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TABLE of CONTENTS List of Figures Hawaii-Southern California Training and Testing Final EIS/OEIS October 2018 Final Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement Hawaii-Southern California Training and Testing TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.8 Reptiles .................................................................................................................. 3.8-1 3.8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 3.8-4 3.8.2 Affected Environment ......................................................................................... 3.8-5 3.8.2.1 General Background ............................................................................... 3.8-5 3.8.2.2 Endangered Species Act-Listed Species ............................................... 3.8-12 3.8.2.3 Species Not Listed under the Endangered Species Act ........................ 3.8-25 3.8.3 Environmental Consequences .......................................................................... 3.8-26 3.8.3.1 Acoustic Stressors ................................................................................ 3.8-27 3.8.3.2 Explosive Stressors ............................................................................... 3.8-57 3.8.3.3 Energy Stressors ................................................................................... 3.8-80 3.8.3.4 Physical Disturbance and Strike Stressors ........................................... 3.8-86 3.8.3.5 Entanglement Stressors ....................................................................... 3.8-99 3.8.3.6 Ingestion Stressors ............................................................................. 3.8-108 3.8.3.7 Secondary Stressors ........................................................................... 3.8-118 3.8.4 Summary of Potential Impacts on Reptiles ..................................................... 3.8-122 3.8.4.1 Combined Impacts of All Stressors Under Alternative 1 .................... 3.8-122 3.8.4.2 Combined Impacts of All Stressors Under Alternative 2 .................... 3.8-124 3.8.4.3 Combined Impacts of All Stressors under the No Action Alternative 3.8-124 3.8.5 Endangered Species Act Determinations ........................................................ 3.8-124 List of Figures Figure 3.8-1: Dive Depth and Duration Summaries for Sea Turtle Species ............................................ 3.8-6 Figure 3.8-2: Generalized Dive Profiles and Activities Described for Sea Turtles ................................... 3.8-7 Figure 3.8-3: Composite Underwater Audiogram for Sea Turtles .......................................................... 3.8-8 Figure 3.8-4: Auditory Weighting Function for Sea Turtles .................................................................. 3.8-33 Figure 3.8-5: TTS and PTS Exposure Functions for Sonar and Other Transducers ................................ 3.8-34 Figure 3.8-6: TTS and PTS Exposure Functions for Impulsive Sounds ................................................... 3.8-42 Figure 3.8-7: Auditory Weighting Functions for Sea Turtles ................................................................. 3.8-66 Figure 3.8-8: TTS and PTS Exposure Functions for Impulsive Sounds ................................................... 3.8-67 Figure 3.8-9: Green Sea Turtle Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum Number of Explosions During Training and Testing Under Alternative 1 ........................................................................... 3.8-75 i Table of Contents Hawaii-Southern California Training and Testing Final EIS/OEIS October 2018 Figure 3.8-10: Green Sea Turtle Impacts Estimated per Year from the Maximum Number of Explosions During Training and Testing Under Alternative 2. .......................................................................... 3.8-79 List of Tables Table 3.8-1: Current Regulatory Status and Presence of Endangered Species Act-Listed Sea Reptiles in the Study Area ................................................................................................................................ 3.8-13 Table 3.8-2: TTS and PTS Peak Pressure Thresholds for Sea Turtles Exposed to Impulsive Sounds..... 3.8-42 Table 3.8-3: Ranges to Permanent Threshold Shift and Temporary Threshold Shift for Sea Turtles Exposed to 10 Air Gun Firings......................................................................................................... 3.8-43 Table 3.8-4: Ranges to TTS and PTS for Sea Turtles Exposed to Impact Pile Driving ............................ 3.8-46 Table 3.8-5: Criteria to Quantitatively Assess Non-Auditory Injury due to Underwater Explosions .... 3.8-65 Table 3.8-6: TTS and PTS Peak Pressure Thresholds Derived for Sea Turtles Exposed to Impulsive Sounds ........................................................................................................................................................ 3.8-68 Table 3.8-7: Ranges to Mortality for Sea Turtles Exposed to Explosives as a Function of Animal Mass1 .................................................................................................................................. 3.8-69 Table 3.8-8: Ranges to Non-Auditory Injury1 (in meters) for Sea Turtles Exposed to Explosives as a Function of Animal Mass ................................................................................................................ 3.8-70 Table 3.8-9: Peak Pressure Based Ranges to TTS and PTS for Sea Turtles Exposed to Explosives ....... 3.8-71 Table 3.8-10: SEL Based Ranges to TTS and PTS for Sea Turtles Exposed to Explosives ....................... 3.8-72 ii Table of Contents Hawaii-Southern California Training and Testing Final EIS/OEIS October 2018 3.8 REPTILES PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE SYNOPSIS The United States Department of the Navy (Navy) considered all potential stressors that reptiles could be exposed to from the Proposed Action. The following conclusions have been reached for the Preferred Alternative (Alternative 1): Acoustics: Navy training and testing activities have the potential to expose reptiles to multiple types of acoustic stressors, including sonars and other transducers; air guns; pile driving; and vessel, aircraft, and weapons noise. Reptiles could be affected by only a limited portion of acoustic stressors because they have limited hearing abilities. Exposures to sound-producing activities present risks that could range from hearing loss, auditory masking, physiological stress, and changes in behavior; however, no injurious impacts are predicted due to exposure to any acoustic stressor. Because the number of sea turtles potentially impacted by sound-producing activities is small, population-level effects are unlikely. Sea snakes considered in this analysis rarely occur in the Study Area; few, if any, impacts are anticipated from acoustic stressors on individual sea snakes, and no population-level effects would occur. Explosives: Explosions in the water or near the water’s surface present a risk to reptiles located in close proximity to the explosion, because the shock waves produced by explosives can cause injury or result in the death; however, no sea turtle mortalities are predicted. If a sea turtle is farther from an explosion, the intense, impulsive, broadband sounds introduced into the marine environment may cause hearing loss, auditory masking, physiological stress, or changes in behavior. Because the number of sea turtles potentially impacted by explosives is small, population level effects are unlikely. Sea snakes considered in this analysis rarely occur in the Study Area; few, if any, impacts are anticipated from explosives on individual sea snakes, and no population-level effects would occur. Energy: Navy training and testing activities have the potential to expose reptiles to multiple energy stressors in offshore and inshore training and testing locations. The likelihood and magnitude of energy impacts depends on the proximity of a reptile to energy stressors. Based on the relatively weak strength of the electromagnetic field created by Navy activities, impacts on sea turtle migrating behaviors and navigational patterns are not anticipated. Potential impacts from high-energy lasers would only result for sea turtles directly struck by the laser beam. Statistical probability analyses demonstrate with a high level of certainty that no sea turtles would be struck by a high- energy laser. Activities using high-energy lasers would not occur in inshore training and testing locations. Energy stressors associated with Navy training and testing activities are temporary and localized in nature, and based on patchy distribution of reptiles, impacts on individual reptiles are unlikely and no impacts on populations are anticipated. Sea snakes considered in this analysis rarely occur in the Study Area; few, if any, impacts are anticipated from entanglement stressors on individuals, and no population-level effects would occur. Continued on the next page… 3.8-1 3.8 Reptiles Hawaii-Southern California Training and Testing Final EIS/OEIS October 2018 Continued from the previous page… Physical Disturbance and Strike: Vessels, in-water devices, and seafloor devices present a risk for collision with sea turtles, particularly in coastal areas where densities are higher. Strike potential by expended materials is statistically small. Because of the low numbers of sea turtles potentially impacted by activities that may potentially cause a physical disturbance and strike, population-level effects are unlikely.
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