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The Conservation Status of North American, Central American, and Caribbean Chondrichthyans the Conservation Status Of The Conservation Status of North American, Central American, and Caribbean Chondrichthyans The Conservation Status of Edited by The Conservation Status of North American, Central and Caribbean Chondrichthyans North American, Central American, Peter M. Kyne, John K. Carlson, David A. Ebert, Sonja V. Fordham, Joseph J. Bizzarro, Rachel T. Graham, David W. Kulka, Emily E. Tewes, Lucy R. Harrison and Nicholas K. Dulvy L.R. Harrison and N.K. Dulvy E.E. Tewes, Kulka, D.W. Graham, R.T. Bizzarro, J.J. Fordham, Ebert, S.V. Carlson, D.A. J.K. Kyne, P.M. Edited by and Caribbean Chondrichthyans Executive Summary This report from the IUCN Shark Specialist Group includes the first compilation of conservation status assessments for the 282 chondrichthyan species (sharks, rays, and chimaeras) recorded from North American, Central American, and Caribbean waters. The status and needs of those species assessed against the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species criteria as threatened (Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable) are highlighted. An overview of regional issues and a discussion of current and future management measures are also presented. A primary aim of the report is to inform the development of chondrichthyan research, conservation, and management priorities for the North American, Central American, and Caribbean region. Results show that 13.5% of chondrichthyans occurring in the region qualify for one of the three threatened categories. These species face an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild (Critically Endangered; 1.4%), a very high risk of extinction in the wild (Endangered; 1.8%), or a high risk of extinction in the wild (Vulnerable; 10.3%). Sixteen (of 43) chondrichthyan families within the region contain one or more threatened species. A further 16.0% are classified as Near Threatened, 27.0% as Least Concern, and 43.4% as Data Deficient. The high proportion of Data Deficient species reveals serious information and knowledge gaps, despite the exceptional chondrichthyan research capacity in parts of the region. Results, for the most part, reflect the global status of chondrichthyans. Three out of the four species classified as globally Critically Endangered are rays, including two species of sawfishes (arguably the most imperiled group of fishes worldwide). Species categorized as Endangered comprise two hammerhead sharks and three species of skates (a group of rays). The Vulnerable group of species consists of nine rays and 20 sharks. Additional subpopulation and regional threatened assessments highlight further concern locally for a variety of sharks and skates. No chimaeras were assessed as threatened. Subregional analyses indicate that the proportion of threatened species is similar across the Northwest Atlantic (19.0%), the Western Central Atlantic (18.5%), the Northeast Pacific (16.7%), and the Eastern Central Pacific (15.2%). The Northeast Pacific, however, has a high proportion of Least Concern species (45.8%) compared to other subregions (19.9–30.4%), as well as a relatively low level of Data Deficient species (22.2% vs. 38.0–47.0%). The North American, Central American, and Caribbean region as a whole is currently seeing significant improvements in shark and ray management and, at the same time, the primary threats to chondrichthyan species (overexploitation, excessive bycatch, and degradation of key habitats) continue. Recovered shark and ray populations and sustainable associated fisheries will require considerable immediate, concerted action across the region’s research, conservation, fishing, policy-making, and enforcement communities. This report includes specific management and conservation recommendations to that end. Edited by The IUCN Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group (SSG) was established in 1991 to promote the Peter M. Kyne, John K. Carlson, David A. Ebert, Sonja V. Fordham, sustainable use, wise management, and conservation of the world’s chondrichthyan fishes. The SSG has recently Joseph J. Bizzarro, Rachel T. Graham, David W. Kulka, concluded its 10-year Global Shark Red List Assessment program by completing Red List assessments for all Emily E. Tewes, Lucy R. Harrison and Nicholas K. Dulvy chondrichthyan species, an important baseline for monitoring the global status of sharks, rays, and chimaeras. Research Institute Research Institute for the Environment for the Environment and Livelihoods and Livelihoods The Conservation Status of North American, Central American, and Caribbean Chondrichthyans Edited by Peter M. Kyne, John K. Carlson, David A. Ebert, Sonja V. Fordham, Joseph J. Bizzarro, Rachel T. Graham, David W. Kulka, Emily E. Tewes, Lucy R. Harrison, and Nicholas K. Dulvy Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods Published by: IUCN Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group, Vancouver, Canada. Copyright: © 2012 IUCN Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group. Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Kyne, P.M., Carlson, J.K., Ebert, D.A., Fordham, S.V., Bizzarro, J.J., Graham, R.T., Kulka, D.W., Tewes, E.E., Harrison, L.R., and Dulvy, N.K. (eds). 2012. The Conservation Status of North American, Central American, and Caribbean Chondrichthyans. IUCN Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group, Vancouver, Canada. ISBN: 978-0-9561063-2-2 Cover photo: Bluntnose Sixgill Shark Hexanchus griseus © R. Dean Grubbs. Produced by: UniprintNT, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia. The text of this book is printed on 100gsm Navigator Contents Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................................... v Acronyms .................................................................................................................................................................... vi 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 The IUCN Species Survival Commission’s Shark Specialist Group .................................................................... 1 1.2 The SSG’s Red List Program .............................................................................................................................. 1 2 Subregional Overviews ........................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Northwest Atlantic ........................................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Western Central Atlantic ................................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Northeast Pacific .............................................................................................................................................. 4 2.4 Eastern Central Pacific ...................................................................................................................................... 6 3 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................................... 8 3.1 Geographic Scope of the Report ....................................................................................................................... 8 3.2 The Red Listing Process .................................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.1 Assessing Marine Fishes – Application of the Red List Categories and Criteria ........................................ 8 3.2.2 The Precautionary Approach .................................................................................................................. 8 3.2.3 Global, Subpopulation, and Regional Assessments ................................................................................. 9 3.2.4 Review and Consensus Process .............................................................................................................. 9 3.3 Species Accounts ............................................................................................................................................. 9 4 Results .................................................................................................................................................................. 11 4.1 Summary of Status .......................................................................................................................................... 11 4.2 Threatened Species ........................................................................................................................................ 11 4.3 Near Threatened Species ................................................................................................................................ 14 4.4 Least Concern Species .................................................................................................................................... 14 4.5 Data Deficient Species ..................................................................................................................................
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