(Tsinghua) University

appendix a profiles of selected chinese architects and schools profiles and chinese architects of selected appendix a spective institutions. Zhang Kaiji, Zhang Bo, and Dai Nianci are three of the most prolific and well-known of the many practicing architects the school has educated. Southeastern’s enduring quality was built, most of all, on an extraordinary faculty. Liu Dunzhen, Tong Chuin, and Yang Tingbao each taught there for up to four decades. Because of the department’s longevity, its library also enjoys one of China’s most extensive holdings in architecture.

Pan Guxi, ed., Dongnan daxue jianzhuxi chengli qishi zhounian jinian zhuanji (Memorial Sympo- sium for the seventieth anniversaries of the Architectural Department of Southeastern University) (Beijing: Zhongguo jianzhu gongye chubanshe, 1997).

Qi Kang, b. 1931 Qi Kang attended Nanjing Institute of Technology under the tutelage of Yang Tingbao, and joined the faculty of the school after graduation. As Yang Tingbao’s protégé, Qi Kang has also collected and edited almost all of Yang’s existing writings and works. In addition, Qi trained dozens of graduate students and was elected fellow of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. As a professional architect, Qi established a distinctive and powerful style of memorial and monu- mental architecture. Among his works are the Memorial Museum of the Nanjing Massacre and Yuhuatai Memorial Hall.

Qinghua (Tsinghua) University Tsinghua School was founded in 1911, in part with the American repayment of the Boxer Indemnity penalties, as a school to prepare Chinese youth to study in the United States. Chen Zhi, Liang Sicheng, Yang Tingbao, and Tong Chuin all attended it before going to the University of Pennsylvania. Although Tsinghua became a university in 1925, only in 1946 did it begin an architecture program. Founded by Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiying, the department quickly grew to rival its more established counterparts in Nanjing and Shanghai. Mo Zhong- jiang, Wu Liangyong, Wong Guoyu, Zhou Poyi, Zhu Changzhong, and later Wang Tan formed a strong team of teachers led by Liang. Taking advantage of its location in Beijing, Tsinghua also invited practicing architects such as Dai Nianci, Lin Leyi, and Zhang Bo to join as adjunct faculty members.

EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 11/7/2016 3:21 PM via COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - MAIN AN: 78104 ; Rowe, Peter G., Kuan, Seng.; Architectural Encounters with Essence and Form in Modern China Account: s2953473 Zhao Bingshi and Hu Shaoxue, eds., Qinghua daxue jianzhu xueyuan (xi) chengli wushi zhounian jinian wenji: 1946–1996 (Tsinghua University Architecture School collection of articles cele- brating the ﬁftieth anniversary) (Beijing: Zhongguo jianzhu gongye chubanshe, 1996).

Tong Jun (Tung Chuin), 1900–1983 Tong Jun was a master architect, teacher, and scholar. Although lesser known than his University of Pennsylvania classmates Liang Sicheng and Yang Tingbao, he was perhaps the most respected figure in modern Chinese architecture, remembered for his rigor and erudition. Son of a Manchu scholar, Tong was educated at Tsinghua College and the University of Pennsylvania, where he completed both the five-year curriculum of the bachelor of architecture degree and the one- year master of architecture program in three years, while garnering multiple honors and awards for his stellar scholarship. After graduation, Tong worked in the United States for two years; he returned to China in 1930. After his return, Tong joined the faculty at Northeastern University at Shenyang and took charge as departmental chair for a very trying semester between Liang’s departure for the So- ciety for Research on Chinese Architecture in Beijing and the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Reputed to be a demanding and rigorous teacher, Tong was devoted to his students. When Northeastern University was disbanded in 1933, Tong organized a group of architects in Shang- hai, including Chen Zhi and Zhao Shen, to see them through the completion of their studies and secured them employment. Speaking for the architectural profession in China, Liang Sicheng commended Tong as “a glimpse of light in a broken nation.” After the Japanese invaded Manchuria in 1933, Tong joined Zhao Shen and Chen Zhi in Shanghai to establish the Allied Architects. The firm was responsible for such works as the Min- istry of Foreign Affairs in Nanjing (1932–1933), the Nanjing Xiaguan Electricity Plant (1932–1933), and the Shanghai Metropole Theater (1933). Tong Jun’s legacy is in his vast body of scholarly works. In 1937, he published the pioneering Chinese Gardens: Especially in Kiangsu and Chekiang and Jiangnan yuanli zhi (Annals of Gardens in China), discussing the history of garden building, landscape painting, calligraphy, and philo- sophical thought in China and drawing comparisons with the Villa d’Este at Tivoli, the Alhambra in Granada, and the Ryoanji in Kyoto.

EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 11/7/2016 3:21 PM via COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - MAIN AN: 78104 ; Rowe, Peter G., Kuan, Seng.; Architectural Encounters with Essence and Form in Modern China Account: s2953473 appendix a profiles of selected chinese architects and schools profiles and chinese architects of selected appendix a Though he was a scholar steeped in classical gardens, Tong advocated and practiced a disciplined style that was remarkably progressive. In an article published in Tien Hsia Monthly in October 1937, Tong wrote, “The Chinese roof, when made to crown an up-to-date structure, looks not unlike the burdensome and superfluous pigtail, and it is strange that while the latter is now a sign of ridicule, the Chinese roof should still be admired.... It would be at once an anachronism and a fallacy if the tiled roof is made to cover constructions of any size with modern interior arrangement.” Tong joined the faculty at National Central University in 1944 and remained there until his death in 1983. During his later years, even through the hostile decade of the Cultural Revolution, Tong maintained a habit of reading foreign journals and kept meticulous notes from his read- ings. The brief span between the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976 and his death in 1983 saw decades’ worth of Tong’s work come to fruition. He published Xingjianzhu yu liupai (New Architecture and Styles), Jinbainian xifang jianzhu shi (Western Architecture History in the Last Hundred Years), Rebenjingxiandai jianzhu (Japanese Architecture in Recent History), Sulian jianzhu (Soviet Architecture), and Dongnan yuanshu (Glimpses of Gardens in Eastern China). As the politi- cal climate shifted toward a liberal opening to the West, his books quickly filled the lacuna of Chinese works on up-to-date architectural currents in the West. This was a remarkable accom- plishment for a seventy-seven-year-old man who had not stepped out of China since his student days at the University of Pennsylvania and whose work had been suppressed for more than a decade. It is all the more extraordinary that in the final chapter of his last book he would mov- ingly lavish praise on the Centre Pompidou (Beaubourg), recently finished and itself a subject of controversy in the West.

Tung Chuin, “Architecture Chronicle,” Tien Hsia Monthly, October 1937, 308–312; Yang Yong- sheng, “Chunpu er jiechu de Tong Jun” (The straightforwardness and excellence of Tong Jun) in Jianzhu Sijie: Liu Dunzhen, Tong Jun, Liang Sicheng, Yang Tingbao, edited by Yang Yong- sheng and Ming Liansheng (Beijing: Zhongguo jianzhu gongye chubanshe, 1998), 31–38.