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Libya Sebuah Negara Arab Republik Di Benua Afrika

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Libya Sebuah Negara Arab Republik Di Benua Afrika Libya Sebuah Negara Arab Republik di Benua Afrika Tb. Ace Fahrullah [email protected] 1. Pendahuluan Libya adalah sebuah Negara Arab di Afrika yang nama resminya adalah Al Jamahiriyyah Al Arabiyah Ash Sha’biyyah Al Isytirakiyah. Ibukotanya bernama Tripoli. Luas negaranya 1.775.500 km2. Penduduknya kurang lebih 4.271.000 jiwa. Pemerintahannya berdasarkan republic sosialis yang dipimpin oleh kepala Negara yaitu presiden. Presiden yang sekarang yaitu colonel Muammar Qadafi. Libya merupakan sebuah Negara republic yang terletak di tepi Laut Tengah di Afrika Utara. Selatan berbatasan dengan Chad dan Nigeria, Barat berbatasan dengan Aljazair, barat laut berbatasan dengan Tunis, barat daya berbatasan dengan Nigeria. Timur berbatasan dengan Mesir, Utara dengan Sudan dan Utara dengan Laut Tengah. Iklimnya banyak dipengaruhi angin laut dan gurun. Libya memiliki musim panas dan musim dingin pada musim dingin hujan turun namun tidak sampai beminggu-minggu dan hanya turun relative singkat. Penduduk Libya berasal dari suku Arab dan Barber, ada juga keturunan Italia, Yunani dan Malta. Sedangkan mata pencahariannya penduduk Libya yang didesa yaitu pengembala ternak yaitu unta dan hewan peliharaan lainnya. Sedangkan yang dikota yaitu di pabrik- pabrik penyulingan minyak , Industri dan perkantoran . Identifikasi Nama Resmi : Al-Jamahiriyyah al- Arabiyyah ash-Shabiyyah al-Ishtirakiyyah (Libya) Ibu Kota : Tripoli Luas : 1.775.500 km2 Penduduk : 4.271.000 (1989) 51 | J i l i d K e t i g a Kepadatan Penduduk: 2,4/km2 Bahasa : Arab (resmi), Inggris, Italia, Berber Agama : Islam (resmi) Pemerintahan : Negara Sosialis Kepala Negara : Muammar al-Qaddafi Kepala Pemerintahan : Sekretaris Jendral Komite Rakyat Satuan mata uang : Dinar Libya (LD) Kota-Kota Penting : Banghazi, Qazayunes, Mishratih, Baidhana, Thibraq, Darnah Dataran Tinggi : 2286 m Gunung Penting : Saudha, Nafusah, Jabal Akhdlar, Tibisti Sungai Penting : Wad al-Farigh, Shina’i Besar Hasil Tanah : Kurma, Zaitun, Buah- Buahan 2. Pembahasan 2.1. Sejarah Libya. Sedikit sekali yang diketahui tentang negeri ini sebelum kedatangan orang Berber, yang mungkin berasal dari sebelah timur Laut Tengah, sekitar 4000 tahun yang lalu. Setelah itu negeri ini kemudian diduduki oleh orang-orang Funisia dan Yunani, Romawi, vandal, dan Italia. Setelah perdamaian Lausanne (1912), Italia merebut wilayah-wilayah yang bercerai berai dari kakaisaran Turki ottoman menjadikan wilayah-wilayah tersebjut sebagai tanah jajahan, yang kemudian rakyat dan masyarakat Libiya bersatu mengusir bangsa Italia dari tanah mereka. Peran Bahasa Arab dalam Pendidikan dan Peradaban | 52 Tahun 1942, Libya diduduki pasukan Inggris dan Perancis, setelah perang dunia II berakhir, Libya berada di bawah pengawasan PBB. Pada tanggal 24 Desember 1951, Libya merdeka dan Muhammad el-Sanusi, pemimpin kelompok Sanusi yang militan diangkat sebagai raja. Sementara itu dikalangan generasi muda tumbuh semangat Arab, yang diilhami presiden Nasser dari Mesir. Sebagai imbalan atas bantuan ekonomi. Libya harus membuka wilayahnya untuk pangkalan militer Amerika dan Inggris. Libia sebagai sebuah negara kerajaan bersistem pemerintahan monarki yang secara resmi disebut Kerajaan Bersatu Libya yang merdeka pada tanggal 24 Desember 1951, memploklamirkan terbentuknya negara baru bersistem monarki bernama Idris. Proklamator kerajaan Libya Bersatu Idris menjadi rajanya. Tidak lama beberapa tahun kemudian terjadi perebutan kekuasaan yang dipimpin oleh prajurit militer Kolonel Muammar Kaddafi pada tanggal 1 September 1969. Setelah Muammar Kaddafi berhasil menggulingkan raja Idris, sistem pemerintahan dirubah menjadi Republik. Kerajaan Libia Bersatu dirubah menjadi Repulik Rakyat Libya, Muammar Qaddafi diangkat sebagai presiden untuk menjalankan roda pemerintahannya. Pada awal pemerintahan Muammar Kaddafi berkuasa beliau merubah segala tatanan kebijakan untuk mempercepat pembanguna dalam berbagai bidang terutama pembagunan sarana dan prasarana untuk meningkatkan kesejahtraan dan tarap hidup masyarakat Libia. Tahun 1959 terjadi perubahan besar di sektor ekonomi, ketika ternyata bahwa bumi Libya merupakan sumber minyak terbesar di Afrika. Sementar itu, para perwira muda dilanda ketidakpuasan terhadap pemerintahan raja yang konservatif dan diliputi korupsi. Perasaan itu diwujudkan dalam suatu pengambilalihan kekuasaan pada I September 1969, di bawah pimpinan Kolonel Muammar el- Qaddafi. Mereka membentuk suatu Negara republik dan menyatakan bahwa Libya akan mengikuti cita-cita semangat Arab, lebih dari pada masa-masa lalu. Libya berusaha membentuk federasi bersama Mesir dan Suriah, bahkan dengan Mesir berusaha membentuk suatu uni. Kedua usaha tersebut tidak berhasil, sementara itu libya juga 53 | J i l i d K e t i g a menjalankan politik minyak secara aktif melalui OPEC. Pada tahun 1953, 51 % dari saham-saham perusahaan minyak asing diambil alih pemerintah. Pada pertengahan tahun 1970-an, Libya membantu mempersenjatai kelompok-kelompok revolusioner radikal di Mesir dan Sudan. Beberapa pertempuran darat dan udara antara Libya dan Mesir terjadi disepanjang perbatasan kedua Negara ini pada bulan juli 1977. pada tahun sama Chad menuduh Libya melakukan Opensif militer untuk menduduki daerah bagian utraranya yang kaya dengan uranium. Setelah terjadi beberapa kali pertempuran akhirnya pada tahun 1987 serdadu-serdadu Libya berhasil didesak keluar oleh pasukan Chad. Sejak tahun 1973 hubungan Libya dengan Amerika Serikat telah memburuk. Sebuah insiden tentara kedua negara ini terjadi pada tanggal 19 Agustus 1981 di kawasan teluk Sidra yang diklaim Libya sebagai wilayah teritorialnya. Pesawat tempur F14 dari Armada ke-6 Amerika Serikat yang sedang mengadakan latihan di sekitar Laut Tengah bentrokan senjata dengan dua pesawat jet Libya dan berakhir dengan rontoknya kedua pesawat Libya itu. Insiden ini berlanjut dengan saling menuduh antara kedua Negara itu. Amerika telah menuduh Libya sebagai Negara yang mendalangi beberapa tindakan terorisme internasional, termasuk serangan yang terjadi di Bandar Udara Roma dan Wina pada bulan Desember 1985. Pada tanggal 23 Maret 1986 angkatan Laut Amerika melakukan latihan militer di kawasan Teluk Sidra. Ketika Libya melakukan serangan terhadap kapal-kapal perang Amerika ini, Amerika memberikan respons dengan menenggelamkan dua kapal Libya dan mengebom sebuah instansi rudal Libya. Setelah gagal untuk mengajak Negara-negara Eropa sekutunya untuk bersama-sama menerapkan sanksi ekonomi terhadap Libya, maka dengan mengerahkan pesawat-pesawat tempur pembomnya Amerika lalu menyerang tempat-tempat tertentu yang diduga sebagai tempat melatih para teroris di Tripoli dan Bengasi (Benghazi) pada tanggal 14 April 1986. pesawat-pesawat udara itu Peran Bahasa Arab dalam Pendidikan dan Peradaban | 54 berhasil menggempur sasarannya, termasuk Bandar udara dan kompleks yang digunakan Khadafi sebagai markas sekaligus tempat kediamannya. 2.2. Geografi Libya, Negara republik rakyat di tepi Laut Tengah, Afrika Utara. Sebelah selatan berbatasan dengan Chad, Nigeria. Barat dengan Aljazair, barat laut dengan Tunisia, barat daya dengan Niger, timur dengan Mesir, dan tenggara dengan Sudan. dan Utara dengan Laut Tengah. Luas: 1.775.500 km2 . Penduduk : 4.271.000 (1989). Kepadatan penduduk : 2,4/km2. Ibu kota : Tripoli. Bahasa resmi : Arab. Agama : Islam (97 %); lain-lain (3%). Satuan mata uang: Dinar Libya (LD). Fisiografi. Dataran sepanjang pantai daerah Tripolitania dan daerah Cyrnaica yang lebih sempit merupakan daerah paling padat dan penting di bidang ekonomi. Daerah itu terdiri atas sejumlah oase, diselingi dataran luas berupa tanah stepa dan selebihnya merupakan padang pasir (85 % dari luas keseluruhan) dengan daerah Oase di sana- sini. Tahun 1968 ditemukan sebuah danau bawah tanah di al-Kufra yang diperkirakan mampu mengairi wilayah sekitarnya. Gurun sahara dan Laut Tengah bertemu di batas sepanjang pantai Teluk Sidra. Selebihnya terdapat gurun tandus yang memisahkan daerah Tripolitania dan Cyrenaica. Sebelum kedua daerah ini dihubungkan dengan jalan raya (1930-an), daerah gurun merupakan penghalang bagi persatuan bangsa Libya. Kini komunikasi darat makin lancer antara Tripolitania dengan Tunisia dan Cyrenaica dengan Mesir melalui daerah Sirtica. Keadaan alam dataran rendah pantai tripolitania atau Jefara lebih baik dibanding dengan daerah lain. Di daerah ini terdapat kota- kota seperti Tripoli, Misratah, dan al-Qasabat. Di daerah oase dan Laguna di daerah dataran rendah pantai terdapat perkebunan zaitun, jeruk, apricot, jeruk limun, dan kurma, di samping tanaman gandum dan rumput esparto. Di bagian selatan terdapat Plato Jabal Nefusah yang diliputi semak-semak belukar. Daerah setinggi 900 m bertambah subur dan ditanami kurma oleh penduduk setempat. Disebelah Utara Cyrenaica terbentang plato jabal al-Akhdar 55 | J i l i d K e t i g a atau disebut juga bukit hijau dengan ketinggian 600 m di atas permukaan laut. Tanah subur di sini banyak ditanami dengan anggur dan buah-buahan lain. Pemandangan bukit-bukit pasir di daerah tersebut menandakan garis batas dengan Mesir. Fezzan terletak sekitar 500 km di selatan Tripoli. Sebagian besar daerah ini diliputi gurun dan sedikti oase. Keadaan alamnya gersang karena terdiri dari dataran tinggi dan bukit-bukit pasir. Pegunungan Tibesti terletak disepanjang perbatasan Libya dengan Chad. Pohon-pohon kurma tumbuh subur disekitar oase yang merupkan sumber makanan terbesar bagi penduduk di daerah tersebut. Libya tidak memiliki sungai dan danau yang permanen. Sungai-sungai kecil mungkin saja terjadi pada musim hujan dan
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