HIGHLIGHTS of LIBYA 11 Days & 10 Nights
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The Jebel Nafusa & Ghadames
© Lonely Planet Publications 157 The Jebel Nafusa & Ghadames The barren Jebel Nafusa (Western Mountains) is Libya’s Berber heartland and one of Libya’s most intriguing corners, a land of stone villages on rocky perches and otherworldly Berber architecture. The fortress-like architecture of the jebel reflects the fact that this is a land of extremes. Bitterly cold winters – snowfalls are rare but not unheard of – yield to summers less punishing than elsewhere in Libya, though the southern reaches of the Jebel Nafusa merge imperceptibly with the scorching Sahara. It was to here that many Berbers retreated from invading Arab armies in the 7th century, and the Jebel Nafusa remains one of the few areas in Libya where Berber culture still thrives. Con- sequently, the jebel’s human landscape is as fascinating as its geography and architecture. The Jebel Nafusa merits as much time as you can spare. From the underground houses of Gharyan in the east to the crumbling qasr (fortified granary store) and old town of Nalut in the west, imagination and necessity have fused into the most improbable forms. Nowhere is this more true than in Qasr al-Haj and Kabaw where the wonderful qasrs look like a back- drop to a Star Wars movie. Elsewhere, the abandoned stone village of Tarmeisa surveys the coastal plain from its precipitous rocky perch, while Yefren makes an agreeable base. Beyond the jebel on Libya’s western frontier lies one of the world’s best-preserved oasis towns. Ghadames is an enchanted spot, a labyrinthine caravan town of covered passageways, intricately decorated houses, beautiful palm gardens and a pace of life perfectly attuned to the dictates of the desert. -
International Medical Corps in Libya from the Rise of the Arab Spring to the Fall of the Gaddafi Regime
International Medical Corps in Libya From the rise of the Arab Spring to the fall of the Gaddafi regime 1 International Medical Corps in Libya From the rise of the Arab Spring to the fall of the Gaddafi regime Report Contents International Medical Corps in Libya Summary…………………………………………… page 3 Eight Months of Crisis in Libya…………………….………………………………………… page 4 Map of International Medical Corps’ Response.…………….……………………………. page 5 Timeline of Major Events in Libya & International Medical Corps’ Response………. page 6 Eastern Libya………………………………………………………………………………....... page 8 Misurata and Surrounding Areas…………………….……………………………………… page 12 Tunisian/Libyan Border………………………………………………………………………. page 15 Western Libya………………………………………………………………………………….. page 17 Sirte, Bani Walid & Sabha……………………………………………………………………. page 20 Future Response Efforts: From Relief to Self-Reliance…………………………………. page 21 International Medical Corps Mission: From Relief to Self-Reliance…………………… page 24 International Medical Corps in the Middle East…………………………………………… page 24 International Medical Corps Globally………………………………………………………. Page 25 Operational data contained in this report has been provided by International Medical Corps’ field teams in Libya and Tunisia and is current as of August 26, 2011 unless otherwise stated. 2 3 Eight Months of Crisis in Libya Following civilian demonstrations in Tunisia and Egypt, the people of Libya started to push for regime change in mid-February. It began with protests against the leadership of Colonel Muammar al- Gaddafi, with the Libyan leader responding by ordering his troops and supporters to crush the uprising in a televised speech, which escalated the country into armed conflict. The unrest began in the eastern Libyan city of Benghazi, with the eastern Cyrenaica region in opposition control by February 23 and opposition supporters forming the Interim National Transitional Council on February 27. -
Libya, Final Report, General National Congress Election, 7 July 2012
LIBYA FINAL REPORT General National Congress Election 7 July 2012 EUROPEAN UNION ELECTION ASSESSMENT TEAM This report is produced by the Election Assessment Team of the European Union (EU EAT) and presents the findings of the Mission on the election of the General National Congress in Libya. This report should not be relied upon as the opinion of the European Union. The European Union does not guarantee the accuracy of the data in this report, nor does it accept liability for any use made thereof. European Union Election Assessment Team in Libya. Page 2 of 118 Final Report – General National Congress Election - 2012 I. SUMMARY 3 II. INTRODUCTION 6 Political Context .................................................................................................................................. 6 Political landscape before the campaign............................................................................................ 7 III. LEGAL FRAMEWORK 8 Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 8 Electoral Framework .......................................................................................................................... 8 Suffrage Rights ................................................................................................................................... 9 Universal and Regional Standards ...................................................................................................... 9 Delimitation -
The Tide Turns
November 2011 Anthony Bell, Spencer Butts, and David Witter THE LIBYAN REVOLUTION THE TIDE TURNS PART 4 Photo Credit: Fighters for Libya’s interim government rejoice after winning control of the Qaddafi stronghold of Bani Walid, via Wikimedia Commons. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ©2011 by the Institute for the Study of War. Published in 2011 in the United States of America by the Institute for the Study of War. 1400 16th Street NW, Suite 515 Washington, DC 20036. http://www.understandingwar.org Anthony Bell, Spencer Butts, and David Witter THE LIBYAN REVOLUTION THE TIDE TURNS PART 4 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Anthony Bell is a Research Assistant at ISW, where he conducts research on political and security dynamics on Libya. He has previously studied the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, and published the ISW report Reversing the Northeastern Insurgency. Anthony holds a bachelor’s degree from the George Washington University in International Affairs with a concentration in Conflict and Security. He graduated magna cum laude and received special honors for his senior thesis on the history of U.S. policy towards Afghanistan. He is currently a graduate student in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University. Spencer Butts is a Research Assistant for the Libya Project at ISW. Prior to joining ISW, Mr. Butts interned at the Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute at the Army War College where he wrote a literature review of the Commander’s Emergency Response Program in Iraq. -
Le Moschee Rupestri Di Sicilia
OPERA IPOGEA Journal of Speleology in Artificial Cavities 1 / 2014 Rivista della Società Speleologica Italiana Commissione Nazionale Cavità Artificiali Opera Ipogea 1-2014 - Moschee rupestri di Sicilia (Italia) - Moschee rupestri nel Gebel Nefusa occidentale (Libia) - Moschea sotterranea di Sultan Seyyid (Turchia) - Moschee rupestri in Cappadocia (Turchia) ISSN 1970-9692 Estratto da: OPERA IPOGEA Journal of Speleology in Artificial Cavities 1 / 2014 Rivista della Società Speleologica Italiana Commissione Nazionale Cavità Artificiali ISSN 1970-9692 OPERA IPOGEA 1 - 2014 Indice Presentazione delle moschee .......................................................................... 3 Introduction to mosques Le moschee rupestri di Sicilia ........................................................................ 5 Aldo Messina Moschee rupestri nel Gebel Nefusa occidentale (Libia)................................ 9 Franco Dell’Aquila, Giuseppe Fiorentino La moschea sotterranea di Sultan Seyyid ................................................... 27 Roberto Bixio, Andrea De Pascale, Andrea Bixio, Alessandro Maifredi, İrem Yalçın Moschee rupestri in Capapdocia .................................................................. 45 Franco Dell’Aquila, Beniamino. Polimeni Segnalibri ...................................................................................................... 51 Carmela Crescenzi, Roberto Bizio, Massimo Gobessi Hypogea 2015 ................................................................................................ 53 Comitato -
The Political Economy of Migrant Detention in Libya: Understanding the Players and the Business Models Arezo Malakooti DISCLAIMER
APRIL 2019 The Political Economy of Migrant Detention in Libya: Understanding the players and the business models Arezo Malakooti DISCLAIMER This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was prepared, researched and written by Arezo Malakooti. Fieldwork was conducted by Arezo Malakooti, Naji Abou-Khalil, Jerome Veyret, Chiara Fall and Jessica Gerkin. Support was provided by the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime’s local network in Libya. The report also draws on the in-house expertise of Global Initiative Director and Deputy Director, Mark Shaw and Tuesday Reitano, and Senior Fellow Mark Micallef. The report was peer reviewed by experts from the Clingendael Institute: Fransje Molenaar, Floor el Kamouni-Janssen and Mariska van Beijnum. We are also indebted to the various migrants and key informants who graciously shared their stories and experiences with us. The research for this report was supported by funding under the North of Africa window of the EU Emer- gency Trust Fund for Africa. However, the contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the Global Initiative and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union (EU). The photograph on the front cover was taken by the author in a migrant ghetto in Agadez, Niger. Please do not hesitate to contact the author: [email protected] ABOUT THE PROJECT ‘Monitoring the Political Economy of Human Smuggling in Libya and the Greater Sahara’ is a project funded under the North Africa window of the EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa. -
Libya, Gaza, and Somalia Were Researched and Written by Nicolette Boehland
The People’s Perspectives: Civilian Involvement in Armed Conflict The People's Perspectives: Civilian Involvement in Armed Conflict Nicolette Boehland, Harvard Law School Fellow with Center for Civilians in Conflict (CIVIC), is the primary researcher and author of the report. Sahr Muhammedally, Senior Program Manager at CIVIC, was the report’s primary editor. Sarah Holewinski, former Executive Director of CIVIC and Naz Modirzadeh, Director of the Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, developed the concept of the People’s Perspectives study and provided assistance in the editing process. Bonnie Docherty, Senior Clinical Instructor at Harvard Law School’s International Human Rights Clinic, edited the analytical overview and the case studies. Caroline Kavit designed and prepared the report for publication. Christine McCartney provided editing and production assistance. The case study on Bosnia was researched and written by Lara Berlin, Luca Urech, and Nicolette Boehland, under the supervision of Bonnie Docherty. The case studies on Libya, Gaza, and Somalia were researched and written by Nicolette Boehland. In-country assistance was provided by Mohamed Buaishi and Sabri Ebdewi in Libya, Niđara Pašanović and Velma Saric of the Post-Conflict Research Center in Bosnia, Deema EL Ghoul in Gaza, and Aden Tarah and Leila Habai in Kenya. A team of students from the International Justice Clinic at the University of California, Irvine School of Law provided research assistance for this report. The team was supervised by David Kaye, Director of the clinic, and included Jonathan Markovitz, Adrianna Kourafas, Kerri Sakaue, Adam Barry, Nima Kamali, and Skyler Gray. Additional research assistance was provided by CIVIC interns Ellen Policinski, Jenni Moore, Kellie Brandt, Taqwa Rushdan, and Tessa Poppe. -
Nafusa Mountains 1 June 2011
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - OCHA Humanitarian Overview- Nafusa Mountains 1 June 2011 The Nafusa (Western) Mountains In mid-February 2011, anti-Government The widespread insecurity and lack of food Around 63,000 Libyan refugees stay in the region is made up of the districts of Nalut protests took place in Zintan, as similar and medical supplies has led to population governorates of Tatouine, Medenine, Gabes and the Jabal al Gharbi in the west of Libya. protests were taking place across Libya. displacement into neighbouring Tunisia. On and Douz/Kibili. Three camps have also been The mountains run in an arc starting at Reports indicate numerous instances of 6 April, the first significant wave of Libyans established in Dhibat, Remada, and Tatouine. Wazin, on the border with Tunisia, and indiscriminate shelling in civilian areas, crossed into Tunisia at the Wazin/Dhibat On 31 May, around 1,800 people were staying curving upward to the northeast ending in population displacement, road blocks (Dehiba) border. at the three camps. Humanitarian assistance preventing the delivery of essential is being provided both at the camp and Garyan, 94 kilometres south of Tripoli. The On 21 April, after opposition forces took supplies and damage to infrastructure community level, although the longer this principle economic activity of the region is control of the border crossing, movements such as water tanks. crisis continues the greater host community agriculture, including the cultivation of olives, from the Nafusa Mountains into Tunisia resources and hospitality will be stretched. figs, apricots, grain and herding of goats and Since early March, continued hostilities increased. -
Libya Country of Origin Information (Coi) Report
LIBYA COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) REPORT BACKGROUND AND SECURITY SITUATION COI Service 25 July 2011 LIBYA 25 JULY 2011 Contents Preface Latest News EVENTS IN LIBYA FROM 15 JULY 2011 TO 20 JULY 2011 Useful news sources for further information Paragraphs Background Information 1. GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 1.01 Map ........................................................................................................................ 1.07 Geographic and tribal issues .............................................................................. 1.10 The east ................................................................................................................. 1.11 Islamism ............................................................................................................. 1.11 State policy towards the east ............................................................................. 1.12 Transport ............................................................................................................... 1.13 Roads ................................................................................................................. 1.13 Railways ............................................................................................................. 1.14 International and internal airports and flight routes ............................................ 1.15 Sea ports ........................................................................................................... -
The Nafusa Mountains
CHAPTER TEN THE NAFUSA MOUNTAINS 1. Introduction The Nafusa Mountains lie to the southwest of Tripoli, extending parallel to the Mediterranean Sea from Libya’s capital to the Tunisian border.1 The Nafusa Mountains, also referred to as the Nafusa Highlands, mark the end of the Coastal Plain and beginning of the Tripolitania Plateau, which extends south into the Libyan interior and serves as a natural divider between the north and the south of the country.2 The mountains rise to heights nearing 1,000 meters before plateauing and ending abruptly with 350-meter high bluffs on the north side facing the Mediterranean Sea.3 The plateau and the mountains can be accessed from the north by a number of valleys that extend from the coastal plain. The region stretches from the city of Al-Gharyan4 on the eastern edge of the mountains to the town of Wazin on the Tunisian border, with a road connecting the two cities.5 The Nafusa Mountains includes cities such as Al-Gharyan, Zintan, Yafran, Nalut and Jadu as well as dozens of villages. Most of the populated cities and towns are located on the ridgeline, providing a natural security barrier that historically functioned to ward off attackers. There are two main roads that run east to west through the Nafusa Mountains, the low 1 Anthony Bell et al., The Libyan Revolution: The Tide Turns, 4 Institute for the Study of War 13 (Nov. 2011), available at http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/ default/files/Libya_Part4.pdf. 2 Battle for Tripoli: pivotal victory in the mountains helped big push, The Guardian, Aug. -
UNOFFICIAL TRANSLATION *** Law No. 34-2012 Amending Law No. 14
*** UNOFFICIAL TRANSLATION *** Law No. 34-2012 Amending Law No. 14-2012 Establishing Electoral Constituencies Specific to Elections of the General National Congress The interim National Transitional Council after reviewing the following: - The victory statement of the February 17 Revolution issued on February 22, 2011 - The decision to form the National Transitional Council and determine its jurisdiction - The statute of the National Transitional Council - The Constitutional Declaration issued on August 3, 2011, and its amendment - Law No. 3-2012 establishing the High National Elections Commission and its amendments - Law No. 4-2012 concerning the election of the General National Congress and its amendments - What occurred in the meeting of the Council held on Wednesday, May 5, 2012 issued the following law: - Article I - The second and third tables appended to Law No. 14-2012 – Establishing Electoral Constituencies Specific to Elections of the General National Council – are amended in accordance with the data of the two tables appended to this law. - Article II - It is upon the High National Elections Commission to implement this law. It is effective as of its date of issuance and shall be published in the official journal. Issued in Tripoli on the date of Jumada al-Thani 11, 1433 corresponding to May 2, 2012. - The interim National Transitional Council # of # of Ind. # of Sub- Sub- Sub- Sub- District # District # # of # of Total # Primary District districts districts district districts (All (Individual District Name Ind. Party of District # Name (Individual (Party # w/Party Districts) System) Seats Seats Seats System) System) Ballots) 1 1 Tobruk 3 1 Tobruk 1 1 3 3 2 2 Al-Quba 1 5 11 3 3 Derna 2 4 4 Shahat 1 5 5 Al-Bayda 2 2 Al-Bayda 1 2 4 4 5 11 6 6 Al-Marj 2 7 7 Gasr-Libya 1 8 8 Benghazi 9 9 9 Tokra 2 3 Benghazi 1 3 5 5 10 10 Al-Abyar 2 11 26 11 11 Giminis 1 12 12 Suluq 1 13 13 Ajdabiya 4 14 14 Al-Brega 1 15 15 Jalu, Awjila, etc. -
*** UNOFFICIAL TRANSLATION *** Law No 14-2012 in Order To
*** UNOFFICIAL TRANSLATION *** Law No 14-2012 In order to determine electoral districts for the General National Congress elections The National Transitional Council: Upon considering: -The statement of victory for the 17 February Revolution issued on February 22, 2011 - And the decision to form the National Transitional Council (NTC) and determining its purview. - And according to the foundation for the council and its internal regulations - And according to the constitutional declaration issued on August 3rd, 2011 - And according to Law No 3-2012 regarding the establishment of the High National Election Commission (HNEC) - And according to Law No 4-2012 regarding the election of the national congress - And as stated in the meeting of the council held on February 2, 2012 Issued the following law: - Article I - The country is divided into primary electoral districts and sub-districts according to the three tables attached to this law. - Article II - The High National Election Commission (HNEC) shall implement this law and work according to it from the date of issuance. - The interim National Transitional Council Issued in Tripoli on 2/12/2012. Table One: Primary Electoral Districts Name of Region(s) Electoral District Tobruk al-Quba District 1 al-Derna Shahat District 2 al-Bayda al-Marj Gasr Libya Benghazi District 3 al-Tokra al-Abyar Qiminis Suluq Ajdabiya District 4 al-Brega Jalu, Awjila, and Jikharra Tazirbu al-Kufra Sidra District 5 al-Sirte al-Jufra Sabha District 6 al-Shati - Brak al-Shati - al-Qorda al-Shati - Idri Ubari District