DOCSLIB.ORG

Libya: State Collapse Triggers Mass Displacement

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Libya: State Collapse Triggers Mass Displacement 30 March 2015 LIBYA State collapse triggers mass displacement The political instability and crimes against humanity that accompanied and followed the uprising which overthrew President Muammar Qadhafi in October 2011 drove tens of thou- sands into displacement. Those perceived to have supported Qadhafi or to have benefited from privileges he dispensed through tribal patronage networks were attacked in retalia- tion. They were often driven out of their cities, unable to return. Some 60,000 IDPs who had fled during the uprising were still living in pro- tracted displacement by February 2015. Civilians walk along Tripoli Street in Misrata. Photo: UNHCR/ H. Caux / June 2011 Following the failure of political processes, Libya’s situation became increasingly anarchic, culminating in the collapse of a fragile central authority and the emergence of two rival centres of power in mid-2014. Against this backdrop, and ensuing infight- ing among myriads of militias, violence increased. There was more than a six-fold rise in the number of IDPs, reaching at least 400,000 by December 2014, some eight per cent of the population. Precise figures are not available given lack of access and on-going pervasive chaos. IDPs’ basic needs for shelter, food and medical services remain grossly unmet. Their physical security has been seriously threatened by indiscriminate shelling, attacks on IDP camps and sieges that have pre- vented them from seeking security. The situation of tens of thousands of displaced migrants who remain trapped in Libya and are particularly vulnerable is a cause for serious concern. State collapse and fragmentation of Libya’s essentially tribal society have hampered an effective national response to displacement and coordination of policies to address IDPs’ needs. Security constraints have forced international actors to operate from Tunisia since July and August of 2014. In this context of politi- cal chaos and on-going conflict, durable solutions appear ever more remote. Lack of coordination of relief and assistance is a crucial impediment to an effective response to the plight of IDPs. www.internal-displacement.org MALTA GREECE M E D TUNISIA I T E R AMAZIGH R A CONTROLLED N E 269,000 IDPs A N AREA S E A JIHADISTS ah CONTROLLED r h s (Tripoli) a a lu COUNTRYSIDE iy u w w b LIBYAN ARMY u a a Z r Derna) Z h ( CONTROLLED z a ms a T hu arn COUNTRYSIDE A K D l A 90,000 IDPs A - Al Bayda Al' Aziziyah l'Azizi- Zlīten N aAl'f uAziziyahs a M o u n yah Tubruq (Tobruk) t Taai r . nhsū .. Misratah Banghazi Al Marj . n , Yafran a . ... Gharyan h . (Benghazi) (Barce). , Gharyan .. ... Nalut Bani .. Al Adam - . Walid . .. Surt (Sidra) . m Sinawin amza -i Z a- d Ajdabiya W h . Al Qaryah ig .. Al Qaryah ar . Dirj -- l F .. .. ashash Sharqiyah i a . .. .. SURT Wad . ... .. Al Ghadāmis Marsa al Brega . Ghadāmis . Jaghbub ... AL JABAL . .. AL WAHAT LIBYANAL GHARBI DAWN AL BUTNAN CONTROLLED Waddan Maradah Awjilah ALGERIA Hun Waddan COUNTRYSIDE Jalu Zillah EGYPT ASH SHĀȚI Al Fuqaha Birak- - - Birak AL JUFRAH Adiri Total number of people - LIBYAN ARMY Sabha displaced in Libya: - - CONTROLLED Awbari 18,500 IDPs 400,000 COUNTRYSIDE TUAREGGHAT Tmassah CONTROLLED Umm al - Aranib - - AREAAl' Uwaynat Marzuq TazirbuTazirbu Ghat- Waw al Kabir Zighan Ghat TEBU Al Qatrun CONTROLLEDMURZŪQ MadrusahAREA JIHADISTS Al Kufrah CONTROLLEDTahrami Al Wigh COUNTRYSIDE Rabyanah Al Jawf ToummoToummo NIGER CHAD Ma'tan as Sarra AlAl Awaynat Awaynat Internal displacement in Libya March 2015 Capital Main areas of displacement Regional capital Large scale attacks by armed Towns or villages groups as of January 2015 International boundary SUDAN 0 100 200 300 km www.internal-displacement.org Map by: IDMC More maps are available at www.internal-displacement.org/search?Type=Map Libya: State collapse triggers mass displacement Background and causes of for the election of a House of Representatives. displacement The Islamist-dominated GNC lost elections in August 2014 for which there was only 18 per cent The arrest of a prominent human rights lawyer turnout. The GNC refused to dissolve and recon- on 17 February 2011, at a time of widespread vened in Tripoli, while the newly elected House of regional movements which became known as the Representatives moved to Tobruk (Refworld, 12 Arab Spring, brought peaceful protesters to the November 2014). streets in Benghazi, Ajdabiya, Tobruk and Derna in the east, as well as Zintan in the west (BBC, 16 In mid-2014, a retired general, Khalifa Haftar, February 2011). Protests intensified after govern- launched an armed attack on Benghazi, which ment forces used live fire Al( Jazeera, 18 February they dubbed “Operation Dignity”. Opposing him 2011) and quickly spread to western cities of was an alliance between Ansar al-Shari’a and Misrata, Zawiya and the capital, Tripoli where other Islamist armed groups, notably the Shura they were brutally supressed (A/HRC/17/44, Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries which be- June 2011). A few days later, demonstrators in sieged parts of Tripoli as part of their own opera- Benghazi formed a National Transitional Council tion they called “Libya Dawn” (UNSMIL/OHCHR, (NTC). Across the vast country hundreds of militias 4 September 2014; Al Jazeera, 08 September emerged, the protests turning into an armed 2014). In October, the House of Representatives conflict between opposition forces and the army allied itself officially with Haftar (Reuters, 21 (Geneva Academy, 12 February 2012; Chatham October 2014). Sitting in Tripoli alongside the House, 2014). GNC, the Supreme Court ruled that the House of Representatives was unconstitutional (New York After increasing international concern at the Times, 7 November 2014). escalation of violence and continuing serious violations of human rights and international hu- Throughout his 42-year rule, Qadhafi relied on an manitarian law, the UN Security Council adopted a extensive political network of patronage, delegat- resolution imposing a no-fly zone, sanctioning “all ing authority to the local level and thus systemati- necessary measures to protect civilians and civil- cally preventing the creation of national or central ian populated areas under threat of attack” (UNSC, institutions. Qadhafi favoured Libya’s south S/RES/1973). After airstrikes by members of the (Fezzan) and the western region of Tripolitania. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation in March 2011, There he provided disproportional resources, Qadhafi’s forces were expelled from Misrata in granting privileged access to state institutions mid-May. Tripoli fell to the opposition at the end and security services to people from those re- of August. In October 2011, three days after rebels gions that became his strongholds. At the same had killed Qadhafi, the NTC declared the “lib- time Cyrenaica (eastern Libya) was systematically eration” of Libya, ending nine months of armed neglected. The Qadhafi regime nurtured Libyans’ conflict and 42 years of authoritarian rule. sense of geographical and tribal identity and manipulated ethnic and tribal tensions, engag- 2014: A failed transition and the splintering of Libya ing communities in a competition over resources Under Qadhafi, Libya had virtually lacked any and favours at the expense of developing a strong civil society. The tenuous institutions that had sense of national identity. For example, Qadhafi existed under his regime were dismantled. A alternatively granted or denied citizenship to the General National Congress (GNC) that succeeded Tebu and Tuareg minorities in the south (ICG, the NTC in July 2012 was tasked with putting in September 2012; Small Arms Survey, February place a democratic constitution, paving the way 2014). 30 March 2015 www.internal-displacement.org 3 Libya: State collapse triggers mass displacement Key events and internal displacement in Libya As of 19 March 2015 600 4 Aug 2014 20 Oct 2011 Escalation of conflict, 15 Feb 2011 Fall of Ghaddafi two competing Parliaments Beginning of 500 25 Jul 2014 the Arab Legislative elections of Spring Council of Representatives uprising 25 Nov 2013 400 State of alert declared following armed clashes 13 Jul 2014 19 Mar 2011 Operation NATO Dawn 300 intervention 17 May 2014 Operation Dignity 200 Number of IDPs, in thousands 7 July 2012 Elections, 100 GNC replaces NTC* 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 *GNC = General National Congress; NTC = National Transitional Congress Sources: Amnesty International, European Commission, IRIN, UNHCR The fragmented and weak authorities that (Operation Dignity), fighting involves a complex set emerged after his downfall and the end of the of motives, including tribal and ethnic identities, patronage system have not been able to address power and security (Al Jazeera, 10 August 2014; inter-tribal conflicts over oil, administrative power, Al-Monitor, 14 September 2014). Internal fight- land and control of smuggling routes. Instead, ing erupted against the backdrop of an inherently they have heavily relied on local elders to negoti- weak state and an emerging security vacuum. ate ceasefires. These have remained largely unen- There are serious regional repercussions as Libya forceable and impossible to translate into lasting has become a base for radical groups such as Al peace agreements (ICG, September 2012). The Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and the Islamic State. lack of centralised authority and functioning judi- cial or security institutions and the inability of el- ders to exert authority over militias, tribes, towns Causes of displacement and individuals have prevented the channelling of political aspirations and grievances into peaceful The collapse of Libyan institutions and divisions and effective channels. This has opened the door within society has affected some two million to internecine armed violence (Al Jazeera, 4 July people throughout the country, around a fifth of 2014; Al Jazeera, 11 August 2014). the population. Some 150,000 people, including approximately 15,000 third country nationals, had While generally portrayed as a confrontation fled abroad in search of refuge and safety by the between Islamists (Libya Dawn) and anti-Islamists end of 2011 (OCHA Flash appeal, 5 March 2011).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download File
    Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 Eileen Ryan Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 ©2012 Eileen Ryan All rights reserved ABSTRACT Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 By Eileen Ryan In the first decade of their occupation of the former Ottoman territories of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica in current-day Libya, the Italian colonial administration established a system of indirect rule in the Cyrenaican town of Ajedabiya under the leadership of Idris al-Sanusi, a leading member of the Sufi order of the Sanusiyya and later the first monarch of the independent Kingdom of Libya after the Second World War. Post-colonial historiography of modern Libya depicted the Sanusiyya as nationalist leaders of an anti-colonial rebellion as a source of legitimacy for the Sanusi monarchy. Since Qaddafi’s revolutionary coup in 1969, the Sanusiyya all but disappeared from Libyan historiography as a generation of scholars, eager to fill in the gaps left by the previous myopic focus on Sanusi elites, looked for alternative narratives of resistance to the Italian occupation and alternative origins for the Libyan nation in its colonial and pre-colonial past. Their work contributed to a wider variety of perspectives in our understanding of Libya’s modern history, but the persistent focus on histories of resistance to the Italian occupation has missed an opportunity to explore the ways in which the Italian colonial framework shaped the development of a religious and political authority in Cyrenaica with lasting implications for the Libyan nation.
    [Show full text]
  • Nafusa Mountain English
    LIBYA DISAPPEARANCES IN THE BESIEGED NAFUSA MOUNTAIN AS THOUSANDS SEEK SAFETY IN TUNISIA Amnesty International Publications First published in May 2011 by Amnesty International Publications International Secretariat Peter Benenson House 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW United Kingdom www.amnesty.org © Amnesty International Publications 2011 Index: MDE 19/020/2011 Original Language: English Printed by Amnesty International, International Secretariat, United Kingdom All rights reserved. This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for advocacy, campaigning and teaching purposes, but not for resale. The copyright holders request that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. For copying in any other circumstances, or for reuse in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publishers, and a fee may be payable. To request permission, or for any other inquiries, please contact [email protected] CONTENTS Introduction .................................................................................................................5 Living under siege and shelling ......................................................................................7 Access to food, electricity, water, medicine and fuel.......................................................10 Internal displacement..................................................................................................11 Protests in Nafusa Mountain ........................................................................................12
    [Show full text]
  • Libyan Municipal Council Research 1
    Libyan Municipal Council Research 1. Detailed Methodology 2. Participation 3. Awareness 4. Knowledge 5. Communication 6. Service Delivery 7. Legitimacy 8. Drivers of Legitimacy 9. Focus Group Recommendations 10. Demographics Detailed Methodology • The survey was conducted on behalf of the International Republican Institute’s Center for Insights in Survey Research by Altai Consulting. This research is intended to support the development and evaluation of IRI and USAID/OTI Libya Transition Initiative programming with municipal councils. The research consisted of quantitative and qualitative components, conducted by IRI and USAID/OTI Libya Transition Initiative respectively. • Data was collected April 14 to May 24, 2016, and was conducted over the phone from Altai’s call center using computer-assisted telephone technology. • The sample was 2,671 Libyans aged 18 and over. • Quantitative: Libyans from the 22 administrative districts were interviewed on a 45-question questionnaire on municipal councils. In addition, 13 municipalities were oversampled to provide a more focused analysis on municipalities targeted by programming. Oversampled municipalities include: Tripoli Center (224), Souq al Jumaa (229), Tajoura (232), Abu Salim (232), Misrata (157), Sabratha (153), Benghazi (150), Bayda (101), Sabha (152), Ubari (102), Weddan (101), Gharyan (100) and Shahat (103). • The sample was post-weighted in order to ensure that each district corresponds to the latest population pyramid available on Libya (US Census Bureau Data, updated 2016) in order for the sample to be nationally representative. • Qualitative: 18 focus groups were conducted with 5-10 people of mixed employment status and level of education in Tripoli Center (men and women), Souq al Jumaa (men and women), Tajoura (men), Abu Salim (men), Misrata (men and women), Sabratha (men and women), Benghazi (men and women), Bayda (men), Sabha (men and women), Ubari (men), and Shahat (men).
    [Show full text]
  • IMC Libya Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Assessment Report
    IMC Libya Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Assessment Report November 2011 Prepared by: Dr. Inka Weissbecker, IMC Global Mental Health and Psychosocial Advisor ([email protected]) and Colleen Fitzgerald, MSW, IMC Libya MHPSS Program Manager ([email protected]) 1 | P a g e Contents 1. Assessment Goals II. Psychiatric Services in General Hospitals 2. Assessment Methodology III. Mental Health Services through General Health 2.1. Site Visits, Interviews and Focus Group Clinics Discussions IV. Informal Service Providers 2.2. Assessment Instruments Local Non-Governmental Organizations 3. Assessment Results The School System 3.1. Sociopolitical Context and Recent Developments Traditional Healers 3.1.1. Recent Crisis in Libya V. Self-Care 3.1.2. International Medical Corps in Libya 3.4. The Educational System and Training 3.2. Mental Health and Psychosocial Context Opportunities 3.2.1. Prevalence of Mental Illness 3.4.1. Medical Professions 3.2.2. At Risk and Vulnerable Groups 3.4.2. Psychologists and Social Workers 3.2.2. Mental Health Related Problems, Coping and 3.5. International Organizations Involved in MHPSS Community Sources of Support Work 3.2.3. Attitudes Towards People with Mental Illness 4. Conclusions 3.2.4. Help-Seeking Patterns 5. References 3.3. The Mental Health System 6. Appendixes 3.3.1. General Health Care Appendix 1: MH PHC Integration Checklist 3.3.2. Mental Health Care in Affected Areas Appendix 2: Tool for Mental Health Related Problems, I. Inpatient Psychiatric Facilities Coping and Community Sources of Support 1. Assessment Goals The aim of this assessment was to: obtain an understanding of the mental health context (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • La Ricostruzione Dell'immaginario Violato in Tre Scrittrici Italofone Del Corno D'africa
    Igiaba Scego La ricostruzione dell’immaginario violato in tre scrittrici italofone del Corno D’Africa Aspetti teorici, pedagogici e percorsi di lettura Università degli Studi Roma Tre Facoltà di Scienze della Formazione Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Educazione Dottorato di ricerca in Pedagogia (Ciclo XX) Docente Tutor Coordinatore della Sezione di Pedagogia Prof. Francesco Susi Prof. Massimiliano Fiorucci Direttrice della Scuola Dottorale in Pedagogia e Servizio Sociale Prof.ssa Carmela Covato Anno Accademico 2007/2008 Per la stella della bandiera Somala e per la mia famiglia Estoy leyendo una novela de Luise Erdrich. A cierta altura, un bisabuelo encuentra a su bisnieto. El bisabuelo está completamente chocho (sus pensamiemto tiene nel color del agua) y sonríe con la misma beatífica sonrisa de su bisnieto recién nacido. El bisabuelo es feliz porque ha perdido la memoria que tenía. El bisnieto es feliz porque no tiene, todavía, ninguna memoria. He aquí, pienso, la felicidad perfecta. Yo no la quiero Eduardo Galeano Parte Prima Subire l’immaginario. Ricostruire l’immaginario. Il fenomeno e le problematiche Introduzione Molte persone in Italia sono persuase, in assoluta buona fede, della positività dell’operato italiano in Africa. Italiani brava gente dunque. Italiani costruttori di ponti, strade, infrastrutture, palazzi. Italiani civilizzatori. Italiani edificatori di pace, benessere, modernità. Ma questa visione delineata corrisponde alla realtà dei fatti? Gli italiani sono stati davvero brava gente in Africa? Nella dichiarazioni spesso vengono anche azzardati parallelismi paradossali tra la situazione attuale e quella passata delle ex colonie italiane. Si ribadisce con una certa veemenza che Libia, Etiopia, Somalia ed Eritrea tutto sommato stavano meglio quando stavano peggio, cioè dominati e colonizzati dagli italiani.
    [Show full text]
  • La Guérilla Libyenne. 19II-1932
    la gttérilla libyenne. 1911·1932 Rosalba Davico tragique; il en est de même de celle d'Omar El Mukhtar, d'Abd el­ Krirn et d'innombrables autres, du Maghreb rifain au Moyen-Orient syrien. Seule Rosa luxemburg, en 1910, en soutenant le mot d'ordre de la grève de masses, a eu la notion claire de l'erreur fatale que commettait la social-démocratie européenne« en séparant» la question ouvrière de la question coloniale. les intellectuels se croiront encore assez longtemps - au moins jusqu'à l'épreuve de 1936 et du deuxième conflit mondial - des démiurges de l'histoire, porteurs La guérilla libyenne. 19II-1932 « �- de culture Malgré les soulèvements des paysans siciliens contre la politique de Crispi, les répressions sanglantes de la révolte de Milan Impérialisme et résistance anticoloniale en Italie et les innombrables autres épisodes de lutte de classes en en Afrique du Nord dans les années 1920 Europe, ce sont les positions conjuguées d'un Cecil Rhodes et d'un Bernstein qui l'emportent; la génération des années vingt en Europe allait ainsi mourir, sous le fascisme et dans la guerre, logique extrêmela d'un« système que P.». Sweezy a justement défini comme celui de guerre constante le «présent comme l'histoire nous», apprennent d'ailleurs que, s'il <<y a des impérialismes prolétariens» il y a eu et ... Amour, tendresse, toi, patrie abandonnée par il y a encore des impérialismes en smoking qui sont terriblement affection, non par haineô ... longs à mourir. Ahmed Rafik Al-Mahdaoui, Libye, 1923. Alors sonnera l'heure pour Alger, Tunis, Tripoli, dont le peuple se prépare déjà au moment de la grande délivrance.
    [Show full text]
  • Yosof Ibderi Was Mayor of Gharyan in Northwest Libya Until Militias Led by Khalifa Haftar Attacked and Seized the City Last Month
    Received by NSD/FARA Registration Unit 05/13/2019 8:03:17 PM "DISSEMINATED BY MERCURY PUBLIC AFFAIRS, LLC, A REGISTERED FOREIGN AGENT, ON BEHALF OF LIBYA'S GOVERNMENT OF NATIONAL ACCORD. MORE INFORMATION IS ON FILE WITH THE DEPT. OF JUSTICE, WASHINGTON, DC". From: Adam Smith Sent: Sunday, May 5, 2019 12:50 PM Cc: Adam Smith <[email protected]> Subject: Eyewitness to the crisis in Libya Yosof Ibderi was mayor of Gharyan in northwest Libya until militias led by Khalifa Haftar attacked and seized the city last month. Mayor Gharyan, who was displaced to Tripoli, today released the following statement regarding the humanitarian crisis in the city of 200,000 under control of Haftar: “The humanitarian situation is dire. Most of the residents are trapped in Gharyan and have no place to go. There are no ways of bringing food items, cooking gas, or basic necessities into the town. Haftar’s militia’s created check points and instituted extreme security measures, including confiscating and searching phones, enacting strict curfews.There is no freedom of expression, assembly or movement. Even during the times of Qaddafi it wasn't this bad. Residents live in constant fear, and at some have been killed or are missing. The occupiers are thugs, militias with very disturbing tribal vigilante inclinations. The few residents of Gharyan who were initially supportive of Haftar are now 180 degrees against him after they saw the type of brutality his forces unleashed." For background, Haftar is the militia leader President Trump several weeks phoned to the surprise of much of the international community and apparently the State Department.
    [Show full text]
  • The Human Conveyor Belt : Trends in Human Trafficking and Smuggling in Post-Revolution Libya
    The Human Conveyor Belt : trends in human trafficking and smuggling in post-revolution Libya March 2017 A NETWORK TO COUNTER NETWORKS The Human Conveyor Belt : trends in human trafficking and smuggling in post-revolution Libya Mark Micallef March 2017 Cover image: © Robert Young Pelton © 2017 Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Global Initiative. Please direct inquiries to: The Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime WMO Building, 2nd Floor 7bis, Avenue de la Paix CH-1211 Geneva 1 Switzerland www.GlobalInitiative.net Acknowledgments This report was authored by Mark Micallef for the Global Initiative, edited by Tuesday Reitano and Laura Adal. Graphics and layout were prepared by Sharon Wilson at Emerge Creative. Editorial support was provided by Iris Oustinoff. Both the monitoring and the fieldwork supporting this document would not have been possible without a group of Libyan collaborators who we cannot name for their security, but to whom we would like to offer the most profound thanks. The author is also thankful for comments and feedback from MENA researcher Jalal Harchaoui. The research for this report was carried out in collaboration with Migrant Report and made possible with funding provided by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway, and benefitted from synergies with projects undertaken by the Global Initiative in partnership with the Institute for Security Studies and the Hanns Seidel Foundation, the United Nations University, and the UK Department for International Development. About the Author Mark Micallef is an investigative journalist and researcher specialised on human smuggling and trafficking.
    [Show full text]
  • Brookings Doha Center - Stanford University Project on Arab Transitions
    CENTER ON DEMOCRACY, DEVELOPMENT & THE RULE OF LAW STANFORD UNIVERSITY BROOKINGS DOHA CENTER - STANFORD UNIVERSITY PROJECT ON ARAB TRANSITIONS PAPER SERIES Number 4, March 2014 PERSONNEL CHANGE OR PERSONAL CHANGE? RETHINKING LIBYA’S POLITICAL ISOLATION LAW ROMAN DAVID AND HOUDA MZIOUDET PROGRAM ON ARAB REFORM AND DEMOCRACY, CDDRL B ROOKINGS The Brookings Institution is a private non-profit organization. Its mission is to conduct high- quality, independent research and, based on that research, to provide innovative, practical recommendations for policymakers and the public. The conclusions and recommendations of any Brookings publication are solely those of its author(s) and do not reflect the views of the Institution, its management, or its scholars. Copyright © 2014 THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION 1775 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036 U.S.A. www.brookings.edu BROOKINGS DOHA CENTER Saha 43, Building 63, West Bay, Doha, Qatar www.brookings.edu/doha T A B LE OF C ON T EN T S I. Executive Summary ...........................................................................................................1 II. Introduction ......................................................................................................................3 III. The Political Isolation Law and its Alternatives ...............................................................4 IV. Assessing the PIL and its Reconciliatory Alternatives ....................................................7 Establishment of a Trustworthy Government ..........................................................,..7
    [Show full text]
  • International Medical Corps in Libya from the Rise of the Arab Spring to the Fall of the Gaddafi Regime
    International Medical Corps in Libya From the rise of the Arab Spring to the fall of the Gaddafi regime 1 International Medical Corps in Libya From the rise of the Arab Spring to the fall of the Gaddafi regime Report Contents International Medical Corps in Libya Summary…………………………………………… page 3 Eight Months of Crisis in Libya…………………….………………………………………… page 4 Map of International Medical Corps’ Response.…………….……………………………. page 5 Timeline of Major Events in Libya & International Medical Corps’ Response………. page 6 Eastern Libya………………………………………………………………………………....... page 8 Misurata and Surrounding Areas…………………….……………………………………… page 12 Tunisian/Libyan Border………………………………………………………………………. page 15 Western Libya………………………………………………………………………………….. page 17 Sirte, Bani Walid & Sabha……………………………………………………………………. page 20 Future Response Efforts: From Relief to Self-Reliance…………………………………. page 21 International Medical Corps Mission: From Relief to Self-Reliance…………………… page 24 International Medical Corps in the Middle East…………………………………………… page 24 International Medical Corps Globally………………………………………………………. Page 25 Operational data contained in this report has been provided by International Medical Corps’ field teams in Libya and Tunisia and is current as of August 26, 2011 unless otherwise stated. 2 3 Eight Months of Crisis in Libya Following civilian demonstrations in Tunisia and Egypt, the people of Libya started to push for regime change in mid-February. It began with protests against the leadership of Colonel Muammar al- Gaddafi, with the Libyan leader responding by ordering his troops and supporters to crush the uprising in a televised speech, which escalated the country into armed conflict. The unrest began in the eastern Libyan city of Benghazi, with the eastern Cyrenaica region in opposition control by February 23 and opposition supporters forming the Interim National Transitional Council on February 27.
    [Show full text]
  • Libya Sebuah Negara Arab Republik Di Benua Afrika
    Libya Sebuah Negara Arab Republik di Benua Afrika Tb. Ace Fahrullah [email protected] 1. Pendahuluan Libya adalah sebuah Negara Arab di Afrika yang nama resminya adalah Al Jamahiriyyah Al Arabiyah Ash Sha’biyyah Al Isytirakiyah. Ibukotanya bernama Tripoli. Luas negaranya 1.775.500 km2. Penduduknya kurang lebih 4.271.000 jiwa. Pemerintahannya berdasarkan republic sosialis yang dipimpin oleh kepala Negara yaitu presiden. Presiden yang sekarang yaitu colonel Muammar Qadafi. Libya merupakan sebuah Negara republic yang terletak di tepi Laut Tengah di Afrika Utara. Selatan berbatasan dengan Chad dan Nigeria, Barat berbatasan dengan Aljazair, barat laut berbatasan dengan Tunis, barat daya berbatasan dengan Nigeria. Timur berbatasan dengan Mesir, Utara dengan Sudan dan Utara dengan Laut Tengah. Iklimnya banyak dipengaruhi angin laut dan gurun. Libya memiliki musim panas dan musim dingin pada musim dingin hujan turun namun tidak sampai beminggu-minggu dan hanya turun relative singkat. Penduduk Libya berasal dari suku Arab dan Barber, ada juga keturunan Italia, Yunani dan Malta. Sedangkan mata pencahariannya penduduk Libya yang didesa yaitu pengembala ternak yaitu unta dan hewan peliharaan lainnya. Sedangkan yang dikota yaitu di pabrik- pabrik penyulingan minyak , Industri dan perkantoran . Identifikasi Nama Resmi : Al-Jamahiriyyah al- Arabiyyah ash-Shabiyyah al-Ishtirakiyyah (Libya) Ibu Kota : Tripoli Luas : 1.775.500 km2 Penduduk : 4.271.000 (1989) 51 | J i l i d K e t i g a Kepadatan Penduduk: 2,4/km2 Bahasa : Arab (resmi), Inggris, Italia, Berber Agama : Islam (resmi) Pemerintahan : Negara Sosialis Kepala Negara : Muammar al-Qaddafi Kepala Pemerintahan : Sekretaris Jendral Komite Rakyat Satuan mata uang : Dinar Libya (LD) Kota-Kota Penting : Banghazi, Qazayunes, Mishratih, Baidhana, Thibraq, Darnah Dataran Tinggi : 2286 m Gunung Penting : Saudha, Nafusah, Jabal Akhdlar, Tibisti Sungai Penting : Wad al-Farigh, Shina’i Besar Hasil Tanah : Kurma, Zaitun, Buah- Buahan 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Gazella Leptoceros
    Gazella leptoceros Tassili N’Ajjer : Erg Tihodaïne. Algeria. © François Lecouat Pierre Devillers, Roseline C. Beudels-Jamar, , René-Marie Lafontaine and Jean Devillers-Terschuren Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique 71 Diagram of horns of Rhime (a) and Admi (b). Pease, 1896. The Antelopes of Eastern Algeria. Zoological Society. 72 Gazella leptoceros 1. TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE 1.1. Taxonomy. Gazella leptoceros belongs to the tribe Antilopini, sub-family Antilopinae, family Bovidae, which comprises about twenty species in genera Gazella , Antilope , Procapra , Antidorcas , Litocranius , and Ammodorcas (O’Reagan, 1984; Corbet and Hill, 1986; Groves, 1988). Genus Gazella comprises one extinct species, and from 10 to 15 surviving species, usually divided into three sub-genera, Nanger , Gazella, and Trachelocele (Corbet, 1978; O’Reagan, 1984; Corbet and Hill, 1986; Groves, 1988). Gazella leptoceros is either included in the sub-genus Gazella (Groves, 1969; O’Reagan, 1984), or considered as forming, along with the Asian gazelle Gazella subgutturosa , the sub-genus Trachelocele (Groves, 1988). The Gazella leptoceros. Sidi Toui National Parks. Tunisia. species comprises two sub-species, Gazella leptoceros leptoceros of © Renata Molcanova the Western Desert of Lower Egypt and northeastern Libya, and Gazella leptoceros loderi of the western and middle Sahara. These two forms seem geographically isolated from each other and ecologically distinct, so that they must, from a conservation biology point of view, be treated separately. 1.2. Nomenclature. 1.2.1. Scientific name. Gazella leptoceros (Cuvier, 1842) Gazella leptoceros leptoceros (Cuvier, 1842) Gazella leptoceros loderi (Thomas, 1894) 1.2.2. Synonyms. Antilope leptoceros, Leptoceros abuharab, Leptoceros cuvieri, Gazella loderi, Gazella subgutturosa loderi, Gazella dorcas, var.
    [Show full text]