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Libya: Extremism & Counter-Extremism Overview
Libya: Extremism & Counter-Extremism On July 14, 2020, Libya’s eastern-based parliament approved a motion that would allow Egypt to militarily intervene in the Libyan war to counter Turkish support of the Government of National Accord (GNA). Accordingly, Egypt’s military has claimed to have carried out exercises involving navy, air force, and Special Forces near the Libyan border in anticipation of drastic changes in the region. On June 30, 2020, France’s president, Emmanuel Macron, accused Turkey of importing large numbers of jihadists into Libya. In recent weeks, Turkey has significantly intervened in Libya, providing air support, weapons, and fighters to the internationally recognized GNA to repel the opposing Libyan National Army (LNA). Macron did not provide clear evidence regarding the nature of the deployed fighters but claimed that Turkey was “massively importing” fighters from Syria. Although the GNA seized back the capital from the LNA on June 3, 2020, Libya is still split between the two factions—the LNA maintains control of the east, and the LNA controls the western area of the country. (Sources: Al Jazeera [1], Arab News [2], Reuters [3], Al Jazeera [4], Guardian [5], Reuters [6]) Fighting between the rival factions has been ongoing since April 2019, and escalated in early 2020 after Haftar’s declaration of a “final” and decisive battle for Tripoli on December 12, 2019. A couple of weeks later, on January 2, 2020, Turkish lawmakers authorized the deployment of troops into Libya, however, Turkish and Russian forces called for a truce on January 12. As of June 2020, Russian Foreign Ministry spokesperson, Maria Zakharova, has claimed that the situation in Libya continues to deteriorate despite the attempted Russian-Turkish ceasefire. -
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Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 Eileen Ryan Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 ©2012 Eileen Ryan All rights reserved ABSTRACT Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 By Eileen Ryan In the first decade of their occupation of the former Ottoman territories of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica in current-day Libya, the Italian colonial administration established a system of indirect rule in the Cyrenaican town of Ajedabiya under the leadership of Idris al-Sanusi, a leading member of the Sufi order of the Sanusiyya and later the first monarch of the independent Kingdom of Libya after the Second World War. Post-colonial historiography of modern Libya depicted the Sanusiyya as nationalist leaders of an anti-colonial rebellion as a source of legitimacy for the Sanusi monarchy. Since Qaddafi’s revolutionary coup in 1969, the Sanusiyya all but disappeared from Libyan historiography as a generation of scholars, eager to fill in the gaps left by the previous myopic focus on Sanusi elites, looked for alternative narratives of resistance to the Italian occupation and alternative origins for the Libyan nation in its colonial and pre-colonial past. Their work contributed to a wider variety of perspectives in our understanding of Libya’s modern history, but the persistent focus on histories of resistance to the Italian occupation has missed an opportunity to explore the ways in which the Italian colonial framework shaped the development of a religious and political authority in Cyrenaica with lasting implications for the Libyan nation. -
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International Medical Corps Libya, Egypt & Tunisia SitRep 73 External July 26, 2011 Introduction International Medical Corps is supporting a new frontline ambulance which will be operated in the Western Mountains The past week in Misurata has seen a continuation of fighting in areas between Dafniya and Zliten. There has been no major shift in frontlines, with the rebel force defensive line in Dafniya remaining approximately 10 km outside the town. On July 21-22, Gaddafi forces intensified their shelling on rebel positions and launched a counter attack with tanks pushing rebel forces back to Souk el Tholatha’a”, on the outskirts of Zliten, 2-3 kilometers southeast from the city centre. NATO was also reported to have attacked Gaddafi force positions to the east of Zliten, with NATO sources reporting that 13 military targets were hit including arms’ stores and command centers. However, Gaddafi force sources stated that only civilian installations were only destroyed. Heavy shelling continues near the Dafniya field hospital, with a high number of patients (34) arriving on July 21 with shrapnel-related injuries. Rocket attacks on Misurata also continue, with rockets landing in Al-Giran Mantika in the southwest of Misurata city, close to the airport and about 8- 10 km from the city center, on July 20-23. Due to extreme temperatures in Misurata on July 23-24, the fighting was very quiet. As a result of the extreme heat, the city lost electricity, which was today restored. On July 24 and today there has been only moderate fighting on the western front, despite cooler temperatures. -
HIGHLIGHTS of LIBYA 11 Days & 10 Nights
HIGHLIGHTS OF LIBYA 11 Days & 10 Nights A thousand miles wide, reaChing from the and temple. Linger in fabled Leptis Magna, swallowed Mediterranean to the Sahara and bearing traCes of by the desert for hundreds of years nowadays one of history’s greatest empires, Libya is overflowing with the most magnifiCent Roman Cities anywhere in the arCheologiCal treasures, piCturesque Berber villages and world. Explore the oasis town of Ghadames on the breathtaKing desert landsCapes. From the faded trans‐Saharan Caravan route, and wander through the Italianate grandeur and medieval medina of ‘the white old medina’s alleys and doorways unChanged for bride of the Mediterranean’, Tripoli, journey to its sister Centuries. City, Sabratha, to admire the splendid Roman theatre Day 1: Tripoli: Fly from your designated airport to Tripoli international airport, on arrival you will be transferred to your hotel for a 2‐ night stay. Later you will be taKing for a short tour of modern of modern day Tripoli before heading to one of Tripoli’s lively restaurants for a welCome dinner. (LD) O/n Tripoli Hotel. Day 2: Sabratha, Tripoli: Drive out of Tripoli westwards along the Coast past orange groves to one of the greatest Cities of the anCient world, Sabratha. Under the blue sKy and with the murmur of the sea in your ears, step baCK in time to the days of the Romans when this was a bustling, prosperous port that exported gold and ivory to the Middle East and Europe. Admire the publiC baths, fountains, mosaiCs and lavatories, the temple sand, the Carefully restored theatre, and enjoy them the more for being nearly deserted, undeservedly so, but you are well off the usual tourist trail here. -
IMC Libya Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Assessment Report
IMC Libya Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Assessment Report November 2011 Prepared by: Dr. Inka Weissbecker, IMC Global Mental Health and Psychosocial Advisor ([email protected]) and Colleen Fitzgerald, MSW, IMC Libya MHPSS Program Manager ([email protected]) 1 | P a g e Contents 1. Assessment Goals II. Psychiatric Services in General Hospitals 2. Assessment Methodology III. Mental Health Services through General Health 2.1. Site Visits, Interviews and Focus Group Clinics Discussions IV. Informal Service Providers 2.2. Assessment Instruments Local Non-Governmental Organizations 3. Assessment Results The School System 3.1. Sociopolitical Context and Recent Developments Traditional Healers 3.1.1. Recent Crisis in Libya V. Self-Care 3.1.2. International Medical Corps in Libya 3.4. The Educational System and Training 3.2. Mental Health and Psychosocial Context Opportunities 3.2.1. Prevalence of Mental Illness 3.4.1. Medical Professions 3.2.2. At Risk and Vulnerable Groups 3.4.2. Psychologists and Social Workers 3.2.2. Mental Health Related Problems, Coping and 3.5. International Organizations Involved in MHPSS Community Sources of Support Work 3.2.3. Attitudes Towards People with Mental Illness 4. Conclusions 3.2.4. Help-Seeking Patterns 5. References 3.3. The Mental Health System 6. Appendixes 3.3.1. General Health Care Appendix 1: MH PHC Integration Checklist 3.3.2. Mental Health Care in Affected Areas Appendix 2: Tool for Mental Health Related Problems, I. Inpatient Psychiatric Facilities Coping and Community Sources of Support 1. Assessment Goals The aim of this assessment was to: obtain an understanding of the mental health context (e.g. -
The Human Conveyor Belt : Trends in Human Trafficking and Smuggling in Post-Revolution Libya
The Human Conveyor Belt : trends in human trafficking and smuggling in post-revolution Libya March 2017 A NETWORK TO COUNTER NETWORKS The Human Conveyor Belt : trends in human trafficking and smuggling in post-revolution Libya Mark Micallef March 2017 Cover image: © Robert Young Pelton © 2017 Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Global Initiative. Please direct inquiries to: The Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime WMO Building, 2nd Floor 7bis, Avenue de la Paix CH-1211 Geneva 1 Switzerland www.GlobalInitiative.net Acknowledgments This report was authored by Mark Micallef for the Global Initiative, edited by Tuesday Reitano and Laura Adal. Graphics and layout were prepared by Sharon Wilson at Emerge Creative. Editorial support was provided by Iris Oustinoff. Both the monitoring and the fieldwork supporting this document would not have been possible without a group of Libyan collaborators who we cannot name for their security, but to whom we would like to offer the most profound thanks. The author is also thankful for comments and feedback from MENA researcher Jalal Harchaoui. The research for this report was carried out in collaboration with Migrant Report and made possible with funding provided by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway, and benefitted from synergies with projects undertaken by the Global Initiative in partnership with the Institute for Security Studies and the Hanns Seidel Foundation, the United Nations University, and the UK Department for International Development. About the Author Mark Micallef is an investigative journalist and researcher specialised on human smuggling and trafficking. -
The Jebel Nafusa & Ghadames
© Lonely Planet Publications 157 The Jebel Nafusa & Ghadames The barren Jebel Nafusa (Western Mountains) is Libya’s Berber heartland and one of Libya’s most intriguing corners, a land of stone villages on rocky perches and otherworldly Berber architecture. The fortress-like architecture of the jebel reflects the fact that this is a land of extremes. Bitterly cold winters – snowfalls are rare but not unheard of – yield to summers less punishing than elsewhere in Libya, though the southern reaches of the Jebel Nafusa merge imperceptibly with the scorching Sahara. It was to here that many Berbers retreated from invading Arab armies in the 7th century, and the Jebel Nafusa remains one of the few areas in Libya where Berber culture still thrives. Con- sequently, the jebel’s human landscape is as fascinating as its geography and architecture. The Jebel Nafusa merits as much time as you can spare. From the underground houses of Gharyan in the east to the crumbling qasr (fortified granary store) and old town of Nalut in the west, imagination and necessity have fused into the most improbable forms. Nowhere is this more true than in Qasr al-Haj and Kabaw where the wonderful qasrs look like a back- drop to a Star Wars movie. Elsewhere, the abandoned stone village of Tarmeisa surveys the coastal plain from its precipitous rocky perch, while Yefren makes an agreeable base. Beyond the jebel on Libya’s western frontier lies one of the world’s best-preserved oasis towns. Ghadames is an enchanted spot, a labyrinthine caravan town of covered passageways, intricately decorated houses, beautiful palm gardens and a pace of life perfectly attuned to the dictates of the desert. -
Export Agreement Coding (PDF)
Peace Agreement Access Tool PA-X www.peaceagreements.org Country/entity Libya Region Middle East and North Africa Agreement name Reconciliation Agreement between the Zintan and Mashashiyya Tribes Date 18/05/2017 Agreement status Multiparty signed/agreed Interim arrangement No Agreement/conflict level Intrastate/local conflict ( Libyan Conflicts (1969 - 1994) (2011 - ) ) Stage Framework/substantive - partial (Multiple issues) Conflict nature Inter-group Peace process 72: Libyan local processes Parties Mashashiyya Tribe[13 signatories] Reconciliation Council [4 signatories] Zintan Tribe [9 signatories] Al-Qantrar [7 signatories] Neighbouring Areas [3 signatories] The reconciliation council is comprised of: Warfallah Tribe, Tarhunah Tribe, Gharyan Tribe, Gadhdhafiyya Tribe, Sa’iyan, Rajban, Jadu, al- Asabi’ah, al-Ruhaybat, al-Qawalish, al-Hawamid, al-Zuwayyah Tribe, Burqah Tribes. Third parties Description Agreement made between tribal parties, elders and reconciliation council regarding refugee return to and from specified locations; the removal of armed groups; the opening of roads; the hand over of wanted persons in accordance with law. In addition, the agreement specified the tasks of the Reconciliation Council, including missing persons, trial, investigation into misdeeds and 'blood'. The agreement is considered violated if one party allies themselves with another third party for the purpose of attacking the other party to this agreement. Agreement document LY_170518_Reconciliation Agreement between the Zintan and Mashashiyya Tribes_EN.pdf -
International Medical Corps in Libya from the Rise of the Arab Spring to the Fall of the Gaddafi Regime
International Medical Corps in Libya From the rise of the Arab Spring to the fall of the Gaddafi regime 1 International Medical Corps in Libya From the rise of the Arab Spring to the fall of the Gaddafi regime Report Contents International Medical Corps in Libya Summary…………………………………………… page 3 Eight Months of Crisis in Libya…………………….………………………………………… page 4 Map of International Medical Corps’ Response.…………….……………………………. page 5 Timeline of Major Events in Libya & International Medical Corps’ Response………. page 6 Eastern Libya………………………………………………………………………………....... page 8 Misurata and Surrounding Areas…………………….……………………………………… page 12 Tunisian/Libyan Border………………………………………………………………………. page 15 Western Libya………………………………………………………………………………….. page 17 Sirte, Bani Walid & Sabha……………………………………………………………………. page 20 Future Response Efforts: From Relief to Self-Reliance…………………………………. page 21 International Medical Corps Mission: From Relief to Self-Reliance…………………… page 24 International Medical Corps in the Middle East…………………………………………… page 24 International Medical Corps Globally………………………………………………………. Page 25 Operational data contained in this report has been provided by International Medical Corps’ field teams in Libya and Tunisia and is current as of August 26, 2011 unless otherwise stated. 2 3 Eight Months of Crisis in Libya Following civilian demonstrations in Tunisia and Egypt, the people of Libya started to push for regime change in mid-February. It began with protests against the leadership of Colonel Muammar al- Gaddafi, with the Libyan leader responding by ordering his troops and supporters to crush the uprising in a televised speech, which escalated the country into armed conflict. The unrest began in the eastern Libyan city of Benghazi, with the eastern Cyrenaica region in opposition control by February 23 and opposition supporters forming the Interim National Transitional Council on February 27. -
Libya Sebuah Negara Arab Republik Di Benua Afrika
Libya Sebuah Negara Arab Republik di Benua Afrika Tb. Ace Fahrullah [email protected] 1. Pendahuluan Libya adalah sebuah Negara Arab di Afrika yang nama resminya adalah Al Jamahiriyyah Al Arabiyah Ash Sha’biyyah Al Isytirakiyah. Ibukotanya bernama Tripoli. Luas negaranya 1.775.500 km2. Penduduknya kurang lebih 4.271.000 jiwa. Pemerintahannya berdasarkan republic sosialis yang dipimpin oleh kepala Negara yaitu presiden. Presiden yang sekarang yaitu colonel Muammar Qadafi. Libya merupakan sebuah Negara republic yang terletak di tepi Laut Tengah di Afrika Utara. Selatan berbatasan dengan Chad dan Nigeria, Barat berbatasan dengan Aljazair, barat laut berbatasan dengan Tunis, barat daya berbatasan dengan Nigeria. Timur berbatasan dengan Mesir, Utara dengan Sudan dan Utara dengan Laut Tengah. Iklimnya banyak dipengaruhi angin laut dan gurun. Libya memiliki musim panas dan musim dingin pada musim dingin hujan turun namun tidak sampai beminggu-minggu dan hanya turun relative singkat. Penduduk Libya berasal dari suku Arab dan Barber, ada juga keturunan Italia, Yunani dan Malta. Sedangkan mata pencahariannya penduduk Libya yang didesa yaitu pengembala ternak yaitu unta dan hewan peliharaan lainnya. Sedangkan yang dikota yaitu di pabrik- pabrik penyulingan minyak , Industri dan perkantoran . Identifikasi Nama Resmi : Al-Jamahiriyyah al- Arabiyyah ash-Shabiyyah al-Ishtirakiyyah (Libya) Ibu Kota : Tripoli Luas : 1.775.500 km2 Penduduk : 4.271.000 (1989) 51 | J i l i d K e t i g a Kepadatan Penduduk: 2,4/km2 Bahasa : Arab (resmi), Inggris, Italia, Berber Agama : Islam (resmi) Pemerintahan : Negara Sosialis Kepala Negara : Muammar al-Qaddafi Kepala Pemerintahan : Sekretaris Jendral Komite Rakyat Satuan mata uang : Dinar Libya (LD) Kota-Kota Penting : Banghazi, Qazayunes, Mishratih, Baidhana, Thibraq, Darnah Dataran Tinggi : 2286 m Gunung Penting : Saudha, Nafusah, Jabal Akhdlar, Tibisti Sungai Penting : Wad al-Farigh, Shina’i Besar Hasil Tanah : Kurma, Zaitun, Buah- Buahan 2. -
MPLS VPN Service
MPLS VPN Service PCCW Global’s MPLS VPN Service provides reliable and secure access to your network from anywhere in the world. This technology-independent solution enables you to handle a multitude of tasks ranging from mission-critical Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), quality videoconferencing and Voice-over-IP (VoIP) to convenient email and web-based applications while addressing traditional network problems relating to speed, scalability, Quality of Service (QoS) management and traffic engineering. MPLS VPN enables routers to tag and forward incoming packets based on their class of service specification and allows you to run voice communications, video, and IT applications separately via a single connection and create faster and smoother pathways by simplifying traffic flow. Independent of other VPNs, your network enjoys a level of security equivalent to that provided by frame relay and ATM. Network diagram Database Customer Portal 24/7 online customer portal CE Router Voice Voice Regional LAN Headquarters Headquarters Data LAN Data LAN Country A LAN Country B PE CE Customer Router Service Portal PE Router Router • Router report IPSec • Traffic report Backup • QoS report PCCW Global • Application report MPLS Core Network Internet IPSec MPLS Gateway Partner Network PE Router CE Remote Router Site Access PE Router Voice CE Voice LAN Router Branch Office CE Data Branch Router Office LAN Country D Data LAN Country C Key benefits to your business n A fully-scalable solution requiring minimal investment -
Commission of Inquiry on Libya* ** ***
A/HRC/19/68 Advance Unedited Version Distr.: General 8 March 2012 Original: English Human Rights Council Nineteenth session Agenda item 4 Human rights situation that require the Council’s attention Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Libya* ** *** Summary In emergency session, the Human Rights Council on 25 February 2011 established the International Commission of Inquiry on Libya and gave it the mandate “to investigate all alleged violations of international human rights law in Libya, to establish the facts and circumstances of such violations and of the crimes perpetrated and, where possible, to identify those responsible, to make recommendations, in particular, on accountability measures, all with a view to ensuring that those individuals responsible are held accountable”. The Commission conducted its investigations applying the international legal regimes dictated by the situation. It concluded that international crimes, specifically crimes against humanity and war crimes, were committed by Qadhafi forces in Libya. Acts of murder, enforced disappearance, and torture were perpetrated within the context of a widespread or systematic attack against a civilian population. The Commission found additional violations including unlawful killing, individual acts of torture and ill-treatment, attacks on civilians, and rape. The Commission further concluded that the thuwar (anti-Qadhafi forces) committed serious violations, including war crimes and breaches of international human rights law, the latter continuing at the time of the present report. The Commission found these violations to include unlawful killing, arbitrary arrest, torture, enforced disappearance, indiscriminate attacks, and pillage. It found in particular that the thuwar are targeting the Tawergha and other communities. The Commission concluded that North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) conducted a highly precise campaign with a demonstrable determination to avoid civilian * Late submission.