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*From Course Manual Objectives

The Concept of the 1. Explain the idea of worldview. "Oriental" and Asian 2. Define the term "culture". 3. Discuss the idea of a "pure culture". 4. Define the term "Orientalism". 5. Discuss the differences between Asian and Western views of Asia in terms of the designed environment. 6. Formulate an opinion on a supposedly universal point of view on Asian architectural history versus that of a more personal view. Southeast Asian Architecture 1. Explain the Austronesia theory of migration. 2. Discuss the Austronesian theory in particular reference to Southeast Asian and Philippine cultures and architecture. 3. Compare and contrast the cultures, environments and of Southeast Asia and the Philippines. 4. Identify the different types, parts and features of different Southeast Asian architectures. 5. Discuss your understanding and personal views of in Southeast Asian and Philippine Architecture. Indian Architecture 1. Explain the concept of "axis mundi". 2. Identify the different building types, parts and features of Indian Buddhist, Hindu and . 3. Discuss the relationship of Indian to Philippine architecture via Southeast Asian architecture and the axis mundi concept. 4. Formulate an opinion on the validity of the axis mundi as a concept for explaining the relations between Indian, Southeast Asian and Philippine architectures. Middle Eastern Architecture 1. Identify the different building types, parts and features of Middle Eastern architecture. 2. Discuss the relationship of Middle Eastern architecture to Philippine architecture. 3. Compare Middle eastern Islamic architecture to Philippine Islamic architecture and discuss its influence. East Asian Architecture 1. Explain the Chinese influence on Philippine architecture. 2. Sketch a Chinese showing the modular system, joinery and generic roof design. 3. Describe the history of the Chinese in the Philippines. 4. Describe the parts and features of a traditional Chinese house. 5. Describe the parts and features of a traditional Japanese house. 6. Explain how Modernism affected traditional . 7. Formulate an opinion on the influence of on Philippine architecture through an examination of the comparative cultural worldviews. Asian Architecture and 1. Explain the idea of "Critical Regionalism". Critical Regionalism 2. Explain how Modernism influences Southeast Asian, Indian and . 3. Formulate an opinion on the effect of Modernism on Asian identity in architecture.

Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 1 World View Universalization - The way we perceive and understand the - Subtle destruction of traditional cultures universe - The way we respond to it Regionalism Ex. Language - One to one correspondence with - Reflects culture: worldview depends on culture Ex. Space How far is Quezon City? Phenomenology Western: Three miles. - Method of inquiry based on the premise Filipino: One hour away. that reality is preoccupied or understood in human consciousness and not of anything independent of human Culture consciousness - The complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, capability and habit acquired by man as members of society. - The shared knowledge a people have of themselves and their environment. - Culture is subject to influence other cultures. . There is no such thing as pure culture. Asia . All cultures influence each other. - Landmass of Eurasiua - Depends on where you are. - A toponym dating back to classical antiquity - More a cultural concept incorporating a Ethnocentrism number of regions and people than a - Tendency to think of other cultures as inferior homogeneous physical identity - "Othering" - Pacific Islanders --> not Asian

Orientalism Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia - Edward Said - Subregion of Asia - Regularized writing, vision and study, dominated by - South of and , east of imperative, perspectives and ideological basis that India, north of Australia mainland creates and perpetuates a Western ethnocentric Cultural Traditions view of the east 1. Great Traditions - West had to invent the orient in order to conquer i. India them ii. China - West looks at the East as inferior, feminine, exotic, iii. Islam strange, weak and defenseless. iv. Western - "White Men's Burden" --> HAVE to teach - Influences from the west - Cause of colonial mentality - But often not included 2. Little Traditions Colonial Mentality - Vernacular architecture - East thinking West are superior because of Orientalism Axis Mundi - Effect of orientalism - Connects heaven and , as well as providing a path between the two Modernism - Commonly represented as a rope, - A radical break from the past and tree, vine, ladder, pillar or staff concurrent search for new forms of - Many cultures consider a specific expression place. Almost always a hill, mountain - Plain and geometric shapes or pyramid to be the axis mundi

Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 2 The - A geographic and cultural region located in southwestern Asia and northeastern Africa - Collectively: Bahrain, , Iran, Iraq, Israel Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen and Egypt - Culturally defined: the Muslim countries of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Sudan, Afghanistan and Pakistan - Mostly arid with hot, dry summers and cool winters - 65% of the world's oil reserves, primarily in the Persian Gulf - The first civilizations of the Middle East: in the valleys of the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates rivers - 90%+ of the people are Muslims

Islamic Architecture - Secular and religious architectural functions influencing the design and construction of and building types in - The principal building types of Islamic architecture . the . the Tomb . the . the Fort - Building types of lesser importance . public baths . fountains . domestic dwellings

Description Islam had a profound impact on architecture: - Product of rapid conquest of divorce territories by a people with no architectural tradition (nomadic) - No essential differences in techniques between religious and non-religious buildings - Basic conservation that discouraged innovations and favored established forms - Symmetry and balance (as in the concept of perfect creation) centered upon God ( Allah)

Materials - Baked and unbaked - Timber framing with

Openings a. b. i. Pointed a. Small and traditionally closed with wooden shutters or delicately carved/ ii. Horseshoe perforated stone iii. Foliated b. Iron bars iv. 2- or 4- centered c. Marble grilles v. Cusped d. Plaster lights set with clear glass

Sample of Arches

Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 3 c. Arcading a. Timber b. Masonry Ornamentation In lieu of human and animal forms: - Abstract and geometric motifs - Motifs from calligraphy - Floral abstraction - Geometric interlacement Building Types 1. Mosque or Jami - Principal place of worship - Building used for Friday prayer i. Prime Purpose Parts of a Mosque 1) Contemplation and prayer 2) School Sahn Courtyard of a mosque with fawarah 3) Place for transactions Mihrab Niche oriented tiwards Mecca 4) Storage for treasures Dikka Reading desk 5) Place for hearing official notices ii. Plan Maqsura Screen 1) Inward-looking building Mimbar Raised platform for ceremonial 2) No positive object of attention or announcements adoration 3) Conceived around an axis (kibla) Riwaq Arcaded prayer halls towards Iwan/ Open-fronted facing a court Mecca (axis terminates at the mihrab) ivan prayer room 4) Sides punctuated with gateways, Tower from which a call to prayer is prayer chambers and iwans or porches made 5) A cloistered or arcaded courtyard is a fundamental feature Bab Gateway Harem Women's or private chamber of a Example: Kubbet-es-Saklura house or palace ( of the Rock, Jerusalem) Selamlik Men's or guests'quarters - most important Islamic structure Ziyada Enclosed space, precinct - Great central dome covers the summit of Mt. Moriah (from where the prophet is believed to have made his ride to heaven) - Arcaded aisles on octagon plan - Double timber dome on great masonry arcade

2. Masjid (Persia and India) or Mesjid (Turkey) - Small prayer house 3. Madrassah (Egypt) or Medrese (Turkey) - Religious college and mosque - Has courtyard 4. Single Cell Buildings Kiosk or Chattri (India) - Ornamental pavilion - Emphasizes the roof - Provides focal point in a pleasure garden 5. Saray or Serai - Palace with courtyard

Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 4 Secular Architecture

I. City Planning a. Was started but never completed b. Contained many gardens c. Comprised offices, a mosque, baths and living quarters d. Carved plaster in overall geometric patterns based on Turkish (Central Asian) motifs

1. Baghdad - The Abbasid Round City - Known primarily from written descriptions - Site lies under the modern city - Contained a series of concentric rings - The caliph's residence, and guards' household in the center - Houses and shops and government offices at inner and outer rings - Conception of the plan has its roots in Sassanian Iran (an earlier culture) - It had four gates aligned along the four compass points

A round city wall was both cheaper to build for a The circular arrangement of streets and gates given area and easier to defend. To improve the reflect the orbit of planets, and the central defenses were bent entrances and the double position of the palace and mosque reflects the wall. sun as the center of the universe.

The Round City of Baghdad - The city was designed as a circle about 2km in diameter, leading it to be known as the "Round City" - The circular design of the city was a direct reflection of the traditional Persian Sassanian urban design - In the center of the city lay the mosque, as well as headquarters for guards. The purpose or use of the remaining space in the center is unknown. - The ancient Sassanian city of Gur/Firouzabad is nearly identical in its general circular design, radiating avenues, and the government buildings and at the epicenter of the city.

2. (or Halab) - One of the oldest cities in northern Syria, capital of the Aleppo Governorate - Present population of around 1.9 million, the second largest city in the country after Damascus - A trading place, at the crossroads of two trade routes at the base of the mountains rather than the rugged seacoast - Mediated the trade from India, the Tigirs and Euphrates regions and the route coming from Damascus in the South - Clear division between old and new Aleppo - The older portions were contained within a wall, 3 miles in circuit with seven gates - The medieval castle in the city -- known as the Citadel of Aleppo -- is built atop a huge, partially artificial mound rising 50m above the city - Contained: . Suqs - shopping streets . Khan - commercial courtyards

Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 5 A trading place, at the crossroads of two trade routes at the base of the mountains rather than the rugged seacoast

Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 6 II. - During Umayyad and early Abbasid times, princes of the caliph's families built a number of desert palaces in Syria and Iraq. - Some of these had hunting parks or domed baths, derived from late Roman types of buildings. - Thus, these palaces demonstrate the synthesis of the Western and Eastern artistic heritage that characterized early Islamic art. - Umayyad palaces featured: 1. Mosaics 2. Wall paintings 3. Plaster relief sculpture showing courtiers, animals and even the caliph himself

Palace Complexes 1. Samarra 2. Al-Ashiq, Samarra, Iraq 3. - A sprawling palace-citadel - Begun in the thirteenth century by Ibn al-Ahmar, founder of the Nasrid dynasty - Royal residential quarters, court complexes flanked by official chambers, a bath and a mosque - A series of courtyards surrounded by rooms with Moorish arched, columnar and domical forms - Courtyards with slender columnar arcades, fountains and light-reflecting water basins (the Lion Court in particular) - Described in inscriptions to be a physical realization of Paradies in Islamic poetry

III. Other Built Structures - In Iran, the last great buildings were those erected by the Safavids, whose contributions to secular architecture included: 1. Bridges 2. Polo Grounds 3. Palaces built with wooden kiosks 4. Caravansary - In Turkish, han - Rest houses for travelers - Built along the caravan routes - Had an aisled hall and a courtyard for animals 5. Public Baths 6. Bazaars 7. Gardens 8. Garden Pavillions 9. Ribats or frontier garrisons

Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 7 Stambhas or Laths monumental pillars Stupas domical mounds which are ceremonial shrines Chaityas assembly halls Viharas monasteries

Chaitya Stambhas ○ Assembly Hall ○ Free - standing pillars rising up to great heights ○ Consists of Apsidal-ended hall with closely (about 40 feet) topped with a stone lion spaced pillars at each side ○ Made of bricks, circular or square pillars ○ Aisles and Amblatory ○ Carried inscriptions regarding or royal ○ Stupa shrine is placed at the Apse edicts of king Ashoka ○ Roofs - semicircular in section with ribs cut from ○ Usually erected near a Stupa the rock ○ Facade - low entrance , horeshoe shaped Lineage of Stambha with rockcut or wooden tracery a. "Ashokan pillar" with lion figure b. Jaina monolithic free standing pillar Viharas c. An example of a Hindu pillar ○ Monastery - secluded place or dwelling for d. Jaina "Mana-Stambha" in south India monks ○ Walled quadrangular court with flanked by a row Stupa of small cells and a pillared veranda in front ○ Commemorative monuments for enshrining sacred ○ Or a hall for congregation with a running relics veranda on 3 sides ○ Cells were fitted with rock-cut platforms for beds Five Purified Elements and pillows 1. The square base represents earth ○ Later became centers for learning, universities 2. The hemispherical dome/vase represents water (ex. Nalanda) 3. The conical spire represents fire ○ Three Types: 4. The upper lotus parasol and the crescent moon . Wood construction/ thatched-bamboo represents air huts 5. The sun and the dissolving point represents the . Stone or brick element of space . Rock-cut

Hindu Architecture Temples or Mandir ○ Inner sanctum - garbha griha or womb chamber (houses deities) ○ Circumambulation ○ Congregation Hall - mandap ○ Antechamber ○ Porch ○ Garbha griha is crowned by a shikara (tower-like superstructure)

Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 8 Indo-Islam Architecture ○ Arcuated, mortar-masonry works of dressed stones ○ New Elements: . Use of geometric shapes (instead of natural forms) . Inscriptional art - calligraphy . Inlay decoration and colored marble . Painted plaster . Brightly colored glazed ○ Architectural Types: . Religious - mosques (masjid) and tombs (magbara) . Secular - palaces and forts Mosque or Masjid ○ An open courtyard surrounded by a pillared verandah, crowned off with a dome ○ Entrances are from three sides. The fourth side is a structure -- a closed prayer hall. ○ Parts of a Masjid Sihn Courtyard Entered through three flights of steps on three sides Liwan Arcaded cloisters or galleries on three sides of the sihn Qbla Direction of Mecca (in India it is the west) Mihrab The niche that marks the qbla Mimbar Pulpit (a raised dais) from which the imam conducts the prayer Maqsura Screen between the west Liwan and a depth of several bays Facade with a central monumental arch in a square or rectangular frame, and further flanked by small arches Gumbhad or One or three which serves as the hall's roof Ghumbhaz Minars Placed on either ends of the hall or facade Tall towers from which the call for prayer is made by the muezzin

Tomb or Maqbara ○ Consists of a solitary compartment or tomb chamber knowns as the huzrah in whose center is the cenotaph or zarih ○ Entire structure is covered with an elaborate dome ○ In the underground chamber lies the mortuary or the maqbara, in which the corpse is buried in a grave or qabr

Taj Mahal Floor Plan ○ Base structure is essentially a large, multi-chambered cube with chamfered corners, forming an unequal octagon that is approximately 55 meters on each of the four long sides ○ On each of the three sides, a massive pishtaq, or vaulted archway, frames the iwan with two similarly shaped, arched balconies stacked on either side ○ Four frame the tomb, one at each corner of the plinth facing the chamfered corners

Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 9 Vastu Shastra

○ Traditional Hindu science of design and constructin ○ Vastu - dwelling, property; Shastra - science, teaching ○ Seeks to create spaces and a designed environment that support physical and spiritual health an prosperity ○ Based on directional alignments and the proper flow of energy or prana

Basic Concepts a. Prana . Natural energy flowing around the earth . Emanates from two sources: 1) Solar energy 2) Geomagnetic energy . Its natural flow is determined by the sun's path, the rotation of the earth, the earth's magnetic field, and the human body . The human body is considered a magnet with the head as the North Pole and the feet the South pole . Correct site and building design should ensure the proper and natural flow of prana thus maintaining well-being b. Five Elements . The proper integration and balance of the five elements ensures the natural flow of prana 1) Earth - A big magnet with North and South poles as centers of attractions 2) Water - Represented by rain, river, sea in the forms of liquid, solid (ice) and gas (steam, cloud). It forms part of every plant and animal. 3) Air - Life source. Human physical comfort values are dependent on correct humidity, air flow, temperature of air, air pressure, air composition and its content 4) Fire - Represents light and heat which account for day, night, the seasons, enthusiasm and passion. 5) Space - Considered the primary conductor of all energy sources: physical energies such as sound and light, social energies such as psychological and emotional, and cognitive energies such as intellect and intuition

Principles a. Bhogadyam - the design must be useful b. Sukha Darsham - the design must be aesthetically pleasing c. Ramya - the design must evoke a feeling of well-being in the user

Vastu Purusha Mandala ○ Purusha - universal or cosmic man ○ Mandala - symbolic diagram of the cosmos ○ It is a fixed or standard plan of a building that incorporates the human body, compass directions, the Hindu gods and the areas over which they rule, and the stars and planets ○ It is based on the idea that the human body is a microcosm of the cosmic man, the gods and the heavens North East Eesheya Religion, Luck East Indra Sun South East Agni Fire North West Vayu Winds South Yana Death North Kubera Wealth South West Niruthi Ancestors Center Brahma Creator West Varna Water

Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 10 The Chakras of the Body ○ The chakras correspond to body parts and parths of the building Crown Divine wisdom Forehead Head and brain Throat Neck Heart Heart and lungs Solar plexus Stomach, Kidneys, Liver, etc. Root Sexual organs Base Spine, skeletal system, legs

Some Rules ○ Design and Construction . Buildings should be constructed such that they are higher in the south-west and lower in the north-east . Kitchens should be in the southeast . Water tanks should be in the southwest . Toilets should be in the northwest . Stairways should be in the west or south . Guest rooms should be in the north or west . There should be only one main and no above doors except in medium or high - rise buildings . Doors should not be opposite each other . When placing doors in a wall, divide the wall into nine equal parts from left to right; the door should be placed in the 7th part . Use only new wood during construction ○ The Site . Quadrangular, rectangular or square plot are beneficial . Big plots fetches prosperity, but it should not have cracks . Triangular shaped lots should not be selected . A small narrow plot in between two big plots is not good . The length of the plot should ideally be in the eastwest direction . If there is more open vacant space in south than in north, it will lead to destruction. It is auspicious if there is more open space in the east than in the west; and more open space in the north than in the south . All the heavy and permanent items should be placed in the southwest corner of the building or plot

Note: a. From http://www.facebook.com/album.php?page=3&aid=154423&id=704902018#/album.php? aid=154423&id=704902018&page=3 YAY KATRINA CASSANDRA TAN!:)) b. Uhh. May part two pa yan, gardens thingy. Tinamad na ko:))

Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 11 Architectural Characteristics 1. Courtyard and Sky wells a. Open courtyard - A large empty space surrounded by buildings connected with one another either directly or through verandas - More common in northern Chinese architecture b. "Sky well" - A relatively small enclosed courtyard which offer small opening to the sky through the roof space from the floor up - More common in southern China 2. Hierarchical - importance and uses of buildings are based on the strict placement of buildings in a property/complex a. Orientation of Doors - Facing the front (important) - Facing the sides (less important) - Facing the rear (least important) b. Location of Buildings - At the back of properties are more important : a. Elder members of the family b. Celebratory rites c. Ancestral plaques - In front of the property: typically for servants and kitchen c. Courtyard Location - central courtyard are more important than peripheral ones 3. Horizontal Emphasis - Emphasis on the breadth and less on height with close heavy platform and a large roof that floats over this base with vertical walls not well emphasized - Stresses the visual impact of the width of the buildings to denote the all-embracing nature of imperial China 4. Mythical Concepts - and mythic elements in the construction and layout of Chinese architecture. This includes the use of: a. Screen walls to face the main entrance of the house, which stems from the belief that evil things travel on straight lines b. Talismans and fortuitous imagery: 1) Door gods on doorways to ward evil and encourage the flow of good fortune 2) Fu Lu Shou - Taoist concept which denotes the attributes of the good life: good fortune, prosperity and longevity Craft: Techniques & Materials 1. Jian - "" - The interval/ space between four columns and is the basic module of a Chinese dwelling - This space is both a two-dimensional floor space and is also a volumetric measure of the void defined by the floor, the columns, and the beams set across the columns - More than a structural unit, this type of measurement is used by carpenters as a design module to be duplicated in series to form the overall layout at ground level and on the floor above - This ultimately regulates the overall size of common dwellings and fashions their visual proportions - The use of this structural unit enforces a discipline, an order, on the building, standardizing the timber construction members and facilitating their assembly

Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 12 2. Foundations - Following building traditions, reaching back at least as far as the Shang dynasty, a tamped earth foundation or podium at ground level or slightly elevated is considered the necessary base - A dry tamped foundation can be achieved using troughs and sometimes underground conduits to drain water - Stone foundation or wall footings are commonly laid along tamped perimeter of Chinese dwelling/structures in an effort to reduce the absorption of soil moisture by the walls 3. Chinese Building Fundamentals - Chinese builders span and enclose space using a variety of building solutions to collect the forces of gravity and transmit them to the ground a. Load-bearing walls  Directly carries the weight of the roof and/or upper stories b. Wooden structural frameworks  Sustain the load of upper storeys and the roof independently of the walls  Utilize freestanding lightweight interior walls separate from the load-bearing columns 4. Walls - Can be either: a. Load-bearing  Walls which directly support the roof structure, often thick with few breaks for windows or doors b. Non load-bearing  Walls that encircle the wooden structural framework or placed between pillars - Common materials used:  Tamped earth or a composite material ► "hangtu" - method of constructing solid walls involving piling freshly dug earth into a slightly battered caisson or box frame  Adobe ► Permits greater variations in construction form ► Widely used by poorer peasants  Kiln-dried brick ► Walls made up of this material usually have larger and more numerous openings for windows and doors  Vegetable origin ► Use of bamboo, kaoliang or cornstalks to form a curtain wall that bears no load from above  Wood, Grasses  Stone  Wooden structural framework  Bamboo matting  Wattle  Daub ► used to form the curtained enclosure 5. Wooden Structural Frameworks - Framing systems: a. Pillars and Beams (tailang or liangzhu)  Also known as  Simplest  A pair of pillars supporting a horizontal beam upon which are set short vertical posts or struts to lift another beam, upon which is fitted another strut, and on these are fitted five purlins which define the slope of the roof and across which the roof rafters are laid b. Pillars and Transverse tie beams (chuandou)  Differs from other framing system in three important manner: i) The roof purlins which support the rafters and roof itself rest directly on notched pillars rather than on beams or struts ii) The number of pillars is greater iii) Horizontal tie beam members are mortised directly into or tenoned through the multiple pillars to form an interlocked matrix that inhibits skewing of the frame

Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 13 Construction System 1. Brackets - Structural system of brackets found between the top of a column and a cross beam - Each is formed of a double bow-shaped arm (gong) which supports a block of wood (dou) on each side - Fixed layer upon layer, the arrangements bear the load of the roof - Highly resistant to

Roof Craft: Techniques and Materials 1. Firm mountain(Yingshan ding) □ Most common roof profile 2. Overhanging gable (Xuanshan ding) □ Combined with the use of overhanging eaves on the facade to offer a degree of protection from both rain and sun 3. Horse's head walls(matou qiang) □ Orignated as fire walls to retard the spread of sweeping roof fires in adjacent dwellings, temples, clan halls and other buildings in towns and nucleated villages Construction System Three main types: 1. Straight inclined □ Roofs with a single incline □ Prevalent in commoner architectures 2. Multi-inclined □ Roofs with two or more sections of incline □ Used in higher class constructions, from the dwellings of wealthy commoner to palaces 3. Sweeping □ Roofs with a sweeping curvature that rises at the corners of the roof □ Reserved for temples and palaces although it may also be found in the homes of the wealthy

Building Types Commoners 1. □ "earth dwelling" □ "round stronghouse" □ A large, enclosed and fortified earth building with very thick load-bearing walls □ Smaller interior buildings contain halls, storehouses, wells and living areas □ Well-ventilated, windproof and - proof □ Has only one main gate, guarded by 4-5 inch thick wooden doors reinforced with an outer shell of iron plate □ Top level of these earth buildings has gun holes for defensive purposes

Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 14 Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 15 2.

1 Main entrance 2 Rooms facing the rear 3 First courtyard for cooking Second courtyard was a living space 4 Rooms for the sons and daughters 5 Inner Hall for greeting guests and family ceremonies 6 Main building Living space for parents 7 Small side rooms Used for children and extended family members

Parts of a Chinese Dwelling Symbol and Tradition Wuji Ridge roof Jia - Chinese word for both home the dwelling, Chuanzi Rafter and family related members of the Jilin Ridge pole household who occupies it - Shelters the household, providing it with a Lin Purlins haven from the changing forces of nature Liang Main beam - A dwelling is symbolic of family unity and Shan qiang Gable wall sanctuary - A public statement of status as well as a Zhuzi Pillar/ post tangible expression of the family's aspiration Chuanggezi Lattice window - Is it a dynamic entity that expresses in Chuang-hu Solid window varying degrees the changing relationships within the family Chuang tai Window sill - Symbolizing and accommodating evolving Qiang Wall hierarchical patterns - Taijie Steps In the organization of the layout of a Chinese dwelling and/or structure, the individual is Menken Threshold essentially disregarded with space defined Menkuang Door frame more broadly in terms of family rather than personal needs and use Men Door Menmei Lintel Yan Eaves

Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 16 Imperial - Palaces Architectural features that were reserved solely for buildings built for the 1. Color coding - Yello w - wooden columns and wall surfaces - Black often used in . They believe the gods are inspired by the black color to descend on to the earth 2. Dougong brackets - A feature shared only with the largest of religious buildings 3. Five-clawed dragon - Adopted by the first Ming emperor for his personal use - Used as decoration on the beams, pillars and on the doors 4. Nine jian - Jian: Space between two columns 5. Five arches - Only the gates used by the Emperor could have five arches - Center arch reserved for the Emperor himself 6. Orientation - Buildings faced the south because the north had a cold wind - Important of the east (direction of the rising sun) in orienting and siting Imperial buildings is a form of solar worship 7. Numerology - Heavily influenced Imperial architecture - Hence the use of nine in much of construction, as nine being the greatest single digit number

The - Built in 1406 to 1420 - Consists of 980 surviving buildings - 8, 707 bays of rooms - 720 000 square meters - Declared a world heritage site in 1987 - Largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world

Tiananmen Square - Extensive open area in central , China - World's largest public square - Adjacent to Forbidden City - Site of festivals, rallies and demonstrations - In 1989, Chinese troops fired on an estimated 2 000+ student demonstrators:(

Gate of Heavenly Peace - Famous monument in Beijing - Widely used as a national symbol

Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 17 Religious 1. Temples 1) Confucian Temple a) Lingxing Gate ◊ First grand gates in Confucius Temples ◊ Were the deities are welcome d and sent off in a memorial ceremony for Confucus 2) Taoist Temple  A complex of Taoist buildings used for annual ceremonies of prayer to Heaven for good harvest 3) Pagodas  Original purpose was to house relics and sacred writings  Earliest base structure type: square base and circular base  By the 10th century, octagonal base towers emerged

Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 18 Definition - Chinese philosophy of geomancy or the understanding of the forces of the earth - Complement of astrology which seeks to understand the forces of the heavens - Its application in architecture promotes the creation of designed environment in harmony with the cosmic forces of nature - Literally means "wind" and "water" . Relates to its concept of or ch'i which means the flow of natural energy that circulates the earth and moves in specific patterns on a site . In western science this may be related to the earth's natural electromagnetic currents . Sha qi: qi that is too forceful; may have negative effect on people Two Main Theories 1. Form Theory - Based on influences of the landscape - Particularly mountains and water courses - Older and more subjective 2. Compass Theory - Places emphasis on mathematical calculations, formulas and diagrams - Based on compass points using an instrument called a lo p'an Yin and Yang - Harmonious balance of opposites: good and bad, light and dark, positive and negative - Relates to the necessary balance of the positive and negative forces of the qui The Five Elements - They stimulate and shape all natural and human activity - In site design the elements represent particular features of the landscape Element Site Design Representation Color Direction Wood Life Tall, cylindrical features Blue East Femininity (tree trunks) Green Southeast Creativity Organic material Fire Energy Sharp peaks Red South Intelligence (flames) Pink Earth Stability Flat terrain Yellow Southwest Endurance Brown Northeast The earth itself Metal Competitiveness Rounded hills White West Business acumen (coins) Silver Northwest Masculinity The metal itself Water All that flows Wavy, undulating ground Black North Blue

Productive Interaction: Burning WOOD Produces FIRE Which leaves behind EARTH Which is the source of METAL

Which can be liquefied into flowing substances like WATER Destructive Interaction:

WOOD Sucks up nourishment from EARTH Which muddles WATER Which quenches FIRE

Which melts METAL

Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 19 The Eight Trigrams - System of location of spaces in design based on the l Ching symbols and their particular qualities and directions - Should be combined with the system of five elements

K'an Wheels North Danger Ken Obstacles North-East Chen Speed East Roads Sun Trade South-East Growth Li Fire South Heat K'un Nourishment South-West Tui Joy West Serenity Ch'ien Kingship North-West

Nine Basic Cures

Reflective objects Mirrors Multi-faceted crystals that reflect light and qi Sound Music Wind chimes Bells Color Used to bring balance and vitality to spaces Living objects Flowers Plants Aquariums Electrically-powered items Computers TV Etc. Bamboo items As plants Curtains Flutes Moving items Water fountains Mobiles Heavy objects Furniture Statues Stones Others Meaningful items (favorite possessions, memorabilia, etc.)

Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 20 Some Basic Rules 1. Main doors should face south or east. 2. Doors should not face each other especially if they lead outside. 3. Main door should not ace any neighbor's gate, electric post or dead trees. 4. Stairways must not face a door, especially the main door. 5. The number of steps in a run of stairs must not be divisible by four. 6. The kitchen stove must not face a door, must not be opposite the sink or aligned with the sink. 7. Faucets and shower heads should face the interior of the structure. 8. There should not be a window on the wall above the headboard of a bed. 9. The bed should not face a door. 10. The bed should not rest on a wall that has a water closet on the other side. 11. There should be no exposed beams or pointed objects above the bed. 12. The water closet should not face the door. 13. Eating areas should not be located below toilets. 14. A round dining table is better than a rectangular one. 15. An altar must never be placed under a stairway. 16. Exposed columns should be round. 17. Columns should not be placed directly opposite doors or windows. 18. The number of columns should be even but must not be divisible by four. 19. Eight silver coins wrapped in red cloth must be placed at the foundation of each column.

Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 21 The Chinese Classical Garden - Also called Chinese Scholar's Garden - A place for solitary or social contemplation of nature - A combination of landscape and paintings together with poems - So called "poetic garden"

History - Built by and for scholar class (civil servants) - First appeared during the Eastern with the rise of Confucian ideology - Ended a strict class division by ending advancement in the civil service - Scholar class thus retreated into a more contemplative life in their gardens

Yuanye and Design - Yuanye was written by a garden designer: Ji Cheng - Design of Chinese gardens was to provide a spiritual utopia for one to connect with nature, to come back to one's inner heart, to come back to ancient idealism - A spiritual shelter for people - A place they could be far away from their real social lives - Close to the ancient way of life, their true selves and nature - Served multiple functions . semi-public extension of the house and a place . Retreat . Festivity . Study of poetry . Romance Symbols

Bamboo Represents a strong but resilient character Pine Is used to represent longevity, persistence, tenacity and dignity Lotus Is used to symbolize purity Flowering Plum It represents renewal and strength of will Flowering Peaches Are grown for spring color and Sweet Olive Chrysanthemum Is used to symbolize splendor, luster and "the courage to make sacrifices for a natural life" Peonies Symbolize wealth Banana Trees Are used simply for the sound they make in the breeze

Seventeen Essential Elements 1. Proximity to home 9. Water 2. Small 10. Trees 3. Walled 11. Plants 4. Small individual sections 12. Sculpture 5. Asymmetrical 13. Jie jing (borrowed scenery) 6. Various types of spatial connections 14. Chimes 7. Architecture 15. Incense burners 8. Rocks (axis mundi) 16. Inscriptions 17. Use of feng shui for choosing site

Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 22 Shinto - nature worship Zen Buddhism - practice of meditation

Building Types Residential Dwelling Shoji Door, window or room divider consisting of translucent paper over a frame of wood Fusuma Vertical rectangular panels which can slide side to side to redefine spaces within a room or act as doors Consists of a lattice-like wooden understructure covered in cardboard and a layer of paper or cloth on both sides Tatami Rice straw mats with a covering of woven soft rush straw in uniform size (approximately 0.9 x 1.8m) Tokonoma Alcove containing ikebana flower arrangement and/or a calligraphed scroll with a poem

Chashitsu - structure for tea ceremony (chanoyu)

Nijiruguchi Main/ guests' entrance Sadoguchi Host's entrance Mizuya Preparation area Roji Garden path

Tera - Buddhist temple complex - Consists of 3 buildings: 1. Pagoda 2. Great Hall 3. Monastic study hall - Generally follows the pattern of a series of sacred spaces encircling a courtyard entered through a set of glass Chashitsu Floor Plan Torii - Gateway to a Buddhist or Shinto sacred area - Usually unpainted or if painted, vermillion and black - Related to the Chinese pai-lou and the Indian Pagoda - Similar to a Chinese pagoda - Usually square in plan and five stories high - With central timber column support Castles - Are vital links to the "warring states" period of Japanese history - Defended strategic points across the country - Three Japanese castles that epitomize the beauty, grandeur and history of Japan's feudal age of swords Torii Elevation and samurai 1. Himeji Castle □ Called the White Heron Castle 2. Matsumoto Castle □ Called the Crow Castle 3. Kumamoto Castle

Arch 18 Finals Reviewer Page 23 Japanese Gardens - In Japanese culture, garden-making is a high art, intimately related to the linked arts of calligraphy and ink painting - Three Basic Principles: 1) Reduced Scale ○ Represents famous scenes and places in small, confined spaces ○ Mountains views and rivers are miniaturized using stone 2) Symbolization 3) Borrowed View (Shakkei) - Symbolization is used in almost every Japanese garden - Tradition of Japanese gardening was historically passed down from sensei (teacher) to apprentice - Typical Features: Water, real or symbolic Rocks or stone arrangement Lantern, typically of stone Teahouse or pavilion Enclosure device such as hedge, fence or wall of traditional character A bridge to the island or stepping stones

Types of Gardens 1. Zen Garden . For meditation . Water elements . Rocks and stones . Minimal plantation 2. Karesansui Garden . Or "dry landscape" . Influenced by Zen Buddhism . No water present . Raked gravel or stone simulates water . Rocks and moss are used to represent ponds, islands, boats, seas, rivers and mountains in an abstract way 3. Tsukiyana Gardens . Makes a smaller garden appear more spacious . Ponds, streams, hills, stones, trees, flowers, bridges and paths are also used frequently in this style . Garden's structure usually tries to make onlookers focus on nearby mountains in the distance 4. Chaniwa Gardens . Built for holding tea ceremonies . Usually there is a tea house where the ceremonies occur . Sado - Japanese Tea Ceremony . Usually, there are stepping stones leading to the tea house 5. Kanshoh-Style . Gardens which are viewed from a residence 6. Strolling Gardens . Kaiyū-shiki . For viewing a sequence of effects from a path which circumnavigates the garden 7. Pond Gardens . For viewing from a boat

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