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University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Theses, Dissertations, and Student Creative Activity, Art, Art History and Design, School of School of Art, Art History and Design Summer 4-7-2014 The mpI erial Temple at Antiochia ad Cragum: Aspects of Architecture and Iconography Geraldine S. Dobos University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/artstudents Part of the Ancient, Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque Art and Architecture Commons, and the Other Religion Commons Dobos, Geraldine S., "The mpeI rial Temple at Antiochia ad Cragum: Aspects of Architecture and Iconography" (2014). Theses, Dissertations, and Student Creative Activity, School of Art, Art History and Design. 53. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/artstudents/53 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Art, Art History and Design, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, and Student Creative Activity, School of Art, Art History and Design by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. THE IMPERIAL TEMPLE AT ANTIOCHIA AD CRAGUM: ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE AND ICONOGRAPHY by Geraldine S. Dobos A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Major: Art History Under the Supervision of Professor Michael C. Hoff Lincoln, Nebraska April, 2014 THE IMPERIAL TEMPLE AT ANTIOCHIA AD CRAGUM: ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE AND ICONOGRAPHY Geraldine S. Dobos, M.A. University of Nebraska, 2014 Adviser: Michael C. Hoff Along the northeastern Mediterranean shore lies Antiochia ad Cragum, an ancient city located in the western area of the Roman province of Rough Cilicia. It is now known as the village of Guney, in southern Turkey. The Northeast Temple is the first Imperial structure at Antiochia that has been revealed in its entirety and its reconstruction is anticipated. This excavation by the University of Nebraska (Antiochia ad Cragum Archaeological Research Project, or ACARP), is directed by UNL Professor Michael Hoff. The hypothetical reconstruction of the Northeast Temple’s geison course, which I present, emphasizes certain diagnostic features that may be used to estimate the original length of the structure. Additionally, a comparison of parallel temples in Asia Minor, Syria, Israel, Palestine, and Greece, suggests that the vertical and horizontal sequence and the sculptural style of the Northeast Temple’s entablature reflects local architectural traditions that may be traced back to the Seleucid reign of Asia Minor during the Hellenistic era. The religious iconography of the Bronze and Iron Age indigenous Luwians is also present on the structure. The molding profile, cassettes, and modillions of the geison block contrasts with the pediment block’s imago clipeata, which attests to the insertion of Roman Imperial administrative policy in the provinces. The tension seen in the entablature’s iconography is the same as that played out along the new Roman provincial borders and the ‘ethne’ of southeast Asia Minor. iv Acknowledgements There have been many people who have been supportive of my return to school. First, for all their support, instruction, and friendship, I would to thank Andrea Bolland, Wendy Katz, Alison Stewart, and Marissa Vigneault, faculty in the department of Art History in the Hixson-Lied College of Fine and Performing Arts at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln. I would like to especially thank those who served on my examining committee, Michael Hoff, Philip Saperstein, and Effie Athanassopoulos. Michael initially suggested the research at Antiochia ad Cragum and was continually supportive. Philip’s timely advice on architectural reconstruction and writing was especially helpful. And Effie’s kind words have been a great encouragement to me. For his expertise in Classical architecture, drafting, and attention to detail, I couldn’t be more thankful to Rhys Townsend. I would also like to thank Ioulia Tzonou- Herbst, who granted me permission to use images from the Corinth excavation, and Emanuela Borgia, whose corresponded about the details of the geisa at Elaiussa Sebaste are greatly appreciated. And Diantha Steinhilper’s encouragement at the last was just what I needed to gain my second wind. My deepest thanks to my husband, Robert, and our sons, Daniel, Jacob, and Samuel, who seemed to take in stride my hours of studying. And to my parents, Ida and Gerald Smith, and our friends, the Reifschneider family, thank you for caring. v Contents Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Purpose and scope of paper ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Arrangement of text .............................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Anatolia, Rough Cilicia, and Antiochia ad Cragum the historical background .................................... 2 1.4 Antiochia ad Cragum Research Project (ACARP).............................................................................. 28 1.5 Early exploration ................................................................................................................................. 30 1.6 Site and Northeast Temple description ............................................................................................... 30 1.7 State of preservation ........................................................................................................................... 33 Chapter 2 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS AND RECONSTRUCTION ................................................. 44 2.1 Problems: Material, Craftsmanship, and Precision ............................................................................. 44 2.2 Methodologies and procedures: Excavation and recording................................................................. 47 2.3 Marble Working Techniques............................................................................................................... 48 2.4 Reconstruction: Determining the Geison type .................................................................................... 49 2.5 Seven Criteria for joins ....................................................................................................................... 51 2.6 Special characteristics and exceptions ................................................................................................ 53 2. 7 The proposed reconstruction dimensions ........................................................................................... 54 2.8 The Geison: Information from the South Flank; Lateral Geison course ............................................. 55 2.9 Information from the North Flank: Lateral Geison course .................................................................. 60 2.10 Information from the Front Pediment ............................................................................................... 61 2.11 Pediment Geison; bracketing for Pediment and Raking Geisa ......................................................... 61 2.12 Information from the Rear Pediment ................................................................................................ 63 2.13 The Architect of the building and Parallels ....................................................................................... 65 2.14 Conclusions about the Imperial Temple’s dimensions ...................................................................... 67 Chapter 3 CHRONOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 77 3.1 Chronology and archaeological evidence: Dating and Parallels within ACARP survey area, nearby provinces and Corinth ............................................................................................................................... 77 3.2 Anamur (see appendix A) ................................................................................................................... 79 3.3 Temples in Rough Cilicia from ca 2nd century AD: ............................................................................ 79 Calybrassus, Laertes, Carallia, and Diocaesarea, Corycus, and Elaeusa Sebaste ..................................... 79 3.4 Temple tombs in Rough Cilicia .......................................................................................................... 81 3.5 Pisidia – Ariassos, Cremna, and Sagalassos ....................................................................................... 83 3.6 Pamphylia ........................................................................................................................................... 88 3.7 Phrygia: Hieropolis and provincial temple tombs ............................................................................... 89 3.8 Temples J and H, Corinth, Greece ...................................................................................................... 90 vi 3.9 Northern Israel, Syria, the Golan, and the Roman temple at Kedesh .................................................. 94 3.10 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................
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    Dokuz Eylül University – DEU The Research Center for the Archaeology of Western Anatolia – EKVAM Colloquia Anatolica et Aegaea Congressus internationales Smyrnenses IX Archaeology and history of Lydia from the early Lydian period to late antiquity (8th century B.C.-6th century A.D.). An international symposium May 17-18, 2017 / Izmir, Turkey ABSTRACTS Edited by Ergün Laflı Gülseren Kan Şahin Last Update: 21/04/2017. Izmir, May 2017 Websites: https://independent.academia.edu/TheLydiaSymposium https://www.researchgate.net/profile/The_Lydia_Symposium 1 This symposium has been dedicated to Roberto Gusmani (1935-2009) and Peter Herrmann (1927-2002) due to their pioneering works on the archaeology and history of ancient Lydia. Fig. 1: Map of Lydia and neighbouring areas in western Asia Minor (S. Patacı, 2017). 2 Table of contents Ergün Laflı, An introduction to Lydian studies: Editorial remarks to the abstract booklet of the Lydia Symposium....................................................................................................................................................8-9. Nihal Akıllı, Protohistorical excavations at Hastane Höyük in Akhisar………………………………10. Sedat Akkurnaz, New examples of Archaic architectural terracottas from Lydia………………………..11. Gülseren Alkış Yazıcı, Some remarks on the ancient religions of Lydia……………………………….12. Elif Alten, Revolt of Achaeus against Antiochus III the Great and the siege of Sardis, based on classical textual, epigraphic and numismatic evidence………………………………………………………………....13. Gaetano Arena, Heleis: A chief doctor in Roman Lydia…….……………………………………....14. Ilias N. Arnaoutoglou, Κοινὸν, συμβίωσις: Associations in Hellenistic and Roman Lydia……….……..15. Eirini Artemi, The role of Ephesus in the late antiquity from the period of Diocletian to A.D. 449, the “Robber Synod”.……………………………………………………………………….………...16. Natalia S. Astashova, Anatolian pottery from Panticapaeum…………………………………….17-18. Ayşegül Aykurt, Minoan presence in western Anatolia……………………………………………...19.
  • Greece • Crete • Turkey May 28 - June 22, 2021

    Greece • Crete • Turkey May 28 - June 22, 2021

    GREECE • CRETE • TURKEY MAY 28 - JUNE 22, 2021 Tour Hosts: Dr. Scott Moore Dr. Jason Whitlark organized by GREECE - CRETE - TURKEY / May 28 - June 22, 2021 May 31 Mon ATHENS - CORINTH CANAL - CORINTH – ACROCORINTH - NAFPLION At 8:30a.m. depart from Athens and drive along the coastal highway of Saronic Gulf. Arrive at the Corinth Canal for a brief stop and then continue on to the Acropolis of Corinth. Acro-corinth is the citadel of Corinth. It is situated to the southwest of the ancient city and rises to an elevation of 1883 ft. [574 m.]. Today it is surrounded by walls that are about 1.85 mi. [3 km.] long. The foundations of the fortifications are ancient—going back to the Hellenistic Period. The current walls were built and rebuilt by the Byzantines, Franks, Venetians, and Ottoman Turks. Climb up and visit the fortress. Then proceed to the Ancient city of Corinth. It was to this megalopolis where the apostle Paul came and worked, established a thriving church, subsequently sending two of his epistles now part of the New Testament. Here, we see all of the sites associated with his ministry: the Agora, the Temple of Apollo, the Roman Odeon, the Bema and Gallio’s Seat. The small local archaeological museum here is an absolute must! In Romans 16:23 Paul mentions his friend Erastus and • • we will see an inscription to him at the site. In the afternoon we will drive to GREECE CRETE TURKEY Nafplion for check-in at hotel followed by dinner and overnight. (B,D) MAY 28 - JUNE 22, 2021 June 1 Tue EPIDAURAUS - MYCENAE - NAFPLION Morning visit to Mycenae where we see the remains of the prehistoric citadel Parthenon, fortified with the Cyclopean Walls, the Lionesses’ Gate, the remains of the Athens Mycenaean Palace and the Tomb of King Agamemnon in which we will actually enter.