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Environmental Politics and Communication

Environmental Politics and Communication

Green Politics and the Media

Miklós Sükösd Associate Professor Department of Political Central European University Fall, 2007 Tuesday, 5:20-7:00 PM, FT 708 2 credits

Description On the one hand, the relevance and timeliness of this course are given by the growing visibility and importance of environmental problems, politics and policies. Problem areas including global warming, widespread pollution, the shortage of sweet water, the mass extinction of species, or genetic modification move ever higher on the agenda of 21st century national and transnational politics. On the other hand, in the era of mediatization of politics, how could we understand these as public issues without taking communicative processes into consideration? It would be very hard to think of politics without issue framing, agenda setting, visual and discursive representation, or the creation of symbolic meaning in the media. Hence this course focuses on environmental politics from the perspective of political communication. In the first part of the course, we explore the meaning of from various analytical positions. After reviewing key theoretical conceptualizations, we discuss selected issues in the political sociology of environmental social movements and environmental conflicts. We analyze the involvement of stakeholders in the public policy process and the concept of political opportunity structures. The second part of the course focuses on environmental communication, utilizing the concepts of discursive framing, agenda setting, campaigns, newsworthiness, construction, and media events. Special attention is paid to the communication strategies and the use of traditional and new media by environmental movements and NGOs (e.g., Greenpeace), the media representation of environmental issues, and the problems of environmental . We also discuss the concept of risk (particularly the construction and representation of environmental risks), risk society, and problems related to risk communication. Finally, we address issues related to politicization of consumption and sustainability communication. The course may be of particular interest to students conducting research on topics in political communication, comparative politics, political sociology, and social movements.

Grading Breakdown of the final grade: x seminar discussion and reading notes 25%, x one presentation 25%, x final exam OR final paper 50%.

1 Participation, class comments and presentation Course participants are asked to contribute actively to the seminar discussion. This involves a focused and lively discussion, based on questions concerning the required literature and seminar presentations. Brief comments about each upcoming reading should be sent to the lecturer in e-mail 24 hours before the class. These should include a one-paragraph summary of the central statement of the reading, and two questions that you propose for class discussion. Each student will also be asked to make a class presentation.

Essay exam Students are offered the options of writing EITHER an in-class essay exam, OR a final paper. The essay exam will be offered at the end of the semester. Based on readings, seminar discussions and other course-related materials, essay exams involve questions related to major course topics. OR Final paper If you choose the final paper option, a paper proposal should be submitted by the end of Week 9. This proposal should include the proposed topic, the main questions, the methods of inquiry and a bibliography. In Week 10, we will discuss the paper proposals in the class. For the final paper, any topic is acceptable that is related to course themes. Based on library and/or online research, the paper should arrive at independent conclusions. Single country case studies, comparative papers, empirical as well as theoretical papers are welcome. Co-written papers, collaborative projects are also invited. The paper should be ca. 12 pages long (double space), excluding bibliography.

Library reserves Bob, Clifford. 2005. The Marketing of Rebellion: Insurgents, Media, and International Activism. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. DeLuca, Kevin Michael. 1999. Image Politics: the New Rhetoric of Environmental Activism. New York: Guilford Press. Dryzek, John S. 1997. The Politics of the Earth: Environmental Discourses. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hannigan, John A. 1995. Environmental Sociology: A Social Constructionist Perspective. London: Routledge. Leal Filho, Walter (ed.) 2000. Communicating Sustainability. , communication and sustainability. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. McAdam, D., McCarthy, J.D. and Zald, M.N. (eds). 1996. Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Muir, Star A. and Thomas L. Veenendall. 1996. Earthtalk: Communication Empowerment for Environmental Action. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. Oepen, Manfred and Winfried Hamacher. (eds.) 2000. Communicating the Environment: Environmental Communication for . Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Smith, Joe (ed.) 2000. The Daily Globe: Environmental Change, the Public and the Media. London: Earthscan Publications.

2 Course outline:

Zero week Overview of the course, questions and answers. Time: September 19, 2007, 13:00-13:30 Location: FT 809, 9 Nador St.

Class 1: Introduction to environmental politics Basic concepts in political : from the tragedy of commons to sustainability Required reading: Brown, Lester R. 2000. Challenges of the New Century. In: Worldwatch Institute, State of the World 2000: A Worldwatch Institute Report. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, pp. 3-21. Hardin, Garrett. 1996. The Tragedy of the Commons. In: Sauer, P. and M. Livingston (eds.), and Policy: Selected Classical Readings. Prague- Minneapolis, pp. 62-75.

Optional: Environmental politics Baxter, B. 1999. Ecologism. An Introduction. Edinburgh: University Press. Buddhist-Christian Contribution to the Earth Charter. 1997. Buddhist-Christian Studies, Vol. 17, pp. 209- 213. Callicott, J. Baird 1984. Non-Anthropocentric Value Theory and . American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol.21. No.4: 299-309. Doyle Timothy and Doug McEachern. 2001. Environment and politics. New York: Routledge. Dunlap, Riley E. (ed.) 2002. Sociological Theory and the Environment. Colorado: Rowman and Littlefield. Dunn, John. 1993 [1979] Western Political Theory in the Face of the Future. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Dobson, A. 1995. Green Political Thought (2nd Edition) London and New York: Routledge (esp. Introduction and Chapter 1.). French, Hilary. 2000. Coping with Ecological Globalization. In: Worldwatch Institute, State of the World 2000: A Worldwatch Institute Report. New York: W. W. Norton and Company pp. 184-202. Fisher, Dana R. and William Freudenburg. 2001. Ecological Modernization and Its Critics: Assessing the Past and Looking Toward the Future. Society and Natural Resources, 14:701-709. Goldman, Michael and Rachel Schurman. 2000. Closing the 'Great Divide': New Social Theory on Society and Nature. Annual Review in Sociology, 26:563-584. Gorman, Michael E. and Matthew M. Mehalik. 2002. Turning Good into Gold: A Comparative Study of Two Environmental Invention Networks. Science, Technology, & Human Values, Vol. 27, No. 4. (Autumn), pp. 499-529. Hicks, Barbara. 1996. Environmental Politics in Poland. New York: Columbia University Press. Humphrey, Mathew. 2001. Political theory and the environment: a reassessment. London, Portland, OR: F. Cass, Goldblatt, D. 1996. Social Theory and the Environment. Cambridge: Polity. Meyer, Judy L. and Wayne T. Swank. 1996. Management Challenges Ecologists. Ecological Applications, Vol. 6, No. 3. (Aug.), pp. 738-740. O'Neill, Robert V. 2001. Is It Time to Bury the Ecosystem Concept? (With Full Military Honors, of Course!) Ecology, Vol. 82, No. 12. (Dec.), pp. 3275-3284.

3 Rubin, Charles. 1994. The Green Crusade: Rethinking the Roots of Environmentalism. New York: Free Press. Sadler. Barry, and Allen Carlson (eds.) 1982. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in interpretation. Victoria, B.C., Canada : Dept. of Geography, University of Victoria.

Sustainability Bossel, Harmut. 1999. Indicators for sustainable development: theory, method, applications. A report of the Balaton Group. Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development. Dobson, A. (ed.) 1999. Fairness and Futurity: Essays on Environmental Sustainability and Social Justice, Oxford: Oxford University Press. European Commission. 2003. World , technology and climate policy outlook, 2030. Brussels: European Commission. Hinrichsen, Don. 1989 [1987]. Our common future: a reader's guide. London: IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development). Lovelock, James. 1979. Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mazur, L. A., (ed.) 1994. Beyond the Numbers: A Reader on , Consumption and the Environment. Washington, DC: Island Press. Rip, Arie. 2002. Co-Evolution of science, technology and society. An expert review for the Bundesministerium Bildung und Forschungs Förderinitiative Politik, Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft (Science Policy Studies), as managed by the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Reitan, Paul H. 2005. Sustainability science – and what’s needed beyond science. Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy, 1 (1). http://ejournal.nbii.org/archives/vol1iss1/communityessay.reitan.html; 5.7.2005. Schmuck, P. & Schultz, W. (eds.) 2002. Psychology of sustainable development. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Schor, Juliet B. & Taylor, Betsy. 2002. Sustainable Planet: Solutions for the 21st Century. Beacon Press. Using energy and materials more efficiently: a precondition for sustainable development. 2006. Seoul: KREA. Vincent, Jeffrey R. and Theodore Panayotou. 1997. Consumption and sustainable development. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Institute for International Development (Harvard University). World Commission on Environment and Development. 1990 [1987]. Our common future. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1-23, 43-66.

Environmental justice and future generations Athanasiou, Tom and Paul Baer. 2002. Dead heat: global justice and global warming. New York: Seven Stories Press. Benedek, Jávor (ed.) 2001. The rights of future generations. Budapest: Védegylet (Protect the Future -- Society for Our Natural and Cultural Heritage). Bowen, William M.; Mark J. Salling; Kingsley E. Haynes; Ellen J. Cyran. 1995. Toward : Spatial Equity in Ohio and Cleveland. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 85, No. 4. (Dec.), pp. 641-663. Cole, Luke W. and Sheila R. Foster. 2001. From the ground up: environmental racism and the rise of the environmental justice movement. New York: New York University Press. de-Shalit, Avne. 1995. Why posterity matters: environmental policies and future generations. London: Routledge. Dobson, Andrew. 1998. Justice and the environment: conceptions of environmental sustainability and theories of distributive justice. New York: Oxford University Press, esp. pp. 3-30, 240-262. Hevert, Aimée M. 1999. Environmental justice and its implications for human rights. (MA Thesis at the Legal Studies Department.) Budapest: CEU, Budapest College. Low, Nicholas and Brendan Gleeson. 1998. Justice, society, and nature: an exploration of political ecology. London : Routledge. Rhodes, Edwardo Lao. 2003. Environmental justice in America: a new paradigm. Bloomington : Indiana University Press. Schlosberg David. 1999. Environmental justice and the new pluralism: the challenge of difference for environmentalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Visser 't Hooft, Hendrik Ph. 1999. Justice to future generations and the environment. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

4 Weiss, Edith Brown. 1992 [1989]. In fairness to future generations: international law, common patrimony, and intergenerational equity. Tokyo, Japan: United Nations University.

Class 2: Environmental discourses and the policy process Shades of green and discursive policy strategies Dryzek, John S. 1997. The politics of the earth: environmental discourses. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 123-201 (choose one of these: sustainable development, ecological modernization, , green rationalism; ecological democracy is required). Hay, Peter. 2002. Main currents in western environmental thought. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 72-93 (eco-feminism is added to the elective options above).

Optional: Cohen, Maurie J. 2000. Ecological Modernization, Environmental Knowledge and National Character: A Preliminary Analysis of the Netherlands. Environmental Politics, 9(1):77-105. Sarkar, Saral K. 1999. Eco-socialism or eco-capitalism? A critical analysis of humanity’s fundamental choices. London and New York: Zed Books. Spaargaren, Gert and Arthur Mol. 1992. Sociology, Environment, and Modernity: Ecological Modernization as a Theory of Social Change. Society and Natural Resources, 5:323-344. Warren, Karen J. 1996. Ecological feminist philosophies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Zimmerman, Michael. 1994. Contesting Earth’s Future: Radical Ecology and Postmodernity. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Class 3: Environmental politics: environmental movements and non-governmental organizations Social movement theory and political opportunities McAdam,D., McCarthy, J.D. and Zald, M.N. (eds.) 1996. Opportunities, mobilizing structures and framing processes—toward a synthetic, comparative perspective on social movements. In: McAdam, D., McCarthy, J.D. and Zald, M.N. (eds). Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-20. Schlosberg, David and John Dryzek. 2002. Political strategies of American environmentalism: inclusion and beyond. Society and Natural Resources, 15:787-804.

Optional: Social movement theory Anheier, H., M. Glasius and M. Kaldor. 2001. Introducing Global Civil Society. In: Anheier et al., Global Civil Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3-22. Buechler, Steven. 1995. New Social Movement Theories. The Sociological Quarterly, 36(3):441-464. Coglianese, Cary. 2001. Social Movements, Law and Society: The Institutionalization of the . John F. Kennedy School of Government (KSG) Faculty Research Working Paper Series, Cambridge: Harvard University. Calhoun Craig. 1994. Social Theory and the Politics of Identity. In Calhoun, Craig (ed.) Social Theory and the Politics of Identity. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, pp. 9-36. Downes, David. 2000. The New Zealand Environmental Movement and the Politics of Inclusion. Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 35, No. 3 (November), pp. 471-491. Dunlap, Riley and Angela Mertig, eds. 1992. American Environmentalism: The U.S. Environmental Movement 1970-1990. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor and Francis. Kriesi, Hanspeter. 1989. New Social Movements and the New Class in the Netherlands. American Journal of Sociology, 94:1078-1116.

5 Kriesi, Hanspeter et al. (eds.) 1995. New Social Movements in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. London: UCL Press. Kubik, Jan. 1998. Institutionalization of Protest during Democratic Consolidation in Central Europe. In Meyer, David and Sidney Tarrow, eds. The Social Movement Society. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 131-152. Marangudakis, Manussos. 2002. New Social Movements: Between Civil Society and Communitarianism. Sociological Spectrum, 22:41-70. Melucci, Alberto. 1989. Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society. London: Hutchinson Radius. Melucci, Alberto. 1994. A Strange Kind of Newness: What's 'New' in New Social Movements. In E. Larana, H. Johnston and JR. Gusfield (eds.) New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, pp. 101-130. Mertig, Angela and Riley Dunlap. 2001. Environmentalism, New Social Movements, and the New Class: A Cross-National Investigation. Rural Sociology, 66(1):113-136. Morris, Aldon and Carol McClurg Meuller, eds. 1992. Frontiers in Social Movement Theory. New Haven: Yale University Press. Oberschall, Anthony. 1993. Social Movements. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. Oberschall, Anthony. 1996. Opportunities and framing in the Eastern European revolts of 1989. In McAdam et al., 1996, 93-121. Olofsson, Gunnar. 2001. After the Working-class Movement? An Essay on What's 'New' and What's 'Social' in the New Social Movements. Acta Sociologica, 31(1):15-34. Pichardo, Nelson. 1997. New Social Movements: A Critical Review. Annual Review in Sociology, 23:411-30. Scott, Allan. 1990. Ideology and the New Social Movements. London: Routledge. Snow, David; E. Burke Rochford, Jr.; Steven Worden; and Robert Benford. 1986. Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation. American Sociological Review 45:787-801. Snow, David and Robert Benford. 1988. Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participation Mobilization. In Bert Klandermans, Hanspeter Kriesi, and Sidney Tarrow (Eds.), From Structure to Action: Social Movement Participation Across . Greenwich: JAI Press, 197-217. Zald, Mayer and Roberta Ash. 1966. Social Movement Organizations: Growth, Decay, and Change. Social Forces, 44(3):327-340.

Environmental movements in East and Central Europe Baker, S. and Jehlicka, P. (eds.) 1999. Dilemmas of Transition: The Environment, Economic Development and Democracy in East and Central Europe. London: Frank Cass. Bochniarz, Zbigniew and Gary B. Cohen. 2006. The Environment and Sustainable Development in the New Central Europe. New York: Berghahn Books. Fagan, Adam. 2006. Neither North nor South: Environmental Issues and Civil Society in Post-Conflict Bosnia. Environmental Politics, 15(4). Fagan, Adam and Petr Jehlicka 2003. Contours of the Czech environmental movement. Environmental Politics, 12(2), 49-70. Fagan, Adam and Andrew Tickle. 2002. Environmental Movements, Nation States and Globalisation. In F.W. Carter and D. Turnock (eds.) Environmental Problems in East Central Europe. London: Routledge. Fisher, Duncan. 1993. The Emergence of the Environmental Movement in Eastern Europe and Its Role in the Revolutions of 1989. In Jancar-Webster, Barbara, (ed.) Environmental Action in Eastern Europe: Responses to Crisis. New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. Fisher, Duncan and Davis Clarke (eds.). 1992. Civil Society and the Environment in Central and Eastern Europe. London: Institut für Europäische Umweltpolitik. French, Hilary. 1990. Green Revolutions: Environmental Reconstruction in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. World Watch Institute, 99. Galambos, Judit. 1992. Political Aspects of an Environmental Conflict: The Case of the Gabcikovo- Nagymaros Dam System. In Kakonen, Jyrki, (ed.) Perspectives on Environmental Conflict and International Relations. London and New York: Pinter Publishers, 72-95. Galambos, Judit. 1993. An International Environmental Conflict on the Danube: The Gabcikovo- Nagymaros Dams. In Vari and Tamas, eds.

6 Jancar-Webster, Barbara. 1993. The East European Environmental Movement and the Transformation of East European Society. In Jancar-Webster 1993, 192-219. Jancar-Webster, Barbara (ed.) 1993. Environmental Action in Eastern Europe. New York: M.E. Sharpe. Jancar-Webster, Barbara. 1998. Environmental Movement and Social Change in the Transition Countries. In Baker and Jehlicka, 69-92. Harper, Krista. 1999. Citizens or Consumers? Environmentalism and the Public Sphere in Postsocialist Hungary. Radical History Review 74:96-111. Jancar-Webster, Barbara. 1993. The Environmental Attractor in the Former USSR: Ecology and Regional Change. In R. Lipschutz, K. Conca, (eds.), The State and Social Power in Global Environmental Politics. Columbia University Press: New York, pp. 158-184. Klarer, J. and P. Francis. 1997. Regional Overview. In Klarer J. and B. Moldan, eds. The Environmental Challenge for Central European Economies in Transition. Canada: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Manning, Nick. 1998. Patterns of Environmental Movements in Eastern Europe. Environmental Politics, 7(2) 100-134. Pavlinek, Petr and John Pickles. 2000. Environmental Transitions: Transformation and Ecological Defence in Central and Eastern Europe. London: Routledge. Persanyi, Miklos. 1993. Red pollution, green revolution, revolution in Hungary: environmentalists and societal transition. In Jancar-Webster, Barbara, ed. Environmental Action in Eastern Europe: Responses to Crisis. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 134-157. Sandberg, Mikael 1999. Green post-communism? Environmental aid, Polish innovation, and evolutionary political economics. New York : Routledge. Schatz, Edward. 2000. Notes on the 'Dog that didn't Bark': Eco-internationalism in Late Soviet Kazakstan. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(1):136-161. Szirmai, Viktoria. 1993. The Structural Mechanisms of the Organization of Ecological-Social Movements in Hungary. In Vari and Tamas, 146-56. Szirmai, Viktoria. 1997. Protection of the Environment and the Position of the Green Movements in Hungary. In Lang-Pickvance, Katy, Nick Manning, and Chris Pickvance, eds. Environmental and Housing Movements, 23-88. Aldershot: Avebury. Pickvance, Katy. 1998. Democracy and Environmental Movements in Eastern Europe. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Vari, Anna and Pal Tamas, (eds.) 1993. Environment and Democratic Transition: Policy and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Weiner, Douglas. 1999. A Little Corner of Freedom: Russian Nature Protection from Stalin to Gorbachev. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Green party politics Adams, James; Michael Clark; Lawrence Ezrow; Garrett Glasgow. 2006. Are Niche Parties Fundamentally Different from Mainstream Parties? The Causes and the Electoral Consequences of Western European Parties' Policy Shifts, 1976–1998. American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 50, No. 3 (July), pp. 513- 529. Blühdorn, Ingolfur. 2004. ‘New Green’ Pragmatism in Germany – Green Politics beyond the Social Democratic Embrace? Government and Opposition, Vol. 39, No. 4 (September), pp. 564-586. Bomberg, E. 2002. The Europeanisation of Green Parties: Exploring the EU's Impact. West European Politics, Vol. 25, No. 3 (July), 29-50. Burchell, Jon. 2002. The evolution of green politics. Development and change within European Green parties. London: Earthscan. Cordell, Karl and Zdenek Hausvater. 2006. Working Together: The Partnership Between the Czech and German Greens as a Model for Wider Czech–German Co-operation? Debatte, Vol. 14, No. 1 (April), pp. 49-69. Dietz, Thomas. 2000. Similar but Different?: The European Greens Compared to Other Transnational Party Federations in Europe. Party Politics, Volume 6, Number 2 (2000), pp. 199-210. Eilders, Christiane, Kati Degenhardt, Patrick Herrmann, Monika von der Lippe. 2004. Surfing the tide: an analysis of party and issue coverage in the national election campaign. German Politics, Vol. 13, No. 2 (June), pp. 218-242. Kitschelt, Herbert. 1989. The logics of party formation: ecological politics in Belgium and West Germany. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

7 Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand. 2002. The Lifespan and the Political Performance of Green Parties in Western Europe. Environmental Politics, Volume 11, Number 1 (Spring), pp. 1-16. Padgett, Stephen. 2003. Germany: Modernising the Left by Stealth. Parliamentary Affairs. Vol. 56, No. 1 (January) pp. 38-57. Poguntke, Thomas 2002. Green Parties in National Governments: From Protest to Acquiescence? Environmental Politics, Volume 11, Number 1 (Spring), pp. 133-145. Williams, Paul. 2006. The Greening of the Queensland electorate? Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 41, No. 3 (September), pp. 325-337. Zohlnhöfer, Reimut. 2004. Destination anywhere? The German red-green government's inconclusive search for a third way in economic policy. German Politics, Volume 13, Number 1 (March 2004), pp. 106-131.

Class 4: Agenda setting and framing by the media and political actors Entman, Robert M. 1993. Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication 43 (4), Autumn, pp. 51-58. McCombs, Maxwell E. and Donald E. Shaw. 1994 [1972]. The agenda-setting function of the Press. In: Doris A. Graber (ed.), Media power in politics. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, pp. 63-72. Sukosd, Miklos. 2001. Democratization, Nationalism and Eco-Politics: The Slovak- Hungarian Conflict Over the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Dam System on the Danube. In: Petzold-Bradley, Eileen et al. (eds.) 2002. Responding to Environmental Conflicts: Implications for Theory and Practice. Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 225-238.

Optional: Anderson, Alison. 1991. Strategies and the Communication of Environmental Affairs. Media, and Society. Vol. 13: 459-476. Bryant, Jennings and Dolf Zillman. 1994. Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Curran, James. 1991. Rethinking the Media as a Public Sphere. In Peter Dahlgren and Colin Sparks (eds.) Communication and Citizenship: Journalism and the Public Sphere, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 27-57. Dennis, Everette E. 1992. Environmentalism in the system of news. In LaMay, C., L. and Dennis, E., E. (eds). Media and the Environment, Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Glenn, John III. 1996. Agenda Setting and the Round Table Negotiations in Poland and Czecho-Slovakia: Linking Mass and Elite Theories of Democratization. Institute for Human , Vienna and Columbia University. Hansen, Anders. 1991. The Media and the Social Construction of the Environment Media, Culture and Society, Vol. 13: 443-458. Hermes, Joke. 1995. Reading Women's Magazines: An Analysis of Everyday Media Use. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. McLeod, Jack M., Gerald M. Kosicki and Zhongdang Pan. 1996. On Understanding and Misunderstanding Media Effects. In J. Curran and M. Gurevitch (eds.), Mass media and society. London: E. Arnold, pp. 235- 266. Nohrstedt, Stig Arne 1991. The Information Crisis in Sweden after Chernobyl. Media, Culture and Society, Vol. 13: 477-597. Ryan, Teya. 1991. Network Earth: Advocacy, Journalism and the Environment. In LaMay, C., L. and Dennis, E., E. (ed). Media and the Environment, Washington, D.C.: Island. Schudson, Michael. 1996. The Sociology of News Production Revisited. In Curran and Gurevitch (eds.) Mass Media and Society London: Edward Arnold, pp. 141-159. Rogers, Everett M., William B. Hart and James W. Dearing. 1997. A paradigmatic history of agenda- setting research. In: Shanto Iyengar and Richard Reeves (eds.), Do the Media Govern? Politicians, Voters, and Reporters in America. Thousand Oaks: Sage, pp. 225-236.

8 Rosengren, Karl Erik (ed.) Media effects and beyond: culture, socialization and lifestyles. London and New York: Routledge. Skillington, Tracey. 1997. Politics and the Struggle to Define: A Discourse Analysis of the Framing Strategies of Competing Actors in a 'New' Participatory Forum. The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 48, No. 3. (Sep.,), pp. 493-513. Suleymanova, Marina. 1999. Coverage of Environmental Issues in the Uzbek Press: The case of the Aral Sea. A thesis submitted to the Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy of Central European University in partial fulfilment of the Degree of Master of Science, August, 1999. West, B. et. al. 1995. The reporter’s environmental handbook. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.

Class 5: Risk perception and communication The construction of risk and the concept of risk society Fischhoff, B., C. Hope and S.R. Watson.1990. Defining Risk. In: Th. S. Glickman and M. Gough (eds.) Readings in risk. Washington, D.C: Resources for the Future, pp. 30-41. Adam, Barbara, Ulrich Beck and Joost van Loon (eds.) 2000. The risk society and beyond: critical issues for social theory. London: Sage Publications, pp. 3-31, 211-229.

Optional: Allan, Stuart, Barbara Adam and Cynthia Carter. (eds.) 1999. Environmental risks and the media. London; New York: Routledge. Backer, T. E., Rogers, E. M. & Sopory, P. (1992). Designing health communication campaigns: What works? Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Brown, Valerie [et al.] 1995. Risks and opportunities: managing environmental conflict and change. London: Earthscan Publications. Chess, Caron; Kandice L. Salomone; and Billie Jo Hance. 1995. Improving Risk Communication in Government: Research Priorities. Risk Analysis, 15:2, 127-135. Flynn, James; Paul Slovic; and Howard Kunreuther 2001. Risk, media and stigma: understanding public challenges to modern science and technology. London: Earthscan Publications. Golding, Dominic, Sheldon Krimsky, and Alonzo Plough. 1992. Evaluating Risk Communication: Narrative vs. Technical Presentations of Information About Radon. Risk Analysis Vol. 12, No 1. Hahn, Torsten. 2005. Risk Communication and Paranoid Hermenutics: Towards a Distinction Between "Medical Thrillers" and "Mind-Control Thrillers" in Narrations on Biocontrol. New Literary History,Vol. 36, No. 2 (Spring), pp. 187-204. Halkier, B. 2001. ‘Consuming Ambivalences: Consumer Handling of Environmentally Related Risks in Food’, Journal of Consumer Culture 1 (2): 205-24. Lupton, D. and J. Tulloch. 2002. 'Risk is Part of Your Life': Risk Epistemologies among a Group of Australians. Sociology, Volume 36, Number 2 (May 1), pp. 317-334. Maibach, E. & R.L. Parott (eds.) 1995. Designing health messages. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Miller, D. and J. Reilly. 1996. Making an Issue of Food Safety: The Media, Pressure Groups, and the Public Sphere. In: D. Maurer and J. Sobal (eds.), Eating Agendas: Food and Nutrition as Social Problems, New York: 305-36. Phillips, L. 2000. Mediated Communication and the Privatization of Public Problems: Discourse on Ecological Risks and Political Action. European Journal of Communication, Volume 15, Number 2 (June 1), pp. 171-207. Plough, A., and Krimsky, S. 1987. The emergence of risk communication studies: Social and political context. Science. Technology. & Human Values, 12 (3-4), 4-10. Powell, Douglas and William Leiss. 1997. Mad cows and mother's milk: the perils of poor risk communication. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. Tierney, Kathleen J. 1999. Toward a Critical Sociology of Risk. Sociological Forum, Vol. 14, No. 2. (June), pp. 215-242.

9 Tulloch, J. and D. Lupton. 2001. Risk, the mass media and personal biography: revisiting Beck's 'knowledge, media and information society'. European Journal of Cultural Studies, Volume 4, Number 1 (February 1), pp. 5-27.

Class 6: Environmental activism, campaign strategies and policy advocacy NGO communication and organization; transnational activism and the media The class analyzes Greenpeace actions’ video footage. Rucht, Dieter. 1995. Ecological Protest as Calculated Law-breaking: Greenpeace and Earst First! in Comparative Perspective. In: Green Politics Three, ed. by Wolfgang Rüdig, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, pp. 66-89. Bob, Clifford. 2005. The marketing of rebellion: insurgents, media, and international activism. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-13, 178-195 (14-53 is optional).

Optional: Bennett, L. and R. Entman (eds.) 2001. Mediated Politics: Communication in the Future of Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cselószki, Tamás. 1999. Non-governmental organisations and the media: environmental communication in Hungary. Budapest: CEU, Budapest College. DeLuca. Kevin Michael. 1999. Image politics: the new rhetoric of environmental activism. New York: Guilford Press (esp. pp. 87-118, Chapter 5). Hannigan, John A. 1995. Environmental sociology: a social constructionist perspective. London: Routledge, esp. 32-57, 58-75, 92-108 Schenk, M. 2003. Media Effects Research 2002: State of the Art. In: Schorr, A., Campbell, W. & Schenk, M. (eds.). Communication Research and Media Science in Europe. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 201- 215. Schenk, M. & Döbler, Th. 2002. Towards a theory of campaigns: The role of opinion leaders. In: Klingemann, H.-D. & Römmele (eds.) Public Information Campaigns & Opinion Research, London: Sage, pp. 36-52.

Class 7: Environmental journalism and policy advocacy The and agendas Mazur, Allan. 1998. Global environmental change in the news: 1987-90 vs. 1992-6 International Sociology, Vol. 13, No. 4, 457-472. Palen, John A. 1999. and independence: Creating the Society of Environmental , 1989-1997. Science Communication, Vol. 21, No. 2, (December), 156-171.

Optional: Bendix, Jacob and Carol M. Liebler. 1999. Place, distance, and environmental news: geographic variation in coverage of the spotted owl conflict. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 89, No. 4. (Dec.), pp. 658-676. Braman, Sandra (ed.) 2003. Communication researchers and policy-making. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Branden B. Johnson. 2004. Varying Risk Comparison Elements: Effects on Public Reactions. Risk Analysis, 24:1, 103-114. Burgess, J. et al. 1991. Contested meanings: the consumption of news about nature conservation. Media Culture & Society.13: 499-519.

10 Burgess, Jacquelin. 1989. The production and consumption of environmental meanings in the mass media: a research agenda for the 1990s. In: Transaction of the Institute of British Geographers, (Vol 15, November), pp. 139-161. Corbett, J. B. and J. L. Durfee. 2004. Testing Public (Un)Certainty of Science: Media Representations of Global Warming. Science Communication, December 1, 26(2): 129-151. DeLuca, Kevin Michael. 1999. Image politics: the new rhetoric of environmental activism. New York: Guilford Press, pp. 119-145 (Chapter 6). Gooch, Geoffrey D. 1996. Environmental Concern and the Swedish Press: A Case Study of the Effects of Newspaper Reporting, Personal Experience and Social Interaction on the Public's Perception of Environmental Risks. European Journal of Communication, Vol. 11, No. 1, 107-127. Korac, Zorica. 2006. Decision making and agenda setting in environmental journalism: Case study of Pancevo – environmental hot spot in Serbia. Budapest: CEU, Budapest College. Luhmann, Niklas. Ecological communication. 1989. Translated and introduced by John Bednarz Jr. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. McComas, Katherine and James Shanahan. 1999. Telling Stories About Global : Measuring the Impact of Narratives on Issue Cycles. Communication Research, Vol. 26, No. 1, 30-57. Norton, Bryan G. 1998. Improving Ecological Communication: The Role of Ecologists in Environmental Policy Formation. Ecological Applications, Vol. 8, No. 2. (May), pp. 350-364. O'Lear, Shannon. 1999. Networks of Engagement: Electronic Communication and Grassroots Environmental Activism in Kaliningrad. Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, Vol. 81, No. 3., pp. 165-178. O'Lear, Shannon. 1997. Electronic Communication and Environmental Policy in Russia and Estonia. Geographical Review, Vol. 87, No. 2, Cyberspace and Geographical Space. (Apr.,), pp. 275-290. Tlostanov, Ruslan. 2000. The state of environmental journalism in Russia: from risk communication to perception of information. Budapest: CEU, Budapest College. Vraneski, Ariella and Ravit Richter. 2003. What’s News? Reflections of Intractable Environmental Conflicts in the News: Some Promises, Many Premises. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 2, Winter.

Class 8: The politics of consumption Consumerism and the media; the politicization of consumption: from consumers to citizens? Choose readings: EITHER on consumerism and identity: Larson, Charles Urban. 1992. Purchasing identity: advertising and the embrace and celebration of self. In: King, Andrew (ed.), Postmodern Political Communication. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, pp.153-168. Zavestoski, Stephen. 2001. Environmental concern and anti-consumerism in the self- concept: do they share the same basis? In: Cohen M. and J. Murphy (eds.), Exploring Sustainable Consumption: Environmental Policy Discourses and the Social Sciences. Oxford: Pergamon, pp. 173-189. OR on sustainable consumption: Hobson, Kersty. 2001. Sustainable lifestyles: rethinking barriers and behavior change. In: Cohen M. and J. Murphy (eds.), Exploring Sustainable Consumption: Environmental Policy Discourses and the Social Sciences. Oxford: Pergamon, pp. 191-209. Cohen, Maurie. 2006. Sustainable consumption research as democratic expertise. Journal of Consumer Policy, 29: 67-77.

Optional: Cohen., Maurie. 2005. Sustainable consumption in national context: an introduction to the special issue. Sustainablity: Science, Practice, and Policy. Vol 1, No 1, Spring 2005 pp. 22-28.

11 Coupland, N. and J. Coupland. 1997. Bodies, beaches and burn-times: 'Environmentalism' and its discursive competitors. Discourse and Society 8 (1): 7-25. Boström M., A. Føllesdal, M. Klintman, M. Micheletti & M. Sørensen (eds.) 2004. Political consumerism: its motivations, power, and conditions in the Nordic countries and elsewhere. Proceedings from the 2nd International Seminar on Political Consumerism, Oslo, August 26-29, 2004, pp. 113-144. Hobson, Kersty. 2002. Competing discourses of sustainable consumption: Does the rationalisation of lifestyles make sense? Environmental Politics 11(2), 95-120. Jackson, P. and B. Holbrook. 1995. Multiple Meanings: Shopping and the Cultural Politics of Identity. Environment and Planning A 27 (12): 1913-30. Jackson, P., N. Stevenson and K. Brooks. 1999. Making Sense of Men's Lifestyle Magazines. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 17 (3): 353-68. Jansson, Andre. 2002. The mediatization of consumption: towards an analytical framework of image culture. Journal of Consumer Culture, Vol. 2, No. 1, 5-31. Johansson, Thomas. 1994. Late modernity, consumer culture and lifestyles: toward a cognitive-affective theory. In: Rosengren, Karl Erik (ed.) Media effects and beyond: culture, socialization and lifestyles. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 265-294. Hertwich, Edgar G. 2003. Consumption and the rebound effect: The consideration of information and communication technology. In: Proceedings, Environmental Assessment in the Information Society, SETAC-Europe, Brussels, pp. 47-50. http://www.tev.ntnu.no/edgar.hertwich/download/Rebound.doc Meister, Mark and Phyllis M. Japp. 2002. Enviropop: studies in environmental rhetoric and popular culture. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. Miegel, Fredrik. 1994. Values, lifestyle and family communication. In: Rosengren, Kar Erik (ed.) Media effects and beyond: culture, socialization and lifestyles. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 207-241. Miegel, Fredrik. 1994. Seven lifestyles. In: Rosengren, Kar Erik (ed.) Media effects and beyond: culture, socialization and lifestyles. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 242-264. Montada, L. & Kals, E. 2000. Political implications of environmental psychology. International Journal of Psychology, 35(2), 168-176.

Corporate social responsibility and the media Auhagen, A.E. & Bierhoff, H.-W. (eds.) 2001. Responsibility. The many faces of a social phenomenon. London: Routledge, pp. 109-126. Beckmann, Suzanne C., Mette Morsing & Lucia A. Reisch. 2006. Strategic CSR communication: An emerging field. In: S. C. Beckmann & M. Morsing (Eds.). CSR in Denmark. Kopenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press (in print). Bernstein, David. 1992. In the company of green. London: ISBA Publications. Carraro, Carlo and Christian. 2003. Firms, governments, and climate policy: incentive-based policies for long-term climate change. Cheltenham: E. Elgar. Deák, Kinga and Gábor GyĘri. 2006. More than business: Corporate social responsibility. The integration of social and environmental perspectives into business operation. Budapest. Demos Hungary (26 ps.) Garriga, E. & Melé, D. 2004. Corporate Social Responsibility theories: Mapping the territory. Journal of Business Ethics, 53, 51-71. Habisch, A., Jonker, J., Wegner, M. and Schmidpeter, R. (eds.) 2004. Corporate Social Responsibility across Europe. Berlin: Springer. Hamilton, James T. 2003. Media coverage of corporate social responsibility. Cambridge, MA: Working Paper Series, No 3, The Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press Politics and Public Policy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. Jansen, Kees and Sietze Vellema (ed.) 2004. Agribusiness and society: corporate responses to environmentalism, market opportunities and public regulation. New York: Zed Books. Kuhndt, M., Tuncer, B., Snorre Andersen, K. & Liedtke, C. 2004. Responsible corporate governance. An overview of trends, initiatives and state-of-the-art elements. Wuppertal Papers No. 139. Wuppertal: Wuppertal Institute of Climate Environment Energy. Lipschutz, Ronnie D. with James K. Rowe. 2005. Globalization, governmentiality and global politics: regulation for the rest of us? New York, NY: Routledge. Litvin, Daniel B. 2003. Empires of profit: commerce, conquest and corporate responsibility. New York: Texere. Murray, Alasdair. 2003. Corporate social responsibility in the EU. London: Centre for European Reform.

12 Morsing, M. & Thyssen, C. (eds.) 2003. Corporate values and responsibility - the Case of Denmark. Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur. Simon, Sandrine and John Proops. 2000. Greening the accounts. Cheltenham, UK: E. Elgar. Sparkes, Russell. 2002. Socially responsible investment: a global revolution. New York: J. Wiley. Swaen, V. & Vanhamme, J. 2004. When “what you say” matters less than “where you say it”: Influence of corporate social responsibility arguments and source of information on consumers’ reactions and attitudes toward the company. In: Proceedings of the 33rd European Marketing Academy (EMAC) Conference. Murcia: University of Murcia. Welford, Richard. 1997. Hijacking environmentalism: corporate responses to sustainable development. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd.

Class 9: Sustainability communication Media and sustainable consumption The class watches and discusses An Inconvenient Truth (2006, Dir. Davis Guggenheim) featuring Al Gore. Oepen, Manfred and Winfried Hamacher. (eds.) 2000. Communicating the environment: environmental communication for sustainable development. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, pp. 39-81 (Part 3: Conceptual framework). Halkier, Bente. 1999. Consequences of the politicization of consumption: the example of environmentally friendly consumption practices. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, Vol. 1, No. (March), 25-41.

Optional: Ahlberg, Mauri & Filho, Walter Leal ed. 1998. Environmental education for sustainability: Good environment, good life. Environmental Education, communication and sustainability Vol. 4. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Andreasen, A, R. 1995. Marketing social change: Changing behavior to promote health, social development, and the environment. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Cohen M. and J. Murphy (eds.) 2001. Exploring Sustainable Consumption: Environmental Policy Discourses and the Social Sciences. Oxford: Pergamon. Creating Solutions for Sustainable Consumption and Production. 2006. Papers presented at the international conference Creating Solutions for Sustainable Consumption and Production – An Expert Conference on the Marrakech Process on November 22-23, 2006 in Wuppertal, Germany. http://scp- centre.org/MTF_CONFERENCE.1767.0.html Filho, Walter Leal (ed.) 2005. Handbook of sustainability research. Environmental education, communication and sustainability, Vol. 20. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Fuchs, Doris A. and Sylvia Lorek. 2004. Sustainable consumption. Political debate and actual impact. SERI Backround Paper, Nr. 4 (March). Vienna: Sustainable Europe Research Institute. Gumpert, Gary & Drucker, Susan J. 2005. Media and sustainability. In: W. L. Filho (ed.). Handbook of sustainability, pp. 351-370. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. Hobson, Kersty. 2004. Sustainable consumption in the United Kingdom: the responsible consumer and government at arm’s length’. Journal of Environment and Development, 10(3), 121-39. Leavis, F. R. and D. Thompson. 1933. Culture and Environment: The Training of Critical Awareness. London: Chatto & Windus. Lewis, Michael and Jeannette M. Haviland-Jones. 2000. Handbook of emotions. New York: Guilford Press. Lichtl, Martin. 1999. Ecotainment. Der neue Weg im Umweltmarketing. Wien/Frankfurt: Ueberreuter. McDonagh, Pierre. 1998. Towards a theory of sustainable communication in risk society: Relating issues of sustainability to marketing communications. Journal of Marketing Management, 14, 591-622. Lister, Martin, Dovey, Jon, Giddings, Seth, Grant, Iain & Kelly, Kieran. 2003. New media: A critical introduction. London: Routledge. McDonagh, Pierre. 1998. Towards a theory of sustainable communication in risk society: Relating issues of sustainability to marketing communications. Journal of Marketing Management, 14, 591-622.

13 Reisch, L. 2001. The new media: A resource for sustainable consumption? In: L. Michaelis (ed.), Report from the Expert Workshop on The Media: A resource for sustainable consumption, 8-9.01.2001, Oxford Centre for the Environment, Ethics and Society, June 2001, Mansfield College, Oxford, (UK). Reisch, Lucia A. 2001. The Internet and sustainable consumption: perspectives on a Janus face. Journal of Consumer Policy, Volume 24, Numbers 3-4 / December, pp. 251-286. Slater, D. R. 1999. Political discourse and the politics of need: discourses on the good life in cyberspace. In L. Bennett and R. Entman (eds.), Mediated Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Schorr, A., Campbell, W. & Schenk, M. 2003. Communication Research and Media Science in Europe. Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter. SCORE. 2005-2008. Materials of the Sustainable Consumption and Production Research Exchange (SCORE), supported by the 6th Framework Programme of the EU, 2005-2008. http://www.score- network.org Spaargaren, Gert and Bas Van Vliet. 2000. Lifestyles, Consumption and the Environment: The Ecological Modernization of Domestic Consumption. Environmental Politics, 9(1): 50-76. Thøgersen, John. 2006. Media Attention and the Market for ‘Green’ Consumer Products. Business Strategy and the Environment 15, 145–156. Tilbury, Daniella, Stevenson, Robert B., Fien, John & Schreuder, Danie. 2002. Education and sustainability responding to the global challenge. IUCN Commission on Education and Communication CEC.

Class 10: Class discussion of final paper projects Re the optional final papers, see p. 2 of the syllabus.

Class 11: The politics of risk Discoursive policy strategies: the GM (genetical modification) debate Kollár, Eszter; Attila Fonyó; Miklós Sükösd. 2006. Discursive Strategies on GM Policy: Theoretical Assessment and European Comparative Aspects. Paper presented at the 5th Global Conference on Environmental Justice and Global Citizenship., July 3-6 2006, Mansfield College, Oxford, UK. http://www.inter- disciplinary.org/ptb/ejgc/ejgc5/kollar%20paper.pdf

Policy discourses and the GM (genetical modification) debate Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. 2000. The Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal http://www.biodiv.org/doc/legal/cartagena-protocol-en.pdf Carver, Terrell. 2002. Discourse Analysis and the ‘Linguistic Turn,’ European Political Science Vol 2, No.1, 50-53. Hajer, Maarten, 1993. Discourse Coalitions and the Institutionalisation of Practice: the Case of Acid Rain in Great Britain. In: Fischer, F., Forester, J. (eds.), The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning. Durham, NC.: Duke University Press. Hajer, Maarten, 2002. Discourse Analysis and the Study of Policy Making. European Political Science, Vol. 2, No.1, 61-65. Hajer, Maarten. 2003. Policy Without Polity? Policy Analysis and the Institutional Void. Policy Science 36: 175-195. Hajer, Maarten and Hendrik Wagenaar. 2003. Introduction in Deliberative Policy Analysis: Understanding Governance in the Network Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Levidow, Les and Susan Carr. 1997. How Biotechnology Regulation Sets a Risk/Ethics Boundary. and Human Values, 14: 29-43. Torfing, Jacob. 2002. Discourse Analysis and the Post-structuralism of Laclau and Mouffe. European Political Science, Vol. 2, No.1, 54-57. Torgerson, Douglas. 1997. Policy Professionalism and the Voices of Dissent: The Case of Environmentalism. Polity, 29:345-374.

14 Wales, Corinne, Mythen, Gabe. 2002. Risky Discourses: The Politics of GM Foods. Environmental Politics, Vol. 11, No 2, 121-144.

Class 12: Essay exam

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