Ajdabiya & Brega 1. Introduction Ajdabiya Is a City Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

CHAPTER SEVEN AJDABIYA & BREGA 1. Introduction Ajdabiya is a city of approximately 134,300 people, located in the eastern Libyan province of Cyrenaica near the Mediterranean Sea. The city lies approximately 6.4 kilometers (4 miles) from the eastern end of the Gulf of Sidra, where the gulf turns westward towards Tripolitania. Ajdabiya lies in an important geostrategic region of the country, with Tripoli 850 kilometers (528 miles) to the west, and Benghazi 150 kilometers (93 miles) to the northeast.1 Brega, with a population of approximately 13,700, is located 72 kilometers (45 miles) southwest of Ajdabiya, and 196 kilometers (122 miles) southwest of Benghazi, directly on the Mediterranean Sea, at the bottom part of the Gulf of Sidra. The Marsa Brega Airport lies to the southeast of the town.2 Ajdabiya is the capital of the Al-Wahat District of Cyrenaica. The city itself is composed of three boroughs,3 North Ajdabiya, West Ajdabiya and East Ajdabiya. The Libyan Coastal Highway bisects the city, with smaller roads leading west to the Gulf of Sidra and southeast into the Cyrenaican interior. Another road leads east to Tubruq on the Egyptian border. Brega lies to the west of Ajdabiya, towards Sirte and Tripoli. Prior to World War II, the town was a small fishing village but with the discovery of oil in the Sirte Basin, Brega grew into a major oil production and ship- ping center.4 The city of Brega is composed of a number of smaller towns and industrial facilities and is home to the fifth largest Libyan oil, natural gas and petrochemical refineries.5 1 Ajdabiya, WolframAlpha, available at http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i= adjabiya. 2 Brega, WolframAlpha, available at http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=brega %2C+libya. 3 These “boroughs” were in effect the “Basic People’s Congresses” that constituted the basic governmental building blocks of Libyan society during the Qadhafi era. 4 Port Marsa El Brega, World Port Source, available at http://www.worldportsource .com/ports/LBY_Port_Marsa_El_Brega_665.php. 5 Anthony Bell & David Witter, Institute for the Study of War, 2 The Libyan Revolution: Escalation & Intervention 10 (Sept. 2011), available at http://www 536 chapter seven Map 4: Regional map of Ajdabiya and Brega (Map data © 2013 Google)..

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Libyan Municipal Council Research 1
Libyan Municipal Council Research 1. Detailed Methodology 2. Participation 3. Awareness 4. Knowledge 5. Communication 6. Service Delivery 7. Legitimacy 8. Drivers of Legitimacy 9. Focus Group Recommendations 10. Demographics Detailed Methodology • The survey was conducted on behalf of the International Republican Institute’s Center for Insights in Survey Research by Altai Consulting. This research is intended to support the development and evaluation of IRI and USAID/OTI Libya Transition Initiative programming with municipal councils. The research consisted of quantitative and qualitative components, conducted by IRI and USAID/OTI Libya Transition Initiative respectively. • Data was collected April 14 to May 24, 2016, and was conducted over the phone from Altai’s call center using computer-assisted telephone technology. • The sample was 2,671 Libyans aged 18 and over. • Quantitative: Libyans from the 22 administrative districts were interviewed on a 45-question questionnaire on municipal councils. In addition, 13 municipalities were oversampled to provide a more focused analysis on municipalities targeted by programming. Oversampled municipalities include: Tripoli Center (224), Souq al Jumaa (229), Tajoura (232), Abu Salim (232), Misrata (157), Sabratha (153), Benghazi (150), Bayda (101), Sabha (152), Ubari (102), Weddan (101), Gharyan (100) and Shahat (103). • The sample was post-weighted in order to ensure that each district corresponds to the latest population pyramid available on Libya (US Census Bureau Data, updated 2016) in order for the sample to be nationally representative. • Qualitative: 18 focus groups were conducted with 5-10 people of mixed employment status and level of education in Tripoli Center (men and women), Souq al Jumaa (men and women), Tajoura (men), Abu Salim (men), Misrata (men and women), Sabratha (men and women), Benghazi (men and women), Bayda (men), Sabha (men and women), Ubari (men), and Shahat (men).
[Show full text]
IMC Libya Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Assessment Report
IMC Libya Mental Health and Psychosocial Support Assessment Report November 2011 Prepared by: Dr. Inka Weissbecker, IMC Global Mental Health and Psychosocial Advisor ([email protected]) and Colleen Fitzgerald, MSW, IMC Libya MHPSS Program Manager ([email protected]) 1 | P a g e Contents 1. Assessment Goals II. Psychiatric Services in General Hospitals 2. Assessment Methodology III. Mental Health Services through General Health 2.1. Site Visits, Interviews and Focus Group Clinics Discussions IV. Informal Service Providers 2.2. Assessment Instruments Local Non-Governmental Organizations 3. Assessment Results The School System 3.1. Sociopolitical Context and Recent Developments Traditional Healers 3.1.1. Recent Crisis in Libya V. Self-Care 3.1.2. International Medical Corps in Libya 3.4. The Educational System and Training 3.2. Mental Health and Psychosocial Context Opportunities 3.2.1. Prevalence of Mental Illness 3.4.1. Medical Professions 3.2.2. At Risk and Vulnerable Groups 3.4.2. Psychologists and Social Workers 3.2.2. Mental Health Related Problems, Coping and 3.5. International Organizations Involved in MHPSS Community Sources of Support Work 3.2.3. Attitudes Towards People with Mental Illness 4. Conclusions 3.2.4. Help-Seeking Patterns 5. References 3.3. The Mental Health System 6. Appendixes 3.3.1. General Health Care Appendix 1: MH PHC Integration Checklist 3.3.2. Mental Health Care in Affected Areas Appendix 2: Tool for Mental Health Related Problems, I. Inpatient Psychiatric Facilities Coping and Community Sources of Support 1. Assessment Goals The aim of this assessment was to: obtain an understanding of the mental health context (e.g.
[Show full text]
REVIEW of the TERRORIST ATTACKS on U.S. FACILITIES in BENGHAZI, LIBYA, SEPTEMBER 11-12,2012
LLIGE - REVIEW of the TERRORIST ATTACKS ON U.S. FACILITIES IN BENGHAZI, LIBYA, SEPTEMBER 11-12,2012 together with ADDITIONAL VIEWS January 15, 2014 SENATE SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE United States Senate 113 th Congress SSCI Review of the Terrorist Attacks on U.S. Facilities in Benghazi, Libya, September 11-12, 2012 I. PURPOSE OF TIDS REPORT The purpose of this report is to review the September 11-12, 2012, terrorist attacks against two U.S. facilities in Benghazi, Libya. This review by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (hereinafter "SSCI" or "the Committee") focuses primarily on the analy~is by and actions of the Intelligence Community (IC) leading up to, during, and immediately following the attacks. The report also addresses, as appropriate, other issues about the attacks as they relate to the Department ofDefense (DoD) and Department of State (State or State Department). It is important to acknowledge at the outset that diplomacy and intelligence collection are inherently risky, and that all risk cannot be eliminated. Diplomatic and intelligence personnel work in high-risk locations all over the world to collect information necessary to prevent future attacks against the United States and our allies. Between 1998 (the year of the terrorist attacks against the U.S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania) and 2012, 273 significant attacks were carried out against U.S. diplomatic facilities and personnel. 1 The need to place personnel in high-risk locations carries significant vulnerabilities for the United States. The Conimittee intends for this report to help increase security and reduce the risks to our personnel serving overseas and to better explain what happened before, during, and after the attacks.
[Show full text]
A Strategy for Success in Libya
A Strategy for Success in Libya Emily Estelle NOVEMBER 2017 A Strategy for Success in Libya Emily Estelle NOVEMBER 2017 AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE © 2017 by the American Enterprise Institute. All rights reserved. The American Enterprise Institute (AEI) is a nonpartisan, nonprofit, 501(c)(3) educational organization and does not take institutional positions on any issues. The views expressed here are those of the author(s). Contents Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................1 Why the US Must Act in Libya Now ............................................................................................................................1 Wrong Problem, Wrong Strategy ............................................................................................................................... 2 What to Do ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2 Reframing US Policy in Libya .................................................................................................. 5 America’s Opportunity in Libya ................................................................................................................................. 6 The US Approach in Libya ............................................................................................................................................ 6 The Current Situation
[Show full text]
Ground Water in the Sirte Area, Tripolitania United Kingdom of Libya
Ground Water in the Sirte Area, Tripolitania United Kingdom of Libya GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1757-C Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Agency for International Development Mission to Libya Ground Water in the Sirte Area, Tripolitania United Kingdom of Libya By WILLIAM OGILBEE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF AFRICA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1757-C Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Agency for International Development Mission to Libya UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Faga Abstract-- ____ ___--_-_____________________-___-_.__-_-_____-_.-.-__ Cl Introduction._ ____________________________________________________ 1 Geographic and climatic features.____-__-__---________-_____________ 3 Geology ____--_-______-__--_____________-----__-_____-__--_-_-_-__ 5 Ground water__ ___________________________________________________ 8 Occurrence ___________________________________________________ 8 Chemical quality______________________________________________ 9 Fresh-water aquifer in the Qa§r Bu Hadi area.__----__--_______-__ 10 Conclusions.._____________________________________________________ 13 Selected references,________________________________________________ 14 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE 1. Map showing location of the Sirte area and average annual rain fall in northern Tripolitania__-_--___---_--_-_-----_----_ C3 2. Map of the Sirte area showing location of wells and geologic and hydrologic features_____________-_____-____-_------_ 4 3. Graphic logs of typical wells in the Sirte area.-______________ 6 4. Generalized north-south geologic section A-A', Sirte to Qasr Bu Hadi____.____________________________ 7 5.
[Show full text]
1. the Big Picture Political Security
Libya Weekly Political Security Update Bell Whispering Bell July 28, 2020 1. The Big Picture Cautious calm across Sirte amid negotiations to de-escalate The weektensions was relatively quiet in Libya. Developments On the political front, while there are tentative signs gradually shifted to the negotiating table closely ceasefire negotiations are moving ahead, whether following, Egypt’s parliamentary approval to deploy statements are followed by de-escalation measures on troops on foreign combat missions on 20 July, and the ground remains to be seen. Turkey and Russia subsequent fears of a confrontation between foreign agreed to pursue ceasefire talks and establish a joint powers in Libya. Appetite for a negotiated settlement working group after a meeting in Istanbul on 22 July. has increased likely due to the significant risk of miscalculation amid broader diplomatic efforts to avert Shortly after formally approving the deployment of CONTENTS a full-blown conflict in the central region. So far, the troops to Libya, Egypt hinted at its willingness to enter absence of military engagement in Sirte and Jufra is a negotiations. Local reports suggest Cairo reiterated 1 telltale sign that negotiations are taking precedence. demands to pursue ceasefire negotiations, which THE BIG PICTURE But a return to combat is possible in the medium term include a complete withdrawal of Turkish military assets should negotiations fail. Overall, Sirte frontlines will from Libya, a rejection of attempts to sideline LNA Cautious calm across Sirte likely remain in a state of flux while backchannel commander Khalifa Haftar and House of amid negotiations to de- negotiations proceed on the diplomatic front.
[Show full text]
1. the Big Picture
Libya Weekly Political Security Update Bell Whispering Bell July 9, 2019 1. The Big Picture Turkey pledges more support for GNA; IS renews allegiance Turkey’s expanding involvement in support of the room to grow and consolidate. At the time of Tripoli-based Government of National Accord (GNA) publication, emerging reports indicate a continued to dominate this week’s developments, heightened threat of attack in the Sirte district. raising concerns over a potential response from The group’s resurgence in Libya has recently Cairo and wider regional intervention to assist the been echoed in statements by a senior US Libyan National Army’s (LNA) Khalifa Haftar. On the defence official. ground positions saw little to no change, though CONTENTS escalation came in the form of an airstrike targeting In the oil & gas sector, Haftar’s comments to Bloomberg reaffirming the LNA’s commitment to a migrant detention centre in Tripoli. The incident, for 1 which both GNA and LNA forces have traded international legally-binding contracts came in accusations, provoked international outcry. Amid the response to questions over eastern-based NOC THE BIG PICTURE showdown, the Islamic State (IS) made a attempts to market crude independently. The Turkey pledges more support reappearance in a propaganda video renewing its comments were welcomed by the Tripoli-based for GNA; IS renews allegiance pledge of allegiance to its self-declared leader Abu NOC, which it described as “commitment to the Bakr Al-Baghdadi. legitimacy of the NOC and its sole right to export 2 Libyan oil in accordance with Libyan law and NATIONWIDE SECURITY On 05 Jul, GNA PM Fayez Sarraj met with Turkish United Nations Security Council (UNSC) President, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in a visit to Turkey resolutions.” Events, Analysis and Data on 05 Jul.
[Show full text]
Access to Information on COVID-19 in Libya and Tunisia
MMC North Africa 4Mi Snapshot – June 2020 Access to Information on COVID-19 in Libya and Tunisia This snapshot seeks to better understand refugees’ and migrants’ access to different Profiles sources of information on COVID-19. In particular it seeks to learn the sources of This snapshot is based on 777 surveys with refugees and migrants in Libya and 723 information to which respondents have the greatest access and the channels people on surveys in Tunisia conducted from April 6th - May 20th 2020. The survey data from the move use to receive information about the pandemic. The objective is to inform the both countries were triangulated with qualitative data from 12 key informant interviews work of humanitarian actors in their awareness-raising and outreach activities about conducted in Tripoli, Ajdabiya, and Sabha and 12 in Greater Tunis, Médenine, Sfax and coronavirus in Libya and Tunisia. Nabeul. Recommendations In Libya, respondents were surveyed in 34 cities, most notably Tripoli (38%; n=297), Sabha • Awareness-raising programs and information campaigns should create content on (37%; n=284), Ajdabiya (8%; n=61), and Benghazi (6%; n=46). The primary nationalities COVID-19 that can be easily shared and disseminated via social media and messaging of surveyed refugees and migrants were Nigerian (28%; n=220), Sudanese (14%; n=112), apps given the prevalent use of new media by refugees and migrants in both Libya and Nigerien (11%; n=83). Other nationalities that were prevalent in the sample include and Tunisia. Ghanaian, Malian, Cameroonian, Burkinabe and Ethiopian. 72% of respondents are men and 28% are women, ranging from 18 to 65 years of age.
[Show full text]
Enka in Africa
Engineering for a better future ENKA IN AFRIC A 2017 Int r oducing 60 years of construction experience worldwide . Successfully completed more than 500 projects in 45 countries, with a historical contract value of US$ 43 billion . Employs worldwide around 30,000 people; 10% of which is technical and 6% of which is administrative personnel . Named one of the world’s top contractors by Engineering News-Record (ENR), a leading publication for the engineering and construction industry since 1982 . 2016 Annual Revenue, comprising the revenues of following activities corresponding to USD 3.5 billion: . Holds ISO 9001, OHSAS 18001 & ISO 14001 and . Engineering & Construction ASME certificates . Power . Shares the vision & goals of its customers, adopts . Real Estate to their needs and to local conditions . Trade . More than 50 subsidiaries operating in 6 major . Traded publicly in Borsa Istanbul (BIST) with a geographical areas: Market Cap of more than US$ 7 billion. CIS, Asia, Middle East, Europe, Africa and Turkey Address: Phone : +90 (212) 376 10 00 (pbx) Balmumcu Mah., Zincirlikuyu Yolu No: 10 Fax : +90 (212) 272 88 69 2 of 42 Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey 34349 Web: www.enka.com E-mail: [email protected] Globally More than 500 projects in 45 countries Address: Phone : +90 (212) 376 10 00 (pbx) Balmumcu Mah., Zincirlikuyu Yolu No: 10 Fax : +90 (212) 272 88 69 3 of 42 Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey 34349 Web: www.enka.com E-mail: [email protected] Current projects GNr Nr Project Name Country 1 1 West Qurna-I IOT Project Iraq Early Works and Facilities Construction
[Show full text]
Misrata 1. Introduction Misrata Is the Third Largest City in Libya, With
CHAPTER NINE MISRATA 1. Introduction Misrata is the third largest city in Libya, with a population of approxi- mately 517,000 inhabitants before the conflict.1 It is a port city located on the far western edge of the Gulf of Sidra along the Mediterranean Coast, 187 kilometers (116 miles) east of Tripoli and 825 kilometers (512 miles) west of Benghazi.2 The city center lies just off the coast, with the seaport to the east and the airport to the south. The center is connected by a num- ber of major roads, including Tripoli Street, the main commercial boule- vard in downtown Misrata that connects to the Libyan Coastal Highway. A number of suburbs, including Al-Ghayran and Al-Shawati, extend out from the city center.3 Misrata is traditionally regarded as the country’s business capital, serv- ing as a central locale for the exchange of commodities and materials with other cities. The city’s steel mill industry is one of its principal sources of income and employment, and the industry has been able to expand throughout the years with its owners holding considerable influence in the city. Misrata is one of the country’s most modern cities, with infra- structure that includes new roads, electricity and communication centers, 1 United Nations Inter-Agency Mission, Misrata: 10 to 14 July 2011, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 4 (2011), available at http://reliefweb .int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_report_157.pdf. Other estimates put Misrata’s population closer to 380,000 people before the conflict. See Misratah, WolframAlpha, available at http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Misratah&lk=1&a=ClashPrefs_*City .*Misratah.Misratah.Libya--.
[Show full text]
International Medical Corps in Libya from the Rise of the Arab Spring to the Fall of the Gaddafi Regime
International Medical Corps in Libya From the rise of the Arab Spring to the fall of the Gaddafi regime 1 International Medical Corps in Libya From the rise of the Arab Spring to the fall of the Gaddafi regime Report Contents International Medical Corps in Libya Summary…………………………………………… page 3 Eight Months of Crisis in Libya…………………….………………………………………… page 4 Map of International Medical Corps’ Response.…………….……………………………. page 5 Timeline of Major Events in Libya & International Medical Corps’ Response………. page 6 Eastern Libya………………………………………………………………………………....... page 8 Misurata and Surrounding Areas…………………….……………………………………… page 12 Tunisian/Libyan Border………………………………………………………………………. page 15 Western Libya………………………………………………………………………………….. page 17 Sirte, Bani Walid & Sabha……………………………………………………………………. page 20 Future Response Efforts: From Relief to Self-Reliance…………………………………. page 21 International Medical Corps Mission: From Relief to Self-Reliance…………………… page 24 International Medical Corps in the Middle East…………………………………………… page 24 International Medical Corps Globally………………………………………………………. Page 25 Operational data contained in this report has been provided by International Medical Corps’ field teams in Libya and Tunisia and is current as of August 26, 2011 unless otherwise stated. 2 3 Eight Months of Crisis in Libya Following civilian demonstrations in Tunisia and Egypt, the people of Libya started to push for regime change in mid-February. It began with protests against the leadership of Colonel Muammar al- Gaddafi, with the Libyan leader responding by ordering his troops and supporters to crush the uprising in a televised speech, which escalated the country into armed conflict. The unrest began in the eastern Libyan city of Benghazi, with the eastern Cyrenaica region in opposition control by February 23 and opposition supporters forming the Interim National Transitional Council on February 27.
[Show full text]
Fragile Stability and Future Opportunities in Libya's Sirte
Issue 2019/21 December 2019 The City in the Middle: Fragile Stability and Future Opportunities in Libya’s Sirte Omar Al-Hawari1 Since 4 April, Libya has been witnessing its third civil conflict in eight years. The conflict was sparked when the General Command of the Libyan Arab Armed Forces (LAAF),2 a diverse coalition headquartered in eastern Libya, launched a military operation to wrest control of the capital from actors loosely affiliated to the internationally- recognised Government of National Accord (GNA).3 While fighting has continued in and around Tripoli, with neither side able to gain a decisive victory, there have been concerns that the conflict over the capital could precipitate violence in other areas across the country. The coastal city of Sirte4 appeared particularly exposed, with its proximity to forces allied to the two main warring camps indicating it could become a new frontline. In addition to its strategic location in the centre of Libya’s northern coast, Sirte has a particular symbolism in Libya’s recent history. Having been the stronghold of the Qadhadhfa tribe and of the Jamahiriyya regime between 1969 and 2011, it then 1. Omar Al-Hawari is a communications engineer and researcher from the Sirte region. He has been cooperating with the Middle East Directions Programme since 2018. This paper was written as part of Middle East Directions’ Libya Initiative, which includes a project mentoring junior Libyan analysts. This paper was origi- nally written in Arabic. BRIEF 2. The LAAF is an alliance of armed military and civilian groups led by Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar.
[Show full text]