Original Article: Quality Assessment of Medical Translations Performed By

Journal of Paramedical Sciences (JPS) Autumn 2017 Vol 8, No4. ISSN 2008-4978

Original Article:

Quality assessment of medical translations performed by the two groups of medical translators and physicians

Elahe Abootorabi1,*, Seyed Nezamaddin Moeinzadeh2

1English Department, Kerman Institute of Higher Education, Kerman, Iran 2English Department, Kerman Institute of Higher Education, Kerman, Iran

*Corresponding Author: email Address: [email protected] (E. Abootorabi)

ABSTRACT

Translating medical texts is a very risky and important task because these texts deal with human life and any mistake in their translation can be life threatening. However, physicians, as well as medical translators, do this task and believe that the quality of their translation is more better than one performed by the medical translators but due to lack of time, they have to employ medical translators for doing this task. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of medical translations performed by the two groups of medical translators and physicians using House's model. For this purpose, the book "Bate's Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking" written by Fiona R. Prabhu and Lynn S. Bickley published in 2003 (ST) and its two versions of Persian translation performed by two groups of medical translators (TT1) and physicians (TT2) were analyzed according to the steps described in the House's model and the mismatches (overt and covert errors) were determined. Then the translations were classified as over or covert translations and the reasons were described. The results show that neither medical translators (with English knowledge and translating skills) nor physicians (with Medical knowledge) can perform a high quality translation of medical texts alone and without cooperation with the other group. It was concluded that for presenting a high quality translation, medical translators and physicians should have cooperation with each other and a team of medical translators and physicians is required. Keywords: Medical translators, Physicians, House's model, Translation

INTRODUCTION The translation should be 'plain prose', without In the medical sector, translation is a small, redundancy and with the use of explicitation yet simultaneously big issue. It is a small when required [3]. So, the translation of issue– and almost a non-issue– because informative text should focus on the factual compared with the total effort of the medical content and terminology rather than stylistic professionals for developing a medicine or niceties. Translation of medical and medical device, doing research and pharmaceutical documentation is a complex examination on patients, and writing and and demanding challenge for a language representing the results of their research, service provider. On the one side, there’s an producing patient or user information by unavoidable requirement to involve only translating the results of their research is an experts, such as doctors, biologists, or activity that does not cost a lot and often does pharmacists, in the translation process of not get much attention [1]. It is a big issue medical or pharmaceutical documents. On the when something goes wrong and the reality other side, you’re facing a big responsibility, hits that this type of information should be because the results of your work can produced professionally [1]. As medical texts significantly influence someone’s health and are scientific and informative texts, based on medical condition [4]. In other words, by the suggestion of Katherina Reiss [2], the TT misinterpretation of the facts discovered by of an informative text should transmit the full physicians, and therefore, by misleading the referential or conceptual content of the ST. people especially other physicians around the

Journal of Paramedical Sciences (JPS) Autumn 2017 Vol 8, No4. ISSN 2008-4978 world through producing a bad translation of books that are translated or written by the the medical texts, the translation become a life physicians but they are not written or threatening piece of paper that not only does translated in accordance with English rules and not give the correct information to the society they are full of mismatches and errors; and medicine community, but also is therefore, they are required to be edited by dangerous and life threatening for the society. English translators who have English So, the translation of medical texts is a risky knowledge and translating skills. In addition, task that should be done by professional there are many essays that are not accepted to translators who are familiar with medical be published in medical journals due to their sciences as well as translating skills. Day English grammatical and semantic problems. Translation Team announced that the technical Accordingly, medical translation is costly and translator must have knowledge of the subject time consuming because lacking English matter. There is no going around it. The knowledge and translating skills make translator must understand a term’s deeper physicians to pay the cost of English editing to meaning so that appropriate research could be English translators or editors in addition to made, even if it does not have a semblance to spending time and cost to translate the texts. the original language [5]. As Newmark notes Furthermore, the reliability of the authors will “the medical translator has much more be reduced by the rejection of their essay in freedom with grammar than with lexis” [6]. medical journals due to grammatical and Kim also believed that extralinguistic semantic errors. The purpose of this study was knowledge plays a key role in presenting a to assess the quality of medical translations good medical translation. Apart from the performed by the medical translators (with mastery of translation methodology, English knowledge and translating skills) and extralinguistic knowledge has to be physician (with medical knowledge) who accompanied by linguistic competence, which translate the medical texts, using a model in the case of the translation of specialized presented by Juliane House (1977) [9] to find texts might seemingly play a minor role, which out whether Medical knowledge is enough for means that a professional in the field of representing a high quality translation of medicine might perform a better translation medical texts or English knowledge and than a translator who lacks scientific translating skills are also required. In other knowledge in the field. Thus, the quality of the words, the aim of this study was to find out translation product is highly influenced by whether medical translators (with English extralinguistic knowledge [7]. Henry knowledge) and physicians (with medical Fischbakh (1962) also believed that a technical knowledge) alone can perform a high quality translator must combine three faculties: He medical translation or a group of medical must have a fairly extensive knowledge of, and translators and physicians is required for the be able to reason in, the subject matter of the translation of medical texts. The results of this translation, he must be able to read the study are useful for both translators and language he is translating well enough so that physicians because if it is proved that for he can grasp the author's intended meaning, translating medical text, English knowledge and he must himself be able to embody that and translating skills are also required in meaning in lucid and straightforward English, addition to medical knowledge, so the French, Spanish, etc [8]. However, many physicians can trust translators and employ physicians in addition to many medical them for translating and editing medical texts, translators do this critical task. They claim that and some English training courses in the knowing medical terminology facilitate the medical sciences universities will help translation of medical texts and English physicians to learn English grammar and rules knowledge and translating skills cannot handle for providing a good translation; subsequently, this job as the former. In contrast, medical in terms of time and cost, it would be translators believe that just knowing the commodious for physicians. In addition, by terminology of medical texts is not enough for trusting the translators, the reliability rate of providing a good translation and the text authors would not be reduced due to the should be structurally and semantically rejection of their essay in medical journals. In correct. However, there are many essays and contrast, if it is proved that physicians can

Journal of Paramedical Sciences (JPS) Autumn 2017 Vol 8, No4. ISSN 2008-4978 translate medical texts without help of medical in the case of the translation of specialized translators who have English knowledge, texts might seemingly play a minor role, which again, in terms of time and cost, it would be means a professional in the field of medicines commodious for physicians. might perform a better translation than a translator who lacks scientific knowledge in REVIEW OF LITERATURE the field. Thus the quality of the translation Translation of medical and product is highly influenced by extralinguistic pharmaceutical documentation is a complex knowledge [7]. As Newmark (1979) notes "the and demanding challenge for a language medical translator has much more freedom service provider. On the other side, there is an from grammar than with lexis". In order for a unavoidable requirement to involve only translated biomedical article to be accurate and experts, such as doctors, biologists, or to rise to the standards of the target language, pharmacists. In the translation process of the translator has to match the frequency of the medical or pharmaceutical documents. On the features of the source language text other side, you are facing a big responsibility, (terminology, compounds, syntax, and word because the results of your work can order) to equal frequency of the corresponding significantly influence someone's health and feature in the target language text [6]. Henry medical condition. Therefore, each translator Fischbakh (1962) also believed that a technical should carry out some stages in order to translator must combine three faculties [8]: present a high quality translation [4]. As Clio 1.He must have a fairly extensive knowledge Schils (2015) announced, medical translation of, and be able to reason in, the subject matter is legally required for [10]: of the translation. Medical devices 2.He must be able to read the language he is  Instructions for use (IFS) translating well enough so that he can grasp  Packaging the author's intended meaning.  Labeling 3.He must himself be able to embody that  Software meaning to lucid and straightforward English, Medicines French, Spanish, etc.  Summary of product characteristics Considering the significance of medical (SmPC) translation, special attention should be paid to  Labeling, inner and outer packaging the quality of the translations of these texts.  Patient information leaflet (PIL) There are many studies have been performed medicines summary on the medical translation and evaluation of Clinical trials the quality of the medical translations but in  Informed consent forms (for patient this study, three groups of the studies have subjects) been interviewed; studies on translation  Study protocols quality assessment (TQA), studies on medical  PROs, such as questionnaires and translation, and studies on medical translation scales quality assessment (MTQA).  Instructions for nurses Day Translation Team (2015) announced that STUDIES ON TRANSLATION the technical translator must have knowledge QUALITY ASSESSMENT of the subject matter. There is no going around Hossein Heydari Tabrizi et al (2012) in it. The translator must understand a term's their study assessed the quality of Persian deeper meaning so that appropriate research translation of Orwell's (1949) Nineteen Eighty- could be made, even if it does not have a Four by Balooch (2004) based on House's semblance to the original language [5]. Kim (1997) model. To do so, 23 pages (about 10 (2006) also believed that extralinguistic percent) of the source text were randomly knowledge plays a key role in representing a selected. The profile of the source text register good medical translation. Apart from the and the genre was realized. The source text mastery of translation methodology, profile was compared to the translation text extralinguistic knowledge has to be profile. The results of the comparison were accompanied by linguistic competence, which dimensional mismatches and overt errors. The

Journal of Paramedical Sciences (JPS) Autumn 2017 Vol 8, No4. ISSN 2008-4978 dimensional mismatches were categorized considered as a covert kind of translation based on different dimensions of the register rather than an overt one [12]. including field, tenor, and mode. The overt errors which were based on denotative STUDIES ON MEDICAL mismatches and target system errors TRANSLATION categorized into omissions, additions, Nina Rask (2008) in her study substitutions, and breaches of the target investigated the difficulties in translating a language system. Then the frequencies of medical text from English into Swedish. She occurrences of subcategories of overt errors used a British textbook about geriatrics called along with their percentages were calculated. "Nursing Older People". She found that the The overt errors and dimensional errors were translation difficulties have involved analyzed errors. The dimensional mismatches terminology and cultural aspects. This analysis as well as a large number of major overt errors showed how these problems were tackled by such as omission and substitutions indicated studying different translation theories, such as that the translation was not in accordance with Munday (2001) who refers to Koller's theory the House's view stating that literary works about equivalence and Vinay and Darbelnet's needed to be translated overtly. In other words, model of direct translation and oblique mismatches on different levels of register translation as well as Ingo (2007) who showed that the cultural filter was applied in accounts for text sort conventions. The translation and the second-level functional terminological problems involved choosing the equivalence required for overt translation was most appropriate term for describing not reached. As a result, the Persian translation diagnosis, diseases, body organs, and of Nineteen Ninety-Four did not fulfill the symptoms. There was a wide variety of terms criteria to be an overt translation. Instead, this from old Graeco-Latin terms to English terms translation tended to be a covert one [11]. coined in the 1990s. Other terms were related Yamini and Abdi (2010) assessed the quality to the international field of epidemiology as of Ala’uddin’s Pasargadi’s Persian Translation well as the organization of care for the elderly, of William Shakespeare's Macbeth on the basis based on the Swedish Social Services Act. A of House's Translation Quality Assessment suitable choice is possible by considering Model to investigate the potential power of aspects frequent usage of field specific words this model to predict the errors in Persian and collocations in parallel texts. In cultural translations of literary works. The researcher aspects involved cultural references such as randomly selected some samples of source text differences between Sweden and the UK as for and target text and analyzed them using national institutions and organizations. The House's model. Chi-Square statistical solution is to find a cultural equivalent or, procedure was employed to compute when this is not possible, explain the term in a differences between observed and expected footnote [13]. Sue Ellen (2012) focused on frequencies of the errors which were Sci-Tech texts, along with their categorization categorized into "covertly erroneous errors" and translation, and viewed them in the and "overtly erroneous errors". Overtly context of spoken discourse. She believes that erroneous errors were further categorized into identification of the source language is usually five categories: 1) Not translated; 2) Slight unproblematic, and specification of the target change in meaning; 3) Significance change in language depends on the potentially complex meaning; 4) Distortion of meaning; 5) Breach needs and intention of the requester. The of the target language system. The results subject field of the text is coordinate with its indicated a statistically significant difference special language. The vocabulary of special between the two kinds of errors and among the languages is documented in specialized five types of overtly erroneous errors. They lexicography and terminological dictionaries. conclude that this piece of translation did not Even if scientists use English, mother-tongue comply with the hypothesis "a literary work, terminology is critical for the dissemination of according to House's model, has to be scientific information and for stimulating translated overtly and any deviation of it will interaction between science and technology; be considered as an error". The translation was thus, rendering technical expertise accessible

Journal of Paramedical Sciences (JPS) Autumn 2017 Vol 8, No4. ISSN 2008-4978 to all sectors of the population. She concluded were compared and analyzed based on the that in order to translate effectively, either at secondary term formation processes, with the science-to-science level or across any of regard to morphosemantic factors. The the technology levels, mediating between a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data language with rich special languages and those indicated that various mophosemantic factors that are inadequately developed requires the were involved in the secondary term formation consistent creation of new terminology [14]. processes of the Persian medical terms. The Hajar Khanmohammad et al (2014) performed findings demonstrated that most of the a Linguistic-based investigation into the incompatible equivalents were found in frequency of translation shifts in the process of lexicology area; while semantic problems in translating medical texts from English into them covered smaller proportion. Derivational Farsi in Iran. Five books were selected from capability and compliance with the language five branches or sub-branches of medicine in rules are two morphosemantic factors which which a large number of English-into-Farsi need further attention in Persian language [17]. translations have been done in Iran. Then, two Abrosimova, A et al (2015) in their study chapters from each book were selected. investigated the general and nationally specific Afterwards, 10% of the sentences of each features of the English medical abbreviations, chapter were sampled and analyzed. On the surveyed extra- and intralinguistic requisites of whole, from among 320 sampled sentences, all their formation, determined regularities of the sentences had undergone structural shift, medical abbreviations usage in modern 4.06% had undergone class shift, 5.31% had English, and analyzed the peculiarity of undergone unit shift, and 7.81% had classification of abbreviations. Special undergone Intra-system shift. In conclusion of attention was also given to investigating some this study, considering the features of English basic procedures applicable in translating and Farsi, the low number of shifts in medical them. They used such research methods as the texts suggest that in many cases no translation method of component analysis of meaning actually has been taken place and based on dictionary definitions, the method of transliteration was the preferred approach for contextual analysis of the abbreviations, the erudite terms [15]. Wioleta Karwacka identifying their situational relevance. They (2014) discussed medical translation policy, also collected and processed nonregistered translation quality management procedures, English medical abbreviations. Continuous with particular focus on back-translation and sampling of the studied units of scientific and parallel translation in the light of improving medical texts identified corpus examples. the quality of translation and interpreting for Materials used for their study was selected the medical sector. It was concluded that in from articles, periodical literature on medicine order to facilitate communication with foreign and its related branches of science, from or immigrant patients with limited language encyclopedic dictionaries. They concluded that proficiency, and provide translated versions of ordering of abbreviation in medicine can be medical documents (regulatory documents, achieved through a more thorough study of scientific papers, patients forms), professional medical abbreviations, their proper use in medical translators need to be employed. A medical professional training by means of model was also provided in this study to modelling, which fixes the most convenient, promote better standards of quality in medical concise and succinct clichés in medical translation [16]. In another study, Ali Akbar discourse [18]. However, there are limited Zeinali (2015) provided a brief terminological studies on the Medical Translation Quality description of the selected English medical Assessment (TQA). In the study of Zekavati terms and their equivalents in the Persian and Azimi Amoli (2013), the effect of medical language. The data consisting of 339 medical background knowledge on enhancing the terms chosen under the "Connective Tissue translation quality among medical and and Musculoskeletal System" of the translation students were systematically and International Classification of Diseases, 9th dynamically investigated. Participants in this Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) study included 100 medical students and and their equivalents in the Persian language translation students in Islamic Azad University were selected for this study. The target terms in Tehran, Iran. They had the mean age of 22

Journal of Paramedical Sciences (JPS) Autumn 2017 Vol 8, No4. ISSN 2008-4978 and there were 45 males and 55 females in the translation quality assessment in order to sample. In order to determine the level of reveal a number of errors and mismatches in proficiency of the participants in both groups, the translations by the researcher. Data the same Nelson proficiency test was first obtained from the texts analysis were administered to all of them. Students in both confirmed by a researcher in medical fields. groups were asked to translate some medical texts from English into Persian. Outputs of the RESULTS two groups were compared to assess the The results obtained from analysis of the impact of medical background information. ST and TTs showed that since the ST was an The quantity and quality of background instructive medical book in English that was information were also analyzed to examine written for medical students in order to teach their influence on the quality of translation. them how they should examine Results showed that those students having patients;therefore, simple, clear, and medical knowledge performed better in imperative structures were used in this book. translating English texts related to medical As it was reveled in comparison of ST and science, in comparison to those learners who TTs, the simple, clear, and imperative were not familiar well with medical structures were also used in these versions of knowledge. In other words, technical translation performed by the medical knowledge could play a significant role in translators and physicians. Therefore, there enhancing the quality of medical translation was no mismatches between the ST and TTs' from English into Persian [19]. Field. On tenor, it was also revealed that the social role relationship and the social attitude MATERIALS AND METHODS between the medical translators and physicians In this study, the eighth edition of the as instructors and medical students as book "Bate's Guide to Physical Examination practitioners in the TTs was the same as ST. In and History Taking" (2003) written by Fiona other words, the medical translators and R. Prabhu and Lynn S. Bickley that was physicians gave some practical instructions to designed for the students of health care who medical students for examining the patients. In are learning to talk with patients, to perform addition, there was no mismatches between the their physical examinations, and to apply ST and TTs' mode. On mode, the medium of clinical reasoning to understand and assess ST and TTs was "written to be read and their problems was chosen as the source text performed because besides using written form (ST) [20]. And two versions of its Persian for giving instructions, many real pictures, translation performed by the two groups of tables, and figures were also used for better medical translators and physicians were understanding of the medical students in TTs chosen as the target texts (TTs). One book as ST. The participation was kept by the (written in Persian language) titled as "Bate's medical translators and physicians, and all Guide to Physical Examination and History texts got monologue participation. The ST Taking" was translated by a group of medical ideational function was kept up to a large translators in 2003 [21]. The other one (written extent in TTs. The Genre of all texts was the in Persian language) tilted as "Bate's Guide to same and all three books were scientific books Physical Examination and History Taking" in medicine. Therefore, there was no covertly was translated by a group of physicians in erroneous error between the ST and TT1. The 2003 [22]. In this analytical descriptive study, main mismatches between ST and TTs were to assess the quality of translations performed overtly erroneous errors that were categorized by medical translators and physicians, the in five categories: wrong translation, Julian House's model (1997) was applied to grammatical errors, mistransference, the translations [9]. For this purpose, a register untranslated and transferred in SL, and profile (field, tenor, and mode) was provided deletion. It was revealed that among 48 for the three texts (ST and TTs), the genre of mismatches reported in the TT1, wrong the texts (ST and TTs) was studied, and a translation (n=26) was the most common statement of function was provided for the mismatch. The next more frequent mismatches texts (ST and TTs) based on the steps were untranslated and transferred in SL (n=9), described in the House's model (1997) for deletion (n=8), and mistransference (n=5),

Journal of Paramedical Sciences (JPS) Autumn 2017 Vol 8, No4. ISSN 2008-4978 respectively. There was no grammatical errors were deletion (n=9), untranslated and in TT1. It shows that English knowledge could transferred in SL (n=8), mistransference (n=5), help the translators to deal with grammar and grammatical errors (n=4), respectively. without any errors and problems. Analysis of The frequency of mismatches related to the TT2 also showed that similar to TT1, among mistransference was the same (n=5). The 48 mismatches reported in the TT2, wrong frequency and percentage of overt errors in translation (n=22) was the most common TTs were shown in Table 1. mismatch. The next more frequent mismatches

Table 1. Frequency and percentage of overt errors in TTs Frequency Percentage (%) Mismatches TT1 TT2 TT1 TT2 Wrong translation 26 22 27.08 22.91 Grammatical errors 0 4 0 4.16 Untranslated and transferred in ST 9 8 9.37 8.33 Mistransference 5 5 5.20 5.20 Deletion 8 9 8.33 9.37 Total 48 48 50 50

As shown in Table 1, the frequent errors in third frequent errors in TT1 was deletion TT1 was wrong translation (27.08%) (8.33) that its frequency was less than that in indicating that the main problem of medical TT2. Two errors had the same function translators in translating the medical texts was (untranslated and transferred in SL and lack of medical knowledge. In TT2 also, the deletion), ST was not translated at all through most frequent error was wrong translation. It is these two errors. In other words, through the interesting that physicians with medical first error, the terms were transferred and knowledge had such errors in translating could be read by the readers just in SL but medical text. Before, it was supposed that through another error, the terms were deleted physicians with medical knowledge could completely and readers cannot even be aware perform a high quality translation of medical of those terms and the meaning may be texts but here, it was proved that there was no changed through this deletion. Therefore, since significant relationship between medical the frequency of untranslated and transferred knowledge and medical translation quality. in SL was less than deletion in TT2, it is However, the difference in wrong translations concluded that physicians had more fidelity to between TT1 and TT2 was significant ST compared to the medical translators whose (4.17%). The second frequent overt error in errors related to untranslated and transferred in TT1 was related to the untranslated and SL was higher than deletion. It is also transferred in SL (9.37%) while its frequency interesting that the frequency of in TT2 (8.33) was lower than those in TT1. It mistransference in TTs was the same (5.20%) shows that medical translators compared to the indicating that there was no relationship physician had less medical knowledge; between medical or English knowledge and therefore, they preferred to put it untranslated mistransference. The last error was related to rather than translating it incorrectly. However, the grammatical errors that as it was expected, there were some cases in TT2 (8%) that were its frequency in TT2 (4.16%) was higher than kept untranslated and transferred in SL those in TT1 (0%). In fact, there was no indicating that physicians with medical grammatical errors in TT1 that was performed knowledge may also have some problems in by medical translators. Therefore, there was translating medical terms and texts. The significant relationship between English difference between the frequency of knowledge and grammatical errors in medical untranslated and transferred in SL in TT1 and translation. The percentage of overt errors in those in TT2 was not significant (1%). The TT1 and TT2 were compared in Figure 1.

Journal of Paramedical Sciences (JPS) Autumn 2017 Vol 8, No4. ISSN 2008-4978

0 Deletion Wrong Translation Grammatical Errors Mistransference Untranslated and transferred in SL

TT1 TT2

Figure 1. Comparison of the percentage of overt errors in TT1 and TT2

As shown in Figure 1, mistranslation was the translations indicating that these errors relating main mismatches in TT1 and TT2 indicating to the English structures can be seen even in that neither English knowledge nor medical the translation performed by the medical knowledge alone can help the translators to translators who have English knowledge. perform a high quality translation of medical Therefore, since there was no mismatches texts and mistranslations can be seen even in between the Register (field, tenor, and mode) the translation performed by the physicians and Genre of ST and TTs, these translations who had medical knowledge. In addition, the were considered as covert translations which frequency of grammatical errors and enjoy the status of the original source text in mistransference was the same in both the target culture.

DISCUSSION lack of medical knowledge. In TT2 also, the Comparison of the ST and TTs profile most frequent error was wrong translation. It showed that the register and genre of all texts was interesting that physicians with medical were the same. In other words, ST and TTs knowledge had such errors in translating were instructive scientific books in medicine medical text. Before, it was supposed that which aimed to give some practical physicians with medical knowledge could instructions to medical students for examining perform a high quality translation of medical different parts of the patient's body. These texts but it was proved that there was no books also can be read by others who are significant relationship between medical interested in medicine and examining patients knowledge and quality of medical translation. but the main addresses of these books are However, the difference in wrong translation medical students. Therefore, there was no between TT1 and TT2 was significant mismatches in Register and Genre as (4.17%). The second frequent overt error in dimensional errors. In both TTs, the translators TT1 was related to the untranslated and tried to transfer the meaning correctly but transferred in SL (9.37%) while its frequency there were also some denotative errors as in TT2 (8.33) was less than that in TT1. It overtly erroneous errors. As before were showed that medical translators compared to categorized, the overt errors considered in both the physician had limited medical knowledge, TTs were: wrong translation, mistransference, therefore, they preferred to put it untranslated grammatical errors, untranslated and rather than translating it incorrectly. However, transferred in SL, and deletion. Based on this there were some cases in TT2 (8%) that were categorization, the TTs were analyzed and kept untranslated and transferred in SL overt errors were classified in each group. As indicating that physicians with medical shown in Table1, the most frequent error in knowledge may also have some problems in TT1 was wrong translation (27.08%) translating medical terms and texts. The indicating that the main problem of medical difference in the frequency of untranslated and translators in translating medical texts was transferred in SL between TT1 and TT2 was

Journal of Paramedical Sciences (JPS) Autumn 2017 Vol 8, No4. ISSN 2008-4978 not significant (1%). The third frequent error on October 26, 2016. I would like to gratitude in TT1 was deletion (8.33) that its frequency dear Prof. Moeinzadeh and Prof. Shariati for was less than that in TT2. Two errors had the their sincere support who helped me to same function (untranslated and transferred in perform this study and special thanks to Drs. SL and deletion), ST was not translated at all Tabatabaei and Amirifar who helped me in through these two errors. In other words, collecting data. through the first error, the terms were “The authors declare no conflict of interest” transferred and could be read by the readers just in SL but through another error, the terms REFERENCES were deleted completely and readers cannot be 1.Andriesen S. Quality Control in Medical aware of those terms and the meaning may be Translations. Innovations in Pharmaceutical changed through this deletion. Therefore, since Technology. 2006. the frequency of untranslated and transferred 2.Reiss K. Text types, translation types and in SL was less than deletion in TT2, it was translation assessment. Readings in translation concluded that physicians had more fidelity to theory. 1989:105-15. ST compared to the medical translators whose 3.Munday J. Introducing translation studies: errors related to untranslated and transferred in Theories and applications: Routledge; 2016. SL was higher than deletion. It was also 4.Reflex Medical & Pharmaceutical interesting that the frequency of Translation [Web Site]. 2017. Available from: mistransference in both TTs was the same http://www.reflex.hu/en/medical-translation/. (5.20%) indicating that there was no 5.Challenges in medical translations [Web relationship between Medical or English site]. https://www.daytranslations.com2017. knowledge and mistransference. The last error Available from: was related to the grammatical errors that as it https://www.daytranslations.com/blog/2015/06 was expected, its frequency in TT2 (4.16%) /challenges-in-technical-translation-6354. was higher than that in TT1 (0%). In fact, 6.Newmark P. A layman's view of medical there is no grammatical errors in TT1 that was translation. British medical journal. performed by medical translators. Therefore, 1979;2(6202):1405. there is significant relationship between 7.Kim R. Use of extralinguistic knowledge in English knowledge and grammatical errors in translation. Meta: Journal des medical translation. traducteursMeta:/Translators' Journal. 2006;51(2):284-303. CONCLUSION 8.Fischbach H. Problems of medical According to the results, since the translation. Bulletin of the Medical Library frequency of overt errors in TT1 and TT2 is Association. 1962;50(3):462. the same (50%) and subsequently, the quality 9.House J. Translation quality assessment: A of both TTs is the same; therefore, it is model revisited: Gunter Narr Verlag; 1997. concluded that and neither medical translators 10. Schils C. (2015). 3 Big Challenges for (with English knowledge) nor physicians (with Life Sciences Translation on September 20, Medical knowledge) can perform a high 2016 from: https://www.sajan.com/3-big- quality translation of medical texts alone and challenges-for-life-sciences-translation without cooperation with the other group and 11.Tabrizi HH, Chalak A, Taherioun AH. for presenting a high quality translation, Assessing the Quality of Persian Translation of medical translators and physicians should have Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-four Based on cooperation with each other and a team of House's Model: Overt-covert Translation medical translators and physicians is required. Distinction. Acta Linguistica Asiatica. 2015 Feb 17;4(3):29-42. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 12.Yamini H, Abdi F. The Application of This article is part of my thesis submitted House’s Model on William Shakespeare’s as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for “Macbeth” and its Persian Translation by the degree of Master of Arts (MA) in Ala’uddin Pasargadi. 2010. translation studies in Kerman institute of 13.Rask N. Analysis of a Medical Translation: Higher Education, Kerman that was presented Terminology and cultural aspects. 2008.

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