DOCSLIB.ORG

The 4 Types of Tissues: Connective

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The 4 Types of Tissues: Connective The 4 Types of Tissues: connective Connective Tissue General structure of CT cells are dispersed in a matrix matrix = a large amount of extracellular material produced by the CT cells and plays a major role in the functioning matrix component = ground substance often crisscrossed by protein fibers ground substance usually fluid, but it can also be mineralized and solid (bones) CTs = vast variety of forms, but typically 3 characteristic components: cells, large amounts of amorphous ground substance, and protein fibers. Connective Tissue GROUND SUBSTANCE In connective tissue, the ground substance is an amorphous gel-like substance surrounding the cells. In a tissue, cells are surrounded and supported by an extracellular matrix. Ground substance traditionally does not include fibers (collagen and elastic fibers), but does include all the other components of the extracellular matrix . The components of the ground substance vary depending on the tissue. Ground substance is primarily composed of water, glycosaminoglycans (most notably hyaluronan ), proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. Usually it is not visible on slides, because it is lost during the preparation process. Connective Tissue Functions of Connective Tissues Support and connect other tissues Protection (fibrous capsules and bones that protect delicate organs and, of course, the skeletal system). Transport of fluid, nutrients, waste, and chemical messengers is ensured by specialized fluid connective tissues, such as blood and lymph. Adipose cells store surplus energy in the form of fat and contribute to the thermal insulation of the body. Embryonic Connective Tissue All connective tissues derive from the mesodermal layer of the embryo . The first connective tissue to develop in the embryo is mesenchyme , the stem cell line from which all connective tissues are later derived. Clusters of mesenchymal cells are scattered throughout adult tissue and supply the cells needed for replacement and repair after a connective tissue injury. A second type of embryonic connective tissue forms in the umbilical cord, called mucous connective tissue or Wharton’s jelly. This tissue is no longer present after birth, leaving only scattered mesenchymal cells throughout the body. Connective Tissue Classification of CTs 3 broad categories of CT are classified according to the characteristics of their ground substance and the types of fibers found within the matrix Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Proper CELLS . Fibroblasts present in all CT proper . Fibrocytes, adipocytes, and mesenchymal cells are fixed cells (remain within the connective tissue). Other cells move in and out in response to chemical signals: macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and phagocytic cells (actually part of the immune system) Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Proper Connective Tissue Fibers and Ground Substance (all secreted by fibroblasts) 3 main types : • Collagen fiber = made from fibrous protein subunits linked together to form a long and straight fiber, while flexible, have great tensile strength, resist stretching, and give ligaments and tendons their characteristic resilience and strength. • Elastic fiber = protein elastin (that after being stretched or compressed, it will return to its original shape) along with lesser amounts of other proteins and glycoproteins. • Reticular fiber = also formed from the same protein subunits as collagen fibers, but arrayed in a branching network. • All of these fibers embedded in ground substance = made of polysaccharides, specifically hyaluronic acid, and proteins (combined to form a proteoglycan with a protein core and polysaccharide branches) . The proteoglycan attracts and traps available moisture forming a clear, viscous, colorless matrix. Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Proper Loose Connective Tissue found between many organs where it acts both to absorb shock and bind tissues togethe + allows water, salts, and various nutrients to diffuse through to adjacent or imbedded cells and tissues. 1. Adipose tissue = mostly of fat storage cells, with little extracellular matrix. White fat contributes mostly to lipid storage and can serve as insulation from cold temperatures and mechanical injuries. Brown adipose tissue is more common in infants (“baby fat”) and is thermogenic Connective Tissue Connective Tissue Proper Loose Connective Tissue 2. Areolar tissue shows little specialization and fills the spaces between muscle fibers, surrounds blood and lymph vessels, and supports organs in the abdominal cavity. Areolar tissue underlies most epithelia and represents the connective tissue component of epithelial membranes. 3. Reticular tissue = mesh-like, supportive framework for soft organs such as lymphatic tissue, spleen, and liver. Connective Tissue Supportive Connective Tissues allow the body to maintain its posture and protect internal organs + 2 major forms: 1. Cartilage The distinctive appearance of cartilage is due to polysaccharides called chondroitin sulfates, which bind with ground substance proteins to form proteoglycans. Embedded within the cartilage matrix are chondrocytes and the space they occupy are called lacunae (singular = lacuna). A layer of dense irregular connective tissue, the perichondrium, encapsulates the cartilage. avascular very slow healing. 3 main types: 2. Bone the hardest CT with rigid extracellular matrix contains mostly collagen fibers embedded in a mineralized ground substance containing hydroxyapatite. Osteocytes are located within lacunae. highly vascularized tissue. Connective Tissue Fluid Connective Tissue = blood and lymph where cells circulate in a liquid extracellular matrix Connective Tissue The following types of connective tissue are covered in this activity: 1. Loose (areolar) connective tissue (delicate thin layers between tissues; present in all mucous membranes) 2. Adipose tissue (fat) 3. Dense connective tissue (tendons/ligaments) 4. Hyaline cartilage (nose/ends of long bones/ribs) 5. Elastic cartilage (outer ear/epiglottis) 6. Fibrocartilage (between vertebrae/knee joints/pubic joint) 7. Bone (skeletal system) 8 Blood (bloodstream) Connective Tissue Table 4.1 Comparison of Classes of Connective Tissues (1 of 2) Connective Tissue Table 4.1 Comparison of Classes of Connective Tissues (2 of 2) Figure 4.8a Connective tissues. (a) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar Description: Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some Elastic white blood cells. fibers Function: Wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in Collagen inflammation; holds and conveys fibers tissue fluid. Location: Widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; Fibroblast packages organs; surrounds nuclei capillaries. Epithelium Photomicrograph: Areolar connective tissue, a Lamina soft packaging tissue of the body (300x). propria Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.7 Areolar connective tissue: A prototype (model) connective tissue. Cell types Extracellular matrix Ground substance Macrophage Fibers • Collagen fiber • Elastic fiber • Reticular fiber Fibroblast Lymphocyte Fat cell Capillary Mast cell Neutrophil Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.8b Connective tissues. (b) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose Description: Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet. Function: Provides reserve food Nucleus of fuel; insulates against heat loss; fat cell supports and protects organs. Location: Under skin in the hypodermis; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts. Adipose Vacuole tissue containing fat droplet Photomicrograph: Adipose tissue from the Mammary subcutaneous layer under the skin (350x). glands Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.8c Connective tissues. (c) Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular Description: Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network. Function: Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages. White blood cell Location: Lymphoid organs (lymph (lymphocyte) nodes, bone marrow, and spleen). Reticular fibers Spleen Photomicrograph: Dark-staining network of reticular connective tissue fibers forming the internal skeleton of the spleen (350x). Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.8d Connective tissues. (d) Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense regular Description: Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast. Collagen Function: Attaches muscles to fibers bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction. Location: Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses. Nuclei of fibroblasts Shoulder joint Ligament Photomicrograph: Dense regular connective tissue from a tendon (500x). Tendon Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.8e Connective tissues. (e) Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense irregular Description: Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast. Nuclei of Function: Able to withstand fibroblasts tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength. Location: Fibrous capsules of organs and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Basic Histology and Connective Tissue Chapter 5
    Basic Histology and Connective Tissue Chapter 5 • Histology, the Study of Tissues • Tissue Types • Connective Tissues Histology is the Study of Tissues • 200 different types of cells in the human body. • A Tissue consist of two or more types of cells that function together. • Four basic types of tissues: – epithelial tissue – connective tissue – muscular tissue – nervous tissue • An Organ is a structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of 2 or more tissue types. • Example: skin is an organ composed of epidermal tissue and dermal tissue. Distinguishing Features of Tissue Types • Types of cells (shapes and functions) • Arrangement of cells • Characteristics of the Extracellular Matrix: – proportion of water – types of fibrous proteins – composition of the ground substance • ground substance is the gelatinous material between cells in addition to the water and fibrous proteins • ground substance consistency may be liquid (plasma), rubbery (cartilage), stony (bone), elastic (tendon) • Amount of space occupied by cells versus extracellular matrix distinguishes connective tissue from other tissues – cells of connective tissues are widely separated by a large amount of extracellular matrix – very little extracellular matrix between the cells of epithelia, nerve, and muscle tissue Embryonic Tissues • An embryo begins as a single cell that divides into many cells that eventually forms 3 Primary Layers: – ectoderm (outer layer) • forms epidermis and nervous system – endoderm (inner layer) • forms digestive glands and the mucous membrane lining digestive tract and respiratory system – mesoderm (middle layer) • Forms muscle, bone, blood and other organs. Histotechnology • Preparation of specimens for histology: – preserve tissue in a fixative to prevent decay (formalin) – dehydrate in solvents like alcohol and xylene – embed in wax or plastic – slice into very thin sections only 1 or 2 cells thick – float slices on water and mount on slides and then add color with stains • Sectioning an organ or tissue reduces a 3-dimensional structure to a 2- dimensional slice.
    [Show full text]
  • Connective Tissue • Includes Things Like Bone, Fat, & Blood. All
    Connective Tissue • includes things like bone, fat, & blood. All connective tissues include: 1. specialized cells 2.extracellular protein fibers } matrix that surrounds cells. 3. a fluid known as ground substance Functions include: Connective tissues come in 3 major types •Establish a structural framework 1. Connective tissue proper •Transporting fluids from one part of the body to another 2. Fluid Connective Tissue •Protecting delicate organs •Supporting, surrounding and interconnecting 3. Supporting Connective Tissue other tissue types • Other CTP cells are involved in defense and Connective Tissue Proper large repair jobs (these roam from site to site as • Connective tissue with many cell types and needed) extracellular fibers in a syrupy ground substance. A. Macrophages • Some cells of CTP are involved w/repair, B. Mast cells maintenance, and energy storage. C. Lymphocytes a. Fibroblasts D. plasma cells E. Microphages b. Adipocytes • The number of cells and cell types within a tissue at c. Mesenchymal cells any given moment varies depending on local conditions. 1 The Cell Population C. Adipocytes A. Fibroblasts • Fat cells • Most abundant cells in CTP • Typically contain a single enormous lipid droplet • Permanent resident of CTP (always present) • Other organelles squeezed to side of cell wall • Produce proteins to make the ground substance (resemble a class ring) very viscous • Also secret e prot ei ns th at mak e th e fib ers DMD. Mesenc hyma l ce lls • Stem cells B. Macrophages • Large amoeboid cells • Respond to injury by dividing into daughter cells which differentiate into connective tissue cells • Engulf & digest pathogens or damaged cells that enter the tissue • Release chemicals that activate the bodies immune system E.
    [Show full text]
  • Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
    Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal.
    [Show full text]
  • Connective Tissue N. Swailes, Ph.D. Department of Anatomy and Cell
    Module 1.3: Connective Tissue N. Swailes, Ph.D. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Rm: B046A ML Tel: 5-7726 E-mail: [email protected] Required reading Mescher AL, Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 13th Edition, Chapter 5 (also via AccessMedicine) Learning objectives 1) Name the three major classes of connective tissue and give examples of each. 2) Identify and describe the origin, organization and fate of embryonic connective tissue 3) Identify and discuss the functional properties imparted to tissue by the extracellular matrix: a. fibers (elastin, collagen Type I, II, III, IV and VII) b. ground substance (glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycoproteins) 4) Distinguish between different connective tissue cells and discuss their roles: a. fibroblasts b. adipocytes c. macrophages d. mast cells e. lymphocytes f. plasma cells g. eosinophils h. neutrophils 5) Classify the different connective tissues proper and compare and contrast their functional roles within an organ. Introduction The human body is made up of only four basic tissues: 1. Epithelial tissue 2. Connective tissue 3. Muscle tissue 4. Nervous tissue By adjusting the organization, composition and special features associated with each of these tissues is is possible to impart a wide variety of functions to the region or organ that they form. During this lecture you will examine the basic histological structure and function of Connective Tissue. 1 | Page: Connective Tissue Swailes a loose meshwork Part A: General characteristics of connective tissues that cushions and allows diffusion A1. There are three major classes of connective tissue i. Connective tissues proper - the most common class of connective tissue in the body.
    [Show full text]
  • Reactive Stroma in Human Prostate Cancer: Induction of Myofibroblast Phenotype and Extracellular Matrix Remodeling1
    2912 Vol. 8, 2912–2923, September 2002 Clinical Cancer Research Reactive Stroma in Human Prostate Cancer: Induction of Myofibroblast Phenotype and Extracellular Matrix Remodeling1 Jennifer A. Tuxhorn, Gustavo E. Ayala, Conclusions: The stromal microenvironment in human Megan J. Smith, Vincent C. Smith, prostate cancer is altered compared with normal stroma and Truong D. Dang, and David R. Rowley2 exhibits features of a wound repair stroma. Reactive stroma is composed of myofibroblasts and fibroblasts stimulated to Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology [J. A. T., T. D. D., express extracellular matrix components. Reactive stroma D. R. R.] and Pathology [G. E. A., M. J. S., V. C. S.] Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030 appears to be initiated during PIN and evolve with cancer progression to effectively displace the normal fibromuscular stroma. These studies and others suggest that TGF-␤1isa ABSTRACT candidate regulator of reactive stroma during prostate can- Purpose: Generation of a reactive stroma environment cer progression. occurs in many human cancers and is likely to promote tumorigenesis. However, reactive stroma in human prostate INTRODUCTION cancer has not been defined. We examined stromal cell Activation of the host stromal microenvironment is pre- phenotype and expression of extracellular matrix compo- dicted to be a critical step in adenocarcinoma growth and nents in an effort to define the reactive stroma environ- progression (1–5). Several human cancers have been shown to ment and to determine its ontogeny during prostate cancer induce a stromal reaction or desmoplasia as a component of progression. carcinoma progression. However, the specific mechanisms of Experimental Design: Normal prostate, prostatic intra- stromal cell activation are not known, and the extent to which epithelial neoplasia (PIN), and prostate cancer were exam- stroma regulates the biology of tumorigenesis is not fully un- ined by immunohistochemistry.
    [Show full text]
  • Flavio Akira Sakae Distribuição Das Fibras Colágenas E Do Sistema De
    Flavio Akira Sakae Distribuição das fibras colágenas e do sistema de fibras elásticas na camada superficial da lâmina própria da prega vocal com edema de Reinke Tese apresentada à Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Área de concentração: Otorrinolaringologia Orientador: Prof. Dr. Domingos Hiroshi Tsuji São Paulo 2008 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Preparada pela Biblioteca da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo Óreprodução autorizada pelo autor Sakae, Flavio Akira Distribuição das fibras colágenas e do sistema de fibras elásticas na camada superficial da lâmina própria da prega vocal com edema de Reinke / Flavio Akira Sakae. -- São Paulo, 2008. Tese(doutorado)--Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Oftalmologia e Otorrinolaringologia. Área de concentração: Otorrinolaringologia. Orientador: Domingos Hiroshi Tsuji. Descritores: 1.Edema laríngeo 2.Colágeno 3.Tecido elástico 4.Membrana mucosa 5.Cordas vocais USP/FM/SBD-146/08 "O único homem que está isento de erros, é aquele que não arrisca acertar." Albert Einstein Dedicatória Aos meus queridos pais, Masao e Junko, por tudo que fazem por mim, pelo apoio incondicional e amor eterno. São os meus ídolos. A minha esposa, Renata, amor da minha vida, pela alegria de viver, companheirismo e incentivo constante. A minha irmã, Cristiane, por ter contribuído em todos os passos de minha vida. Agradecimentos Ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Domingos Hiroshi Tsuji pela oportunidade e apoio na concretização deste sonho. Sua amizade e franqueza foram essenciais na elaboração deste trabalho. É o grande mestre. Ao Prof. Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Pg 131 Chondroblast -> Chondrocyte (Lacunae) Firm Ground Substance
    Figure 4.8g Connective tissues. Chondroblast ‐> Chondrocyte (Lacunae) Firm ground substance (chondroitin sulfate and water) Collagenous and elastic fibers (g) Cartilage: hyaline No BV or nerves Description: Amorphous but firm Perichondrium (dense irregular) matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae. Function: Supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress. Location: Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends Chondrocyte of long bones in joint cavities; forms in lacuna costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx. Matrix Costal Photomicrograph: Hyaline cartilage from the cartilages trachea (750x). Thickness? Metabolism? Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Pg 131 Figure 6.1 The bones and cartilages of the human skeleton. Epiglottis Support Thyroid Larynx Smooth Cartilage in Cartilages in cartilage external ear nose surface Cricoid Trachea Articular Lung Cushions cartilage Cartilage of a joint Cartilage in Costal Intervertebral cartilage disc Respiratory tube cartilages in neck and thorax Pubic Bones of skeleton symphysis Meniscus (padlike Axial skeleton cartilage in Appendicular skeleton knee joint) Cartilages Articular cartilage of a joint Hyaline cartilages Elastic cartilages Fibrocartilages Pg 174 Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4.8g Connective tissues. (g) Cartilage: hyaline Description: Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae. Function: Supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress. Location: Forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends Chondrocyte of long bones in joint cavities; forms in lacuna costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx.
    [Show full text]
  • Elastic Fiber Production in Cardiovascular Tissue-Equivalents
    Matrix Biology 22 (2003) 339–350 Elastic fiber production in cardiovascular tissue-equivalents Jennifer L. Long, Robert T. Tranquillo* Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science and Department of Biomedical Engineering, 7-114 BSBE, 312 Church St SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA Received 10 January 2003; received in revised form 30 April 2003; accepted 30 April 2003 Abstract Elastic fiber incorporation is critical to the success of tissue-engineered arteries and heart valves. Elastic fibers have not yet been observed in tissue-engineered replacements fabricated in vitro with smooth muscle cells. Here, rat smooth muscle cells (SMC) or human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) remodeled collagen or fibrin gels for 4 weeks as the basis for a completely biological cardiovascular tissue replacement. Immunolabeling, alkaline extraction and amino acid analysis identified and quantified elastin. Organized elastic fibers formed when neonatal SMC were cultured in fibrin gel. Fibrillin-1 deposition occurred but elastin was detected in regions without fibrillin-1, indicating that a microfibril template is not required for elastic fiber formation within fibrin. Collagen did not support substantial elastogenesis by SMC. The quantity of crosslinked elastic fibers was enhanced by treatment with TGF-b1 and insulin, concomitant with increased collagen production. These additives overcame ascorbate’s inhibition of elastogenesis in fibrin. The elasticfibers that formed in fibrin treated with TGF- b1 and insulin contained crosslinks, as evidenced by the presence of desmosine and an altered elastin labeling pattern when b-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) was added. These findings indicate that in vitro elastogenesis can be achieved in tissue engineering applications, and they suggest a physiologically relevant model system for the study of three-dimensional elastic structures.
    [Show full text]
  • Profiling Microdissected Epithelium and Stroma to Model Genomic Signatures for Cervical Carcinogenesis Accommodating for Covariates
    Research Article Profiling Microdissected Epithelium and Stroma to Model Genomic Signatures for Cervical Carcinogenesis Accommodating for Covariates David Gius,1 Margo C. Funk,2 Eric Y. Chuang,1 Sheng Feng,3 Phyllis C. Huettner,4 Loan Nguyen,2 C. Matthew Bradbury,1 Mark Mishra,1 Shuping Gao,1 Barbara M. Buttin,2 David E. Cohn,2 Matthew A. Powell,2 Neil S. Horowitz,2 Bradford P. Whitcomb,2 and JanetS. Rader 2 1Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland and 2Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; 3Division of Biostatistics; and 4Lauren V. Ackerman Laboratory of Surgical Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri Abstract (CIN 1–3) and finally to squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) This study is the first comprehensive, integrated approach to have been well characterized. Histologically, CIN 1 consists of examine grade-specific changes in gene expression along the immature basal-type cells involving the lower third of the entire neoplastic spectrum of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia epithelium. In CIN 2, these immature basal-type cells involve more (CIN) in the process of cervical carcinogenesis. This was than the lower third, whereas CIN 3 involves the full thickness of the accomplished by identifying gene expression signatures of epithelium. In addition, higher CIN grades exhibit nuclear crowding, disease progression using cDNA microarrays to analyze RNA pleomorphism, loss of cell polarity, and increased mitotic activity from laser-captured microdissected epithelium and underlying (1). These transitions seemto be well conserved and, as such, stroma from normal cervix, graded CINs, cancer, and patient- provide an intriguing systemto use genomicsto identify the early matched normal cervical tissues.
    [Show full text]
  • Normal Gross and Histologic Features of the Gastrointestinal Tract
    NORMAL GROSS AND HISTOLOGIC 1 FEATURES OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT THE NORMAL ESOPHAGUS left gastric, left phrenic, and left hepatic accessory arteries. Veins in the proximal and mid esopha- Anatomy gus drain into the systemic circulation, whereas Gross Anatomy. The adult esophagus is a the short gastric and left gastric veins of the muscular tube measuring approximately 25 cm portal system drain the distal esophagus. Linear and extending from the lower border of the cri- arrays of large caliber veins are unique to the distal coid cartilage to the gastroesophageal junction. esophagus and can be a helpful clue to the site of It lies posterior to the trachea and left atrium a biopsy when extensive cardiac-type mucosa is in the mediastinum but deviates slightly to the present near the gastroesophageal junction (4). left before descending to the diaphragm, where Lymphatic vessels are present in all layers of the it traverses the hiatus and enters the abdomen. esophagus. They drain to paratracheal and deep The subdiaphragmatic esophagus lies against cervical lymph nodes in the cervical esophagus, the posterior surface of the left hepatic lobe (1). bronchial and posterior mediastinal lymph nodes The International Classification of Diseases in the thoracic esophagus, and left gastric lymph and the American Joint Commission on Cancer nodes in the abdominal esophagus. divide the esophagus into upper, middle, and lower thirds, whereas endoscopists measure distance to points in the esophagus relative to the incisors (2). The esophagus begins 15 cm from the incisors and extends 40 cm from the incisors in the average adult (3). The upper and lower esophageal sphincters represent areas of increased resting tone but lack anatomic landmarks; they are located 15 to 18 cm from the incisors and slightly proximal to the gastroesophageal junction, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • The Plantar Aponeurosis in Fetuses and Adults: an Aponeurosis Or Fascia?
    Int. J. Morphol., 35(2):684-690, 2017. The Plantar Aponeurosis in Fetuses and Adults: An Aponeurosis or Fascia? La Aponeurosis Plantar en Fetos y Adultos: ¿Aponeurosis o Fascia? A. Kalicharan; P. Pillay; C.O. Rennie; B.Z. De Gama & K.S. Satyapal KALICHARAN, A.; PILLAY, P.; RENNIE, C.O.; DE GAMA, B. Z. & SATYAPAL, K. S. The plantar aponeurosis in fetuses and adults: An aponeurosis or fascia? Int. J. Morphol., 35(2):684-690, 2017. SUMMARY: The plantar aponeurosis (PA), which is a thickened layer of deep fascia located on the plantar surface of the foot, is comprised of three parts. There are differing opinions on its nomenclature since various authors use the terms PA and plantar fascia (PF) interchangeably. In addition, the variable classifications of its parts has led to confusion. In order to assess the nature of the PA, this study documented its morphology. Furthermore, a pilot histological analysis was conducted to examine whether the structure is an aponeurosis or fascia. This study comprised of a morphological analysis of the three parts of the PA by micro- and macro-dissection of 50 fetal and 50 adult cadaveric feet, respectively (total n=100). Furthermore, a pilot histological analysis was conducted on five fetuses (n=10) and five adults (n=10) (total n=20). In each foot, the histological analysis was conducted on the three parts of the plantar aponeurosis, i.e. the central, lateral, and medial at their calcaneal origin (total n=60). Fetuses: i) Morphology: In 66 % (33/50) of the specimens, the standard anatomical pattern was observed, viz.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Reticular Tissue and Lattice=Fibers Occurring in the Milk=Spots of Omentum
    On the Reticular Tissue and Lattice=fibers occurring in the Milk=spots of Omentum. By Dr. Yukio Hamazaki. From the Pathological Department of Okayama Medical College (Director: Prof. Oto Tam ura). 2 Figures (Plate III) and 3 Text Figures. Ranvier and Weide n reic h regarded the omentum as a flattened- out lymph gland and the abdominal cavity as its lymph sinus. The latter, furthermore, theoretically emphasized that the omentum is nothing but a sheet of reticular tissue, the "taches laiteuses" correspond- ing to the secondary nodules. Lately, Kiy ono agreed with the above view, though lie pointed out that the histiocytic cells in the milk-spots do not form reticular tissue, unlike those in the lymph glands. At the Fifteenth Pathological Congress of Japan (1925) I reported that the milk-spots in the rat, cattle, and pig are provided with a certain kind of reticular tissue. The purpose of the present paper is to settle this problem using specific stainings for the reticular fibers and for the lattice-fibers ("Gitterfasern" of v. Kupffer), which may be in an intiniate relation with them. Material and methods. The material was obtained from the cattle, pig , dog, cat, rabbit, guinea-pig, rat, mouse, chicken and human subject. As the control the organs containing reticular tissue, i. e., lymph glands , spleen and thymus gland were also examined. The material fixed with 10% solution of lormalin was studied as stretched specimens and as sections . For reticulum-staining the eosin-methyl blue method modified by the author was used: 1. Sections are stained for 30 minutes in 1% solution of eosin (a few drops of glacial acetic acid is added to 100 cc of the solution) .
    [Show full text]