en oeuvre d'actions concertées, 3 les institutions nationales et supranationales impliquées dans la conservation et l'utilisation durable de la faune et de la flore africaines à collaborer au développement et la mise en œuvre des actions identifiées dans le Plan d'Action. La mise en application conjointe de ce Plan d’Action pourrait devenir un excellent exemple et même un modèle de mise en oeuvre concommittante de plusieurs conventions. La communauté internationale est interpellée pour réaliser ce Plan d’Action sous l’égide de : • la Convention sur la Conservation des espèces migratrices (CMS), • la Convention sur la Diversité Biologique (CBD), • la Convention pour la lutte contre la Désertification (CCD), • et peut-être aussi la Convention cadre sur les Changements Climatiques (FCCC). Le Secrétaire Exécutif du Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement (PNUE), le Dr Klaus Töpfer, déplorait récemment le fractionnement des compétences et des responsabilités entre les divers traités multilatéraux indépendants du secteur de l’environnement. C’est en effet un véritable challenge de voir si les multiples acteurs gouvernementaux et non-gouvernementaux, travaillants dans le cadre des différentes conventions au bénéfice de l’environnement, seront capables et désireux de coopérer pour la restauration des six antilopes sahélo-sahariennes et de leurs habitats. » Ce sera encore un bien plus grand challenge pour la communauté internationale de montrer qu’elle peut être tout aussi efficace à recréer et restaurer des espèces sauvages et les écosystèmes auxquels elles appartiennent, que le fut l’homme pour les détruire. Bonn, Allemagne, le 30 mai 1998. Arnulf Müller-Helmbrecht Secrétaire Exécutif,
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