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The Imperial Temple at Antiochia Ad Cragum University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Theses, Dissertations, and Student Creative Activity, Art, Art History and Design, School of School of Art, Art History and Design Summer 4-7-2014 The mpI erial Temple at Antiochia ad Cragum: Aspects of Architecture and Iconography Geraldine S. Dobos University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/artstudents Part of the Ancient, Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque Art and Architecture Commons, and the Other Religion Commons Dobos, Geraldine S., "The mpeI rial Temple at Antiochia ad Cragum: Aspects of Architecture and Iconography" (2014). Theses, Dissertations, and Student Creative Activity, School of Art, Art History and Design. 53. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/artstudents/53 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Art, Art History and Design, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, and Student Creative Activity, School of Art, Art History and Design by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. THE IMPERIAL TEMPLE AT ANTIOCHIA AD CRAGUM: ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE AND ICONOGRAPHY by Geraldine S. Dobos A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Major: Art History Under the Supervision of Professor Michael C. Hoff Lincoln, Nebraska April, 2014 THE IMPERIAL TEMPLE AT ANTIOCHIA AD CRAGUM: ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE AND ICONOGRAPHY Geraldine S. Dobos, M.A. University of Nebraska, 2014 Adviser: Michael C. Hoff Along the northeastern Mediterranean shore lies Antiochia ad Cragum, an ancient city located in the western area of the Roman province of Rough Cilicia. It is now known as the village of Guney, in southern Turkey. The Northeast Temple is the first Imperial structure at Antiochia that has been revealed in its entirety and its reconstruction is anticipated. This excavation by the University of Nebraska (Antiochia ad Cragum Archaeological Research Project, or ACARP), is directed by UNL Professor Michael Hoff. The hypothetical reconstruction of the Northeast Temple’s geison course, which I present, emphasizes certain diagnostic features that may be used to estimate the original length of the structure. Additionally, a comparison of parallel temples in Asia Minor, Syria, Israel, Palestine, and Greece, suggests that the vertical and horizontal sequence and the sculptural style of the Northeast Temple’s entablature reflects local architectural traditions that may be traced back to the Seleucid reign of Asia Minor during the Hellenistic era. The religious iconography of the Bronze and Iron Age indigenous Luwians is also present on the structure. The molding profile, cassettes, and modillions of the geison block contrasts with the pediment block’s imago clipeata, which attests to the insertion of Roman Imperial administrative policy in the provinces. The tension seen in the entablature’s iconography is the same as that played out along the new Roman provincial borders and the ‘ethne’ of southeast Asia Minor. iv Acknowledgements There have been many people who have been supportive of my return to school. First, for all their support, instruction, and friendship, I would to thank Andrea Bolland, Wendy Katz, Alison Stewart, and Marissa Vigneault, faculty in the department of Art History in the Hixson-Lied College of Fine and Performing Arts at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln. I would like to especially thank those who served on my examining committee, Michael Hoff, Philip Saperstein, and Effie Athanassopoulos. Michael initially suggested the research at Antiochia ad Cragum and was continually supportive. Philip’s timely advice on architectural reconstruction and writing was especially helpful. And Effie’s kind words have been a great encouragement to me. For his expertise in Classical architecture, drafting, and attention to detail, I couldn’t be more thankful to Rhys Townsend. I would also like to thank Ioulia Tzonou- Herbst, who granted me permission to use images from the Corinth excavation, and Emanuela Borgia, whose corresponded about the details of the geisa at Elaiussa Sebaste are greatly appreciated. And Diantha Steinhilper’s encouragement at the last was just what I needed to gain my second wind. My deepest thanks to my husband, Robert, and our sons, Daniel, Jacob, and Samuel, who seemed to take in stride my hours of studying. And to my parents, Ida and Gerald Smith, and our friends, the Reifschneider family, thank you for caring. v Contents Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Purpose and scope of paper ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Arrangement of text .............................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Anatolia, Rough Cilicia, and Antiochia ad Cragum the historical background .................................... 2 1.4 Antiochia ad Cragum Research Project (ACARP).............................................................................. 28 1.5 Early exploration ................................................................................................................................. 30 1.6 Site and Northeast Temple description ............................................................................................... 30 1.7 State of preservation ........................................................................................................................... 33 Chapter 2 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS AND RECONSTRUCTION ................................................. 44 2.1 Problems: Material, Craftsmanship, and Precision ............................................................................. 44 2.2 Methodologies and procedures: Excavation and recording................................................................. 47 2.3 Marble Working Techniques............................................................................................................... 48 2.4 Reconstruction: Determining the Geison type .................................................................................... 49 2.5 Seven Criteria for joins ....................................................................................................................... 51 2.6 Special characteristics and exceptions ................................................................................................ 53 2. 7 The proposed reconstruction dimensions ........................................................................................... 54 2.8 The Geison: Information from the South Flank; Lateral Geison course ............................................. 55 2.9 Information from the North Flank: Lateral Geison course .................................................................. 60 2.10 Information from the Front Pediment ............................................................................................... 61 2.11 Pediment Geison; bracketing for Pediment and Raking Geisa ......................................................... 61 2.12 Information from the Rear Pediment ................................................................................................ 63 2.13 The Architect of the building and Parallels ....................................................................................... 65 2.14 Conclusions about the Imperial Temple’s dimensions ...................................................................... 67 Chapter 3 CHRONOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 77 3.1 Chronology and archaeological evidence: Dating and Parallels within ACARP survey area, nearby provinces and Corinth ............................................................................................................................... 77 3.2 Anamur (see appendix A) ................................................................................................................... 79 3.3 Temples in Rough Cilicia from ca 2nd century AD: ............................................................................ 79 Calybrassus, Laertes, Carallia, and Diocaesarea, Corycus, and Elaeusa Sebaste ..................................... 79 3.4 Temple tombs in Rough Cilicia .......................................................................................................... 81 3.5 Pisidia – Ariassos, Cremna, and Sagalassos ....................................................................................... 83 3.6 Pamphylia ........................................................................................................................................... 88 3.7 Phrygia: Hieropolis and provincial temple tombs ............................................................................... 89 3.8 Temples J and H, Corinth, Greece ...................................................................................................... 90 vi 3.9 Northern Israel, Syria, the Golan, and the Roman temple at Kedesh .................................................. 94 3.10 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................
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