DOCSLIB.ORG

The Intellectual Roots of Reagan's Strategy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Intellectual Roots of Reagan's Strategy The Intellectual Roots of Reagan’s Strategy A Thesis Presented to the Faculty Of The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy By Francis Herbert Marlo In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Director: Dr. Richard H. Shultz, Jr., Professor of International Politics, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy Dissertation Reader: Dr. Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr., Shelby Cullom Davis Professor of International Security Studies, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy Dissertation Reader: Dr. Carnes Lord, Professor of Military and Naval Strategy, Naval War College April 2006 UMI Number: 3215382 Copyright 2006 by Marlo, Francis Herbert All rights reserved. UMI Microform 3215382 Copyright 2006 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 FRANCIS H. MARLO EDUCATION Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Boston, MA. Doctor of Philosophy. Expected Completion Date: May 2006. Dissertation Topic: The Intellectual Roots of Reagan’s Strategy. Areas of Concentration: International Security Studies, Political Systems and Theories, and the United States. Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Boston, MA. Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy. May 2000. Master’s Thesis Topic: WMD Proliferation and US Counterproliferation Strategy: A Strategic Assessment. Recipient of the John Moors Cabot Fellowship (1998-1999). Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, Washington, DC. Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service in Diplomacy and International Security (cum laude). May 1993. Certificate in European Area Studies. EMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE Assistant for Counterproliferation Policy, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy Washington, DC. January 2002-January 2005 • Worked with various elements of DoD and the interagency to develop and implement the current National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction. • Served as the OSD Policy lead for improving US and allied defenses against the emerging non-traditional chemical agent threat. • Managed the activities of combatant commands, the Joint Staff, various Defense agencies and interagency participants in support of the senior-level US-UK counterproliferation relationship. • Developed and assisted in implementing several NATO-wide initiatives to improve the Alliance’s chemical and biological defense capabilities. Research Assistant, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy Medford, MA. August 1998- July 1999 • Conducted research for Dr. Richard Shultz on the history and status of numerous revolutionary and guerrilla movements. • Compiled detailed summaries of major writings on ethnic violence, terrorism and low-intensity warfare. National Security Analyst, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Laurel, MD. August 1994-July 1998 ii • Led a combating terrorism study, focusing on the causes, nature, and future direction of international terrorism. • Co-chaired the Infosphere Seminar Project, which analyzed the impact of advanced information technology on US national security policy and military operations. • Created a research methodology for an Intelligence Community study on improving the Indications & Warnings process for biological terrorism. • Analyzed the impact of international terrorism and WMD proliferation on US foreign policy. PUBLICATIONS “WMD Terrorism and US Intelligence Collection” in Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 11 No. 3 (Autumn 1999). iii Abstract The purpose of this study is to develop a useful, accurate and complete definition of grand strategy, to apply that definition to the grand strategy of the Reagan administration, to identify the intellectual roots of this strategy and to explain how this strategy was developed and implemented. While current strategic thought captures much of the essence of grand strategy, existing definitions are inadequate. This study argues that grand strategy is the planned use of all available tools of statecraft to achieve first- order national goals based on a given understanding or belief regarding the nature of the international system. In applying this definition to the Reagan administration, it becomes clear that the administration pursued a radically different strategy for dealing with the Cold War. Among the key elements of this strategy was its focus on victory in, rather than management of, the Cold War, its ideological campaign against communism and its pursuit of the liberation of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union itself. Key to this strategy was the recognition that the Cold War was fundamentally a political struggle between two incompatible political systems and that, therefore, Western victory would require the political defeat of communism. A close examination demonstrates that each element of the Reagan strategy mirrors the thinking of important post-WWII conservative foreign policy strategists. The key individual in developing this strategy was Reagan himself. Contrary to much of the conventional wisdom, Reagan had very clear, well-thought out ideas about foreign policy and understood exactly what he wanted to accomplish. The oft-reported clashes among his advisors was, in virtually every case, over how to implement Reagan’s strategy, not what the strategy itself should be. This study concludes with some observations about the nature of grand strategy and the role of the individual statesman in the development of grand strategy. It argues that grand strategy cannot be thought of as a given, but rather flows from the national leader’s underlying beliefs, central goals and preferred tools. It posits that a greater emphasis on understanding these components of grand strategy will improve our understanding of international affairs. iv Acknowledgements This work would not have been possible without the support of my dissertation committee, in particular Richard H. Shultz, Jr., my dissertation chairman. His constant support, unfailing patience and insightful comments were absolutely critical to my success. It has been a genuine honor to have him as an advisor. I was incredibly fortunate to have Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr. and Carnes Lord on my dissertation committee. These two brilliant men had a profound impact on me during my time at Fletcher. Their comments, suggestions and input have unquestionably strengthened this work. I would also like to thank Roberta Breen and Freda Kilgallen at Fletcher’s International Security Studies Program for their administrative support. This dissertation could never have been written without the generous assistance of a number of former Reagan administration officials. In particular, I would like to thank Caspar Weinberger, Jeane Kirkpatrick, Edwin Meese III, Richard V. Allen, Fred Iklé, Richard Perle, Roger Robinson, and Frank Gaffney for their insights into Reagan and the workings of his administration, as well as their patience in answering my occasionally misguided questions. No one can complete a task such as this one without external support. I have been blessed with a fantastic network of friends and family whose unquestioned encouragement and support made the long hours devoted to this work bearable. Most of all, I would like to thank my beautiful wife Karen, without whose love and support none of this would matter, and my two wonderful sons, Stephen and Alex. v Table of Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .........................................................................................................................V CHAPTER 1: DEFINING GRAND STRATEGY..................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 1 DEFINING GRAND STRATEGY.................................................................................................................... 5 Sun Tzu ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Carl von Clausewitz ............................................................................................................................... 8 B.H. Liddell Hart.................................................................................................................................. 12 André Beaufre....................................................................................................................................... 14 Edward Luttwak.................................................................................................................................... 16 Colin S. Gray........................................................................................................................................ 21 US Government .................................................................................................................................... 24 Peter Ackerman and Christopher Kruegler.......................................................................................... 25 ELEMENTS OF GRAND STRATEGY..........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • George Bush and the End of the Cold War. Christopher Alan Maynard Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 2001 From the Shadow of Reagan: George Bush and the End of the Cold War. Christopher Alan Maynard Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Maynard, Christopher Alan, "From the Shadow of Reagan: George Bush and the End of the Cold War." (2001). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 297. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/297 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI fiims the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction.. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]
  • Der Spiegel-Confirmation from the East by Brian Crozier 1993
    "Der Spiegel: Confirmation from the East" Counter Culture Contribution by Brian Crozier I WELCOME Sir James Goldsmith's offer of hospitality in the pages of COUNTER CULTURE to bring fresh news on a struggle in which we were both involved. On the attacking side was Herr Rudolf Augstein, publisher of the German news magazine, Der Spiegel; on the defending side was Jimmy. My own involvement was twofold: I provided him with the explosive information that drew fire from Augstein, and I co-ordinated a truly massive international research campaign that caused Augstein, nearly four years later, to call off his libel suit against Jimmy.1 History moves fast these days. The collapse of communism in the ex-Soviet Union and eastern Europe has loosened tongues and opened archives. The struggle I mentioned took place between January 1981 and October 1984. The past two years have brought revelations and confessions that further vindicate the line we took a decade ago. What did Jimmy Goldsmith say, in 1981, that roused Augstein to take legal action? The Media Committee of the House of Commons had invited Sir James to deliver an address on 'Subversion in the Media'. Having read a reference to the 'Spiegel affair' of 1962 in an interview with the late Franz Josef Strauss in his own news magazine of that period, NOW!, he wanted to know more. I was the interviewer. Today's readers, even in Germany, may not automatically react to the sight or sound of the' Spiegel affair', but in its day, this was a major political scandal, which seriously damaged the political career of Franz Josef Strauss, the then West German Defence Minister.
    [Show full text]
  • Transition in Afghanistan: Losing the Forgotten War?
    burke chair in strategy Transition in Afghanistan: Losing the Forgotten War? The Need to Reshape US Strategy in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Central Asia By Anthony H. Cordesman February 23, 2015 Request for comments: This report is a draft that will be turned into an electronic book. Comments and suggested changes would be greatly appreciated. Please send any comments to Anthony H. Cordsman, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy, at [email protected]. ANTHONY H. CORDESMAN Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy [email protected] Cordesman: Strategy in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Central Asia February 23, 2015 ii On December 29, 2014, the US President and Secretary of Defense announced the formal end to Operation Enduring Freedom, its combat mission in Afghanistan, which had begun in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks. They also stated that the US would begin its follow-on mission, Operation Freedom's Sentinel, at the start of 2015. The President and the Secretary of Defense made these announcements with all the usual rhetorical flourishes and statements about success, future commitments, and host government progress of the kind top US officials made at the end of the Vietnam and Iraq conflicts. The President also implied that this Transition had ended America’s longest war, although Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel made it clear that relabeling the mission did not fully end America’s military role: 1 Operation Freedom's Sentinel, the United States will pursue two missions with the support of the Afghan government and the Afghan people. We will work with our allies and partners as part of NATO's Resolute Support Mission to continue training, advising, and assisting Afghan security forces.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of the New Right on the Reagan Administration
    LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY OF LONDON THE IMPACT OF THE NEW RIGHT ON THE REAGAN ADMINISTRATION: KIRKPATRICK & UNESCO AS. A TEST CASE BY Isaac Izy Kfir LONDON 1998 UMI Number: U148638 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U148638 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 2 ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to investigate whether the Reagan administration was influenced by ‘New Right’ ideas. Foreign policy issues were chosen as test cases because the presidency has more power in this area which is why it could promote an aggressive stance toward the United Nations and encourage withdrawal from UNESCO with little impunity. Chapter 1 deals with American society after 1945. It shows how the ground was set for the rise of Reagan and the New Right as America moved from a strong affinity with New Deal liberalism to a new form of conservatism, which the New Right and Reagan epitomised. Chapter 2 analyses the New Right as a coalition of three distinctive groups: anti-liberals, New Christian Right, and neoconservatives.
    [Show full text]
  • Deception, Disinformation, and Strategic Communications: How One Interagency Group Made a Major Difference by Fletcher Schoen and Christopher J
    STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVES 11 Deception, Disinformation, and Strategic Communications: How One Interagency Group Made a Major Difference by Fletcher Schoen and Christopher J. Lamb Center for Strategic Research Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University The Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) is National Defense University’s (NDU’s) dedicated research arm. INSS includes the Center for Strategic Research, Center for Complex Operations, Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs, Center for Technology and National Security Policy, Center for Transatlantic Security Studies, and Conflict Records Research Center. The military and civilian analysts and staff who comprise INSS and its subcomponents execute their mission by conducting research and analysis, publishing, and participating in conferences, policy support, and outreach. The mission of INSS is to conduct strategic studies for the Secretary of Defense, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Unified Combatant Commands in support of the academic programs at NDU and to perform outreach to other U.S. Government agencies and the broader national security community. Cover: Kathleen Bailey presents evidence of forgeries to the press corps. Credit: The Washington Times Deception, Disinformation, and Strategic Communications: How One Interagency Group Made a Major Difference Deception, Disinformation, and Strategic Communications: How One Interagency Group Made a Major Difference By Fletcher Schoen and Christopher J. Lamb Institute for National Strategic Studies Strategic Perspectives, No. 11 Series Editor: Nicholas Rostow National Defense University Press Washington, D.C. June 2012 Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the contributors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Defense Department or any other agency of the Federal Government.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Cold War Warriors: Socialization of the Final Cold War Generation
    BUILDING COLD WAR WARRIORS: SOCIALIZATION OF THE FINAL COLD WAR GENERATION Steven Robert Bellavia A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2018 Committee: Andrew M. Schocket, Advisor Karen B. Guzzo Graduate Faculty Representative Benjamin P. Greene Rebecca J. Mancuso © 2018 Steven Robert Bellavia All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Andrew Schocket, Advisor This dissertation examines the experiences of the final Cold War generation. I define this cohort as a subset of Generation X born between 1965 and 1971. The primary focus of this dissertation is to study the ways this cohort interacted with the three messages found embedded within the Cold War us vs. them binary. These messages included an emphasis on American exceptionalism, a manufactured and heightened fear of World War III, as well as the othering of the Soviet Union and its people. I begin the dissertation in the 1970s, - during the period of détente- where I examine the cohort’s experiences in elementary school. There they learned who was important within the American mythos and the rituals associated with being an American. This is followed by an examination of 1976’s bicentennial celebration, which focuses on not only the planning for the celebration but also specific events designed to fulfill the two prime directives of the celebration. As the 1980s came around not only did the Cold War change but also the cohort entered high school. Within this stage of this cohorts education, where I focus on the textbooks used by the cohort and the ways these textbooks reinforced notions of patriotism and being an American citizen.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report
    COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS ANNUAL REPORT July 1,1996-June 30,1997 Main Office Washington Office The Harold Pratt House 1779 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. 58 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021 Washington, DC 20036 Tel. (212) 434-9400; Fax (212) 861-1789 Tel. (202) 518-3400; Fax (202) 986-2984 Website www. foreignrela tions. org e-mail publicaffairs@email. cfr. org OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, 1997-98 Officers Directors Charlayne Hunter-Gault Peter G. Peterson Term Expiring 1998 Frank Savage* Chairman of the Board Peggy Dulany Laura D'Andrea Tyson Maurice R. Greenberg Robert F Erburu Leslie H. Gelb Vice Chairman Karen Elliott House ex officio Leslie H. Gelb Joshua Lederberg President Vincent A. Mai Honorary Officers Michael P Peters Garrick Utley and Directors Emeriti Senior Vice President Term Expiring 1999 Douglas Dillon and Chief Operating Officer Carla A. Hills Caryl R Haskins Alton Frye Robert D. Hormats Grayson Kirk Senior Vice President William J. McDonough Charles McC. Mathias, Jr. Paula J. Dobriansky Theodore C. Sorensen James A. Perkins Vice President, Washington Program George Soros David Rockefeller Gary C. Hufbauer Paul A. Volcker Honorary Chairman Vice President, Director of Studies Robert A. Scalapino Term Expiring 2000 David Kellogg Cyrus R. Vance Jessica R Einhorn Vice President, Communications Glenn E. Watts and Corporate Affairs Louis V Gerstner, Jr. Abraham F. Lowenthal Hanna Holborn Gray Vice President and Maurice R. Greenberg Deputy National Director George J. Mitchell Janice L. Murray Warren B. Rudman Vice President and Treasurer Term Expiring 2001 Karen M. Sughrue Lee Cullum Vice President, Programs Mario L. Baeza and Media Projects Thomas R.
    [Show full text]
  • Contractarian Analysis, Ethics, and Emerging Economies
    Journal of Markets & Morality 4, no. 1 (Spring 2001), 55-72 Copyright © 2001 Center for Economic Personalism Contractarian Analysis, Ethics, and Emerging Economies Timothy P. Roth Professor of Economics University of Texas at El Paso The transition from socialist to market economics is typically informed by outcomes-based social welfare theory (SWT). Institutionless, intentionally value- free SWT is ill-suited to this enterprise. The only evaluative standard to which it gives rise—efficiency—is indeterminate, and the theory is not accommodative of other dimensions of moral evaluation. By contrast, the contractarian enter- prise focuses on the role and importance of formal and informal institutions, including ethical norms. Given that individuals should be treated as moral equivalents, the project assigns lexical priority to rights and regards justice as impartiality. This explicitly normative, institutional approach permits analysis of potential conflicts between informal norms and prospective, formal rules of the games. Moreover, it underscores the instrumental and intrinsic value of rights in the transition process. Finally, the emphasis on impartiality—embodied in the generality principle—facilitates analysis of constitutional constraints on behav- ior that is inimical to the transition process. The Transition: The Consequentialist Approach It is clear that the transition from socialist to market economies has typi- cally been informed by received, consequentialist social welfare theory (here- after referred to as SWT).1 Because SWT is consequentialist, institutionless, and intentionally value-free it should come as no surprise that the standard reform prescription begins at the endpoint, an idealized market, phrasing everything in those terms, ignoring the crucial question of how reforms engage existing soci- ety.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kennedy and Johnson Years. SPONS AGENCY National Inst
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 231 050 iA 015 ;711 AUTHOR Graham, Hugh Davis TITLE The Transformation of Federal Education,Policy: The Kennedy and Johnson Years. SPONS AGENCY National Inst. of Education (ED), Washington, DC. PUB DATE. Jan 83 , GRANT NIE-G-80-0139' .NOTE . 427p: PUB TYPE Historical Materials (060) -- Reports - General (140) Books (010) EDRS PRICE ME01/PC18 Plus Postage." DESCRIPTORS *Advisory Committees; Advocacy; Archives; De ision . Making; Educational Change; *Educational.His ory; : *Educational Legislation; Educational'Oualit Federal Government; Federal Legislation; Federal Programs4 Government School Relationship; Historiography; *PoliCy Formation;'Political Power;, Political Science; *Presidents; Social Change; Social SCience Research IDENTIFIERS Congress; *Great Society; Johnson (Lyndon Baines); Kennedy (John F); *Task Force Approach ABSTRACT Archive-based historical anaIysis brings a perspective to policy studies that is lackingn individual case° studies. The recently opened Kennedy and Johnson arChives facilitate an internal analysis of the evolution of education policyformulation in the 1960s from the petspective of the executive branch. The central thread of continuity for such an analysis is executive planning through presidential task forces, such as those coordinated in the mid-1960$ by Bill Moyers and Joseph Califano. While task . forcing was for Kennedy largely a one-shot ceampagn effort,of dubious efficacy, it was crucial for Johnson's construction of'the Great Sciciety's programmatic base. Task forces provide both
    [Show full text]
  • John F. Kennedy and Berlin Nicholas Labinski Marquette University
    Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Master's Theses (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects Evolution of a President: John F. Kennedy and Berlin Nicholas Labinski Marquette University Recommended Citation Labinski, Nicholas, "Evolution of a President: John F. Kennedy and Berlin" (2011). Master's Theses (2009 -). Paper 104. http://epublications.marquette.edu/theses_open/104 EVOLUTION OF A PRESIDENT: JOHN F. KENNEDYAND BERLIN by Nicholas Labinski A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Milwaukee, Wisconsin August 2011 ABSTRACT EVOLUTION OF A PRESIDENT: JOHN F. KENNEDYAND BERLIN Nicholas Labinski Marquette University, 2011 This paper examines John F. Kennedy’s rhetoric concerning the Berlin Crisis (1961-1963). Three major speeches are analyzed: Kennedy’s Radio and Television Report to the American People on the Berlin Crisis , the Address at Rudolph Wilde Platz and the Address at the Free University. The study interrogates the rhetorical strategies implemented by Kennedy in confronting Khrushchev over the explosive situation in Berlin. The paper attempts to answer the following research questions: What is the historical context that helped frame the rhetorical situation Kennedy faced? What rhetorical strategies and tactics did Kennedy employ in these speeches? How might Kennedy's speeches extend our understanding of presidential public address? What is the impact of Kennedy's speeches on U.S. German relations and the development of U.S. and German Policy? What implications might these speeches have for the study and execution of presidential power and international diplomacy? Using a historical-rhetorical methodology that incorporates the historical circumstances surrounding the crisis into the analysis, this examination of Kennedy’s rhetoric reveals his evolution concerning Berlin and his Cold War strategy.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter I Geostrategic and Geopolitical Considerations
    Geostrategic and geopolitical Chapter I considerations regarding energy Francisco José Berenguer Hernández Abstract This chapter analyses the peace and conflict aspects of the concept of “energy security” its importance in the strategic architecture of the major nations, as well as the main geopolitical factors of the current energy panorama. Key words Energy Security, National Strategies, Energy Interests, Geopolitics of Energy. 45 Francisco José Berenguer Hernández Some considerations about the “energy security” concept Concept The concept of energy security has been present in publications for a cer- tain number of years, including the press and non-trade media, but it is apparently a recent one, or at least one that has not enjoyed the popular- ity of others such as road, workplace, social or even air security. However, it has taken on such importance nowadays that it deserves a specific section in the highest-level strategic documents of practically all of the nations in our environment, as will be seen in a later section. This is somewhat different from the form of security of other sectors that include the following in more generic terms: “well-being and progress of society”, “ensuring the life and prosperity of citizens” and other simi- lar expressions, with the exception of economic security. The latter, as a consequence of the long and deep recession that numerous nations, in- cluding Spain, have been suffering, has strongly emerged in more recent strategic thinking. Consequently, it is worth wondering the reason for this relevance and leading role of energy security in the concerns of the high- est authorities and institutions of the nations.
    [Show full text]
  • British Anti-Communist Propaganda and Cooperation with the United States, 1945-1951. Andrew Defty
    British anti-communist propaganda and cooperation with the United States, 1945-1951. Andrew Defty European Studies Research Institute School of English, Sociology, Politics and Contemporary History University of Salford Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, January 2002 British anti-communist propaganda and cooperation with the United States, 1945-1951 Contents Acknowledgements................................................................................................. .......ii Abbreviations.................................................................................................................iii Abstract..........................................................................................................................iv Introduction....................................................................................................................! Chapter 1 The Origins of Britain's anti-communist propaganda policy 1945-1947.............................28 Chapter 2 Launching the new propaganda policy, 1948.....................................................................74 Chapter 3 Building a concerted counter-offensive: cooperation with other powers, 1948-1950 ........123 Chapter 4 'Close and continuous liaison': British and American cooperation, 1950-1951 .................162 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................216 Notes Introduction .........................................................................................................226
    [Show full text]