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113

B13. EASTERN CENTRAL PACIFIC

FAO Statistical Area 77 Figure B13.1 - The Eastern Central Pacific (Area 77) by Jorge Csirke and Merete Tandstad *

INTRODUCTION This Statistical Area located off the western coastline of the covers a total surface of 48.90 million km2 and has an estimated total shelf area of 0.81 million km2. It extends from 40o00’N and 40o30’N off northern California, USA, to 05o00’N off southern and 25o00’S off farther offshore in the mid Pacific (Figure B13.1). Most of the continental shelf is narrow and fairly steep, with the bottom reaching extreme depths very near to the Current system that extends from northern coast. The continental shelf hardly extends more California to Baja California (Parrish et al., than 20 km from the coastline, except for some 1983), and further south the great trans-Pacific areas off San Francisco Bay, El Salvador, equatorial surface current system, consisting of Nicaragua and the Gulf of Panama, where it the westward flowing North and South Equatorial widens to as much as 60 km. The bottom tends to Currents and, in the between them, the be heterogeneous, with several areas suitable for eastward flowing Equatorial Countercurrent trawling, although there is not much trawl fishing (Bakun et al., 1999). The interaction between except for shrimps. Trawling for coastal these currents, the topography and the differences demersals is limited, and deep-water trawling is in wind stress generate major upwellings along almost non existent. There are a few small coastal the coast of California, Baja California and the islands off southern California and Panama, and Gulf of Panama. Some smaller upwellings along other island groups in oceanic waters. These the Central American coast and offshore in the island chains, of which the largest one is Hawaii, Costa Rica Dome are also generated. also have very narrow continental shelves. The coastal upwelling, driven by equatorward The Area is influenced by two major surface winds blowing parallel to the cost is the most current systems. In the north the California important source of coastal water nutrient

Figure B13.2 - Annual nominal catches ('000 t) by ISSCAAP groups in the Eastern Central Pacific (Area 77) 2 000

1 8 0 0 35- Herrings, sardines, anchovies 36- , , billfishes 1 6 0 0 39- M arine not identified 1 4 0 0 45- Shrimps, prawns 33- M iscellaneous coastal fishes 1 2 0 0 57- Squids, cuttlefishes, octopuses 1 0 0 0 Other ISSCAAP groups

800

600

400

200

0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Source FAO

* FAO, Marine Resources Service, Fishery Resources Division 114 enrichment in the northern, more temperate sub- already at the beginning of the twentieth century. tropical part of the area off the Californias, while Fairly high catches were obtained in the 1930s the more tropical areas off are and early 1940s, with catch totals peaking at enriched from more varying sources. Coastal around 900 000t per year in the mid 1930s. Total upwelling driven by southeast trade winds and catches then dropped sharply, to 690 000t in coastal runoffs are the most important sources of 1950 and to a record low of 320 000t in 1953. enrichment for biological productivity in the Most of this was caused by the bloom and coastal equatorial zone, while towards the open collapse of the California pilchard (or sardine) ocean the Costa Rica Dome appears to be an (Sardinops caeruleus) fisheries off the USA, important source of upwelling and nutrient which built up more or less steadily from less enrichment (Wyrtky, 1964; Bakun et al., 1999). than 2 000t in 1915 to over 700 000t in 1936, to then decline to virtually zero by 1968 (Murphy, The differences in climate, the interaction of 1966; Gulland, 1970; Troadec, Clark and complex wind and water circulation patterns and Gulland, 1980). Fishing for tunas also expanded the varying enrichment processes strongly steadily during the first half of the past century influence the distribution and abundance of and by 1950 the total catch of tunas (mostly fishery resources, and fishing activities in the skipjack and yellowfin) was already 170 000t and area. Fishing for small and large pelagics is remained at more or less stable until 1960 when particularly important at or around the major further increases occurred. upwelling areas, and fishing for shrimps and, to a lesser extent, for coastal demersals sustain major After the low in 1953, total catches for the whole local fisheries in the more tropical areas off area had a period of sustained increase to peak at Mexico, Central America and Panama. Fishing 1.9 million tonnes in 1981. Since then total for squids is also important in the richest areas catches and catches by major species groups have off California and Mexico. The El Niño-Southern fluctuated between a minimum of 1.2 million in Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is responsible 1983, 1984 and 1993 and maximum of over for large interannual fluctuations in the 2.0 million tonnes in 2002, the highest catches on conditions affecting marine populations in this record (Figure B13.2, Table D13). area, and can cause natural perturbations that As for the early 1900s, most of the year-to-year may take many years to dissipate (Bakun, 1993). fluctuations in total production has been due to Some if not most of the mid- to long-term the changes in the abundance and overall fluctuations in annual catches of certain key production of small pelagics, although the strong species in the area seem to be associated with 1983-84 "El Niño" caused a severe drop in total these large interannual changes in natural catches of both the small and larger pelagics, as conditions. well as some other species groups. The more recent 1997-98 El Niño also influenced catches PROFILE OF CATCHES in the area, and those of squids in particular. Capture production from the eastern central From the total resource base point of view, the Pacific area comes mostly from small and large collapse of the California pilchard (sardine) pelagics, followed by squids, shrimps, coastal fishery off California in the late 1940s was partly demersals and other fish species (Figure B13.2, compensated by an increase in the abundance of Table D13). Pelagic fisheries are particularly Californian anchovy (Engraulis mordax) in the important off southern California, Baja same general location, although no substantial California, the Costa Rica Dome and the Gulf of fishery for this species developed until much later Panama. Although shrimp catches are limited, (MacCall, 1983). It was only by the 1970s that their high unit value makes shrimp fishing the Mexico developed a major industrial fishery for other major commercial fishery in the area, and California pilchard and Californian anchovy, the most important one in most of the coastal which contributed to increase the total production countries there. of small pelagics in ISSCAAP Group 35 from the record low of 36 000t in 1952, to a peak of Marine capture fisheries had a relatively early almost 900 000t in 1980 (Figure B13.3, Table start in this area. Major fisheries developments D13). Total catch of small pelagics in this mostly triggered by an emerging fish canning ISSCAAP Group then remained in the range of industry caused catches to increase rapidly

* FAO, Marine Resources Service, Fishery Resources Division 115

400 000t to 525 000t during 1990-1999, to (Figure B13.4). The severe decline in catches of increase to a record high of 907 000t in 2002. Pacific jack seems to be due mostly to lack of commercial interest in this species. Most of these higher catches are due to the increase of California pilchard, which in 2002 Tunas and other large pelagics in ISSCAAP peaked at 683 000t, the highest catch in half a Group 36 are important, have an extended century. The long term fluctuations in the distribution and yield high catches in the area. abundance and resulting catches of California Catches of tunas also started to increase already pilchard seem to be associated to long term in the early 1900s, long before FAO started to changes in air and water temperature in the gather global fish catch statistics and had a and until the early 1990s the sustained and faster increase from the mid 1960s California pilchard followed the same trend as to the mid 1970s. Total catches then tended to other co-generic species in the Pacific (Bakun, level off after peaking at 482 000t in 1976. Total 1997, Csirke and Vasconcellos, this volume). catch declined and increased again in 1983 However, it has also been noted that while the and 1984, probably as a result of the strong catches of the other two Sardinops species in the El Niño 1982-83, to reach a new high at 500 000t Pacific have declined continuously after peaking in 1986 to then level off at a lower catches. in 1985 and 1988, catches of California pilchard Catches started to increase again in 2001 also declined until 1993 (to 273 000t) to then reaching a new record high of 556 000t in 2002 increase to the high 683 000t in 2002 in this area. (Figure B13.5). The main species of tuna caught in this area are the yellowfin tuna (Thunnus Californian anchovy yielded fairly high catches albacares), bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), throughout the 1970s and 1980s, with a peak skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and albacore catch of 424 000t in 1981 (Figure B13.3). Other important small pelagics of ISSCAAP Group 35 in this area are the Pacific anchoveta Figure B13.3 - Annual nominal catches ('000t) of (Cetengraulis mysticetus) and the Pacific thread selected species in ISSCAAP Group 35, Eastern Central Pacific (Area 77) herring (Opisthonema libertate), caught mostly 900 off Panama. Catches of these two species are also 800 California pilchard highly variable. The maximum recorded catch of Californian anchovy 700 Pacific anchoveta was 241 000t in 1985. Since Pacific anchoveta then catches have been lower and highly variable, 600 Pacific thread herring fluctuating between the record lows of 39 000t in 500 1988 and 27 000t in 1999 and the high catches of 400 121 000t in 1989, 108 000t in 1998 and 160 000t 300 in 2002. The catch of Pacific thread herring have 200 been varying between 21 000t and 64 000t in the 10 0 last decade (Table D13). 0 The main mid-size pelagic species in this area are 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 the ( japonicus) and the Source FAO Pacific jack mackerel ( symmetricus) in Figure B13.4 - Annual nominal catches ('000t) of the miscellaneous pelagic fishes ISSCAAP selected species in ISSCAAP Group 37, Eastern Central Pacific (Area 77) Group 37. These two resources have sustained 90 important fisheries off the USA and Mexico since Pacific jack mackerel 80 Chub mackerel the beginning of the twentieth century, with chub Other misc. pelagic fishes 70 mackerel yielding peak catches of 67 000t in 1935 and Pacific jack mackerel starting later and 60 peaking at 66 000t in 1952 (Leet et al., 2001). 50 Since then, catches of both species have been 40 highly variable. Catches of Pacific jack mackerel 30 have a clear decreasing trend with only 1 000t in 20 2002, while catches of chub mackerel have an 10 overall increasing trend with more prolonged 0 periods of high and low catches, with only 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 14 000t in 2002 after peaking at 78 000t in 1999 Source FAO

* FAO, Marine Resources Service, Fishery Resources Division 116

(Thunnus alalunga). The main nations fishing for Penaeus but also Xiphopenaeus, Trachypenaeus, tunas in the area are Mexico and USA, followed Heterocarpus, Pandalus, Pandalopsis and others) by Venezuela, Japan, Rep. of Korea, Spain and that individually tend to be more variable and other Asian countries. Other large pelagics in there are indications that some species have this ISSCAAP Group being exploited in this area fluctuated more widely, even if most of the are the swordfish (Xiphias gladius), the striped, official catch statistics fail to identify them to black and blue swordfish (Tetrapturus audax, species. Makaira indica and M. mazara) and the Pacific Catches of squids in ISSCAAP Group 57 have sierra ( sierra) that all together also been abundant and highly variable, while yield 30 to 40t per year. catches of octopus are almost negligible (no catch Shrimps and prawns sustain particularly valuable reported prior to 1985 and around 1 000t per year and important fisheries throughout the area. Total since then). Catches of squids, representing most shrimp (ISSCAAP Group 45) catches were of ISSCAAP Group 57, increased gradually from already at 50 000t per year by 1950, when FAO 3 000t in 1950 to 31 000t in 1980, then rapidly catch records started. Then reached a maximum with large year to year fluctuations to peak at of 86 000t in 1961, 1962 and 1963, to decline 212 000t in 1997 before declining to 30 000t in and remain fluctuating in the 45 000 to 80 000t 1998. The most abundant squid species in the range, with a recent decline from 73 000t in area is the jumbo flying squid (Dosidicus gigas). 1995-1997 to 51 000t in 2002. It is noteworthy, There was a first pulse fishing of this species however, that these catches represent the with catches peaking at 19 000t in 1980, accumulated catches of a large number of stocks followed by another pulse reaching 9 000t in and more than 15 species (mostly from the 1992, with two other major peaks at 141 000t in 1997 and 116 000t in 2002 (Figure B13.6). Figure B13.5 - Annual nominal catches ('000t) of There is also a large proportion of squid catches selected species in ISSCAAP Group 36, Eastern Central Pacific (Area 77) that are reported as “Various squids nei” (or non- identified squids) in the current FAO statistics 600 Yellowfin tuna Skipjack tuna (FAO, 2003), suggesting that catches have not Other tunas, bonitos, billfishes, etc. 500 been identified to species. Catches of these other, Bigeye tuna Albacore mostly non-identified squids have also been large 400 Pacific bluefin tuna and highly variable in this area, with peak catches at 57 000t in 1990. Catches of non- 300 identified squids have varied between 0 and 200 6 000t in recent years. Most of these are listed as US catches in the current FAO statistics, with 10 0 Japan, Korea Rep. and more recently China

0 contributing with varying but lower volumes to 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 this “Various squids nei” category. However, it is Source FAO noteworthy that most if not all the squid reported Figure B13.6 - Annual nominal catches ('000t) of as non-identified in the current FAO statistics selected species in ISSCAAP Groups 45, 57, (now in the process of being corrected) actually Eastern Central Pacific (Area 77) correspond to the market squid or opalescent inshore squid (Loligo opalescens) that is 16 0 Jumbo flying squid particularly abundant off California and is caught 14 0 Opalescent inshore squid by the USA (Figure B13.6) and possibly by other Various squids nei 12 0 countries in the past, but without identifying 10 0 catches to species. 80 The market squid or opalescent inshore squid 60 (L. opalescens) has been the basis of an important

40 commercial fishery in California since the 1850s and had a significant expansion in southern 20 California waters during the 1980s and 1990s. To 0 the point that this fishery emerged as one of the 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Source FAO most important in the US state of California,

* FAO, Marine Resources Service, Fishery Resources Division 117 ranking as the largest California commercial area. All main coastal states in the area are fishery by volume in six years of the 1990s members of this regional organization. decade (Leet et al., 2001). The US reported Of particular relevance in the fisheries research catches of market squid (Leet et al., 2001; context is the California Cooperative Ocean California Department of Fish and Game, 2003 Fisheries Investigation Program (CalCOFI, and NMFS, Fisheries Statistics and Economics established in 1949. Division, Silver Spring, MD, USA: http://www.calcofi.org) The program is composed of scientists and http://www.st.nmfs.gov/st1/) match almost technicians from the US Scripps Institution of exactly those reported in the current FAO Oceanography, the Coastal Fisheries Resources statistics as US non-identified squid catches. In Division of the Southwest Fisheries Science 1981 the NMFS reported a total US catch of Center of NOAA/NMFS, and the California market squid of 24 000t, and since then US Department of Fish and Game. It aims at catches of this species have been increasing while establishing and analyzing long time series of being highly variable. Peak catches of 37 000t land based and going observations to monitor were reported in 1988, 41 000t in 1989, 80 000t the physics, chemistry, biology, and meteorology in 1996 and 119 000t in 2000, with 73 000t in of the California Current ecosystem. It does so in 2002. partnership with several Mexican institutions There is not much of an ongoing deeper water (including CICESE, UABC, CICIMAR, INP, trawl fishery in the area and the catch of CIBNOR, UNAM) grouped under an inter- flatfishes, hakes and other deep-water demersals institutional project on Mexican Research of the in ISSCAAP Groups 31, 32 and 34 is very low. California Current (IMECOCAL, Most of the reported catches of other, more http://imecocal.cicese.mx) that complements coastal demersals (in ISSCAAP Group 33), such and extends the CalCOFI type of investigations as croakers, groupers, snappers, etc., that globally to the southern part of the California current have been fairly stable in recent years and system. totalled 64 000t in 2002 are taken by small local fleets that target them, but are often also taken as There have also been a series of regional research by-catch in the shrimp fisheries. activities covering fish stocks and fisheries further south, off Central America and Panama. Several of these activities were conducted with RESOURCES STATUS AND the technical and/or financial assistance of one or MANAGEMENT more international, regional or sub-regional organizations, such as EC, FAO, NORAD, Tunas and other highly migratory species are OLDEPESCA, PRADEPESCA and UNDP. exploited both by local fleets as well as by While some scientific progress has been achieved Distant Water Fleets Fisheries. Most of these through these regional fisheries research and tunas and other highly migratory species are assessment programmes, more still needs to be assessed and managed through multinational accomplished, particularly in terms of fisheries efforts, mostly though the Inter-American management. Being aware of the need to Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC, strengthen regional cooperation in these and http://www.iattc.org) while fisheries for other other related fields, on 18 December 1995 in San species groups are mostly assessed and managed Salvador all the Central American States and nationally, although there are or have been some Panama created a new regional fisheries bilateral or regional research initiatives of organization, the Central American Organization particular relevance in the area. for the Fisheries and Water Resources Sector The IATTC was established in 1950 and is (OSPESCA, Organización del Sector Pesquero y responsible for the conservation and management Acuícola del Istmo Centroamericano). This of fisheries for tunas and other species taken by regional organization that has the development tuna-fishing vessels in the eastern . and management of fisheries in Central America IATTC is based in La Jolla, California, and has a as one of its main objectives, joined in November long standing tradition and experience in the 1999 the General Secretariat of the Central resource assessment, monitoring and American Integration System (SG-SICA, management of fisheries of the main tuna and Secretaría General del Sistema de la Integración other associated highly migratory species in the Centroamericana, http://www.sgsica.org).

* FAO, Marine Resources Service, Fishery Resources Division 118

The knowledge and available information on the moderately exploited if one considers their status of the main fish stocks in the area varies directed fisheries, but indirectly tend to be widely, and this to some extent is related to the heavily to overexploited by the shrimp fisheries, importance of the fisheries involved and the where demersal fish (particularly juveniles) research means and facilities locally available. frequently represent a large portion of the Most fisheries are subject to some kind of bycatch. fisheries management regulation, which may It has already been reported that small pelagic include one or more of the traditional species in ISSCAAP Group 35 (herrings, management measures, such as limited access, sardines, anchovies, etc.) are highly variable and catch limits or total allowable catch (TAC), area subject to large environmentaly driven or seasonal closures, minimum size limits (of fish fluctuations in abundance. The overall abundance caught), etc. This has contributed to the healthy and resulting catches of Californian pilchard maintenance and in some cases to the rebuilding (sardine) has been increasing with some of some key stocks in the area, although in some fluctuations since the mid-1970s. There are clear other cases poor management and loose indications that the Californian pilchard (sardine) enforcement has contributed to the population has recovered from a biomass well overexploitation and depletion of some important below 100 000t in the early 1960s to a total fish stocks, particularly some local shrimp stocks. biomass (of age 1+) estimated at 1.7 million More detailed and comprehensive information on tonnes in 1998 and 1999. More recently Conser the state of some main fish stocks and fisheries et al. (2002) estimated the total biomass (age 1+) management options in the area can be found in of the Californian pilchard (sardine) at a more the IATTC assessment reports (IATTC, 2002), conservative but still high population size of particularly with respect to tunas and tuna-like one million tonnes and suggested that the fishes (also reviewed in Majkowski, this population biomass might have reached a plateau volume), and for these and other species, in the at this level. Considering its life history California Department of Fish and Game, Living characteristics, it could be expected that under Marine Resources status reports (Leet et al., the right conditions this population might still 2001) and the Mexican stock assessment fisheries have some growth potential beyond the current management reports (SEMARNAP-INP 2000 stock size, but the impact of future environmental and 2003). These, however, mostly provide conditions are difficult to anticipate. At present updated information on selected species in the this stock is considered to be fully recovered northern part of the area, while far less is from its previous depletions in the 1950s and available covering the southern part. A brief 1960s and under the present circumstances is summary by stock or species groups for the considered to be moderately to fully exploited. whole area based on these published reports and Californian anchovy is seriously depleted partly other information available is included in this due to heavy fishing but also as a consequence of section and in Table D13. adverse environmental conditions that are known As already noted fishing for deeper water to determine natural long-term fluctuations in demersals is limited and almost non existent in stock abundance. In the recent past it has been parts of the area. Also, and although resources fully to heavily exploited off Mexico and assessment research has not been as active on moderately to almost underexploited off the these species groups, all seem to indicate that USA. At present there are some signs of biomass deeper water demersals in ISSCAAP Groups 32 increase in the , while the and 34 including hakes, rockfishes northern and central sub-populations are thought scorpionfishes, etc., are not particularly abundant to be stable at very modest biomass. Given the and while some stocks remain very lightly or environmentally induced low and overall stable even non exploited, other local stocks particulary population size and the low catches, this stock is some rockfishes in ISSCAAP Group 34 are considered to be moderately exploited. heavily fished and the abundance of some of The Pacific anchoveta stock has also been very them have been severely reduced due to variable, as reflected by the annual catches by overfishing. Panama, where it sustains a major industrial Most coastal demersals in ISSCAAP Group 33 fishery. At the present exploitation (160 000t in (Miscellaneous coastal fishes) are in most cases 2002), this stock is probably fully exploited.

* FAO, Marine Resources Service, Fishery Resources Division 119

Pacific thread herring is only reported in REFERENCES substantial quantities by Panama, where there is a directed fishery for this species. In the past, a Bakun, A. 1993. The California current, small fleet from Costa Rica used to also target on Benguela current, and Southwestern Atlantic Pacific thread herring, but except for Panama this Shelf ecosystems: a comparative approach to species now mostly shows up in incidental identifying factors regulating biomass yields. In catches throughout the area. Pacific thread K. Sherman, L.M. Alexander & B.D. Gold, eds. herring is probably fully exploited off Panama Large Marine Ecosystems, Stress, Mitigation and and underexploited elsewhere in its distribution Sustainability, pp. 199-222. Washington, D.C.: range. American Association for the Advancement of Science. The status of tuna, bonitos, billfishes, etc. (ISSCAAP Group 36) is reviewed in another Bakun, A. 1997. Global synchrony in fish section (Majkowski, this volume) considering population variations. In FAO, Marine Resources their wider distribution in the Pacific Ocean. Service, Fishery Resources Division. Review of However, on the overall, these stocks are the state of world fishery resources: marine considered to be moderately to fully exploited in fisheries, pp. 134-135. FAO Fisheries Circular, this area. No. 920: 173 pp. Among the miscellaneous pelagic fishes Bakun, A., Csirke, J., Lluch-Belda, D. & (ISSCAAP Group 37) the chub mackerel has Steer-Ruiz, R. 1999. The Pacific Central recovered slightly although remaining at very American Coastal LME. In K. Sherman & Q. low biomass after collapsing in the late 1960s. Tang, eds. Large Marine Ecosystems of the While the biomass still remains very low there Pacific Rim, pp. 268-280. Cambridge, MA: are some indications of slightly higher year class Blackwell Science. abundance in 2000 and 2001 (Hill, Bergen and California Department of Fish and Game. Crone, 2002) which should allow a slightly more 2002. Review of some California fisheries for optimistic prognosis relative to the past years. At 2001: market squid, sea urchin, dungeness crab, present the stock is moderately to fully exploited. lobster, prawn, abalone, groundfish, swordfish There are no recent biomass estimates for Pacific and shark, coastal pelagic finfish, ocean salmon, jack mackerel for the area, but there are some nearshore live-fish, pacific herring, white indications that total biomass have declined seabass, and kelp. Fisheries Review CalCOFI substantially over the last 20 years, most likely Rep., Vol. 43: 18 pp. due to natural environmental causes. This species has presently very low commercial value and Conser, R.J., Hill, K.T., Crone, P.R. Lo, minimum or no fishing effort is exerted on this N.C.H. & Bergen, D. 2002. Stock assessment of stock. Given the low catches reported, it is most Pacific sardine with management likely that the stock is moderately and even recommendations for 2003. Executive summary. underexploited, although its biomass is low. October 2002. Submitted to the Pacific Fishery Management Council. California Department of Amongst the invertebrates, there are some Fish and Game and NOAA/NMFS. 11 pp. deepwater shrimps (mostly Galatheidae) within ISSCAAP Group 44 which are virtually Csirke, J. & Vasconcellos, M. 2003. Fisheries unexploited, while most, if not all, the main wild and long-term climate variability (this volume). stocks of crabs and sea spiders (ISSCAAP Group FAO. 2003. FAO yearbook. Fishery statistics. 42) and particularly shrimps and prawns (in Capture production 2001, Vol. 92/1. ISSCAAP Group 45) are either fully or overexploited, with several local stocks giving Gulland, J.A. (ed.) 1970. The fish resources of signs of depletion. Still within the invertebrates, the ocean. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, No squids (ISSCAAP Group 57) are also relatively 97: 425 p. abundant in the area, particularly the jumbo Hill, K.T., Bergen, D.R. & Crone, P.R. 2002. flying squid (Dosidicus gigas) and the opalescens Stock assessment of Pacific mackerel with squid (Loligo opalescens) which are more likely recommendations for the 2002-2003 management moderately to fully exploited. season. Executive summary. 31 May 2002. Submitted to the Pacific Fishery Management

* FAO, Marine Resources Service, Fishery Resources Division 120

Council. California Department of Fish and Parrish, R.H., Bakun, A., Husby, D.M. & Game and NOAA/NMFS. 13 pp. Nelson, C.S. 1983. Comparative climatology of IATTC. 2002. Status of the tuna and billfish selected environmental processes in relation to stocks in 2001. Stock Assessment Report No. 3. eastern boundary current pelagic fish IATTC (available at www.iattc.org reproduction. In G.D. Sharp & J. Csirke, eds. /StockAssessmentReportsENG.htm). Proceedings of the Expert Consultation to examine changes in abundance and species of Leet, W.S. Dewees, C.M., Klingbeil, R. & neritic fish resources. San José, Costa, Rica, 18- Larson, E.J. (eds). 2001. California’s Living 29 April 1983, pp. 731-778. FAO Fisheries Marine Resources: A Status Report. The Report, No. 291(3): 557-1224. Resources Agency. The California Department of Fish and Game. University of California. SEMARNAP–INP. 2000. Sustentabilidad y Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication pesca responsible en México. Evaluación y SG01–11: 594 pp. (available at www.dfg.ca.gov Manejo. 1997–1998. Secretaría de Medio /mrd/status). Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Pesca–INP. 691 pp. MacCall, A.D. 1983. Variability of pelagic fish stocks off California. In G.D. Sharp & J. Csirke, SEMARNAP–INP. 2003. Sustentabilidad y eds. Proceedings of the Expert Consultation to pesca responsible en México. Evaluación y examine changes in abundance and species of Manejo. 1999-2000. Secretaría de Medio neritic fish resources. San José, Costa, Rica, 18- Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Pesca–INP. 29 April 1983, pp. 101-112. FAO Fisheries 1112 pp. (available at http://inp.semarnat.gob. Report, No. 291(2): 553 pp. mx/Publicaciones/sustentabilidad/default.htm) Majkowski, J. 2003. Tuna and tuna-like species Troadec, J.-P., Clark, W.G. & Gulland, J.A. (this volume). 1980. A review of some pelagic fish stocks in other areas. Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Murphy, G. 1966. Population biology of the Mer, 177: 252-277. Pacific sardine (Sardinops caerulea). Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 34(1): 1-84. Wyrtky, K. 1964. Upwelling in the Costa Rica Dome. Fish. Bull. US, 63: 355-372

* FAO, Marine Resources Service, Fishery Resources Division