LESSON NOTES Basic Bootcamp #1 Self Introductions: Basic Greetings in Turkish

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar

# 1

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1. ALICE: Merhaba, ben Alice. Ya sen?

2. AYLA: Merhaba Alice, ben de Ayla.

3. ALICE: Memnun oldum Ayla.

4. AYLA: Ben de.

ENGLISH

1. ALICE: Hello, I'm Alice. And you?

2. AYLA: Hello Ece, and I'm Ayla.

3. ALICE: Nice to meet you, Ayla.

4. AYLA: Me too.

VOCABULARY

Tur kish English

de and, too, either

Memnun glad, pleased

Olmak to be, to happen, to occur

ben I

merhaba hello

ya how about, and, or

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS IC BOOTCAMP #1 - S ELF INTRODUCTIONS : BAS IC GREETINGS IN TURKIS H 2 sen you

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Sen de gel. Tanı⇥tı⇤ımıza çok memnun oldum.

"You come as well." "I’m glad to meet you/ I’m pleased to get acquainted with you."

Çok hasta oldum. Ben Ece. Ben ⌅stanbulluyum.

"I became very sick." "I’m Ece. I am from Istanbul."

Ben Türkiye'denim. Beni güzel bir restorana götürür müsün?

"I'm from Turkey." "Could you take me to a good restaurant?"

Merhaba, nasılsın? Uzun zamandır ⌅nsanlar "Merhaba" der

görü⇥emedik. The people say, "Hello." "Hello, how are you? We haven’t seen each other in a long time."

Ya ben? Seni arkada⇥ımla tanı⇥tırayım.

"How about me?" "I will introduce my friend to you."

kadın sana güler

"The woman smiles at you."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

Merhaba meaning "hello" is a word of Arabic origin. It can be used both in informal and formal contexts. Another word that Turkish people use when they want to greet someone is Selam which means "hi." This word is derived from Arabic as well. The literal translation of this expression is "peace." Keep in mind that selam is a very casual, informal way of greeting someone.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS IC BOOTCAMP #1 - S ELF INTRODUCTIONS : BAS IC GREETINGS IN TURKIS H 3 Ben and Sen are the equivalents of "I" and "you" respectively. They are the most general personal pronouns and can be used in most situations. Turkish is relatively simple in using personal pronouns to address each other mainly, because the equivalents of "I" and "you" are not gender specific. This means everybody can refer themselves as Ben in every situation. Only "you" changes into a formal pronoun depending on factors like; age, relationship, social discourse and the context of the dialogue. We'll learn more about Turkish pronouns in the next lessons.

Memnun means "glad, pleased" and Turkish people say Tanı⇥tı⇤ımıza memnun oldum which translates to "I'm pleased to be acquainted with you" in English. A more casual way of showing your contentment to the person you've just met is Memnun oldum. This expression translates to "Glad/nice to meet you"

The Turkish equivalent for "nice" is iyi, ho⇥, and although it's grammatically correct, Tanı⇥tı⇤ımız iyi oldu is not often used in this context because it sounds casual.

The verb olmak is used pretty often in Turkish. It's English equivalent is "to be," "to occur." Since it's a somewhat ambiguous word it needs to be defined by the adjective or noun ahead of it. In the previous example, Tanı⇥tı⇤ımıza memnun oldum, oldum is defined by memnun and altogether they show the contentment and happiness you have when you meet someone new.

For example: Hasta oldum signifies the past tense of an occurrence or a happening. In this case, it is becoming ill; the very condition of being sick.

GRAMMAR

This Lesson Focuses on how to ask Somebody's Name and do Self-introductions in a Casual and Natural Way

When introducing yourself, just say Merhaba which means "Hello," combine the first person pronoun Ben and your name. When put together Merhaba, ben Ece. Literally, this means "Hello, I'm Ece." As in many other languages, saying your name before asking somebody else's is considered a good manner in Turkish, and thus, it is essential for a good impression and a relaxed dialogue.

After saying your name, you may ask, Ya sen? Literally meaning "And you?" This is an

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS IC BOOTCAMP #1 - S ELF INTRODUCTIONS : BAS IC GREETINGS IN TURKIS H 4 informal way of asking someone their name. It is composed of a commonly used conjugative Ya and second person singular Sen, in Turkish. The personal pronoun Sen is used to address a person around your age or younger. This pronoun can be changed depending on the circumstances and the person you meet. The formal way of asking somebody their name is Ya siz? Siz is a formal singular pronoun that should be used to older people, or towards any age group in a formal situation: at work, at a restaurant, and so on. Siz is used often in Turkish. You can use this question phrase in all formal situations and other occasions like filling a form, entering personal information during registration, interviews and questionnaires.

The answer is Merhaba, ben de + your name, which literally means "Hello, and I'm + your name." Please note that the exact equivalent of "What's your name?" in Turkish is Adınız nedir? in a formal way and, Adın ne? in an informal, casual way. Here, the formality and irrevocability are maintained with the suffix -nız and -dir.

Note: Phone calls are indirect communications that lack the benefits of face to face interaction. Therefore, it is always good to ask a question using more words to be polite. If you are on the phone with someone, you may ask Adınızı ö⇤renebilir miyim? which translates to "May I learn/have your name?"

Sample Sentences

1. Ya siz? "And you?" (formal)

2. Adınız nedir? "What's your name?" (formal)

3. Adın ne? "What's your name?" (informal)

4. Adınızı ö⇤renebilir miyim? "May I learn/have your name?" (formal)

Examples from this Dialogue

1. Merhaba "Hello"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS IC BOOTCAMP #1 - S ELF INTRODUCTIONS : BAS IC GREETINGS IN TURKIS H 5 2. Merhaba, ben Ece. "Hello, I'm Ece."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS IC BOOTCAMP #1 - S ELF INTRODUCTIONS : BAS IC GREETINGS IN TURKIS H 6 LESSON NOTES Basic Bootcamp #2 Talking About Countries in Turkish

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 2 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 3 Grammar

# 2

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1. ÖZ GE: Nerelisin Alice?

2. ALICE: Fransa. Ya sen?

3. ÖZ GE: Kbrs.

ENGLISH

1. ÖZGE: Where are you from, Alice?

2. ALICE: France. And you?

3. ÖZGE: Cyprus.

VOCABULARY

Tur kish English

Nere+li+sin Where are you from? (Informal)

Fransa France

Kıbrıs Cyprus

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Nereye gittin? Fransa’da pastaneler çok güzel.

"Where did you go?" "Patisseries are very lovely in France."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS IC BOOTCAMP #2 - TALKING ABOUT COUNTRIES IN TURKIS H 2 O Gemi, Kıbrıs’tan geldi.

"That ship came from Cyprus."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

Nere means "where" or "what part?" Here, Nereye? indicates a direction. It translates to "Where to." Turkish people ask Nerelisin? to each other and foreigners. Feel free to reply by saying the city or country you are from.

Fransa translates to "France." You can also reply with your city name, Paris for example.

Kıbrıs translates to "Cyprus." Turkish people live on the northern part of Cyprus, which is a small island in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea.

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson is Talking About Countries

After a brief self introduction, Turkish people will be curious about where you come from. They will express this directly by asking the familiar question Nerelisin? which translates to "Where are you from?" You can simply reply this by saying the name of your country.

The question for asking someone where he/she is from is Nerelisin? in a casual and Nerelisiniz? in a formal dialogue. You can simply reply this question by saying the city you're from: stanbul, Paris, Londra, Tokyo, Viyana, Pekin etc. These words mean "Istanbul, Paris, London, Tokyo, Vienna, Beijing" respectively. Now, Let's see the components of the word:

Turkish English Function/Description

Nerelisin? Where are you from? Informal (singular)

Nere Where Root of the question word

Suffix for being from -li from somewhere

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS IC BOOTCAMP #2 - TALKING ABOUT COUNTRIES IN TURKIS H 3 Simple present tense suffix -sin You are for second person singular

Turkish English Function/Description

Nerelisiniz? Where are you from? Formal

Nere Where Root of the question word

Suffix for being from -li from somewhere

Simple present tense suffix -siniz You are/Are you for second person plural

Please note that there are many different ways to say where you come from, but we're not mentioning them on this lesson, since they require an extended knowledge of vowel harmony system and buffer letters.

Sample Sentences

1. Nerelisiniz? "Where are you from?" (Formal first person singular/Second person plural)

Examples from this Dialogue

1. Nerelisin? "Where are you from?" (Informal first person singular)

Selected Country Names in Turkish

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS IC BOOTCAMP #2 - TALKING ABOUT COUNTRIES IN TURKIS H 4 Country: Ülke:

Afghanistan Afganistan

Albania Arnavutluk

Algeria Cezayir

Argentina Arjantin

Armenia Ermenistan

Australia Avustralya

Austria Avusturya

Azerbaijan Azerbaycan

Bangladesh Banglade⇥

Belgium Belçika

Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosna-Hersek

Brazil Brezilya

Bulgaria Bulgaristan

Burma Birmanya

Cambodia Kamboçya

Canada Kanada

Chile ⇤ili

China Çin

Colombia Kolombiya

Costa Rica Kostarika

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS IC BOOTCAMP #2 - TALKING ABOUT COUNTRIES IN TURKIS H 5 Croatia Hırvatistan

Cuba Küba

Cyprus Kıbrıs

Czech Republic Çek Cumhuriyeti

Denmark Danimarka

Egypt Mısır

Estonia Estonya

Finland Finlandiya

France Fransa

Georgia Gürcistan

Germany Almanya

Greece Yunanistan

Hong Kong Hong Kong

Hungary Macaristan

Iceland ⌅zlanda

India Hindistan

Indonesia Endonezya

Iran ⌅ran

Iraq Irak

Ireland ⌅rlanda

Israel ⌅srail

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS IC BOOTCAMP #2 - TALKING ABOUT COUNTRIES IN TURKIS H 6 Italy ⌅talya

Japan Japonya

Jordan Ürdün

Korea Kore

Kuwait Kuveyt

Kyrgyzstan Kırgızistan

Lebanon Lübnan

Libya Libya

Lithuania Litvanya

Macedonia Makedonya

Malaysia Malezya

Mexico Meksika

Mongolia Mo⇧olistan

Nepal Nepal

Netherlands Hollanda

New Zealand Yeni Zelanda

Nigeria Nijerya

Norway Norveç

Pakistan Pakistan

Palestine Filistin

Philippines Filipinler

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS IC BOOTCAMP #2 - TALKING ABOUT COUNTRIES IN TURKIS H 7 Poland Polonya

Portugal Portekiz

Qatar Katar

Romania Romanya

Russia Rusya

Saudi Arabia Suudi Arabistan

Serbia Sırbistan

Singapore Singapur

Slovakia Slovakya

Slovenia Slovenya

Solomon Islands Solomon Adaları

South Africa Güney Afrika

Spain ⌅spanya

Sweden ⌅sveç

Switzerland ⌅sviçre

Syria Suriye

Taiwan Tayvan

Thailand Tayland

Tunisia Tunus

Turkey Türkiye

Turkmenistan Türkmenistan

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS IC BOOTCAMP #2 - TALKING ABOUT COUNTRIES IN TURKIS H 8 Ukraine Ukrayna

United Arab Emirates Birle⇥ik Arap Emirlikleri

United Kingdom Büyük Britanya/⌅ngiltere

United States of America Amerika Birle⇥ik Devletleri/ Amerika

Uzbekistan Özbekistan

Vietnam Vietnam

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS IC BOOTCAMP #2 - TALKING ABOUT COUNTRIES IN TURKIS H 9 LESSON NOTES Basic Bootcamp #3 Useful Phrases for Learning More Turkish

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar

# 3

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1. ALICE: Affedersiniz, T ürkçe'de "cheese" nasl denir?

2. BARNA: Peynir.

3. ALICE: Pardon tam anlamadm. T ekrar eder misiniz?

4. BARNA: Peynir.

5. ALICE: Yavaça lütfen.

6. BARNA: Pey-nir.

7. ALICE: Yazar msnz lütfen?

ENGLISH

1. ALICE: Excuse me, how do you say "cheese" in Turkish?

2. BARNA: Cheese.

3. ALICE: I'm sorry, I didn't get it fully. Could you repeat?

4. BARNA: Cheese.

5. ALICE: Slowly please.

6. BARNA: Chee-se.

7. ALICE: And could you write it please?

VOCABULARY

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BA S I C BOOT CA MP #3 - US EFUL PHRA S ES FOR LEA RNI NG MORE T URKI S H 2 Tur kish English

Affedersiniz Excuse me, Pardon me.

Türkçe Turkish language

nasıl how, in what way

demek to say, to mean, to tell

peynir cheese

pardon pardon me, excuse me

Tam complete, whole, wholly, properly

anlamak to understand, to realize

Tekrar etmek to repeat, to review

Yava⇥ça slowly, smoothly

lütfen please

yazmak to write, to write down

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Affedersiniz, biraz geciktim. Ben Türkçe öreniyorum.

"I’m sorry, I’m a little late." "I’m learning Turkish."

Türkçe gerçekten zor. Nasılsınız?

"Turkish is really hard." "How are you?" (Formal)

Otele nasıl geri dönerim? Bu ne demek?

"How do I get back to the hotel?" "What does this mean?"

⇤nsanlar "Merhaba" der Peynire alerjim var.

The people say, "Hello." "I am allergic to cheese."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BA S I C BOOT CA MP #3 - US EFUL PHRA S ES FOR LEA RNI NG MORE T URKI S H 3 Türkiye'de çok çe⌅it peynir vardır. Pardon, geçebilir miyim?

"There are many varieties of cheese in "Excuse me, may I pass?" Turkey."

Geç kaldıım için pardon. Bu elbise tam geldi.

"Excuse me for being late." "This dress fits just fine."

Hiç anlamadım. Ne söylediini anlamıyorum.

"I didn’t understand at all." "I don't understand what you are saying."

Bunu tekrar eder misin? Yava⌅ça buraya gel.

"Could you repeat this?" (Informal) "Come here slowly."

Bir çay daha lütfen! Bu raftaki, lütfen.

"One more tea please!" "This one on the shelf, please."

Tarifi yazar mısınız? Ortaokul örencisi bir mektup yazar

"Could you write the recipe?" (Formal) The middle school student writes a letter.

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

Affedersiniz is used when you want to say "Excuse me," "Pardon me" or " I'm sorry." Another equivalent would be, "I beg your pardon." As the translation suggests, it is a very polite interjection that is applicable for almost any situation. It has an apologetic tone which signifies that you are hopeful about receiving a pardon in the very near future. Try to use this word with strangers, elders, or when you are receiving help, assistance or guidance. A good example would be at the doctor's office or with your language teacher.

This word can be analyzed in two parts in terms of its meaning. Common translations attributed to Af are "forgiveness," "mercy" or "excuse" and Etmek is an auxiliary verb that usually means "do," "get" or"cost." When combined it shows the hopeful act of pardoning from an offense or seeking attention.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BA S I C BOOT CA MP #3 - US EFUL PHRA S ES FOR LEA RNI NG MORE T URKI S H 4 For example:

1. Affedersiniz Doktor Bey ama el yazınızı okuyamadım. "I beg your pardon (Doctor), sir but I couldn't read your handwriting."

2. Affedersiniz ö⇥retmenim tuvalete gidebilir miyim? "Excuse me ma'am, may I go to the toilet." (when referring to a female teacher)

Note that this word is not used for close friends or close family members. The first person singular version Affedersin or a simple Pardon will do the job.

Pardon is a loanword of French origin that is often used in Turkish daily life for quick interruptions you feel sorry for, like asking for permission to pass, accidentally bumping into someone on the train, or asking for someone's attention. It is also used to ask someone to repeat themselves when you don't understand something. So, it is a casual way of apologizing in general.

You might hear this word used rather impudently as well. For example, after committing a small disturbance on purpose, one may well say Pardon. The tone of this word will give itself away and you will easily understand that the committer is actually showing their intention clearly; not feeling sorry at all.

Lütfen means "please" and is used to start a polite request. This phrase is also very common like pardon and may be used to friends and family members, as well as strangers and elders.

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson is Some Useful Phrases for Learning Turkish

When understanding a meaning or a translation of a word, it is useful to ask Türkçe'de ...... nasıl denir? which translates to "How to say ..... in Turkish?" First, let's illustrate this with another example, Türkçe'de "pink" nasıl denir? which means "How to say pink in Turkish?" Starting the conversation with Pardon or Affedersin/Affedersiniz would be proper, polite and attention grabbing especially if the person you want to talk to is busy doing something else.

Basically, this sentence is composed of three components: Türkçe'de, "pink" and nasıl denir. You can change "pink"—the equivalent of pembe in Turkish—to any other word you may want to ask. As Turkish is a flexible language in terms of word order, feel free to change it as you

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BA S I C BOOT CA MP #3 - US EFUL PHRA S ES FOR LEA RNI NG MORE T URKI S H 5 like. The meaning won't change at all. The suffix -de attached to the word Türkçe is a position suffix which means "in" for this case. Notice that it should not be confused with the other de which is a conjunction meaning "and, too." Also, the writing and punctuation system of the two are not to be confused as well. The -de suffix is directly attached to the nouns. Yet if the noun is a proper noun like the name of a person, place, nation etc, in short any word with a capitalized initial letter, an apostrophe is put before -de. Moreover, since it is a suffix, it has to follow the vowel harmony rule, which means it has variations as -da, -te and -ta. The conjunction suffix -de will be explained in higher level lessons.

Note that the differentiation between both -de suffixes is easy in an auditory context: If the meaning of the sentence is not changed at all after its removal, then this de is the conjunction. However, if the meaning alters completely when the -de suffix is removed, then this de is a conjunction with a supportive—not structural—function.

How do you say [word] in Türkçe'de [word] nasıl denir? Turkish?

How do you say [pink] in Türkçe'de pink nasıl denir? Turkish?

How do you say [help!] in Türkçe'de help! nasıl denir? Turkish?

How do you say Türkçe'de handkerchief nasıl denir? [handkerchief] in Turkish?

How do you say [toilet] in Türkçe'de toilet nasıl denir? Turkish?

Sample Sentences

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BA S I C BOOT CA MP #3 - US EFUL PHRA S ES FOR LEA RNI NG MORE T URKI S H 6 1. Türkçe'de "pink" nasıl denir? Türkçe'de pembe nasıl denir?

2. Türkçe'de "help!"nasıl denir? Türkçe'de imdat! nasıl denir?

3. Türkçe'de "handkerchief" nasıl denir? Türkçe'de mendil nasıl denir?

4. Türkçe'de "toilet" nasıl denir? Türkçe'de tuvalet nasıl denir?

Examples from this Dialogue

1. Affedersiniz, Türkçe'de "cheese" nasıl denir? "Excuse me, how do you say 'cheese' in Turkish?"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BA S I C BOOT CA MP #3 - US EFUL PHRA S ES FOR LEA RNI NG MORE T URKI S H 7 LESSON NOTES Basic Bootcamp #4 Counting from 1 to 100 in Turkish

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar

# 4

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1. AYLA: Haydi bakalm! Bir! ki! Üç! Dört! Be! Alt! Yedi! Sekiz! Dokuz! On! Tamam.

ENGLISH

1. AYLA: Here we go! One! Two! Three! Four! Five! Six! Seven! Eight! Nine! Ten! Alright.

VOCABULARY

Tur kish English

Tamam Alright, OK, fine, done, complete

Haydi! Come on!, Go ahead!, Go on!

bir one (1)

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #4 - COUNTI NG FROM 1 TO 100 I N TURKI S H 2 iki two (2)

üç three (3)

dört four (4)

be five (5)

altı six (6)

yedi seven (7)

sekiz eight (8)

dokuz nine (9)

on ten (10)

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Hepsi tamam. Haydi bir kere daha tekrarla!

"All complete." "Come on, repeat one more time!"

Haftada bir gün yüzüyorum. ki ki⇥ilik bilet lütfen.

"I swim once a week." "Tickets for two please."

Evet iki kere. Orada saat ikide olmak zorundayım.

"Yes, I've been twice." "I've got to be there at two o'clock."

Maça üç saat var. Bu gece üçümüz gidiyoruz.

"Three hours until the game." "The three of us are going tonight."

Okeye dört ki⇥i gerek. Dört ki⇥i gelmedi.

"Four people are needed for "Four people did not come." Okey." (Turkish rummikub)

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #4 - COUNTI NG FROM 1 TO 100 I N TURKI S H 3 ki ayda be⇥ kitap okudum. Be⇥ kuru⇥ çok büyük bir para de⌅il.

I read five books in two months. "Five cents is not a lot of money."

Bu belgesel altı saat sürüyor. Yurtdı⇥ında yedi yıl kaldım.

"This documentary takes six hours." "I have been abroad for seven years."

Bahçede sekiz a⌅aç var. Saat sekiz.

"There are eight trees in the garden." "It's eight o'clock."

Kalem kutuda dokuz adet kur⇥un kalem Sınav için on gün çalı⇥tık. var. "We have studied for the exam for ten "There are nine pencils in the pencil case." days."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

Haydi is a motivational word with various meanings. We'll cover the most basic ones that are, "Come on!," "Go ahead!" and "Go on..." It can also be used when you're suggesting someone to do something. This phrase has an encouraging, motivational meaning. It also implies a presumption, a possibility that shows your belief in the other person to act on something. Haydi can be considered as an informal phrase that is mostly used in between friends and family.

Tamam is another word with various meanings. It is often used in daily language. Various meanings associated with this phrase are: "Alright," "Yeah," "OK," "Yes," and "Complete." Tamam sometimes emphasizes an impatience Tamam anladım, tekrar etmene gerek yok. meaning "OK, I understood. You don't need to repeat." In daily language, this certainty and impatience is marked by repeated words like Tamam, tamam or in colloquial language, Tamam ya! meaning "OK, got it" or "OK, enough already!"

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson is Using Numbers as Numeral Adjectives when Counting in Turkish.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #4 - COUNTI NG FROM 1 TO 100 I N TURKI S H 4

When numbers are used as adjectives, the noun comes right after the number as it is in English. Please note that plural suffixes -ler, -lar are not attached to the nouns counted. For example: üç kız karde⇥ ("three sisters") or be⇥ elma ("five apples")

It is important to know the following numeral adjectives when counting: deste and düzine. Deste means a group of ten things like dozens. Düzine means a group of twelve things. Let's see some examples: Bir düzine kur⇥un kalem meaning "a set of twelve pencils." ⇤ki deste ka⌅ıt meaning two dozens of paper.

For example:

1. Üç kız karde⇥ "Three sisters"

2. Be⇥ elma "Five apples."

3. Bir düzine kur⇥un kalem "A set of twelve pencils."

4. ⇤ki deste ka⌅ıt "Two dozen stacks of paper."

Numbers from Eleven to Nineteen

To form numbers in Turkish from eleven to nineteen, just add on which is ten in front of numbers 1-9. Below is the complete list for numbers 1 to 19.

1 bir

2 iki

3 üç

4 dört

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #4 - COUNTI NG FROM 1 TO 100 I N TURKI S H 5 5 be

6 altı

7 yedi

8 sekiz

9 dokuz

10 on

11 on bir

12 on iki

13 on üç

14 on dört

15 on be

16 on altı

17 on yedi

18 on sekiz

19 on dokuz

The Multiples of Ten

The numbers from 20 to 90 have their own names as listed below.

20 yirmi

30 otuz

40 kırk

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #4 - COUNTI NG FROM 1 TO 100 I N TURKI S H 6 50 elli

60 altmı

70 yetmi

80 seksen

90 doksan

The same rule applies to all units. First comes the digit, then comes the unit. As simple as that! Let's see some examples:

yirmi dört saat twenty-four hours

otuz iki di thirty-two teeth

kırk bir kere forty-one times

elli üç kii fifty-three people

yetmi yedi yıl seventy-seven years

seksen be derece eighty-five degrees

doksan altı kelime ninety-six words

seksen lira eighty liras

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #4 - COUNTI NG FROM 1 TO 100 I N TURKI S H 7 LESSON NOTES Basic Bootcamp #5 Counting from 100 to 1,000,000 in Turkish

CONTENTS

2 Turkish 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar

# 5

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1. AYLA: Yüz ki yüz Üç yüz Dört yüz Be yüz Alt yüz Yedi yüz Sekiz yüz Dokuz yüz Bin Be bin On bin Elli bin Yüz bin Bir milyon

ENGLISH

1. AYLA: one hundred two hundred three hundred four hundred five hundred six hundred seven hundred eight hundred nine hundred one thousand five thousand ten thousand fifty thousand one hundred thousand one million

VOCABULARY

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #5 - COUNTI NG FROM 100 TO 1,000,000 I N TURKI S H 2 Tur kish English

yüz a hundred (100)

ki yüz two hundred (200)

Üç yüz three hundred (300)

Dört yüz four hundred (400)

bin a thousand (1,000)

Be⇥ bin five thousand (5,000)

On bin ten thousand (10,000)

Elli bin fifty thousand (50,000)

Yüz bin one hundred thousand (100,000)

Bir milyon one million

SAMPLE SENTENCES

Bir asır yüz yıl demek. Yüz sent bir avrodur.

"A century means one hundred years." "One hundred cents is one euro."

Sava⇥ iki yüz yıl önce oldu. Sosyoloji bölümünde üç yüz ö⇤renci var.

"The war happened two hundred years "There are three hundred students in the ago." Department of Sociology."

Yakla⇥ık dört yüz adet yeni gezegen Sana bin defa söyledim.

ke⇥fedildi. "I’ve told you a thousand times." "About four hundred new planets have been discovered."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #5 - COUNTI NG FROM 100 TO 1,000,000 I N TURKI S H 3 Yedi gece için bin lira bir otel için biraz Bu kitap bir kaç gün içinde be⇥ bin adet pahalı. sattı.

"1000 liras for seven nights in a hotel is "This book sold five thousand copies quite expensive." within a few days."

Kasabanın nüfusu on bin. Yolculuk mesafesi elli bin kilometredir.

"The population of the town is ten "The distance of travel is fifty thousand thousand. " kilometers."

Yıldız yüz bin ı⇥ıkyılı mesafede. Antik harabeleri, her yıl ortalama bir

milyon turist ziyaret eder. "The star is at a distance of a hundred thousand light years." "Every year an average of one million tourists visit the ancient ruins."

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

Bir milyon translates to "one million" or "a million." Milyon can be used to count objects, people, monetary units etc. Having learned this, you can go ahead and count in millions by simply adding numeral adjectives from 1 to 9: bir milyon, iki milyon, üç milyon, dört milyon, be milyon, altı milyon, yedi milyon, sekiz milyon, dokuz milyon... Finally, "a billion" is bir milyar in Turkish.

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson is Counting 100-1,000,000 in Turkish

To count from one to nine hundred is very easy after learning counting from 1 to 9. Yüz, which means "hundred," follows its multiplier. And tens digits directly follow afterwards, without any conjunctions like "and" in between. The same system applies to counting the thousands; this time with bin, which means "thousand."

Bin (One) thousand

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #5 - COUNTI NG FROM 100 TO 1,000,000 I N TURKI S H 4 ki bin Two thousand

Üç bin Three thousand

Dört bin Four thousand

Be⇥ bin Five thousand

Altı bin Six thousand

Yedi bin Seven thousand

Sekiz bin Eight thousand

Dokuz bin Nine thousand

On bin Ten thousand

Bir is not put in front of "hundred" and "thousand" in order to say one hundred and one thousand. Alone, yüz means "one hundred" and bin means "one thousand." But for bigger digits—so to say from million and on—bir is used to say "one million" which is bir milyon or "one billion" which is bir milyar.

From ten to hundred thousand, the same rule still applies, and again bir is not used while saying "one hundred thousand." The complete list is given below:

On bin Ten thousand

Yirmi bin Twenty thousand

Otuz bin Thirty thousand

Kırk bin Forty thousand

Elli bin Fifty thousand

Altmı⇥ bin Sixty thousand

Yetmi⇥ bin Seventy thousand

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #5 - COUNTI NG FROM 100 TO 1,000,000 I N TURKI S H 5 Seksen bin Eighty thousand

Doksan bin Ninety thousand

Yüz bin One hundred thousand

Lastly, a few examples are added in order to show how great numbers are read. Notice that it follows the same rule. You start reading a complete number from the biggest digit towards the smallest, with no conjunction words in between and no change/irregularity from the original/ sole version of each number. For the cases when a digit is 0, it is disregarded while reading. And while writing, a dot (.) is put between every other three digits for separation, instead of the coma (,) in English.

Sekiz milyon iki yüz kırk altı bin dokuz yüz 8.246.983 seksen üç

404.102.016 Dört yüz dört milyon yüz iki bin on altı

Be⇥ yüz yetmi⇥ milyon dokuz yüz elli iki bin 570.952.340 üç yüz kırk

As you can see in the table above, the numbers with several digits should be written separately.

Please keep in mind that "Null" or "Zero" translate to Sıfır in Turkish.

Sample Sentences

1. Bir Milyon "One million"

2. Bir Milyar "A billion"

3. On bin "One thousand"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #5 - COUNTI NG FROM 100 TO 1,000,000 I N TURKI S H 6 4. Yüz bin "A hundred thousand"

5. Sıfır "Zero," "Null"

Examples from this Dialogue

1. Yüz "One hundred"

2. ⇤ki yüz "Two hundred"

3. Bir milyon "One million"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM BAS I C BOOTCAMP #5 - COUNTI NG FROM 100 TO 1,000,000 I N TURKI S H 7 LESSON NOTES All About #1 Introduction to Turkey and the Turkish Language

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The History of Turkish Language and Turkey

I. The Language

Turkish is not only the official language of Turkey along with thirty other Turkic countries like Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and so on, but also in Cyprus, several municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia. And it carries official status in Kosovo, Iraq and Romania. Apart from those, Turkish-speaking minorities are found in other countries which were governed by the Ottoman Empire, such as Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia. There are significant Turkish- speaking communities in Germany, the United States, France, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

The most exclusive characteristics of Turkish language are extensive agglutination and vowel harmony. Simple sentences are built in subject-object-verb order, as in Korean, Japanese and Latin, however the order is not fixed. Words can be put anywhere in the sentence as their functions and relations between each of them are highly obvious thanks to suffixes. According to emphasis, emotions, importance or desire, the speaker can put words in order as they please. Doing so does not create a complexity in understanding, but instead offers a clearer reflection of the speaker's thoughts.

Personal and grammatical gender and irregular verbs do not exist in Turkish. Plural forms of Turkish nouns are achieved by a certain plurality suffix. The roots of the words always remain unchanged with the addition of suffixes, except for a few predetermined grammar rules. Courtesy and respect are essential basics of communicating in Turkish, and there's always a more polite way to address a person or ask someone to do something.

The 2010 edition of the official dictionary of the Turkish language contains about 650,000 words, terms and nouns. Turkish is an original language, so the words are not derived from any other language the same way the majority of words in Italian, French or Spanish are actually rooted from Latin. The loan words from other languages are included to meet a necessity. Almost ninety percent of the words are original Turkish, the rest are mostly form Arabic, French and Persian in decreasing order, and small contributions from Italian, English, Greek, Latin, German, Russian, Spanish and Armenian can also be found.

There are five basic verb tenses in Turkish; however, they are combined for continuity or the time referred to. There are eight "verbal voices": Active, passive, reflexive, reciprocal,

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #1 - INTRODUCTION TO TURKEY AND THE TURKISH LANGUAGE 2 transitive, intransitive, causative transitive, causative intransitive. These voices help understand how an action is committed: by whom, interacting with whom, affecting whom and being affected by whom are all specified using the verbs. As the Turkish language puts great significance on the lucidity, a verb by itself should also be indicating if the speaker has witnessed the action or is only giving a report, and if the action has truly happened, has possibly happened, or has not happened. Tenses, personal conjugations and modal verbs are all added to the root of the verb in the form of suffixes. That way, a sentence does not contain many bare and small words piece by piece; it looks more composed with fewer agglutinated words.

The history of the country had witnessed many diverse scenes where Turks migrated from one homeland to the other, settled and built a civilization, conquered new places and took various other nations under their protection. These actions carried the language a vast distance, from Siberia to North America, from Central Asia to the Mediterranean. Archaeological and genetic studies show that today's Turkish language and culture can be traced back at least 35,000 thousand years. Many ancient civilizations like the Etruscans, Sumerians, Hittites, and Native Americans are now known to carry significant relations to the heritage of the Turks.

Records of Ancient Turkic scripts have been found all over the world, and the latest form of Old Turkic can be observed in Köktürk scripts. After their first encounter with Arabs in the 7th century AD, Turkish empires, states and tribes began accepting the religion of Islam within two centuries. Back then, the world center for science, medicine, literature, philosophy, music and art were Persian and Arabic cities, and consequently the pieces were written in those languages which used Arabic letters. Therefore, Turks decided to unify the various alphabets they were using under an adapted version of the Arabic script. Soon enough, the Middle Asian Turkish cities Bukhara, Samarkand, Baykent, Tashkent, Harzem, Farab and Kashgar became important sites for knowledge production. In 1928, on the initiative of Atatürk, the founder of today's Turkish Republic, the Latin Alphabet was adopted to bring about the New Turkish Alphabet to replace the previously used Perso-Arabic letters. Culturally, this was considered an education reform and also as Turkish is rich in vowel content, the one-by-one symbolization of sounds is reflected better with Latin letters.

II. The Country

It is known that for about at least 12,000 years, the land of Turkey has been home for countless civilizations. Some prominent ones are Ottomans, Seljuks, Byzantines, Romans, Persians, Egyptians, Greeks, Trojans, Hittites, Urartus, Phrygians and Lydians. Many great wars were waged for the sake of possessing the abundant lands of Anatolia; the cradle of

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #1 - INTRODUCTION TO TURKEY AND THE TURKISH LANGUAGE 3 civilizations and important historic events. All of these civilizations left their mark in the local culture, historical masterpieces, millennium-long traditions and even in words and phrases. Therefore, today's Turkey is a sophisticated, cosmopolitan melting pot loved by researchers and visitors alike.

Beginning with the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Turkish Empire of Seljuks continued conquering the castles, city-states and lands of Byzantium in the Asia Minor. From that time on, this very precious location of the world has been called "Turchia" by European historians, and still carries all the traces of its previous inhabitants, connecting Mesopotamia to Europe, the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and the past to the future.

Turkey is a unique country in many senses, from cuisine to handcrafts; natural and cultural heritage, to sport. There are hundreds of micro cultures and dialects countrywide. The common culture on the other hand, is the one introduced by Turks and rooted in Central Asia, where the Turkic Empires and tribes appeared on the scene of history thousands of years ago. This resulted in an eclectic atmosphere combining the East's conventionalism and West's modernity.

Learning Turkish surely provides many opportunities for research into business, art, history, science and technology, and for cultural, political and social interactions. Classical and traditional Turkish music keeps mesmerizing the world like it did European composers like Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, and many others in the 17th and 18th centuries. Turkey is also the homeland of Sufism and Divan poetry. Not to mention, Istanbul is still the capital for Orthodox Christianity as it was for Islam too until the foundation of the Republican Regime. Throughout the country can be found innumerable sacred places, shrines, churches, synagogues, and mosques. Embedded with a patchwork of beliefs, unique cultures and history, Turkey is like an open air museum.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #1 - INTRODUCTION TO TURKEY AND THE TURKISH LANGUAGE 4 LESSON NOTES All About #2 Cracking the Turkish Writing System

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The Focus of this Lesson is the Turkish Writing System

The current Turkish alphabet is composed of 29 Latin letters: six additional characters not found in English alphabet are added, while Q, W, and X are removed. All of the letters represent one unique, single, and plain sound.

Turkish is a phonetic language: the ways of writing, reading and pronouncing sounds are exactly the same. In that sense, a letter can be used interchangeably as a sound, and vice versa.

Below is a table where each letter of the alphabet is found in a sequence. Basically, the vowels are read as they are, and consonants with an e sound (phonetically /e/) after.

Extra appearances: Rarely a type of accent mark called circumflex which is in the shape of a little, pointed hat appears on top of the vowels of A, and U, as â, î, û. This can be observed almost only in loanwords. This mark indicates the letter is a long vowel, or an interval sound between the back and front vowel couples (a-e, ı-i, u-ü). It is used mostly to distinguish between two words written exactly the same, yet with diverse meanings. This case almost always emerges when one word is original Turkish, and the other is a loan. This is more complex than the scope of this series, and not very essential to know, even for an intermediate speaker.

Upper Case Lower Case Vowel / Consonant

A a Vowel

B b Consonant

C c Consonant

Ç ç Consonant

D d Consonant

E e Vowel

F f Consonant

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #2 - CRACKING THE TURKISH WRITING SYSTEM 2 G g Consonant

⇥ Consonant

H h Consonant

I ı Vowel

⌅ i Vowel

J j Consonant

K k Consonant

L l Consonant

M m Consonant

N n Consonant

O o Vowel

Ö ö Vowel

P p Consonant

R r Consonant

S s Consonant

⇧ ⌃ Consonant

T t Consonant

U u Vowel

Ü ü Vowel

V v Consonant

Y y Consonant

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #2 - CRACKING THE TURKISH WRITING SYSTEM 3 Z z Consonant

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #2 - CRACKING THE TURKISH WRITING SYSTEM 4 LESSON NOTES All About #3 Painless Turkish Grammar

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The Focus of this Lesson is Turkish Grammar

Turkish is an agglutinative language in which the functions of words in sentences are determined with the suffixes added to their endings. Because there are so many Turkish suffixes, the roots of words remain unchanged, regardless of their verb tenses or/and while constructing new meanings.

Verbs

Turkish has five basic verb tenses which are constructed through suffixes that attach to verbs directly: Simple present, future, present continuous, definite past and indefinite past. Many functional combinations are possible because of the need for continuity of the action and of clarity if the speaker has witnessed the action or not. Modal verbs appear in the form of suffixes as well, which are combinable with temporal tenses.

Word Order

Turkish is a highly flexible language, including word order in the sentences. Changing the placement of the words (without altering their suffixes) is grammatically acceptable and it provides differing levels of emphasis.

To illustrate how it works compared to English, let's break down the sentence Ben okula gidiyorum. which means "I am going to the school." into its major components:

"I": ben (subject)

"am going": gidiyorum (verb)

"to the school": okula (object)

And now let's see Ben, okula and gidiyorum, which are subject, object and verb respectively, for the combinations one can make and how they differ from each other:

Ben okula gidiyorum. = "I am going to the school."

Ben gidiyorum okula. = "I am going to the school."

Okula ben gidiyorum. = "I am going to the school."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #3 - PAINLESS TURKISH GRAMMAR 2 Okula gidiyorum ben. = "I am going to the school."

Gidiyorum ben okula. = "I am going to the school."

Gidiyorum okula ben. = "I am going to the school."

Forming Questions

Making an interrogative sentence is again one of the many functions of the Turkish suffix. It can be put right after the word which is about to be responded to. Yet, the interrogative suffix is not used when there is an interrogative word present in the sentence like; "Who," "Where," "How" etc. How the placement of the question suffix changes the part the question is being aksed about can be seen easily:

Yarın: "tomorrow"

Ya⇥murlu: "rainy" mu/mı: Question suffix

Yarın ⇤stanbul ya⇥murlu mu? = "Is it rainy in Istanbul tomorrow?"

Yarın mı ⇤stanbul ya⇥murlu? = "Is it rainy in Istanbul tomorrow?"

Yarın ⇤stanbul mu ya⇥murlu? = "Is it rainy in Istanbul tomorrow?"

Pronouns

There are three single and three plural personal pronouns in Turkish. The first, second, and third single and plural personal pronouns are duplicates of each other. Possessive pronouns are derived directly from personal pronouns, with the possessive suffixes attached to their endings. Interestingly enough, personal pronouns are in accordance with descriptive, demonstrative and location adjectives. Moreover, the personal pronouns in Turkish directly receive the postpositions when they are used as objects, in the accusative and dative forms.

Articles

In languages like Italian, French or German articles change according to the accusative and dative forms, genders, plurality, and even prepositions. Yet in Turkish, articles do not exist, but there's a similar concept which appears only for the case of possessives, in the form of suffixes.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #3 - PAINLESS TURKISH GRAMMAR 3 Sentence-Ending Particles

One of the functional and nice aspects of the Turkish language is the sentence-ending particles that add diverse stresses and emphases, and reflect the speaker's emotions. Most of them are avoided in formal conversations though, as Turkish people do not like attracting attention to things they say or how they feel, so their usage is rather seen in colloquial dialogues. Some of them can even be accepted as slang. But for example between lovers, parent and child or young friends, they sound cute and show the closeness of the relationship.

Dialect Variations

Throughout the country are found hundreds of dialects, and so the pronunciations of the verb suffixes may differ according to the region, by talking at a fast pace or by not pronouncing some letters. However, these variations only exist in spoken language. Dialect alterations are not reflected in the written language.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #3 - PAINLESS TURKISH GRAMMAR 4 LESSON NOTES All About #4 Turkish Pronunciation Made Easy

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The Focus of this Lesson is Turkish Pronunciation

A Persian proverb says: "Arabic is a language, Persian a sweetmeat, and Turkish an art." Harmony and smooth sounds are some of the essential qualities of Turkish. Throughout history, many rules and sets of melodic patterns were developed in the language. The melody of Turkish does not come out only in poetic usage, but also in colloquial language as well. This is a consequence of certain grammatical rules, sound orders and word constructions; even the movements of lips are taken into consideration. For example, the letters of O and Ö can not be found in the middle and final syllables of Turkish words, and vowels of suffixes change according to the preceding vowel, depending on the type of movement the lips exhibit. Presumably, this is practiced in order to avoid an undesired display of lip movement.

Intonations of words, especially in the sentences, are used mostly for a better melodic sound, instead of altering the meaning or stress.

Pronouncing the letters correctly means reading Turkish scripts properly. Below is a table where each letter of the alphabet is found subsequently, with the corresponding sounds illustrated with examples in English. The associated sound is emphasized with a bold font.

The Special Case of

Two examples are given in order to illustrate the sound despite its absence in English: While saying "Cause" the word is not pronounced as two separate syllables of "ca" and "use," but a transition is made from the vowels "A" to "U." The same goes for "Out" in between "O" and "U." The Turkish corresponds exactly with the bridging sound unconsciously made between two vowels. Turkish writing is extremely careful about verbally reflecting what is vocally expressed with 100 percent accuracy, so a special letter had to be assigned to mark this vocal nuance.

The Special Case of Ü

The sound of Ü also is not found in English, yet the pronunciation of U in words like "Music" or "Educate" can be considered closer to its Turkish sound.

Sample Sample Vowel / Phonetic English Turkish Upper Case Lower Case Consonant Symbol Words Word

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #4 - TURKISH PRONUNCIATION MADE EASY 2

America / A a Vowel /a/ Just Anne

Britain / B b Consonant /b/ Bible Baba

Joshua / C c Consonant /d/ General Can

Chilly / Ç ç Consonant /t/ Change Çiçek

D d Consonant /d/ End / Daisy Deniz

E e Vowel /e/, // Every / Day Ev

Philosophe F f Consonant /f/ r / Fun Fındık

Goal / G g Consonant //, // Fragrance Güne⇤

Cause* / ⇥ Consonant // Out* O⇥ul / Ça⇥

Holiday / H h Consonant /h/ Help Hayat

Letter / I ı Vowel // Color I⇤ık

⌅ i Vowel /i/ Sindy / Eric ⌅nci

Usual / J j Consonant // Visual Jübile

Chemistry / K k Consonant /k/, /c/ Candy Kırmızı

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #4 - TURKISH PRONUNCIATION MADE EASY 3 L l Consonant /l/, // Lily / Isabel Lale

M m Consonant /m/ Mum / Time Mavi

Island / N n Consonant /n/ Canada Nane

Yellow / O o Vowel /o/ Also Oyun

Ö ö Vowel /ø/ Girl / Curry Özel

Paradox / P p Consonant /p/ Complex Pembe

Ready / R r Consonant // Cheers Renk

Chance / S s Consonant /s/ Residency Sanat

⇧ ⌃ Consonant // Sugar / Irish ⇧eker

T t Consonant /t/ Total / Set Tepe

Quantum / U u Vowel /u/ Impulse U⌅ur

Music* / Ü ü Vowel /y/ Educate* Üzüm

Wonder / V v Consonant /v/ Valley Vadi

Yesterday / Y y Consonant /j/ Unique Ya⌅mur

Horizon / Z z Consonant /z/ Glaze Zeytin

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #4 - TURKISH PRONUNCIATION MADE EASY 4 (* Explanations are given above.)

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #4 - TURKISH PRONUNCIATION MADE EASY 5 LESSON NOTES All About #5 Top 5 Must-Know Phrases for Learning Turkish

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Top 5 Must-Know Phrases for Learning Turkish

In this lesson, we will cover the most common phrases for daily communication in Turkish.

1. Greeting: Merhaba ("Hello.")

Merhaba is a basic greeting which works okay for any level of formality, occasion or time of day. This word is composed of three syllables, all of which should be pronounced soft and straight: mer-ha-ba. The plural form, which is merhabalar, is also often heard. It has a slightly more positive connotation, like giving a blissful greeting. In a daily conversation, each side greets the other by saying only Merhaba, no formality or honorifics are required with this word. Generally the person who responds to the first greeting tends to elongate the last vowel in order to show he/she is very glad to see the other.

2. Thanking: Teekkürler ("Thanks.")

Teekkürler is also a simple, but not small way of thanking. It has four syllables: te-ek-kür-ler. For a beginner, it may work for any situation. In order to show the depth of appreciation, the last vowel can be elongated. However, in Turkish daily life, there are tons of phrases used in order to thank, which are composed of good wishes and prayers depending on the situation. Some should be said when one receives help with work, some are for cooking or eating together, and some for selling or buying something, and many more for different daily occurrences, which works perfectly for the person who is being thanked.

3. Kind Request: Lütfen ("Please.")

The Turkish "please," lütfen is not as big a word as you might expect it to be, because when making a request, the verbs should be used in their polite form already. This word has two syllables: lüt-fen. It can be put at the beginning or end of the sentences if desired. When at the end of an imperative sentence, mostly negative, it has a connotation of prohibition or restriction, like reminding someone not to do something. And when used in the beginning, lütfen serves for insisting or persuading, especially when offering some food or a favor. Turkish people are known for their generosity, but they always hesitate to receive, and are careful to not cause trouble to the others. For that reason, it is very common that a person finds himself or herself insisting to be given the permission to help. In those cases, lütfen is a key word for not being rejected.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #5 - TOP 5 MUST-KNOW PHRASES FOR LEARNING TURKISH 2 4. Asking for Attention: Afedersiniz ("Excuse me.")

Asking for attention is very crucial in emergencies or simply when you want your voice to be heard. This long but efficient phrase is composed of five syllables: A-fe-der-si-niz. The word is in second person plural simple present tense and is spoken with a hopeful and attention- seeking connotation. As is, the phrase can be used with strangers, elders or colleagues. The honorific that makes this phrase formal is added to the part where it's addressing the other party with second person plural, not singular. When formality isn't needed, Afedersin can be used instead.

5. Asking for Forgiveness: Afedersiniz ("I'm sorry.")

As "sorry" is used to mean both "Excuse me" and "I apologize" in English, this phrase goes well with both cases as well. Therefore, Afedersiniz can be used also for asking someone's pardon or forgiveness. It works well whenever a mistake has been made. No wonder so many other forms and degrees of apologizing exist in Turkish!

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #5 - TOP 5 MUST-KNOW PHRASES FOR LEARNING TURKISH 3 LESSON NOTES All About #6 Can You Answer These Questions About Turkey?

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The Focus of this Lesson is a Quiz

It's time to test your knowledge of Turkey!

I. Geography

Q: In which part of Turkey is Istanbul located?

A. the Center

B. the North-West

C. the South-West

D. the North-East

Correct answer: B. The North-West

Istanbul has been an economic, cultural, and historical center throughout its long history. The city has been the capital of four great empires: Ottoman, Byzantine, Roman and Latin. It is a unique city which forms a bridge connecting the continents of Europe and Asia. In terms of religion, Istanbul is the capital for Orthodox Church, like Vatican for Catholic Church. Under the reign of the Ottoman Empire, it became the capital of Islam as well. It continued to be one until the abolition of the caliphate in 1924.

Although Ankara is the capital of Turkish Republic, the heart of Turkish economy, industry, trade, culture, sports, arts, history, science, and technology is still centered in Istanbul. The population of the city is estimated to be 13 million, which is about 1/5 of country's population. Around the city are found some important arterial roads and two bridges which serve between Europe and Asia. Napoleon once said: "If the world was only one country, Istanbul would be its capital."

II. Cuisine

Q: Which of these Turkish foods has been so famous throughout history that it's known as "Turkish delight"?

A. Baklava

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #6 - CAN YOU ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS ABOUT TURKEY? 2 B. Muhallebi

C. Güllaç

D. Lokum

Correct answer: D. Lokum

Lokum, in English known as "Turkish Delight," is a type of confectionery made out of starch gel and sugar. Some of the many ingredients used are: fruits like strawberry, orange, or lemon; aromas like mint, rose, and mastic; and nuts like walnuts, pistachio, hazelnuts, and so on. Centuries of contact and trade with the Ottoman Empire made lokum a popular gift among European nobles and elites.

Baklava, which means "tying" or "wrapping" can be traced back to the Turkic people in Central Asia. It found its contemporary form in the Ottoman imperial kitchens of the Topkapı Palace. The making of baklava was learned by Middle Eastern and Balkan countries under the governance of the Ottoman Empire. It is the most favored desert of Turkish cuisine worldwide, and is authentically produced out of forty layers of dough leaves, clarified butter, pistachio and sherbet (sweet syrup) in Gaziantep, Turkey.

Muhallebi is a type of pudding made out of rice flour, starch, milk and sugar. The flavor of muhallebi is very rich because of additional ingredients like cinnamon, mastic, orange peel, rose extract, or because it is served with ice-cream, cakes, biscuits, and so on. In the Ottoman Era, couples celebrating Valentine's used to have their romantic appointments in muhallebi patisseries. These patisseries can still be found in Turkey, and they sell muhallebi and a variety of other confectionery.

Güllaç means "the food of roses" by name, and is a traditional dessert especially consumed during Ramadan. It is another Ottoman dessert which is made of very thin starch leaves in sweetened milk, and dressed with various fruits like pomegranate, nuts like walnuts or pistachio, and aromas like cinnamon and rose extract.

III. Travel

Q: How many sites are there in Turkey in the inscribed and tentative lists of 2012 UNESCO World Heritage Sites?

A. 48

B. 36

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #6 - CAN YOU ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS ABOUT TURKEY? 3 C. 24

D. 12

Correct answer: A. 48

Inscribed Turkish UNESCO World Heritage Sites:

• Historic Areas of Istanbul (1985)

• Archaeological Site of Troy (1998)

• City of Safranbolu (1994)

• Great Mosque and Hospital of Divri⇥i (1985)

• Hattusha: the Hittite Capital (1986)

• Mount Nemrut (1987)

• Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük (2012)

• Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex (2011)

• Xanthos-Letoon (1988)

• Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia (1985)

• Hierapolis-Pamukkale (1988)

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #6 - CAN YOU ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS ABOUT TURKEY? 4 Tentative Turkish UNESCO World Heritage Sites:

• Ephesus (1994)

• Karain Cave (1994)

• Sümela Monastery (The Monastery of Virgin Mary) (2000)

• Alahan Monastery (2000)

• St. Nicholas Church (2000)

• Harran and City of ⇤ anlıurfa (2000)

• The Tombstones of Ahlat the Urartian and Ottoman Citadel (2000)

• The Citadel and the Walls of Diyarbakır (2000)

• Seljuk Caravanserais on the route from Denizli to Do⇥ubeyazıt (2000)

• Konya-A capital of Seljuk Civilization (2000)

• Alanya (2000)

• Mardin Cultural Landscape (2000)

• Bursa and Cumalıkızık - Early Ottoman urban and rural settlements (2000)

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #6 - CAN YOU ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS ABOUT TURKEY? 5 • St.Paul Church, St.Paul's Well and surrounding historic quarters (2000)

• ⌅shak Pasha Palace (2000)

• Kekova (2000)

• Mount Güllük -Termessos National Park (2000)

• Archaeological Site of Aphrodisias (2009)

• Ancient Cities of Lycian Civilization (2009)

• Archaeological Site of Sagalassos (2009)

• Archaeological Site of Perge (2009)

• E⇧refo⇥lu Mosque (2011)

• The Archaeological Site of Göbeklitepe (2011)

• Hatay, St. Pierre Church (2011)

• Bergama (2011)

• Aizanoi Antique City (2012)

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #6 - CAN YOU ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS ABOUT TURKEY? 6 • Historic City of Ani (2012)

• Archeological Site of Zeugma (2012)

• Gordion (2012)

• Historic Town of Birgi (2012)

• Mausoleum and Sacred area of Hecatomnus (2012)

• Medieval City of Beçin (2012)

• Historical Monuments of Ni⇥de (2012)

• Yesemek Quarry and Sculpture Workshop (2012)

• Odunpazarı Historical Urban Site (2012)

• Mamure Castle (2012)

• Hacı Bekta⇧-ı Veli Complex (2012)

IV. Economy.

Q: Which one below is a sector that Turkey isn't the world leader in?

A. Natural and precious stones

B. Organic agricultural products and naturally dried fruits

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #6 - CAN YOU ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS ABOUT TURKEY? 7 C. Textile and confection

D. Flour

Correct answer: C. Textile and confection

Turkey is a country with an important share in the world economy. The products cover a wide spectrum, almost from all sectors, and in many of them, the products are among the highest ranks. Turkey is steadily increasing its exports, and is not easily affected by global financial imbalances and economic crises. In 2011, the export volume of Turkey was recorded around US$134.6 billion.

Some of Turkey's world-leading products can be listed as follows: raisins, dried figs, dried apricots, oriental tobacco, hazelnuts, flour, daphne leaves, spirits with anise, marble and other precious stones, and plastics. Some of the sectors in which Turkey is among the top five are: gold, cherries, leather, cement and construction supplies, home textiles, confectionery, and other types of textile.

Turkey exports mainly to the European Union, Russia and the United States, among many other countries. Major exports of the country are: automotive, iron and steel, whitegoods, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and textiles and clothing.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #6 - CAN YOU ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS ABOUT TURKEY? 8 LESSON NOTES All About #7 Turkish Cuisine

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 7

COPYRIGHT © 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson is Turkish Cuisine

Characteristics of Turkish Cuisine

Variety: Turkish cuisine is known to offer the richest variety worldwide after Chinese and French, and it is also very refined. It carries the gastronomic heritage of many Turkic empires founded one after the another all around Asia and Europe.

There are thousands of traditional dishes, delights, beverages, and at a proper dinner, samples from all the basic categories should be found. Moreover, almost every city has its own particular cuisine. Turkey is not only bigger than all the European countries, but it also has varied and unique geographic, marine, and agricultural features. These reasons, along with traces of varied ethnic and cultural groups, imagination, curiosity and the creativity of mothers and chefs contribute greatly to the richness of the cuisine every day.

Flexibility: One of the most interesting things about of Turkish cuisine is the differences between the same exact dish according to the region, the cook, the motivation, and even the mood of the moment; by altering, adding or subtracting ingredients, and by changing steps, methods, and quantities.

Methods: Turkish cooks and chefs like it reasonable and practical, they don't spend unnecessary time over a dish. Also, by changing only one step in preparing a dish, you can have a totally different version of the same meal.

Health: The world is developing a consciousness towards eating habits and nutritional facts more with every day, but Turkish cuisine has been developed as a healthy option throughout history.

Economy and Wealth: Your budget is not a problem: Turkish cuisine contains alternatives for everything from nomads' tents to imperial palaces, to allow you to prepare a meal with everyday ingredients that is worthy of sultans.

Categories of Turkish Cuisine

Soups: Every dinner starts with a soup in Turkish culture, and no wonder: doctors agree that this is the healthiest way because soups prepare the stomach for the digestion of incoming food. Soups are also smooth appetizers, with their delicious smells and flavors.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #7 - TURKISH CUISINE 2 Olive Oil Dishes: Olive oil dishes, exclusive to Turkish Cuisine, are a perfect alternative for those who prefer vegetable dishes. They are served cold and as side dishes to the main course. They are refreshing, and thanks to the olive oil, they can be kept fresh in the refrigerator for days.

Legume Courses: Legumes haven't been part of Western cuisines, so the cooking methods for them are limited. Luckily, legumes are one of the basics in Turkish cuisine. In this category you can find very common examples of main courses with legumes, and their protein content makes them a great alternative to meat dishes. Traditionally, they are preferred in winter, as they are both healthy and satisfying.

Yogurt Courses: Using yogurt in dishes is surprising for Westerners, but you'll realize how much you've missed as soon as you taste it. As the inventors of yogurt and many other dairy products, Turks know the most and best ways to consume it. When used in main courses, some essential points apply for yogurt, but it goes along perfectly well with meat, vegetables, legumes, as well as some particular spices.

Meats: Turkish people are extremely selective about meat. They mostly eat fish, shrimp, mussels and other seafood, and beef and mutton and lamb, but not pork. Hygiene is an important element when preparing meat for consumption. Turkish people deeply care what part of the animal they are eating, and how well the meat is removed from blood, fat or nerves.

Pilaws: Probably the most delicious way to cook rice and the similar grain bulgur, is to combine it with a variety of ingredients, herbs, and oils. Pilaws are the main carbohydrate sources in Turkish cuisine, and are mostly served as main courses.

Syrup Desserts: As one of the many categories of food that don't exist in Western cuisines, most of the desserts with syrup evolved to their sweetest forms in the Ottoman Era. Though the majority are traced back to Turks' Central Asian roots, there are some which appeared after interaction with Middle Eastern cultures. They are preferred mainly in the winter, as sugar helps maintain the body temperature, served either warm or cold according to peoples' tastes. A nice dinner should definitely contain at least one type of syrup dessert.

Milky Desserts: Another category of desserts exclusive to Turkish cuisine, these are light but delightful, and great for every season of the year. You won't believe how delicious milk, with only a few simple ingredients added, can be! Cinnamon always goes with milky desserts, and the desserts with rose extract are not to be missed.

Ice-creams: Traditional Turkish ice-cream, the ice-cream of Mara, is so stiff that it is eaten with a knife and fork. As it was developed in the age when there was no refrigerators, its

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #7 - TURKISH CUISINE 3 durability was maintained naturally. It used to be hung on walls and lasted for days without melting.

Fruit Desserts: Some vegetables which are only used in savory dishes in Western cuisines find their way into desserts in Turkish cuisine. For example: pumpkin, carrot, and even dried beans and chickpeas! The idea may surprise you, but you'll be even more surprised when you discover how sweet they turn out to be!

Compotes: A refreshing, smooth and sweet way to use fresh or dried fruits both like desserts and juices, in winters and summers. Turkish compotes are not only practical and fun, but healing also. Yes, some types of them are in doctors' prescriptions for recovery from serious diseases like hepatitis and cancer, and are essentials on hospital menus.

Teas: Dipping a tea bag into a cup...that's not how to prepare tea among Turks, who have one of the richest tea culture in the world! There are thousands of options for all kinds of mental and physical discomfort, for any kind of invitation or reunion, any kind of weather or mood. Drinking tea relaxes or excites the muscles, helps maintain digestion and immunity, and knits warm bonds between people with the natural perfumes of herbs, flowers, and leaves. The Turkish method of brewing teas conserves all the nutrition and charm the teas hold perfectly.

Food Regulations in Turkey

These are very strict. Genetically modified, or food with hormones added, are banned by law. All the food found in the market or sold in shops must carry legal permission or a certificate issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Village Affairs. And at any moment, officers from the Ministry can appear in order to control the processes, quality, freshness and healthiness of the food at restaurants, supermarkets, bazaars, farms, and all kind of food shops and factories. If there's something unacceptable, the shop or brand is announced to the public, and they are deprived of their right to produce food either temporarily or permanently.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #7 - TURKISH CUISINE 4 LESSON NOTES All About #8 Introduction to Turkish Society

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 8

COPYRIGHT © 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson is An Introduction to Turkish Society

I. Major Cities

Major cities can be categorized by the subject of interest, like population, the economy, industry, international relations, politics, landscape, history, or tourism. Here are three major cities which hold significance in all of these categories.

Istanbul (stanbul)

With a population of 13.5 million, Istanbul is Europe's largest urban agglomeration. Its cityscape includes the silhouettes of minarets, towers, crosses, suspension bridges and skyscrapers side by side, marking it as the capital of four great empires from history. Its location is of geopolitical importance because it's a connecting point for the historical Silk Road, Eurasian train, highway and networks, and also for marine routes from Caucasus to the Mediterranean. Around the Sea of Marmara, the Istanbul Marine Buses company runs the largest municipal ferry operation in the world. Also, the world's second underground rail line, established in 1875, is still in service. In the city are found some of Europe's tallest buildings with aesthetic designs, numerous grand and modern shopping centers, and some of world's largest covered markets. Istanbul ranks as the fifth city in the world as a source of taxes. The nightlife of Istanbul is also attracting worldwide attention. Every year, innumerable science, art and business conferences and congresses are held. In 2010, Istanbul was the European Capital of Culture. To date, the city has hosted major international sports competitions including:

• 2005 UEFA Champions League Final

• 2009 UEFA Cup Final

• 2010 FIBA World Championship

• 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships 2011-12 Euroleague Final Four

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #8 - INTRODUCTION TO TURKISH SOCIETY 2 • 2001 EuroBasket Finals

2005 and 2006 World Touring Car Championship circuit and the European Le Mans • Series

• F1 Powerboat World Championship Circuit

Ankara

Ankara is not only the county's capital, but it also carries archeological sites from the Hellenistic, Byzantine, Hittite, Phrygian and Ottoman eras. The city center is remarkably well- organized. Governmental, political and state buildings and organizations are heavily embedded in the city.

Izmir (zmir)

As the third largest metropolis in Turkey and known for the commercial advantages of having a large international harbor, Izmir is mostly busy with international trade fairs, congresses and exhibitions, as well as worldwide music festivals. Like Istanbul, Izmir is a city that holds many international sports organizations. Turkey's largest institute of technology is also found in Izmir. The city is surrounded by beautiful ancient Greek sites like Ephesus, Pergamon, and Sardis.

II. Family Life

Families in Turkey are mostly nuclear, but additional members are often included, especially when they need company or care. The wellbeing and good education of kids are a family's top priority. Parents always sacrifice their own time, pleasure, and savings to provide better conditions for their children. Mostly mothers have the final word in decisions about children's lives, like school selection and extracurricular and sport activities.

Relatives are always kept close; one family's concern is taken care by all. The same closeness is achieved with neighbors, colleagues and friends as well. However, because of the stresses of modern life and westernization, these sincere face-to-face relations are partially being lost in some big cities.

III. Work Culture and Economy

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #8 - INTRODUCTION TO TURKISH SOCIETY 3 Culturally, Turkish people like working, and a practical mind and good communication skills are considered essential when doing business. Etiquette and reputations are also equally important. Building a strong network of contacts is the largest stepping stone when starting a new business. Being a good public speaker will open doors for you.

IV. Politics

Turkey has a unitary, secular state, and is governed through democracy based on parliamentary representation. The government has functioned under a multi-party system for decades. Turkish people love to debate openly about politics. They can engage in fiery political discussions for hours until someone mockingly declares, Bugün de dünyayı kurtardık! meaning "We saved the world again today."

Turkey also holds various memberships among important international organizations, as listed below.

Organizations of Which Turkey is a Founding Member:

• UN (United Nations - 1945)

G-20 Major Economies (Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank • Governors - 1999)

• TÜRKSOY (International Organization of Turkic Culture - 1992)

• OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - 1961)

• OIC (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation - 1969)

• OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe - 1973)

• ECO ( Economic Cooperation Organization - 1985)

• BSEC (Black Sea Economic Cooperation - 1992)

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #8 - INTRODUCTION TO TURKISH SOCIETY 4 • ECO ( Economic Cooperation Organisation - 1985)

• CCTS (Cooperation Council of Turkic Speaking States - 2009)

• Joint Administration of Turkic Arts and Culture (2009)

Organizations of Which Turkey is a Member:

• Council of Europe (1949)

• NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization - 1952)

• U.N. Security Council (1951-1952, 1954-1955, 1961, 2009 and on)

• EEC (European Economic Community - 1963)

• NATO Nuclear Sharing

• WEU (Western European Union - 1992)

• EUCU (1995 - European Union Customs Union)

• WTO (World Trade Organization - 1995)

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #8 - INTRODUCTION TO TURKISH SOCIETY 5 LESSON NOTES All About #9 Top 5 Most Important Dates on the Turkish Calendar

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 9

COPYRIGHT © 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson is the Top 5 Most Important Dates from the Turkish Calendar

There are eight dates on Turkish annual calendar that are declared official holidays. However, apart from those, there are many other cultural, religious and historical days as well. The only holiday which is not listed below is Solidarity and Labor Day.

The national days were determined by the founder of the Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (Atatürk), and correspond to the most important historical events that occurred between World War I and the official proclamation of the Republic.

As for religious festivals, among Turkish society, practicing religious acts is personal choice. People decide whether they want to follow a strict Islamic faith or not. Interfering with eachother's faith and religious practices can be a serious offense. In contemporary Turkish society, religious holidays are still culturally important because they mean quality family time and reconciliation with relatives.

I. May 19th: Commemoration of Ataturk, Youth and Sports Day (National Day)

After World War I, nations like France, Britain, Italy, Russia, Greece and Armenia brought their forces to Ottoman territories with the intention of seizing and colonizing the lands. Istanbul and the majority of Anatolia were taken by the occupying Allied forces. These tough times demand tough decisions, and so the Ottomans exerted great effort against the occupying forces. Mustafa Kemal was already a very successful army official during the occupation of the Ottoman territories. However, the occupation of Istanbul, which was followed by the occupation of Izmir, fueled the Turkish national movement and the war of independence. Following this, Mustafa Kemal resigned from the Ottoman army, and departed from Istanbul to Samsun on May 19, 1919. This event is accepted to be the formal beginning of Turkish independence.

II. April 23rd: National Sovereignty and Children's Day (National Day)

This day commemorates the establishment of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. April 23rd was dedicated and gifted to children by Ataturk, because he saw the education of youth and children as a vital process for a better future. Since 1979, this day has been celebrated with children all around the world with an international festival.

III. Ramadan (Religious Festival)

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #9 - TOP 5 MOST IMPORTANT DATES ON THE TURKISH CALENDAR 2 According to Islam, the month of Ramadan in the Hijri Calendar is accepted to be sacred and divine. Fasting is practiced in this month to nurture moral and spiritual development. According to Islamic beliefs, a physically healthy person with faith shall fast from sunrise to sunset.

There is a three-day holiday at the end of the month. Wearing new clothes and making family visits are the basic requirements. People visit each other, spend time with their families, and take a vacation. In Istanbul, traveling with buses and the subway is free on the Ramadan holiday. After visiting family elders and neighbors, young people get together to pay visit to their teachers and other friends, and later they go out to have fun.

IV. Feast of the Sacrifice (Religious Festival)

The Sacrifice Feast comes two months after Ramadan. In this festival, a sheep, a cow, or a camel is required to be sacrificed in the name of God and for the sake of charity. However, by the Islamic rule and ethics, the sacrifice should be made in a specific way. Turkish authorities every year do as many media announcements as possible in order to remind people that the procedure should be done professionally by experts. The key point of this practice is to distribute the sacrificial meat to the poor.

V. New Year's Eve

The night of December 31st is celebrated for the arrival of a new year, and January 1st is a national holiday in Turkey. Some families in big cities decorate their houses with ornaments and trees, however in Turkey, this act is not associated with the Christmas holidays. Decorations solely mean seasonal, merry family time, and indicate the celebration of a new year. On the other hand, religious celebrations are held on Christmas among Christian families. Prayers and ceremonies are performed at churches, as the culture and traditions from all religions have been welcomed since the Ottoman era.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #9 - TOP 5 MOST IMPORTANT DATES ON THE TURKISH CALENDAR 3 LESSON NOTES All About #10 Popular Culture in Turkey

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 10

COPYRIGHT © 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson is Pop Culture in Turkey

I. Television

There are innumerable TV channels in Turkey, broadcasting nationwide or local, for general or specialized purposes. Below are some prominent channels given with their classifications in brackets.

TRT (National and Multi-Channel): http://www.trt.net.tr/Canli/canli.aspx?Kanal=TV1

ATV (National): http://www.atv.com.tr/webtv/canli-yayin

Star (National): http://www.startv.com.tr/canli-yayin

Haber Türk (News): http://www.haberturk.com/canliyayin

NTV-MSNBC (News): http://cm.ntvmsnbc.com/ServerSite/wui/NTVCanliYayin/default.aspx

CNN Türk (News): http://video.cnnturk.com/canli-yayin

Number 1 (Music): http://www.numberone.com.tr/nr1/tv/izle.php

NTV Spor (Sports): http://www.ntvspor.net/canliyayin

II. Internationally Famous Turkish People

Although there are many talented people with excellent achievements in science, arts, sports, fashion, music, literature, entertainment and other fields, we are giving only a very quick, contemporary list here, but check online to find out more.

Dr. Mehmet Öz: One of the most popular doctors in the United States and worldwide. He is a reputable cardiology authority.

Hidayet Türkolu and Mehmet Okur: Two of the NBA All-Star Turkish players.

Dr. Gazi Ya⇥argil: Known as the father of microneurosurgery, Yaargil treated patients with brain tumors and epilepsy with the instruments of his own invention.

Oktay Sinanolu: One of the greatest names in chemistry and molecular biology sciences.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #10 - POPULAR CULTURE IN TURKEY 2 Fazıl Say: A famous pianist and composer who has performed in various countries and received many international awards.

Rıfat Özbek: He is a fashion designer who was chosen as best stylist of the year a few times in Britain, and has dressed celebrities like Princess Diana, Cher, Janet Jackson and Madonna.

Orhan Pamuk: He is a Nobel Prize-winning author whose novels are known and appreciated worldwide.

Semih Saygıner: World champion and winner of many billiard tournaments.

Nuri Bilge Ceylan: Among the favorite movie directors of cinema followers worldwide, and also the recipient of numerous movie awards, including some at the Cannes Movie Festival.

Ya⇥ar Kemal: A beloved author whose novels were translated into 40+ languages.

Kıvanç Tatlıtu: He was chosen Best Model of the World in 2002, and afterwards starred in many Turkish soap operas. He's named the "Turkish Brad Pitt" by his fans abroad.

III. Music

Turkish people enjoy listening to all genres of music made by both foreign and local musicians. Turkish music, like every aspect of its culture, is very eclectic. Aside from the Turkic influences, Turkish music has various elements from the cultures it has interacted with. Among them are Byzantine, Greek, Ottoman, Persian and Balkan. Unique folk instruments like ba⇥lama, qanun (kanun), kemenche (kemençe) and ney gave a melodic richness when combined with the Turkish system of melody types (makam). In recent years, Turkish songs have ranked among the favorites in the Eurovision Song Contest. Other common genres are Arabesque, pop and Anatolian rock.

Here are some examples of Turkish music:

Anatolian Rock

Barı Akarsu - Islak Islak: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2dP1soraUFY

⌅ebnem Ferah - Sigara: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2iG08eg1MK0

Barı Manço - Da⇥lar Da⇥lar: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vQeWVe93f8I

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #10 - POPULAR CULTURE IN TURKEY 3 Nil Karaibrahimgil - Seviyorum Sevmiyorum: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7KhsLve4d0E

Western-influenced Rock

Teoman - Güzel Bir Gün: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJ15hXhMkOM

Mor ve Ötesi - Bir Derdim Var: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Tt65SdtKeQ

Turkish Pop Music

Göksel - Uzaktan: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=922hVr6kRgM

Mirkelam - Elma De⇥il Ayva: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fz7VvjZjlH4

Ayegül Aldinç - Beni Hatırla: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2gGE1sgqpfc

Nil Karaibrahimgil - Bu mudur?: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZiXwx6x9SI

IV. Sports

Sporting activities are supported by families and teachers, encouraged by government and municipalities, and made possible by great geographical assets like rivers and mountains, as well as multi-functional gyms and fields. Below is a list of some of the international championships that Turkish teams and individual athletes have won in the past.

Soccer

The UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup of 2000 (Galatasaray Football Club)

Third place in the 2002 FIFA World Cup (Turkey National Football Team)

Semi-final of the UEFA Euro 2008 (Turkey National Football Team)

Basketball

Second place at EuroBasket 2001 (Turkey National Team)

Second place at 2010 FIBA World Championship (Turkey National Team)

Quarter-finals of the 2006 World Championship (Turkey National Team)

FIBA Kora⇧ Cup in 1996 (Efes Pilsen S.K.)

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #10 - POPULAR CULTURE IN TURKEY 4 Second place at the Saporta Cup in 1993 (Efes Pilsen S.K.)

Final Four of Euroleague and Suproleague in 2000 and 2001 (Efes Pilsen S.K.)

Winner of Eurochallenge in 2012-2013 (Beikta Milangaz)

Silver medal in the European Championship in 2011 (Women's National Basketball Team)

NBA players (Mehmet Okur, Hidayet Türko⇥lu, Ersan ⌃lyasova and so on)

Volleyball

Bronze medal at the FIVB Women's European Championship 2011

CEV Women's Volleyball World Club Championship in 2010 (Fenerbahçe) medal in FIVB Club World Championship at 2011 (Vakıfbank Türk Telekom)

Gold medal at CEV Champions League in 2010-2011 (Vakıfbank Türk Telekom)

Gold medal at both Challenge Cup and Women's Top Volley International in 2007-2008 (Vakıfbank Türk Telekom)

Gold medal at FIVB Club World Championship in 2010 (Fenerbahçe)

Silver medal at CEV Champions League in 2009-2010 (Fenerbahçe)

Bronze medal at CEV Champions League 2010-2011 (Fenerbahçe)

Athletics

Gold medal in Women's 10,000 metres and silver in Women's 5,000 metres for 2010 European Championship (Elvan Abeylegesse)

Gold medal in Women's 5,000 metres for 2010 European Championship (Alemitu Bekele)

Gold medal in Women's 100 metres for 2010 European Championship (Nevin Yanıt Hurdl)

Silver medal in Men's 1,500 metres for 2011 European Athletics Indoor Championships (Kemal Koyuncu)

Bronze medal in Men's 3,000 metres for 2011 European Athletics Indoor Championships (Halil Akka)

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #10 - POPULAR CULTURE IN TURKEY 5 The 1,500m world record in 2003 by Süreyya Ayhan and 5,000m world record in 2004 by Elvan Abeylegesse

Weightlifting

Naim Süleymano⇥lu and Halil Mutlu are two of four weightlifters in the world who received three gold medals in three Olympics.

A world record in women's weightlifting (Nurcan Taylan)

Motorsports

World champion in Supersport in 2007 and 2010 (Kenan Sofuo⇥lu)

Rally of Turkey to the FIA World Rally Championship calendar in 2003

Turkish Grand Prix to the Formula One racing calendar in 2005

Annual motorsports events at the Istanbul Park including the MotoGP Grand Prix of Turkey, the FIA World Touring Car Championship, the GP2 Series and the Le Mans Series

Turkish leg of the F1 Powerboat Racing championship

Turkish leg of the Red Bull Air Race World Series

Beach Handball

Silver medal at the world championships of 2004 and 2006 (Turkey National Team)

Bronze medal in 2010 (Turkey National Team)

Silver medal at the 2004 world championships (Turkey Women's National Team)

Other Traditional and Popular Sports in Turkey

Oil wrestling, jereed (cirit), matrak, surfing, snowboarding, skateboarding, fishing, flying, handball, plane gliding, hang gliding, parachuting, paragliding, windsurfing, canoeing and rafting.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #10 - POPULAR CULTURE IN TURKEY 6 LESSON NOTES All About #11 Top 5 Most Useful Tools to Learn Turkish

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 11

COPYRIGHT © 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson is the Top 5 Most Useful Tools to Learn Turkish

I. Entertainment

Hearing the language is an essential part of to getting used to the sound, the melody, the flow, and the agglutination of suffixes in Turkish. Listening from real life helps you hear the living language, and think independently of the strict structures and regulations enforced by textbooks.

Below are some prominent Turkish channels with their classifications in brackets.

TRT (National and Multi-Channel): http://www.trt.net.tr/Canli/canli.aspx?Kanal=TV1

ATV (National): http://www.atv.com.tr/webtv/canli-yayin

Star (National): http://www.startv.com.tr/canli-yayin

Haber Türk (News): http://www.haberturk.com/canliyayin

NTV-MSNBC (News): http://cm.ntvmsnbc.com/ServerSite/wui/NTVCanliYayin/default.aspx

CNN Türk (News): http://video.cnnturk.com/canli-yayin

Number 1 (Music): http://www.numberone.com.tr/nr1/tv/izle.php

NTV Spor (Sports): http://www.ntvspor.net/canliyayin

For your convenience, we are listing some Facebook pages which regularly link to music videos in the genres specified. You do not need to log into Facebook to see the videos, and if you are already a Facebook user, the newly-sent ones will simply appear in your notifications.

Traditional Ottoman Music: https://www.facebook.com/pages/ottoman- music/173907539324106?fref=ts

Classical Turkish Music: https://www.facebook.com/pages/tÜrk-sanat- müzikleri/245691795514578?fref=ts

Classical Turkish Music:

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #11 - TOP 5 MOST USEFUL TOOLS TO LEARN TURKISH 2 Classical Ottoman Music:

Tasavvuf (Sufi) Music:

Ottoman Martial Marches: https://www.facebook.com/mehtermarslari?fref=ts

Turkish Folk Music:

Turkish Folk Music: https://www.facebook.com/turkhalkmuzikleri?fref=ts

Turkish Rock: https://www.facebook.com/t.rock.fun.page?fref=ts

Turkish Rap: https://www.facebook.com/Turkce.Rap.KumarbaaZ?fref=ts

Turkish Pop:

Turkish Pop: https://www.facebook.com/pages/türkçe-pop-müzik/10150095548505427? fref=ts

II. Dictionary

Here we are giving two online dictionary pages for English and Turkish, however please search for your mother tongue if it's not English. You will definitely find yours.

Easy use for adding Turkish characters: http://www.turkishdictionary.net/

Supported by iPhone and 3G: http://www.zargan.com/default.asp?DisplayLang=2

For your convenience, we are giving a multilingual Turkish dictionary suggestion, which lists Turkish dictionaries for Albanian to Vietnamese. http://www.lexicool.com/ dictionaries_turkish.asp

Please note: it is not good practice to rely on Google Translate for sentences, phrases, and agglutinated words. It is still a little too basic to grasp the nature and structure of Turkish language. If you need to use it, please use at least in between Turkish and English, and only as a simple dictionary, not a translator.

III. Community

Finding Turkish-speaking company will help you learn through mutual dialogue, interaction and experience. By nature, Turkish people are very generous in teaching and giving information, so don't hesitate to ask them to tell you more. You can compare your speech,

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #11 - TOP 5 MOST USEFUL TOOLS TO LEARN TURKISH 3 correct your mistakes and intonation, and it will be better than television, as you'll be receiving face-to-face help. To get in contact with Turkish people, a good start would be your school's international student office, or the Turkish embassies and consulates in your country. Go online to find a Turkish-speaking hobby or activity club or, better yet, a language school. And when you drop by a kebap buffet next, engage in small talk and do not forget to ask the owners where they are from!

IV. Social Networking

There are many web pages in the service of bringing native speakers and language learners together. That way, learners find the opportunity to correct themselves with native speakers, and even enjoy the opportunity of making new friends. Here are a few of them:

Live Mocha: http://www.livemocha.com/learn-turkish

My Language Exchange: http://www.mylanguageexchange.com/learn/turkish.asp

Italki: http://www.italki.com/learn-Turkish/en-us

R World: https://rworld.com/

Conversation Exchange: http://www.conversationexchange.com/s_map/learn.php? language=Turkish

V. TurkishClass101.com!

With a devoted and hardworking staff, at TurkishClass101.com, you are guaranteed to find top quality material and the best support on your quest for learning Turkish. Your Turkish learning will be reinforced in every aspect from intonation to spelling, and from speaking to writing. You will also find the opportunity to learn about the interesting features of Turkish culture, heritage and daily life.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #11 - TOP 5 MOST USEFUL TOOLS TO LEARN TURKISH 4 LESSON NOTES All About #12 Top 5 Tips for Avoiding Common Mistakes in Turkish Learning

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 12

COPYRIGHT © 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson is the Top 5 Tips for Avoiding Common Mistakes in Turkish Learning

I. Read Words as They Are

In Turkish, words and letters do not get affected by and do not influence each other. This means they are rather regarded as independent. Rules and structures like syllable-reading or letter-interactions in other languages do not apply to Turkish words. For example in English, a combination of letters, or the same syllable, can be read differently in different words, or because of different positions within words. Yet this is never the case for Turkish. A letter will sound as it is no matter its word or position. The case for duration of pronunciation of a letter is not influenced by its neighbor letters either. Generally, every syllable of a word is given more or less the same amount of time. Syllables are not stressed or elongated unnecessarily. In order to maintain plain reading of Turkish, it is suggested that you think independently from your mother-tongue habits, especially after mastering the Turkish alphabet. Turkish vowels do not mostly have quick or large pronunciations, or are not treated differently according to their position within a word, so it is wrong to read words quickly or languidly. Likewise, it is also wrong to instantly elongate the first syllable and squeeze the following ones, or vice versa.

II. Intoning the Sentences

Turkish sentences do not necessarily require certain intonations. Even if it's a question sentence, an increase towards the end is not very crucial, thanks to the existence of the question suffix. Especially as a beginner, you don't need to concern yourself with the correct intonation along the sentences. The habits coming from one's native language will likely sound incompatible with Turkish. Focusing on the intonation of words would be more wise.

III. Adapting to New Word Order

In a typical Turkish sentence, the verb is placed at the end of a sentence. This difference from European languages causes the familiar sentence structure to be reverse. In languages like English, French, or German, prepositions always precede the nouns. Therefore, Turkish word order does not mean only putting the verb at the end, but also facing the prepositions to the verb, which makes them postpositions. Even if the verb is used at the beginning of a sentence, the suffixes will keep their positions, always at the end and agglutinated to the words. Before starting with the full sentences, it is important to keep word order and

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #12 - TOP 5 TIPS FOR AVOIDING COMMON MISTAKES IN TURKISH LEARNING 2 postposition differences in mind.

IV. Formality Awareness

Showing respect is an essential side of Turkish society, and naturally the language too. Even if they're the same age, people start talking with each other in a formal manner when they've just met. However, to elderly people and people with reputable positions, the polite way of addressing is always used. Formality differentiation is not a cumbersome process in Turkish. The basic rule is referring to the person as siz, second person plural instead of sen, which is second person singular. This way of addressing is applied in many daily situations as follows:

1. Younger to the older

2. Men to women

3. In formal unions

4. Worker to boss

5. Student to teacher

6. To people with higher positions

7. Coworkers at work

8. Among strangers

9. Among couples and lovers in formal situations

10. Among people who are not in good terms

V. Mastering the Alphabet

The Turkish alphabet is very convenient for learners. However, this doesn't mean there won't be any confusion in the beginning. Especially the letters that carry different and differing pronunciations in other languages may cause misreading or misspelling of Turkish words. This is a big deal, as one letter change in a word may end up changing that word's meaning. It should be kept in mind that the dots appearing on some vowels are not pronunciation corrections either, they lead to different sounds, and to different words. Here are some examples of changes in the meanings from small nuances in letters:

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #12 - TOP 5 TIPS FOR AVOIDING COMMON MISTAKES IN TURKISH LEARNING 3 1. OL: "be" and ÖL: "die"

2. ILIK: "warm" and LK: "marrow"

3. ACI: "pain"/"spicy" and AÇI: "angle"

4. ISIN: "heat up" and I⇥IN: "ray"

5. UNLU: "flour-based" and ÜNLÜ: "famous"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #12 - TOP 5 TIPS FOR AVOIDING COMMON MISTAKES IN TURKISH LEARNING 4 LESSON NOTES All About #13 Top 5 Phrases Your Turkish Teacher may Never Teach You

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 13

COPYRIGHT © 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson is the Top 5 Phrases Your Turkish Teacher may Never Teach You

1. Harika!

This word is composed of three syllables: ha-ri-ka. The first vowel should be elongated three times longer than the usual a. For showing this pronunciation correction, the word may appear to be written as Hârika. Literally it means "wonder/wonderful" and is actually a very fancy word that can be encountered in poetry and gentle speaking, mostly to define the greatness and beauty of a noun. But in daily life, it is used by itself also as an expression of finding something too good to be true, like "Awesome!" "Cool!" "Superb!" or "Sweet!" Naturally, Harika! is said after seeing some nice thing or hearing some good news. Here are some sample cases which you can often hear in Turkey:

(At a restaurant)

Customer: "Are you sure this bill is correct, we were expecting it to be different."

Waiter: :The salads, breads, dessert and tea are our treats, sir."

Customer: "Harika! Thank you."

(At home)

Husband: Honey, for dinner tomorrow night, my friend's nephews will also be coming.

Wife: Harika!

2. Canım

This word is used when addressing people you are close with, like younger people whether they are strangers or not, family members and one's lover or dear ones. It's composed of two syllables: ca-nım, and though it literally means "my soul," the corresponding English expression is simply "my dear." With the honorific titles like one's profession or relatedness, it is then okay to use for addressing, or even showing compassion for the elderly. Here are some examples:

(At a shop)

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #13 - TOP 5 PHRASES YOUR TURKISH TEACHER MAY NEVER TEACH YOU 2 Customer: "Can I see the blouse on shop window, canım?"

Shop Assistant: "Right away madam."

(At school)

Student: "Dad, look, that one over there is canım chemistry teacher! Let me introduce you. Teacher, my father is visiting the school now, may we have a second with you?"

Teacher: "Sure canım."

3. Üff!

This is an exclamation, like a long sigh, in order to show boredom, or unwillingness to do something. The f at the end is actually single, but it can be written as a double for a longer sigh. Üff is definitely very colloquial, and better not said to elders or in formal situations. Here are some cases where its use is natural:

(At school)

Teacher: "...And for tomorrow, you'll also write a composition on the importance of recycling."

Student (to his friend): "As if it's not enough that we have to develop a recycling project and present it next week! Üff!"

(At a café)

Boy: "What do you want to do tomorrow? Shall we go to an open-air cinema, go to the marine park, or visit the grand aquarium? Or is there something else you like?"

Girl: "Üff! All are just so boring..."

4. Yok yaa!

This is composed of two words: Yok literally indicates the absence of something, and yaa is a sentence-ending particle. Together, they express the impossibility of a request, assumption or suggestion. This is very colloquial, and not used towards elders or in formal situations. Below are examples:

(At home)

Young child: "...Is our neighbor's kid coming as well? He is so spoiled. I don't want to play with him.."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #13 - TOP 5 PHRASES YOUR TURKISH TEACHER MAY NEVER TEACH YOU 3 Elder child: "Yok yaa! Behave yourself, we should welcome anyone who visits us at our best."

(At home)

Girl: "Mom really, doing research for a thesis is so difficult... So why lose time, I can find a nice job with my college degree already."

Mom: "Yok yaa! What else wishes her majesty? You always aimed to be a professor in your field, and you're quitting already?"

5. Haydaa!

A word of two syllables, hay-daa. The last vowel is doubled to show that it is elongated. It is a casual expression, not too colloquial though, but still not very suitable for formal relations. Haydaa has a meaning similar to "What's with that now?" and indicates one's moment of being surprised and confused due to an unexpected or sudden development. Obviously it is used for unpleasant occurrences like the following:

(At an airport)

Flight Attendat: "Due to the bad weather conditions in this city, unfortunately flight number HX5478 will be arriving one hour later than the normal schedule."

People waiting: "Haydaa..!"

(At an office)

Worker: "But why have you made the reservations for the 29th? The meeting will be held on the 28th."

Co-worker: "Haydaa, what to do then? I arranged everything according to the 29th..!"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #13 - TOP 5 PHRASES YOUR TURKISH TEACHER MAY NEVER TEACH YOU 4 LESSON NOTES All About #14 Top 5 Turkish Classroom Phrases

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 14

COPYRIGHT © 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson is the Top 5 Turkish Classroom Phrases

Firstly, please keep in mind the following grammar point for these expressions: The suffix - mek/-mak is attached to the verbs in order to convert them to their infinitive form, which is the direct equivalent of putting a "to" in front of English verbs. This is also the dictionary form of Turkish verbs.

1. Ne demek?

This phrase means "What does it mean?" Ne means "What" and Demek (de-mek) literally means "To say," however in this expression it refers to "To mean, to indicate." The target word or sentence shall better put ahead of ne demek, yet otherwise is also possible.

For example:

Teacher: "That's it for today, and tomorrow's topic will be '4 Mevsim.'"

Student: "'Mevsim" ne demek?" [What does Mevsim mean?]

Teacher: "It means 'season.'"

2. Açın kitaplarınızı. - Kitaplarınızı açın.: "Open your books."

Açın"(a-çın) is the imperative form of second person plural for the verb Açmak: "to open." Kitaplarınızı (ki-tap-la-rı-nı-zı) means "your books" in the object form. It contains three suffixes after the root of the word Kitap, "book," in the order as follows: -lar plural suffix, -ınız possessive suffix for second person plural, and -ı the object marking suffix. The sentence Açın kitaplarınızı can be freely changed into Kitaplarınızı açın in which the initial word carries more emphasis.

For example:

Teacher: Okay now we can continue from where we left yesterday. Yes, açın kitaplarınızı. [Open your books.]

3. Anlamadım. (An-la-ma-dım) "I don't understand."

This is the negative and simple past tense for the verb Anlamak, "To understand" for first

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #14 - TOP 5 TURKISH CLASSROOM PHRASES 2 person singular. The suffixes are added to the verb in that order: -ma negativity suffix for verbs, -dı simple past tense suffix, and -m first person singular suffix for verbs. Unlike English, it's more natural to express one's point of not understanding in simple past tense in Turkish. If simple present is used, it feels like "No matter how much you tell me, I'll still not understand it." If present continuous is used, then it'd imply "I try and try, but am still unable to understand." So the best tense preference in Turkish is simple past, implying one just has not got the logic of it at a first glance.

For example:

Teacher: "It is straightforward my dear, not complicated. Simply A, E, I, ⇥ will be followed by A, E, I, ⇥, and on the other side O, Ö, U, Ü will be followed by A, E, U, Ü."

Student: ."..Anlamadım... [I don't understand.]"

4. Bir daha. - Bir daha lütfen. It means "once more" and with "lütfen" "once more please."

Bir means "one" and Daha (da-ha) is "More." When addressing an elder or a person with a respected position like a teacher, adding lütfen is necessary, otherwise it'd feel like giving an order. It is used simply when something is requested to be repeated.

For example

Student: "I couldn't catch the last sentence. Bir daha lütfen. [One more time please.]"

Teacher: "Sure, I'll read the text all over again."

5. Tamam mı? Literally means "Is it okay/done/settled/complete/alright?"

Tamam (ta-mam) is a word for agreeing or completeness, and mı is question suffix. However, unlike the rest of all Turkish suffixes, this one is written separately, not attached to the word directly. It can be used to ask if things are placed/complete/agreeable as they are now. In the classroom a teacher may use it quite often, in order to check what she/he has told just now is clear for the students or if there's any point they are not sure or missing.

For example:

Teacher: "And for adding this suffix to that word, you'll have to change A into E, due to the vowel harmony. Tamam mı? [Is it clear? Understood?]"

Students: "Yes~~!"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #14 - TOP 5 TURKISH CLASSROOM PHRASES 3 LESSON NOTES All About #15 Top 5 Turkish Phrases from the Hosts

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 15

COPYRIGHT © 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson is the Top 5 Turkish Phrases from the Hosts

Here are some selected phrases, convenient for everyday life, and appropriate for all kinds of formality levels. In daily life of Turkey, it is more common to hear polite and positive expressions. People tend to avoid using bad connotations and speaking negatively about events or others.

1. Buyrun. ("to order," "to command")

(Buy-run) is the imperative form of verb Buyurmakfor second person plural. The verb means "to order, to command" and, as a phrase it is used for kindly honoring the other party to have the freedom to act when requesting something. However, as the verb has a polite connotation, it doesn't sound like an order even when addressed to elders. As a response to this kindness, the responding party feels welcomed, and does his best to cause the minimum trouble to the speaker. Trying to take advantage from the freedom offered would be a misbehavior. It can be heard many times in a daily routine, as used often when one prepares to say or ask something, when inviting people inside, when offering or handing something. Roughly, it corresponds to English phrases like: "Here you go." "This is for you." "Please go ahead." "I'm at your service."

For example:

(In front of a display window in a store)

Customer (to her company): "Hmm, do you think these turquoise shoes match my new purse?"

Clerk: "Buyrun, you can try them on. [Please come inside, I'm at your service.]"

Customer (to the clerk): "Okay, thanks."

Clerk: "Meanwhile, buyrun, tea. [Please, have some...]"

Customers: "Oh, thank you!"

2. Hayırlı olsun. ("Fortunate," "good," "beneficial")

This is a good-wish phrase which is acceptable in many circumstances. (Ha-yır-lı) means

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #15 - TOP 5 TURKISH PHRASES FROM THE HOSTS 2 "Fortunate, good, beneficial" and (ol-sun) is the imperative form of the verb Olmak, "To be" in third person singular. This phrase can be translated to "I hope it brings good fortune." or "Wish it'll be all the best." It is used whenever there's good news or development for anyone or any situation/place/event. It expresses the state of being glad about the good news and the hopeful expectation of other fortunate developments.

For example:

(At office)

Worker: "I've received the result of my application exam, and I've made it!"

Co-worker: "Hayırlı olsun! [Congratulations, wish you the best.] I hope you pass the interview too."

(At opening ceremony)

Governor: "We are glad to have completed the construction of our new sports complex thanks to the support from our government and people. Hayırlı olsun to our city! [May it be beneficial.]"

3. Çok güzel

(Çok gü-zel) is another common phrase, which can be used for confirmation/approval or the expression for likability of something. Turkish people use it alot, even unconsciously, whenever they see something different, something in harmony or something so appropriate. Mostly, the last vowel is elongated to reflect admiration.

For example:

(At home)

Child: "Mom look, I've tied my shoes on my own!"

Mom: "Çok güzel. [Very well, well done, you did it well.]"

(At museum)

Guide: "And here you see samurai armor and a gold handled sword that were used at the Siege of Osaka. In 1892, a reputable Japanese businessman, Torajiro Yamada, gave them as gifts to Abdülhamit II, an early 19th century Ottoman Emperor."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #15 - TOP 5 TURKISH PHRASES FROM THE HOSTS 3 Visitors: "Çok güzel! [Fabulous, beautiful, handsome]"

4. Hadi canım!

This is an expression of astonishment over some information. (Ha-di) literally means "Come on" and Ca-nım is "My dear." The phrase corresponds to "Oh come on!" in English, which indicates the speaker is not persuaded to what he/she's just heard or he/she is in wonder.

For example:

(At home)

Husband: "If we arrange our holiday plans efficiently, we can visit five cities in a week. Let's start from ⇥zmir, head South and pay a visit to Mersin, stay in Aydın, Mu⇤la and Antalya before we head back home."

Wife: "Hadi canım..! [That's just so unlikely.] When will we be sleeping again?"

(At caféteria)

Girl: "I am so hungry now that I could eat a horse."

Boy: "Hadi canım..! [Now you exaggerate.]"

5. Hadi bakalım.

This is a phrase for the encouragement and positive expectations for one's hoping to accomplish. (Ha-di) literally means "Come on" and (Ba-ka-lım) is the present form of first person plural, desire tense of the verb bakmak, "to look" is used in the sense of "to watch" here. It is a motivational phrase used to emphasize that one can achieve all if one keeps on working. Hadi bakalım, can be heard also as a call to work or any kind of duty.

For example:

(At home)

Mom: "The soup is finally done too... Hadi bakalım...! [Come on everyone.] To the table, everyone!"

(At visit)

Child: "I really like your garden. I hope I will grow taller by next time so that I can climb that

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #15 - TOP 5 TURKISH PHRASES FROM THE HOSTS 4 tree and take a photo of the town!"

Aunt: "Hadi bakalım. [Sure, I'll be looking forward to it.]"

TURKISHCLASS101.COM ALL ABOUT #15 - TOP 5 TURKISH PHRASES FROM THE HOSTS 5 LESSON NOTES Pronunciation #1 The Pronunciation of Consonants in Turkish

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 1

COPYRIGHT © 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. GRAMMAR

The Focus of This Lesson is The Pronunciation of Consonants in Turkish

Turkish Alphabet uses a modified version of Latin Alphabet and is composed of 29 letters of which 21 are consonants. Each consonant corresponds to one unique sound no matter where they are found within a word. In sequence, they are: a, b, c, ç, d, f, g, , h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, ⇥, t, v, y, z. See below for all the consonants and their sounds:

Regular Consonants

1. b is read "be" and pronounced like "b" in "baby." For example: benek meaning "spot."

2. c is read "ce" and pronounced like "j" in "job." For example: ceviz meaning "walnut."

3. d is read "de" and pronounced like "d" in "donut." For example: deniz meaning "sea."

4. f is read "fe" and pronounced like "f" in "fair." For example: fasulye meaning "bean."

5. g is read "ge" and pronounced like "g" in "guess." For example: gaz meaning "gas."

6. h is read "he" and pronounced like "h" in "handle." For example: hamarat meaning "diligent."

7. j is read "je" and pronounced like "sure" in "leisure." For example: jeton meaning "token."

8. k is read "ke" and pronounced like "k" in "keep." For example: kot meaning "denim."

9. l is read "le" and pronounced like "l" in "level." For example: lavanta meaning "lavender."

10. m is read "me" and pronounced like "m" in "make." For example: mavi meaning "blue."

11. n is read "ne" and pronounced like "n" in "night." For example: nane meaning "mint."

12. p is read "pe" and pronounced like "p" in "pity." For example: pamuk meaning "cotton."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #1 - THE PRONUNCI ATI ON OF CONS ONANTS I N TURKI S H 2 13. r is read "re" and pronounced like "r" in "race." For example: reçel meaning "jam."

14. s is read "se" and pronounced like "s" in "solid." For example: sarımsak meaning "garlic."

15. t is read "te" and pronounced like "t" in "task." For example: tencere meaning "saucepan."

16. v is read "ve" and pronounced like .".we.." in "lower." For example: veli meaning "parent, guardian."

17. y is read "ye" and pronounced like "yesterday." For example: ye⇥il meaning "green."

18. z is read "ze" and pronounced like "zinc." For example: zeytin meaning "olive."

Modified Consonants

1. ç is read "çe" and pronounced like "ch" in "challenge." For example: çetin meaning "arduous, "difficult."

2. is read yumu⇥ak ge meaning "soft g" and pronounced by lengthening or extending the preceding vowel. It can be pronounced like "bahn" in German. For example: da meaning "mountain" or yamur meaning "rain." Some other examples can be a meaning "net, kuu meaning "dove," and elence meaning "entertainment." Studies suggest that is an unpronounced vowel with different phonological functions and is almost inaudible as a consonant. Soft g may be found anywhere in a word but never as initial.

3. ⇥ is read "e" and pronounced like "sh" in "shadow." For example: ⇥eker meaning "candy, sugar."

The Turkish Alphabet doesn't have "X," "W" and "Q" letters.

However, due to some grammatical and harmony rules, there are limitations for a few consonants to be placed in a certain position within a word:

1. At the end of a word: The non-continuous consonants of B, C, D, and G can not finish a

TURKISHCLASS101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #1 - THE PRONUNCI ATI ON OF CONS ONANTS I N TURKI S H 3 word or a syllable in modern Turkish. This is due to the fact that it is difficult to stop the mouth/ throat while trying to finish a syllable with one of those sounds. The natural tendency flows toward P, Ç, T, and K, their continuous couplets.

2. In the beginning of a word: As explained before, the consonant ⌅ can not start a word. The reason is to achieve a smooth, easy pronunciation. ⌅ is better regarded as a vowel combiner or lengthener.

Syllable Structures

Syllables are built in an orderly way in Turkish. Each syllable clings to one vowel. A vowel can carry one consonant before and one or two consonants after it. A sole vowel can make a syllable as well, but only as an initial letter of a word. Those rules are strict for Turkish- originated words, however, a few exceptional structures may appear in loanwords.

1. A single vowel as an initial letter:

O-yun-cak ("toy")

A-ra-ba ("car," "cart," "vehicle")

2. Vowel with a consonant prior:

A-la-ca-ka-ran-lık ("twilight")

Ya-ra-sa ("bat")

3. Vowel with one consonant after:

Ar-ka-da⇥ ("friend")

Ej-der-ha ("dragon")

4. Vowel with one consonant prior and one after:

Sa-lın-cak ("swing")

Ev-ren-sel ("universal")

5. Vowel with two consonants after:

TURKISHCLASS101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #1 - THE PRONUNCI ATI ON OF CONS ONANTS I N TURKI S H 4 A⇥k ("love," as in passion)

Üst ("up," "above")

6. Vowel with one consonant prior and two consonants after:

Ha-yal-pe-rest ("daydreamer")

TURKISHCLASS101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #1 - THE PRONUNCI ATI ON OF CONS ONANTS I N TURKI S H 5 LESSON NOTES Pronunciation #2 The Pronunciation of Vowels in Turkish

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 2

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The Focus of This Lesson is the Pronunciation of Vowels in Turkish

The eight Turkish vowels are highly symmetrical, and they are categorized in three groups as summarized in the table below. The categories are determined according to the frontness and height of the tongue, and the roundedness of the lips. This classification is important for maintaining the major and minor vowel harmonies which are crucial when attaching a suffix to a word and researching for the etymology of the words.

1. Back and Front (Dark and Bright) Vowels: This classification is the basic one, and done according to the position of the tongue. Back vowels are A, I, O, U; and front vowels are E, , Ö, Ü. Each front vowel is duplet of its corresponding back vowel: A and E, I and , O and Ö, U and Ü. And each party of a duplet falls to the other side only in this categorization.

2. Unrounded and Rounded Vowels: This classification is done according to the shape of the lips. Unrounded vowels are A, E, I, and rounded vowels are O, Ö, U, Ü.

3. Low and High (Open and Close) Vowels: This classification is done according to the height of the tongue in the mouth. Low vowels are A, E, O, Ö and high vowels are I, , U, Ü.

Turkish Vowels

Back (Dark) Front (Bright)

Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded

Low (Open) a o e ö

High (Close) ı u i ü

Regular Vowels

1. a is read "a" and pronounced like "a" in "aroma." For example: araba meaning "car."

TURKISHCLASS101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #2 - THE PRONUNCI ATI ON OF VOWELS I N TURKI S H 2 2. e is read "e" and pronounced like "e" in "red." For example: emek meaning "labor."

3. i is read "i" and pronounced like "ee" in "fleet." For example: iyi meaning "good."

4. o is read "o" and pronounced like "o" in "over." For example: ordu meaning "army."

5. u is read "u" and pronounced like "u" in "cuckoo." For example: usta meaning "master."

Modified Vowels

1. ı is read "ı" and pronounced more or less like "i" in "cousin". For example: ıslık meaning "whistle."

2. ö is read "ö" and pronounced like"i" in "dirt." For example: özenli meaning "elaborately."

3. ü is read "ü" and pronounced like "ue" in French. For example: üzüm meaning "grape, ülke meaning "country or müze meaning "museum."

The Usage of Circumflex (^)

The circumflex in Turkish can be used for two purposes, three vowels and loan words from Persian only. Using it for other purposes or letters is not correct either in writing or in pronunciation.

1. â/Â: A with circumflex on top of it indicates a longer A (/a:/) or the slight palatalization of the preceding consonant. However, in some cases â can be carrying two functions at the same time. Also, writing with and without a circumflex may distinguish the difference in meaning according to pronunciation.

Function of Word Meaning Origin Circumflex

Aunt (Sister of Hala father only) Turkish

TURKISHCLASS101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #2 - THE PRONUNCI ATI ON OF VOWELS I N TURKI S H 3 Elongating & Hâlâ Still, yet Arabic Palatalizing

Kar Snow Turkish

Elongating & Kâr Profit Persian Palatalizing

Ama But, yet, however Turkish

Âmâ Blind Arabic Elongating

Inattention, hmâl negligence Arabic Palatalizing

2. Û/û: Likewise, U with circumflex on top of it indicates the U to be either stretched (/u:/) or the preceding consonant to be slightly palatalized. Like â, in some cases û can be carrying two functions at the same time as well. The circumflexed U may also correspond to a sound between U and Ü; brighter than U but not as bright as Ü.

Function of Word Meaning Origin Circumflex

Apparent, in Mâlûm knowledge Arabic Palatalizing

Palatalizing and Meçhûl Unknown Arabic Mid-bright

Elongating and Mid- Sükût Silence Arabic bright

3. Î/î: The circumflex for is used only for elongation. It can not be the initial of a word, and when found in the end of a word, î works as a suffix which converts an Arabic or Persian noun into an adjective.

Word Meaning Origin

TURKISHCLASS101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #2 - THE PRONUNCI ATI ON OF VOWELS I N TURKI S H 4 Ferdî Individual Arabic

Resmî Official, formal Arabic

Kısmî Partional Arabic

Actually, the circumflex is not used often. It is used when the change in meaning or pronunciation stems from that word's spelling. The topic is covered here widely in order to show the pronunciation along with the writing. On the other hand, there is an ongoing debate among academics of the Turkish Language over the usage of circumflex: some defend the utilization of circumflex in order to differentiate similar sounding vowels, and some others think of it as unnecessary.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #2 - THE PRONUNCI ATI ON OF VOWELS I N TURKI S H 5 LESSON NOTES Pronunciation #3 Turkish Intonation

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2 Grammar

# 3

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The Focus of This Lesson is Turkish Intonation

Turkish is not a tonal language, yet has its natural pattern of tonality. The intonation of sentences, especially in long or continuous speeches, adds a lot to the melodic sound of Turkish. However, the previously mentioned melody exists mostly for a smooth and composed way of speaking, and it does not influence the meaning at all, except for the exclamations and sentence ending particles. Intonations in a sentence are optional for native speakers. It may depend on your mood and emotions. That's why it's not something a beginner should be stressed about. Instead, it'd be wiser to pay attention to the individual intonation of words.

Intonation of Words

Generally words with two or more syllables, including majority of loanwords from Arabic and Persian and conjugated verbs, and they have their stresses on the last syllable. Below, are some examples with their stressed parts (i.e. last syllables) in bold font:

Masa ("Table," "desk")

Yuvarlak ("Round," "spherical")

Isı ("Heat")

Cumhuriyet ("Republic")

Ada ("Island")

Hatırlat ("Remind")

Adverbs: They are stressed on their first syllable while alone, however this may change while situated in a sentence depending on the speaker's emphasis.

Hemen ("Immediately")

Yarın ("Tomorrow")

TURKISHCLASS101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #3 - TURKI S H I NTONATI ON 2 Ancak ("Only," "only if")

Question words: They have the stressed syllable in the beginning.

Hangi ("Which")

Nasıl ("How")

Nere ("Where")

Loanwords from the West: They may not necessarily follow a general pattern for the stressed syllable.

Banka ("Bank" from Italian)

Telefon ("Telephone" from French)

Ütopya ("Utopia" from Greek)

Refleks ("Reflex" from French)

Compounds and combined words: The initial word of the compound is mostly stressed on the syllable that has a potential to be emphasized. As seen in the example below, this usually falls on the last syllable of the initial word.

Deniza⇥ırı ("Overseas") from Deniz ("Sea," "marine") + A⇥ırı ("Over")

Sanat sergisi ("Art Exhibition") from Sanat ("Art") + Sergi ("Exhibition")

Bebek bakıcısı ("Baby-sitter") from Bebek ("Baby") + Bakıcı ("Caretaker")

Taksi dura⇤ı ("Taxi stop") from Taksi (Taxi, from French) + Durak ("Stop," "point")

Bugün ("Today") from Bu ("This") + Gün ("Day")

Intonation of Sentences

In a simple sentence, the stress is on the verb itself, as it focuses on the details and conditions of the action committed. In longer sentences with personal pronouns, adverbs and objects, the preceding word of the verb is the one with the emphasis.

TURKISHCLASS101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #3 - TURKI S H I NTONATI ON 3 Eve gidelim. ("Let's go home.")

Eve sonra gidelim. ("Let's go home later.")

Sonra eve gidelim. ("Later, let's go home.")

Ev: ("Home," house")

Gitmek: ("To go," "to match," "to fit")

Sonra: ("Later," "after," "afterwards")

You can have the freedom to emphasize any part of the sentence as you please, depending on your point of attention. You can elongate words, change their order and add personal pronouns, which is not an obligation in daily use. As you can see, intonation in Turkish comes naturally and personally because there are no strict rules to follow.

Anne dondurmaaaaa! ("Mum, (look there's) ice-cream!" - The speaker wants to take attention to the ice-cream in a requesting tone.)

Dondurma anne! ("It's ice-cream, mom!" - The speaker wants to clarify it's ice-cream, not something else.)

Dondurmaaaaaa... ("It's (of course/as you see) ice-cream." - The speaker is surprised for that the other party didn't realize/know it was ice-cream.)

Anne: ("Mother," "mum")

Dondurma: ("Ice-cream")

Bunu sen yazdın. ("You wrote this." - You're the one who wrote this.)

Sen bunu yazdın. ("You wrote this." - This is the one you wrote.)

Bu: ("This," "this one")

Sen: ("You" (singular))

Yazmak: ("To write," "to write down," "to note")

TURKISHCLASS101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #3 - TURKI S H I NTONATI ON 4 LESSON NOTES Pronunciation #4 Turkish Dialects

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2 Grammar

# 4

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The Focus of This Lesson is Turkish Dialects

The standards of the contemporary Turkish of Turkey are based on the Istanbul dialect which can be traced back to the Ottoman Era. Within the boundaries of the country alone, around two hundred dialects are known to exist, yet the real number could be quite a bit higher.

The reasons for how dialects come into existence include:

• The location

• Ethnic composition

• Interaction with neighboring countries

• Immigration

Remnants of previous civilizations (as in Central North, syntax and phonology • resembles Greek)

• Coagulation with languages of minorities (as in North-East, influence from Armenian)

• Ancient Turkish

• Influences of Ottoman Turkish

• Settlers from different Turkic clans of Central Asia (Turkmen, Uzbek, Kazakh etc)

The discreteness from one dialect to the other can be significant, and it is hard to restrict one dialect to a particular group of people. Below are the general characteristic features of

TURKISHCLASS101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #4 - TURKI S H DI ALECTS 2 dialects according to Turkey's regions:

In Central Anatolia, the strong consonants of K and P are replaced with their softer • couplets G and P. Also the vowels of Ö and Ü can be reduced to their dark couplets.

Standard dialect Central Anatolian dialect

Koyun ("sheep") Goyun

Piliç ("chick") Biliç

Öküz ("ox") Okuz

In Aegean Region, the sound of R either lacks or is pronounced very soft. It may be • used as a vowel elongater as well.

Standard dialect Aegean dialect

Güle güle ("good bye") Gülü gülü

Bakayım. ("let me see") Baken.

Ne yapıyorsun? ("What are you doing?) Napdurun?

• In the Black Sea Region, B is converted to P and, U to ⇥.

Standard dialect Black Sea dialect

Burun ("nose") Purin

Azıcık ("slight," "a little") Accuk

Fırtına ("storm") Fırtana

Rumelian dialect is spoken by the people who migrated to Turkey from the Balkans when it

TURKISHCLASS101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #4 - TURKI S H DI ALECTS 3 was administered under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. The vowel of Ö in the first syllable can be narrowed to Ü. R, H and G consonants weaken in the words and the previous vowel gains more emphasis (usually around half the length of the vowel).

Standard dialect Rumelian dialect

Böcek ("insect") Bücek

Kadar ("until," "as much as") kadaa(r)

Börek ("pastry") Böörek

In the South and Southeast Regions the consonants coming from the throat can be • heard in a wheezed way due to the dominant influence of Arabic.

Standard dialect Southeastern dialect

kırtasiye ("stationery") gırtasiye

mevsim ("season") mövsüm

yukarı ("above," "upwards") yoharı

TURKISHCLASS101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #4 - TURKI S H DI ALECTS 4 LESSON NOTES Pronunciation #5 Common Turkish Pronunciation Mistakes

CONTENTS

2 Grammar

# 5

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The Focus of this Lesson is Common Turkish Pronunciation Mistakes

Compared to many other languages, especially the tonal ones, pronunciation of Turkish is quite easy. As covered in earlier lessons, learning the pronunciation of each letter will take you almost all the way to correctly pronouncing the words and sentences. Yet still, there are some points which a learner may have difficulty adapting to at the beginning.

Intonation: A native speaker may use altered routes of intonation for sentences, and a sentence may contain more than one stressed word or syllable. During speech, a melodic flow is obvious. Words too have their mostly certain, yet changeable intonations. Although there are some general flows, the intonation is freely determined by the emotions or stress point of the speaker. And this might be pretty different from one's native language, and putting stress on a wrong place may cause misunderstandings. In order to avoid this, it is better for a speaker not to use any intonation as long as they are not fully sure. The most straightforward way is always safest for Turkish.

Pronunciation of H: H is neither a silent nor a forceful sound in Turkish. Wheezing should be avoided when pronouncing H. Some learners think that Turkish H is like French R, German CH or Arabic (kha'), and try their best to do so, but this is wrong. Turkish H is a soft plain sound that does not require an effort more than that of English.

Vowels with Dots: For some learners the differences between I and , U and Ü, or Ö and Ü may feel almost unnoticeable. Consequently, they think that they are making the corresponding sounds when pronouncing previously mentioned vowels, but to a native speaker this Ü may sound like U or Ö.

Pronunciation of : Making the proper sound of ⇥ can take some time. Although this sound actually exists in languages like English or French, it does not have its corresponding letter, unlike (ghayn) in Arabic. It'd be helpful to benefit from the cases at least in English (like the combining sound between vowels of the word "Ouch"). If it's still hard to dissociate that sound and make it separately, the best thing to do is to think of as a silent letter. But it's good to keep in mind that this method is not the reality but an approximation. Pronouncing ⇥ like a G is a worse and harder way.

R at the End of the Words: Some words ending with R may sound like ending with a J or ⇤ to non-native Turkish speakers. It may be due to the fact that the last letters of words are not

TURKISHCLASS101.COM PRONUNCI ATI ON #5 - COMMON TURKI S H PRONUNCI ATI ON MI S TAKES 2 necessarily stressed in Turkish, and the places to make R, J and ⇤ are close in the mouth, hence the nuance may sound trivial to unaccustomed ears.

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