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LIBYA COMPLEX EMERGENCY 8° 12° 16° 20° 24° !0 !0 7 Mediterranean GREECE TUNISIA Sea !0Sfax 9,200 Egyptians departed on March 3rd 110,331 people 34°crossed into 34° Djerba Tunisia !0 !0 ˜ !0 Ras Adjir !0 Az Zawiyah Ben Gardane !0 Susah (Apollonia) Az Zuwarah !0 !0 4Al Tarabulus (Tripoli) !0 7 !0 Al Bayda Darnah (Derna) 1 2 Al Khums Gulf Al Marj (Barce) Borj Mechehed Al' Aziziyah Zlitan Dahibah 3 5 !0 of 6 !0Tubruq (Tobruk) Misratah Banghazi Gharyan Sidra !0 ALAL MARAJMARAJ DARNAHDARNAH Wazin Yafran Bani Tarhunah (Benghazi) 7!0 !0Salloum Zintan Al Adam Nalut Walid BANGHAZIBANGHAZI Sidi Omar NALUTNALUT Surt (Sidra) Sinawin MISRATAHMISRATAH Ajdabiya Borj Brega Messouda Fort Saint Bin Jawwad !0 Dirj Al Qaryah !0 ALAL BUTNANBUTNAN 90,306 people 30° SURTSURT Marsa Al Burayqah crossed into30° ash Sharqiyah Ras Lanuf Ghadamis Al Jaghbub Egypt A L G E R I El Wahat ALAL JABALJABAL ALAL GHARBIGHARBI Awjilah Hun Waddan Jalu Maradah ALAL WAHATWAHAT Zillah WADIWADI ASHASH SHATISHATI Al Fuqaha E G Y P T Birak ALAL JAFRAHJAFRAH Adiri SIBHASIBHA Sabha Awbari 7 Tarat Tmassah WADIWADI ALAL HAYATHAYAT GHATGHAT 26° 26° Umm al Marzuq Aranib Al' Uwaynat Tazirbu Ghat Waw al Kabir Zighan Al Qatrun ALAL MURZUQMURZUQ Madrusah Al Wigh Al Kufrah Tahrami Rabyanah Al Jawf ALAL KAFRAHKAFRAH Toummo 3,119 people 22° KEY crossed into Niger Ma'tan as Sarra 22° Al Awaynat Location of reported conflict* Crossing Point/ NIGER Point of Departure/ Transit Center** Dirkou Î! National Capital LIBYA Major City CHAD Other City SUDAN INFORM IC AT H IO 7 Airport P N A R U G N O KEY TO STATES I T !0 Sea Port E G U Highway S A 1 AN NUQAT AL KHAMS A D ID F Road 2 AZ ZAWIYAH /DCHA/O 18° 18° *SOURCE: Various Media Reports 3 AL JAFARAH 0 100 200 mi **SOURCE: OCHA, Various Media Reports 4 TARABULUS Original Map Courtesy of the UN Cartographic Section Population Migration numbers from 5 AL MARQAB 0 100 200 300 km The boundaries and names used on this map do OCHA, IOM as of 03/06/2011 6 AL JABAL AL AKHDAR not imply official endorsement or acceptance 03/07/11 12° 16° 20° by the U.S. Government. 24°.

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Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 Eileen Ryan Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 ©2012 Eileen Ryan All rights reserved ABSTRACT Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 By Eileen Ryan In the first decade of their occupation of the former Ottoman territories of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica in current-day Libya, the Italian colonial administration established a system of indirect rule in the Cyrenaican town of Ajedabiya under the leadership of Idris al-Sanusi, a leading member of the Sufi order of the Sanusiyya and later the first monarch of the independent Kingdom of Libya after the Second World War. Post-colonial historiography of modern Libya depicted the Sanusiyya as nationalist leaders of an anti-colonial rebellion as a source of legitimacy for the Sanusi monarchy. Since Qaddafi’s revolutionary coup in 1969, the Sanusiyya all but disappeared from Libyan historiography as a generation of scholars, eager to fill in the gaps left by the previous myopic focus on Sanusi elites, looked for alternative narratives of resistance to the Italian occupation and alternative origins for the Libyan nation in its colonial and pre-colonial past. Their work contributed to a wider variety of perspectives in our understanding of Libya’s modern history, but the persistent focus on histories of resistance to the Italian occupation has missed an opportunity to explore the ways in which the Italian colonial framework shaped the development of a religious and political authority in Cyrenaica with lasting implications for the Libyan nation.
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Libya: Protect Vulnerable Minorities & Assist Civilians Harmed
Libya: Protect Vulnerable Minorities & Assist Civilians Harmed • The Libyan authorities should work with UNSMIL, IOM, the U.S., and other donors to provide protec- tion for displaced sub-Saharan Africans, including through the adoption of migrant-friendly policies and compliance with human rights obligations. • The Libyan authorities should work with UNSMIL, the U.S., and other donors to protect displaced dark-skinned Libyans, foster reconciliation, and provide long-term solutions for them. • The Libyan authorities should request NATO’s, the U.S’s, and UNSMIL’s long-term commitment, and technical and financial assistance to develop an effective security sector capable of protecting civil- ians. • NATO must fully and transparently investigate, and when appropriate make amends for civilian harm incurred as a result of its military operations in Libya. Similarly, the Libyan authorities should ensure all civilian conflict-losses are accounted for and amends offered to help civilians recover. With the death of Muammar Gaddafi a long-standing dictatorship has come to an end. The majority of Libyans are celebrating a new future; but certain groups, including suspected loyalist civilians, sub-Saharan Africans, and ethnic minorities remain displaced and vulnerable to violent attacks. The National Transitional Council (NTC) – the current de facto government of Libya – lacks command and control over all armed groups, including those responsible for revenge attacks. As such, the NTC cannot yet establish or maintain the rule of law. The plight of these vulnerable civilians foreshadows challenges to reconciliation, integration, and equal treatment of all in the new Libya. Further, civilians suffering losses during hostilities have not been properly recognized or assisted.
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Libyan Municipal Council Research 1
Libyan Municipal Council Research 1. Detailed Methodology 2. Participation 3. Awareness 4. Knowledge 5. Communication 6. Service Delivery 7. Legitimacy 8. Drivers of Legitimacy 9. Focus Group Recommendations 10. Demographics Detailed Methodology • The survey was conducted on behalf of the International Republican Institute’s Center for Insights in Survey Research by Altai Consulting. This research is intended to support the development and evaluation of IRI and USAID/OTI Libya Transition Initiative programming with municipal councils. The research consisted of quantitative and qualitative components, conducted by IRI and USAID/OTI Libya Transition Initiative respectively. • Data was collected April 14 to May 24, 2016, and was conducted over the phone from Altai’s call center using computer-assisted telephone technology. • The sample was 2,671 Libyans aged 18 and over. • Quantitative: Libyans from the 22 administrative districts were interviewed on a 45-question questionnaire on municipal councils. In addition, 13 municipalities were oversampled to provide a more focused analysis on municipalities targeted by programming. Oversampled municipalities include: Tripoli Center (224), Souq al Jumaa (229), Tajoura (232), Abu Salim (232), Misrata (157), Sabratha (153), Benghazi (150), Bayda (101), Sabha (152), Ubari (102), Weddan (101), Gharyan (100) and Shahat (103). • The sample was post-weighted in order to ensure that each district corresponds to the latest population pyramid available on Libya (US Census Bureau Data, updated 2016) in order for the sample to be nationally representative. • Qualitative: 18 focus groups were conducted with 5-10 people of mixed employment status and level of education in Tripoli Center (men and women), Souq al Jumaa (men and women), Tajoura (men), Abu Salim (men), Misrata (men and women), Sabratha (men and women), Benghazi (men and women), Bayda (men), Sabha (men and women), Ubari (men), and Shahat (men).
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Nationwide School Assessment Libya Ministry
Ministry of Education º«∏©àdGh á«HÎdG IQGRh Ministry of Education Nationwide School Assessment Libya Nationwide School Assessment Report - 2012 Assessment Report School Nationwide Libya LIBYA Libya Nationwide School Assessment Report 2012 Libya Nationwide School Assessment Report 2012 º«∏©àdGh á«HÎdG IQGRh Ministry of Education Nationwide School Assessment Libya © UNICEF Libya/2012-161Y4640/Giovanni Diffidenti LIBYA: Doaa Al-Hairish, a 12 year-old student in Sabha (bottom left corner), and her fellow students during a class in their school in Sabha. Doaa is one of the more shy girls in her class, and here all the others are raising their hands to answer the teacher’s question while she sits quiet and observes. The publication of this volume is made possible through a generous contribution from: the Russian Federation, Kingdom of Sweden, the European Union, Commonwealth of Australia, and the Republic of Poland. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the donors. © Libya Ministry of Education Parts of this publication can be reproduced or quoted without permission provided proper attribution and due credit is given to the Libya Ministry of Education. Design and Print: Beyond Art 4 Printing Printed in Jordan Table of Contents Preface 5 Map of schools investigated by the Nationwide School Assessment 6 Acronyms 7 Definitions 7 1. Executive Summary 8 1.1. Context 9 1.2. Nationwide School Assessment 9 1.3. Key findings 9 1.3.1. Overall findings 9 1.3.2. Basic school information 10 1.3.3.
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LIBYA’S BRIEF / 12 CONFLICT Nov 2019 A very short introduction SERIES by Wolfgang Pusztai Freelance security and policy analyst * INTRODUCTION Eight years after the revolution, Libya is in the mid- dle of a civil war. For more than four years, inter- national conflict resolution efforts have centred on the UN-sponsored Libya Political Agreement (LPA) process,1 unfortunately without achieving any break- through. In fact, the situation has even deteriorated Summary since the onset of Marshal Haftar’s attack on Tripoli on 4 April 2019.2 › Libya is a failed state in the middle of a civil war and increasingly poses a threat to the An unstable Libya has wide-ranging impacts: as a safe whole region. haven for terrorists, it endangers its north African neighbours, as well as the wider Sahara region. But ter- › The UN-facilitated stabilisation process was rorists originating from or trained in Libya are also a unsuccessful because it ignored key political threat to Europe, also through the radicalisation of the actors and conflict aspects on the ground. Libyan expatriate community (such as the Manchester › While partially responsible, international Arena bombing in 2017).3 Furthermore, it is one of the interference cannot be entirely blamed for most important transit countries for migrants on their this failure. way to Europe. Through its vast oil wealth, Libya is also of significant economic relevance for its neigh- › Stabilisation efforts should follow a decen- bours and several European countries. tralised process based on the country’s for- mer constitution. This Conflict Series Brief focuses on the driving factors › Wherever there is a basic level of stability, of conflict dynamics in Libya and on the shortcomings fostering local security (including the crea- of the LPA in addressing them.
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1 Department of the Treasury Office of Foreign Assets
This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 11/23/2011 and available online at http://federalregister.gov/a/2011-30293, and on FDsys.gov DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY OFFICE OF FOREIGN ASSETS CONTROL REMOVAL FROM THE LIST OF SPECIALLY DESIGNATED NATIONALS AND BLOCKED PERSONS OF CERTAIN ENTITIES LISTED PURSUANT TO EXECUTIVE ORDER 13566 AGENCY: Office of Foreign Assets Control, Treasury. ACTION: Notice. ---------------------- SUMMARY: The Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) is removing from the list of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons (“SDN List”) the names of 42 entities that are listed pursuant to Executive Order 13566 of February 25, 2011, “Blocking Property and Prohibiting Certain Transactions Related to Libya.” DATES: The removal from the SDN List of the 42 entities identified in this notice is effective on November 18, 2011. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Assistant Director for Sanctions Compliance & Evaluation, tel.: 202-622-2490, Assistant Director for Licensing, tel.: 202-622-2480, Assistant Director for Policy, tel.: 202-622-4855, Office of Foreign Assets Control, or Chief Counsel (Foreign Assets Control), tel.: 202-622-2410, Office of the General Counsel, Department of the Treasury (not toll free numbers). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Electronic and Facsimile Availability 1 This document and additional information concerning OFAC are available from OFAC’s Web site (www.treasury.gov/ofac) or via facsimile through a 24-hour fax-on-demand service, tel.: 202/622-0077. Background On February 25, 2011, the President issued Executive Order 13566, “Blocking Property and Prohibiting Certain Transactions Related to Libya” (“E.O. 13566”), pursuant to, inter alia, the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C.
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Peace and Conflict Assessment of Libya
1 Contents 0. Background .......................................................................................................................... 3 1. Understanding conflict and the potential for peace in Libya ...................................... 4 2. Key challenges for international assistance .................................................................. 14 3. Principles for delivering assistance into Libya ................................................................ 15 4. Peacebuilding needs and recommended actions ..................................................... 17 2 0. Background On 2 August 2012, three months before the last shots were fired in Sirte formally ending the civil conflict against the Qaddafi regime, the National Transitional Council outlined a timetable for transition to a democratically governed society. The authors of the transition plan envisaged a rapid 18-month process that would see the creation of a national body to oversee elections, election of a temporary legislative body, appointment of a temporary government, drafting of a national constitution for public endorsement and, ultimately, a fresh set of national elections under the agreed constitution. The initial steps in the plan were relatively successful, as the elected General National Congress (GNC) began its work in July 2012 and appointed Libya’s first publicly mandated government in October 2012. The transition process did not, however, strengthen Libya’s state and society as hoped by its authors and supportive international actors, but instead uncovered and deepened a range of political and social conflicts. The result was a national political divide leading to the creation of two competing governments and legislatures in 2014, both of which claimed national public and legal legitimacy, an escalation in local armed violence across the country resulting at its peak in 500,000 IDPs (8% of the population) and over 1,500 deaths per year,1 and the onset of an economic crisis.
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Libyan Civil Society Organizations and Expand Opportunities for Support and Development
L iby a n Civil Society Organizations ROSTER B e n g h a z i - M i s r a t a - S e b h a - T r i p o l i - Z a w y a - Z u w a r a 2013 - 2015 Copyright © 2014 UNICEF ; UNDP. All rights reserved Acknowledgements UNDP and UNICEF would like to thank the researcher Jean-Louis Romanet Perroux, for designing and managing the mapping research and producing the reports. Many thanks also to the Libyan CSOs who helped conduct the research in very challenging circumstances and to all the CSOs which agreed to participate in the mapping. We also wish to acknowledge the editorial work of Noel Matthews at UNDP in producing this document Request for information: UNDP Libya UNICEF Libya Cover picture: Releasing Freedom sky lanterns at Martyrs' Square, Tripoli, Feb 16th 2014, Abbas Toumi 1 Table of contents Introduction 3 Benghazi CSO roster 8 Misrata CSO roster 26 Sebha CSO roster 33 Tripoli CSO roster 41 Zawia CSO roster 61 Zuwara CSO roster 64 2 The first and foremost objective of this project is to benefit all Libyan civil society activists and organizations. The hope is that it will help strengthen cooperation, increase awareness about the work of Libyan civil society organizations and expand opportunities for support and development. Introduction In the wake of the 17 February 2011 civil uprising in Libya, civil society organizations were able to proliferate in a newly found participatory climate. Given the importance of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) to ensure the development of an inclusive and stable society in the new Libya, a number of International Organizations, bilateral and multilateral donors and International Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are supporting the Libyan Government to both engage with and encourage the growth of civil society.
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The Human Conveyor Belt : Trends in Human Trafficking and Smuggling in Post-Revolution Libya
The Human Conveyor Belt : trends in human trafficking and smuggling in post-revolution Libya March 2017 A NETWORK TO COUNTER NETWORKS The Human Conveyor Belt : trends in human trafficking and smuggling in post-revolution Libya Mark Micallef March 2017 Cover image: © Robert Young Pelton © 2017 Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Global Initiative. Please direct inquiries to: The Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime WMO Building, 2nd Floor 7bis, Avenue de la Paix CH-1211 Geneva 1 Switzerland www.GlobalInitiative.net Acknowledgments This report was authored by Mark Micallef for the Global Initiative, edited by Tuesday Reitano and Laura Adal. Graphics and layout were prepared by Sharon Wilson at Emerge Creative. Editorial support was provided by Iris Oustinoff. Both the monitoring and the fieldwork supporting this document would not have been possible without a group of Libyan collaborators who we cannot name for their security, but to whom we would like to offer the most profound thanks. The author is also thankful for comments and feedback from MENA researcher Jalal Harchaoui. The research for this report was carried out in collaboration with Migrant Report and made possible with funding provided by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway, and benefitted from synergies with projects undertaken by the Global Initiative in partnership with the Institute for Security Studies and the Hanns Seidel Foundation, the United Nations University, and the UK Department for International Development. About the Author Mark Micallef is an investigative journalist and researcher specialised on human smuggling and trafficking.
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International Medical Corps in Libya from the Rise of the Arab Spring to the Fall of the Gaddafi Regime
International Medical Corps in Libya From the rise of the Arab Spring to the fall of the Gaddafi regime 1 International Medical Corps in Libya From the rise of the Arab Spring to the fall of the Gaddafi regime Report Contents International Medical Corps in Libya Summary…………………………………………… page 3 Eight Months of Crisis in Libya…………………….………………………………………… page 4 Map of International Medical Corps’ Response.…………….……………………………. page 5 Timeline of Major Events in Libya & International Medical Corps’ Response………. page 6 Eastern Libya………………………………………………………………………………....... page 8 Misurata and Surrounding Areas…………………….……………………………………… page 12 Tunisian/Libyan Border………………………………………………………………………. page 15 Western Libya………………………………………………………………………………….. page 17 Sirte, Bani Walid & Sabha……………………………………………………………………. page 20 Future Response Efforts: From Relief to Self-Reliance…………………………………. page 21 International Medical Corps Mission: From Relief to Self-Reliance…………………… page 24 International Medical Corps in the Middle East…………………………………………… page 24 International Medical Corps Globally………………………………………………………. Page 25 Operational data contained in this report has been provided by International Medical Corps’ field teams in Libya and Tunisia and is current as of August 26, 2011 unless otherwise stated. 2 3 Eight Months of Crisis in Libya Following civilian demonstrations in Tunisia and Egypt, the people of Libya started to push for regime change in mid-February. It began with protests against the leadership of Colonel Muammar al- Gaddafi, with the Libyan leader responding by ordering his troops and supporters to crush the uprising in a televised speech, which escalated the country into armed conflict. The unrest began in the eastern Libyan city of Benghazi, with the eastern Cyrenaica region in opposition control by February 23 and opposition supporters forming the Interim National Transitional Council on February 27.
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Gazella Leptoceros
Gazella leptoceros Tassili N’Ajjer : Erg Tihodaïne. Algeria. © François Lecouat Pierre Devillers, Roseline C. Beudels-Jamar, , René-Marie Lafontaine and Jean Devillers-Terschuren Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique 71 Diagram of horns of Rhime (a) and Admi (b). Pease, 1896. The Antelopes of Eastern Algeria. Zoological Society. 72 Gazella leptoceros 1. TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE 1.1. Taxonomy. Gazella leptoceros belongs to the tribe Antilopini, sub-family Antilopinae, family Bovidae, which comprises about twenty species in genera Gazella , Antilope , Procapra , Antidorcas , Litocranius , and Ammodorcas (O’Reagan, 1984; Corbet and Hill, 1986; Groves, 1988). Genus Gazella comprises one extinct species, and from 10 to 15 surviving species, usually divided into three sub-genera, Nanger , Gazella, and Trachelocele (Corbet, 1978; O’Reagan, 1984; Corbet and Hill, 1986; Groves, 1988). Gazella leptoceros is either included in the sub-genus Gazella (Groves, 1969; O’Reagan, 1984), or considered as forming, along with the Asian gazelle Gazella subgutturosa , the sub-genus Trachelocele (Groves, 1988). The Gazella leptoceros. Sidi Toui National Parks. Tunisia. species comprises two sub-species, Gazella leptoceros leptoceros of © Renata Molcanova the Western Desert of Lower Egypt and northeastern Libya, and Gazella leptoceros loderi of the western and middle Sahara. These two forms seem geographically isolated from each other and ecologically distinct, so that they must, from a conservation biology point of view, be treated separately. 1.2. Nomenclature. 1.2.1. Scientific name. Gazella leptoceros (Cuvier, 1842) Gazella leptoceros leptoceros (Cuvier, 1842) Gazella leptoceros loderi (Thomas, 1894) 1.2.2. Synonyms. Antilope leptoceros, Leptoceros abuharab, Leptoceros cuvieri, Gazella loderi, Gazella subgutturosa loderi, Gazella dorcas, var.
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Table Des Matieres
CMS Technical Series Publication No. 4 Mesures de Conservation pour les Antilopes sahélo-sahariennes. Plan d'Action et Rapports sur le Statut des espèces. Convention sur les Espèces Migratrices i Séminaire sur la conservation et la restauration des antilopes sahélo-sahariennes Djerba, Tunisie 19-23 février 1998 Plan d’Action pour la conservation et la restauration des antilopes sahélo- sahariennes 1998 Préparé pour le Séminaire de Djerba, Tunisie 19-23 février 1998 par : R.C. Beudels – Jamar, P. Devillers et R.M. Lafontaine L’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Sponsorisé par : Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement République Fédérale d’Allemagne : ) Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung ) Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit Tunisie : Ministère de l’Agriculture France : Ministère de l’Environnement Belgique : ) Vlaams Ministerie van Leefmilieu ) Services du Premier Ministre – Affaires Scientifiques, Techniques et Culturelles ii TABLE DES MATIERES Liste des acronymes 1 Avant propos 3 Introduction 5 Déclaration de Djerba 7 Plan d’action Les antilopes 11 Ö Oryx dammah 12 Ö Addax nasomaculatus 18 Ö Gazella dama 22 Ö Gazella leptoceros 26 Ö Gazella cuvieri 30 Ö Gazella dorcas 34 Les états de l’aire de répartition 37 Ö Maroc 38 Ö Algérie 42 Ö Tunisie 46 Ö Libye 50 Ö Egypte 54 Ö Soudan 58 Ö Tchad 62 Ö Niger 66 Ö Mali 70 Ö Mauritanie 74 Ö Sénégal 78 Ö Burkina Faso 82 Ö Nigéria 86 Ö Ethiopie 90 Annexe: Rapports des groupes de travail I i LISTE DES ACRONYMES
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