6th September 2021
One of the delights of ancient history is finding the Arabian Horizon in official narratives.
The Battle of the Yarmuk … lasted for six days in August 636, near the Yarmouk River, along what are now the borders of Syria–Jordan … The result of the battle was a complete Muslim victory that ended Byzantine rule in Syria. … it marked the first great wave of early Muslim conquests after the death of Prophet Muhammad, heralding the rapid advance of Islam into the then-Christian Levant.
Wikipedia - Battle of the Yarmuk https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yarmuk
The Arabian Horizon was a Natural Disaster [centred on 636.72 CE] that is easily identified in Leona Libby’s Old Japanese Cedar Tree chronology ...
Malaga Bay - Arabian Horizon: Battle of Yarmouk https://malagabay.wordpress.com/2020/06/09/arabian-horizon-battle-of-yarmouk/
The end of the Kingdom of Lydia narrative coincides with the Arabian Horizon at 546 BC because the Early Roman Ruler adjustment of 1,180 years moves the kingdom end date forward to 634 CE.
The Kingdom of Lydia existed from about 1200 BC to 546 BC. At its greatest extent, during the 7th century BC, it covered all of western Anatolia. In 546 BC, it became a province of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, known as the satrapy of Lydia or Sparda in Old Persian. In 133 BC, it became part of the Roman province of Asia.
Wikipedia - Lydia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia
Croesus (595 BC-date of death unknown) was the king of Lydia who reigned for 14 years: from 560 BC until his defeat by the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 546 BC (sometimes given as 547 BC).
Wikipedia - Croesus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croesus
Kaunos was a city of ancient Caria and in Anatolia, a few km west of the modern town of Dalyan, Muğla Province, Turkey. … From 625 AD onwards Kaunos was faced with attacks by Muslim Arabs and pirates.
Wikipedia - Kaunos https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunos
Given the date range of the Antonine Plague [165-180 AD] it’s not unreasonable to adjust the calendar alignment so that 220 AD equates to 1400 CE i.e. an offset of 1,180 years.
Malaga Bay - 1400 Years of Fabricated Frosts https://malagabay.wordpress.com/2021/03/01/1400-years-of-fabricated-frosts/
In the Sardis narrative the Arabian Horizon appears as a “sacked” city in 615.
Malaga Bay - Sardis 2: Coin Chronology https://malagabay.wordpress.com/2021/08/23/sardis-2-coin-chronology/
The coins give a fairly precise date for the final destruction of Sardis. The evidence of widespread destruction and burning, the presence in the burned layers of large numbers of Byzantine copper coins dating from 491 to 616 and not thereafter, and the lack of signs of reconstruction argue for the destruction of the city no earlier than 616.
Byzantine Coins - George E Bates - 1971 https://www.sardisexpedition.org/en/publications
During the cataclysmic 7th Century Byzantine–Sasanian War, Sardis was in 615 one of the cities sacked in the invasion of Asia Minor by the Persian Shahin.
Wikipedia - Sardis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardis
In the Ephesus narrative the Arabian Horizon appears as an earthquake in 614.
Ephesus was a city in ancient Greece on the coast of Ionia … in İzmir Province, Turkey. … In 614, it was partially destroyed by an earthquake.
Wikipedia - Ephesus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus
In Constantinople the Arabian Horizon appears as the city walls being “severely damaged” by earthquakes in 437, 447, and 448 during the suspiciously long reign of Theodosius II [408-450].
Both the Constantinian and the original Theodosian walls were severely damaged in two earthquakes, on 25 September 437 and 6 November 447. The latter was especially powerful, and destroyed large parts of the wall, including 57 towers.
Subsequent earthquakes, including … major one in January 448, compounded the damage.
Wikipedia - Walls of Constantinople https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_constantinople
Theodosius II (401-450) … was Roman emperor for most of his life, proclaimed Augustus as an infant in 402 and ruling as the eastern Empire's sole emperor after the death of his father Arcadius in 408.
Wikipedia - Theodosius II https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_II
The misdating of the Arabian Horizon by around 200 years [437 vs 637] in the Constantinople narrative indicates the storyline dates are based upon the retarded Late Roman Ruler chronology.
When the Late Roman Ruler dates, beginning with Philip the Arab, are incremented by 244 years then the Late Roman and Byzantine chronologies align with the Arabian Horizon.
Malaga Bay - Sardis 2: Coin Chronology https://malagabay.wordpress.com/2021/08/23/sardis-2-coin-chronology/
Incrementing the dates of the Late Roman Rulers by 200 years corrects the chronology of Constantinople so that the severe earthquake of 437 aligns with the Arabian Horizon at 637.
The official narrative claims the walls of Constantinople were repaired in 60 days by Theodosius II.
Theodosius II ordered the praetorian prefect Constantine to supervise the repairs, made all the more urgent as the city was threatened by the presence of Attila the Hun in the Balkans. Employing the city's "Circus factions" in the work, the walls were restored in a record 60 days, according to the Byzantine chroniclers and three inscriptions found in situ.
Wikipedia - Walls of Constantinople https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_constantinople
The Theodosian Wall is almost 5½ km long. It begins on the shores of the Golden Horn, near the Blachernae Palace, and continues to the south, to the Golden Gate - which was included in the new wall - and Sea of Marmara.
Livius - Constantinople, Theodosian Walls https://www.livius.org/articles/place/constantinople-istanbul/constantinople- photos/constantinople-theodosian-walls/
But there are good reasons to believe the repaired walls of Constantinople are Islamic.
Firstly:
The buildings of Anjar indicate the devastating earthquakes at the Arabian Horizon prompted Islamic architects to improve the resilience of their walls by introducing bands of red brick.
Anjar is a town of Lebanon located in the Bekaa Valley. … The town's foundation is normally attributed to the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I, at the beginning of the 8th century, as a palace-city. Syriac graffiti found in the quarry from which the best stone was extracted offer the year 714, and there are Byzantine and Syriac sources attributing the establishment of the town to Umayyad princes, with one Syriac chronicle mentioning Walid I by name, while the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes the Confessor recorded that it was Walid's son, al-Abbas, who started building the town in 709-10.
Wikipedia - Anjar, Lebanon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjar,_Lebanon
The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE) was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. … The Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporating the Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) into the Muslim world. … The Umayyad era is often considered the formative period in Islamic art.
Wikipedia - Umayyad Caliphate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate
… bands of brick … a form of decoration … and increasing endurance to earthquakes.
Wikipedia - Walls of Constantinople https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_constantinople
Roman bricks are best described as 1½ inch thick tiles.
Malaga Bay - The British Brick https://malagabay.wordpress.com/2020/07/26/the-british-brick/
Four sizes are commonly met with in this country, three of them square, approximately 7¾ by 7¾ ins., 11 by 11 ins., and 16¼ by 16¼ ins., and an oblong, approximately 16¼ by 11 ins.; and less frequently a larger square, about 23 by 23 ins.
Romano-British Buildings and Earthworks – John Ward – 1911 https://archive.org/details/cu31924097264539/page/n288/mode/1up
Note: Islamic red brick bands falsify [amongst other things] the Roman Empire narrative.
Note: Islamic red brick bands are difficult to find in Rome. Secondly:
The repaired walls of Constantinople visually echo the design of the walls of Fort Babylon in Cairo that were repaired/rebuilt/built at some point after the Arabian Horizon.
Babylon Fortress is an ancient fortress in … Coptic Cairo. … During the Muslim conquest of Egypt the Byzantine fortress held out for about seven months before finally falling in December 640 to the Arab general 'Amr ibn al-'As.
Wikipedia - Babylon Fortress https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon_Fortress
Quite how Heliopolis got buried 66 feet below current street level [elevation 45 feet] is a mystery. But it’s possible a “major destruction event” buried Heliopolis under sand and gravel at the Arabian Horizon in 637 CE.
Malaga Bay - Enigmatic Egypt: Roman Ruination – Nile Valley https://malagabay.wordpress.com/2018/04/30/e
Thirdly:
There is evidently a break in the thread of the Constantinople narrative at the Arabian Horizon because [despite all the words and arm waving] it's unknown when the outer wall was actually built and it's admitted only some of the foundations are of original Theodosian construction.
It is at this date that the majority of scholars believe the second, outer wall to have been added, as well as a wide moat opened in front of the walls, but the validity of this interpretation is questionable; the outer wall was possibly an integral part of the original fortification concept. … The inner wall is a solid structure, 4.5–6 m thick and 12 m high.
It is faced with carefully cut limestone blocks, while its core is filled with mortar made of lime and crushed bricks. Between seven and eleven bands of brick, approximately 40 cm thick, traverse the structure, not only as a form of decoration, but also strengthening the cohesion of the structure by bonding the stone façade with the mortar core, and increasing endurance to earthquakes.
… Generally speaking, most of the surviving towers of the main wall have been rebuilt either in Byzantine or in Ottoman times, and only the foundations of some are of original Theodosian construction.
Wikipedia - Walls of Constantinople https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_constantinople
There's a similar break in the Temple of Artemis [Ephesus] narrative that's at least 600 years long.
This would make it appear that the sculpture was carried up to the height of about 20 feet, or for three tiers of sculpture divided by bands of mouldings as shown in illustrations.
Discoveries at Ephesus - John Turtle Wood - 1877 https://archive.org/details/discoveriesateph00wood/page/n397/mode/1up
The workmen, in opening up new ground on the north side of the excavations, came upon an earthenware vessel about 5 feet under ground, containing more than 2,000 coins, and some lumps of the metal of which the coins were made. … The coins found were all forwarded eventually to the Trustees of the British Museum, that they might be examined and sorted by some competent person in the medal department.
This task devolved upon Mr. Grueber, who published a full description of the coins in a pamphlet communicated to the Numismatic Society of London.
Discoveries at Ephesus - John Turtle Wood - 1877 https://archive.org/details/discoveriesateph00wood/page/n263/mode/1up
At the beginning of last year, as Mr. J. T. Wood was carrying on his excavations at Ephesus, in search of the site of the Temple of Diana, he came upon an earthenware pot, at a distance of about four feet below the surface, containing 2,231 silver coins and 15 lumps of silver, weighing in all 17 lbs. 4 oz. 368 grs. … It consists of coins of
Naples, Rhodes, the Seljuk Emeers, Venice, Genoa, and the Papal States.
The whole hoard embraces a period of about eighty years, so that the coins of which it consists must all have been current at one time.
The earliest date which can be assigned to any of the coins is 1285 ; these were struck by Charles II of Naples ; the latest may be placed not after 1365, these being struck by Roger de Pins, Grand Master of Rhodes.
An Account of a Hoard of Coins Found at Ephesus - H A Grueber The Numismatic Chronical - Journal of The Numismatic Society - Volume XII - 1872 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.175695/page/n123/mode/1up
However, the history of the temple between 268 and its closure by the Christian persecutions is not well known, and it is unconfirmed how big the damage of 268 was, and exactly which year it was closed by the Christians. … The closure of the Temple of Artemis is assumed to have occurred sometime during the course of the early to mid 5th century, with the year of 407 as an early date. … It is unknown how long the building stood after the closure of the temple by the Christians.
Wikipedia - Temple of Artemis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis
And the break in the Sardis narrative is about 200 years long.
The period of 199 years between the death of Constantine III (A.D. 668) and the accession of Basil I (A. D. 867) is, up to the present, represented by no coins whatsoever.
Sardis - Volume 11 - Coins - H W Bell - 1916 https://www.sardisexpedition.org/en/publications
This suggests the Sardis brick building called Church M was built between 860 and 1365 CE.
Sardis - Volume 1 - The Excavations - Howard Crosby Butler - 1916 https://archive.org/details/pt1sardispublica01ameruoft/page/92/mode/1up
The little church at the southeast angle was built when the earth about the temple had risen to a level about a metre and a half above the platform (Ill. 118).
Sardis - Volume 1 - The Excavations - Howard Crosby Butler - 1916 https://archive.org/details/pt1sardispublica01ameruoft/page/112/mode/1up
But it's very debatable whether the partially [and prejudicially] restored brick building called Church M was originally a small church, a mescit [small mosque], or something else altogether.
The domed structure that was now appearing stood directly east of this wall.
It looked as if we had found the eastern, apsidal end of a small brick building. … Here there emerged another half dome smaller than the first, completely preserved, and, over its arch, two piers which had once separated three windows. … These walls, all in brick, and preserved to almost their original height, terminated on either side of the smaller half dome.
To our astonishment it was found possible to continue the deepening of the trench and the lowering of the railway line between the two half domes, so that before long the trains of waggons were passing between two distinct and separate apses, one behind the other, a larger apse partly ruined, with three windows in it, and a much smaller apse complete, with one window.
It was now clear that we had come upon a little church, almost perfect but for its roof, the first unmistakable church building to be found in Sardis.
Sardis - Volume 1 - The Excavations - Howard Crosby Butler - 1916 https://archive.org/details/pt1sardispublica01ameruoft/page/91/mode/1up
Malaga Bay - Ravenna Roots https://malagabay.wordpress.com/2021/06/21/ravenna-roots/
Ferruhşah Mosque is a small historical mosque in Akşehir, Turkey.
In Turkish mescit refers to small mosques. … According to the inscription of the building it was built by a certain Ferruh Şah in 1224 during the reign of Kayqubad I of Sultanate of Rum.
Wikipedia - Ferruhşah Mosque https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruh%C5%9Fah_Mosque
Haci Ozbek Camii is the oldest Ottoman mosque in existence that still preserves most of its original structure, dated by an inscription on the building to 1333.
The brick dome is covered with terra-cotta tiles, many of them original, which are carved to fit the spherical surface, a typical feature of early Ottoman mosques.
The mosque is unusual in that it never had a minaret.
A History of Ottoman Architecture - John Freely - 2011 https://archive.org/details/architecture-in-detail_202104/A%20History%20of%20Ottoman %20Architecture-J.%20Freely/page/57/mode/1up
As always:
Review the evidence and draw your own conclusions.