How Coaches Influence Referee Decisions
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HOW COACHES INFLUENCE REFEREE DECISIONS - A PRINCIPAL-AGENT PERSPECTIVE ON NON-PROFESSIONAL SOCCER - Dissertation in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Dr. Phil.) in Sports Sciences Submitted to the Human Sciences Faculty at the University of Potsdam in September 2014 by Michael Negri This Dissertation was supervised by Prof. Dr. Ralf Brand This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License: Attribution – Noncommercial – Share Alike 4.0 International To view a copy of this license visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Published online at the Institutional Repository of the University of Potsdam: URL http://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/opus4-ubp/frontdoor/index/index/docId/7224/ URN urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-72247 http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-72247 Acknowledgements Over the past years I have received support and encouragement from a great number of individuals. In order to keep it simple I would like to thank everyone who has contributed to the realization of this dissertation! Table of Contents I Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 1 Problem Definition ........................................................................................... 1 2 Course of the Work .......................................................................................... 6 3 State of Research .............................................................................................. 7 4 Scientific Gap .................................................................................................. 11 4.1 Relationship between Referees and Coaches ............................................................... 12 4.2 Differences between Professional and Amateur Divisions .......................................... 12 4.2.1 Education and Training ....................................................................................... 12 4.2.2 Information.......................................................................................................... 13 4.2.3 Structural Differences ......................................................................................... 14 II Fundamentals and Theoretical Framework ................................................... 16 5 Structures in Non-Professional Soccer ......................................................... 16 5.1 Organization and League Structure .............................................................................. 16 5.2 Referees in the FLVW .................................................................................................. 18 5.2.1 Rules and Regulations ......................................................................................... 19 5.2.2 Recruitment ......................................................................................................... 20 5.2.3 Assignment to Matches ....................................................................................... 21 5.2.4 Training ............................................................................................................... 23 5.2.5 Remuneration ...................................................................................................... 24 5.2.6 Promotion and Relegation ................................................................................... 25 5.3 Match Reports .............................................................................................................. 27 6 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................. 29 6.1 Rationale behind the Choice of the underlying Theory ................................................ 29 6.2 Principal-Agent Theory ................................................................................................ 30 6.2.1 Hidden Characteristics ........................................................................................ 32 6.2.2 Hidden Action and Hidden Information ............................................................. 34 6.2.3 Hidden Intention ................................................................................................. 35 6.3 Further Theoretical Elements with Relevance for the Analysis ................................... 37 6.3.1 Big-Five-Inventory-Shortversion (BFI-S) .......................................................... 37 6.3.2 Social Desirability ............................................................................................... 40 7 The Relevance of the basic Principal-Agent Model for the Setting ........... 41 7.1 Hidden Characteristics .................................................................................................. 41 7.2 Hidden Action and Hidden Information ....................................................................... 44 7.3 Hidden Intention ........................................................................................................... 45 7.4 Conclusions on the Relevance of the Principal-Agent Theory for the Setting ............. 46 8 Solution Mechanisms for the Relationship between Referee and Coach .. 48 8.1 Trust .............................................................................................................................. 48 8.2 Monitoring .................................................................................................................... 49 8.3 Training ........................................................................................................................ 50 8.4 Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation .................................................................................. 51 9 Biasing the Referee – A Modell ..................................................................... 54 III Analyses ............................................................................................................ 55 10 Underlying Questions ..................................................................................... 55 10.1 Third Party’s Role in an existing Principal-Agent Setting ........................................... 56 10.2 Impact of the Agent’s Reaction to Influencing Attempts ............................................. 59 11 Methodology .................................................................................................... 60 11.1 Surveys ......................................................................................................................... 60 11.1.1 Capturing Social Desirability Tendencies........................................................... 60 11.1.2 Measuring the BIG Five Personality Dimensions............................................... 63 11.1.3 Referee Survey .................................................................................................... 66 11.1.4 Coach Survey ...................................................................................................... 67 11.2 Official Match Data ...................................................................................................... 68 11.3 Data Preparation – Survey and Match Data ................................................................. 69 11.3.1 Recoding of Variables ......................................................................................... 69 11.3.2 Computation of new Variables ........................................................................... 70 12 Results .............................................................................................................. 72 12.1 Descriptive Statistics .................................................................................................... 72 12.1.1 Sample Description: Referees ............................................................................. 73 12.1.2 Sample Description: Coaches ............................................................................. 75 12.2 The Third Party’s Role in an existing Principal-Agent Setting .................................... 77 12.3 The Effectiveness of Verbal Influence on the Agent’s Discretionary Power .............. 82 12.3.1 Small Talk before the Service Provision ............................................................. 83 12.3.2 Praise ................................................................................................................... 86 12.3.3 Sporadic Criticism............................................................................................... 88 12.3.4 Repeated Protest .................................................................................................. 89 12.3.5 Keeping Calm ..................................................................................................... 90 12.3.6 Sporadically Remarking Displeasure with Gesture and Facial Expression ........ 93 12.3.7 Repeatedly Remarking Displeasure with Gesture and Facial Expression .......... 95 12.3.8 Interim Results II ................................................................................................ 96 12.4 Impact of the Agent’s Reaction to influencing Attempts ............................................. 97 12.4.1 Small Talk before the Service Provision & the Agent’s Reaction ...................... 97 12.4.2 Praise & the Agent’s Reaction .......................................................................... 101 12.4.3 Sporadic Criticism & the Agent’s Reaction ...................................................... 103 12.4.4