I NGE UYTTERHOEVEN – HANDE KÖKTEN – VANESSA MUROS – M ARC WAELKENS1

BITS AND PIECES. WALL PAINTINGS IN THE LATE-ANTIQUE URBAN MANSION OF

(Taf. LXXIX–LXXXI, Abb.1–10)

Abstract

Š|&ž}, Belgio – M. WAELKENS / J. POBLOME/M &!I. UYTTERHOEVEN). ’ ŠMŠ#\# ##\#Š ƒŠ ##\# #ƒ| R#\#RQR- ŠR# ’R Q R |. Queste in situ #ƒŠ- &/&/ OP#Š- R#%÷ R# MM $# QR &/&V. M UROS/ &H. KÖKTEN).

I. Introduction: The ‘Urban Mansion’ of Sagalassos

The Pisidian town of Sagalassos is located in the Taurus Mountains 1400–1600 m above sea-level, and is situated ca. 100 km to the north of Antalya (South-West Turkey)

1 I. UYTTERHOEVEN% as Postdoctoral Fellow of the Research Foundation Flanders (Saga- lassosƒ'{ž} – Belgium/?ƒƒ- >;>ƒž >'¶ª__9^| >M=>#H. KÖKTEN is the Head of the Archaeological Field Conservation Team at the Sagalassos Excavations and Associated Professor at Ankara University, 2q|\~2¶2„\ªªƒžƒ=>#V. MUR- OS>|???\ University College London&ž/¬>\|\}ƒ"~>\\ ƒ>ª^+\%#¶ƒ<*^„?"ˆp9*9*^}ƒ\ƒp^^p9M*9*^ USA. Prof. em. Dr. M. WAELKENS??*p+p<^*ª|ƒ'{ ž}{$<*ª^^^}#

221 Inge UYTTERHOEVEN – Hande KÖKTEN – Vanessa MUROS – Marc WAELKENS

&ƒ#*/#|*p+p>>{>> investigations by the KU Leuven (Belgium), led by M. WAELKENS (1989–2013) and J. POBLOME (current director)2#=?|? the Hellenistic Period and the 7th century AD3. 5?>?|4, a large mansion in the Eastern Residential Quarter of the city is currently under investigation (Abb. 2–3). =>QR?ˆ*pp+ of I. UYTTERHOEVEN5, goes back to at the latest the 2nd century BC. After this, in the early 1st century AD a >??ˆ&\>*ª/??- er on, between the late 1st–early 2nd century and 3rdƒˆ??#= >&\><9/ˆ?Š> entirely rebuilt in the 4th>ƒ&|p*^*9*j/6#>?? ?'# However, the building reached its largest extension in the late 4th–early 5th>ƒ?$ ˆ??? #5QR?? &##|_j<ƒˆ??>$&## _^/#=???\- ?ˆ#=++ˆ- #5?>?- ? citizens (e.g. Xanthosƒ, Halikarnassos)7. At the least from the mid 6th>ƒ?_th–early 5th century AD QR?>>? #„ˆ?ˆ>>?# ?>QRˆ#|- ?"QR&##- '_j\><9ªª/#?&##'9j \>jp/&QAtrium’_9/&\><9/?- >_th–early 5th century. „>>?\&##q9j\9p/ Š>Š struck Sagalassos in the early 7th century8 the 7th century AD.

II. Wall plasters and Paintings in the Sagalassos ‘Urban Mansion’ – The Evidence

ƒ Š>QR| reveals how the M>RQR_th–5th century AD – use of

2 Cf. Waelkens 2006. 3 Cf. Waelkens 2002; Waelkens 2004; Waelkens et al#<^^j¬# 4 Cf. Uytterhoeven et al. 2010. 5 The excavations were initiated in 1995. For this mansion, cf. Uytterhoeven et al. 2001; Uytterhoeven 2002; Putzeys et al. 2004; Uytterhoeven et al. 2004; Uytterhoeven – Waelkens 2005; Uytterhoeven et al. 2006; Uytterhoeven 2007; Waelkens et al. 2007; Uytterhoeven – Martens 2008; Uytterhoeven 2009b; Uytterhoeven et al. 2010; 2011; Uytterhoeven – Waelkens 2012; Uytterho- even – Van Beeumen 2013. 6 For this bath; cf. Uytterhoeven – Martens 2008. The bathing rooms are also discussed in Uytterhoeven 2011 and 2012. 7 „>###?>*ppª¬%*pp`¬%<^^_¬|\<^^ª¬<^^`# 8 \et al. 2008.

222 #5}$ƒŠ|&ƒ/M=>/

?9. This decoration consisted of statuary, water features10, mosaic and opus sectile \11, as well as wall decoration, including revetments in marble &'}q/#>>? in situ and out of their original context.

State of Preservation

\??Q- sionR{ >#=>>*>* #*9M<^#|??- ˆ\? MM\# ‚?ˆin situ # in situ ??#%ˆ ˆ{&?'p¬?'*_/ ??\><9#ƒ? _^?in situ. ?- ?\?>?ˆ# The relatively small amount of in situ ?ˆ- #=Š>?>> ??- >?>?#? ˆ#ƒ?> ?#„ˆ> ˆ>?#„> ? ? # ? " > ? ? > had set in.

Typology of the Wall Paintings

=?#

Q„&|/5R

ˆQ&/?R _th–5th>ƒ&'_^Mƒ#_/#ƒ? ? M > >> M nymphaeum ? - ? ?&/#| ?{'j`?>?> ????nymphaeum of the dining hall with water. However, >>#

9 Cf. Uytterhoeven 2007. 10 „?$ˆ>¬#># 11 „\QR¬#>et al.#

223 Inge UYTTERHOEVEN – Hande KÖKTEN – Vanessa MUROS – Marc WAELKENS

Decorative Wall Plaster

;??ˆQR #\ #=# =>>? #„\>*ª? #'ª9|<<??ˆ>? black, while multi-coloured (geometrical) motifs in green, red, yellow, and light blue, decorated the walls of '*`#„>'<<Š>> >?# „???MM? #%ˆ_th–early 5th century ƒ QAtrium’_9?? ?$#‚? >&<9/&ªª/- #‚?>????ˆin situ. &>?/?- >#= ??\ ?&ƒ#9/?? a human face. More in situ ??? _^#=>>$????\$ #=?in situ?$?- ments found in the lower sections of the wall (yellow with unreadable red characters), as well as the loose ?># ?Š?#„ˆ'*^ caldarium, marble crustae covered the half-circular warm water basin in the south and the lower wall sec- ????12#=- ??\ ?$#ƒ? Nymphaeum*p\>*ª????$ ? ? # „ crustae ? & mainly blue-green coloured) were also combined in Staircase 36.

Dating Issue of the ‘Urban Mansion’ Wall Paintings

Unfortunately, the dating of all these loose and in situ ?- ˆ>>>QR#\ ??? ?> ? > ? ? > ˆ#„?\><9> original construction date of the courtyard in the 2nd or 3rd>ƒ> >??- ?Š_th–early 5th>ƒ#|>?

12 ƒŠQ=;Rƒ?#;apodyterium had a wall deco- >?tepidarium was decorated with blue- veined white imitation marble slabs in a green frame. Cf. Polat – Polat 2006, 90 f.; Polat et al. 2007, 47.

224 #5}$ƒŠ|&ƒ/M=>/

ˆ>_th century AD when the walls of ?Š mansion or even during later re-decorations. MM#‚ ?QR _^&}#!^j+¬ˆ;#!^+<¬#!^ªj/&ƒ#j/#?$ back wall was decorated with a red-coloured wreath with two knotted ribbons, surrounding a red chrismon, ??#Š- ?>??_th century AD13. The chrismon >\> {#ˆ?- ˆ%&##;$|$>„ in Britain)14. „_th century AD dating can be deduced from later building activities in the resi- #5?&'_^/?_th–early 5th century AD interventions in the area, the above-mentioned northern wall with niches of the new large hall was con- ??Q$R?Š>?# To the same late 4th–early 5th>ƒ>>jp M>M?#=?- ??peristylium #=>> with line motifs (e.g. light green, black, yellow, red-white, light blue-white, black-red-yellow, yellow-red) ??$ &ƒ#`M/#;?>Š #> >>?&ƒ#+M/# ?$$? &ƒ#p/# =?? ?Asia Minor#=Q- R>?>?$- $# %ˆ ? Š ? | Q= ;RƒQ\RQ\R;. In some Q\R;&|ƒ*<^`/Q=;Rƒ- dros&'*/>?QR? 15.

ƒ?$??'5" >?16#QR|- sos??>\>jp#„$ ?>??peristylium the head of

13 Cf. Uytterhoeven 2011. 14 „\>Šˆ#><^^pªªª# 15 Sardis: cf. Greenewalt et al. 1983, 1; Greenewalt et al. 1985, 68. 71–73; Greenewalt – Rautman 1998, 485; Rautman 2008 (with *9ªM*99/'<^*^¬ƒ!<^^ª<<#

225 Inge UYTTERHOEVEN – Hande KÖKTEN – Vanessa MUROS – Marc WAELKENS

?&ƒ#*^/#=?>? >>??#

III. Technical Data on the ‘Urban Mansion’ Wall Paintings

*pp+?QR?>V. M UROS the analysis of Sagalassos?ˆ$\ˆ ˆ# = ? > ? > ˆ$> > &|%"%¥/ ? ˆ > #=?|>$ ???&###Nat. Hist. 35, *?&>?/&/&/%> (blue) and calcium (white)17. >>?|? ??>Ši.e. on ?>>> &/18#=>QR >?># „?ŠM and rather general – technical data.

IV. Wall Paintings in Context: Wall Paintings Used as a Medium for Impression and Self-Representation

ƒ>?_th–early 5th>Q MansionRin situ ?>Š ?ˆ ??#=?>- ture and reinforced by decorative elements. In line with general evolutions in the élite house architecture of the 4th and 5th century AD, visitors enter- QR|? #|QR >?ˆ? ?Q'}>ƒR¥Q=;R&$ QRR/ƒ#ƒ ?ˆ19. ƒ> >??Šˆ20- ???$ ??>#=- >?> ???> QR#

17 '>?>'?¬## (cf. Aliatis et al. 2010); Southern Italy (cf. Baraldi et al. 2007). 18 „Š¬#|<^^`ª^_#|VitriviusRŠ&q#ª/# 19 „Š QR|; cf. Uytterhoeven 2007; ># 20 E.g. for 2nd and 3rd century AD Italy¬#}<^^ª#„Š>¬#}<^^*``#

226 #5}$ƒŠ|&ƒ/M=>/

Moreover, in line with (late) Roman traditions21?QR?- >\??>? ?>?22. Additionally, other decorative elements, such as statuary and foun- ># Mosaics in opus tesellatum>>>> >?#= ˆ\?>>?? 5'9j\9+ƒ;9^#|> >>\>jp?>M?M\ >??# >\&##ª9/?? such as Room 60. These rooms had colourful walls as well. On the other hand, the actual main audience and dining areas, such as Audience hall 46, Room 51 and Dining Hall 22, had opus sectile \&in situ/#=>\- ?>?&##'<?$QAtrium’ 45, were ? ? ? ? ? > > # ƒ?\><9ªª #~ > friends.

V. Conservation of the Sagalassos Wall Plasters and Paintings

5|ˆ{$- > Q R ƒ > ? ?{H. KÖKTEN since 2005. The work of the on-site con- Š #= the in situ? \? ? # ?># As mentioned above, at Sagalassos?> #??$ ?$#„? Q\„~%ˆ|R? QRŠˆ?Qˆ ŠR#5?>ˆ ˆ?ˆ>ˆ #|Š>? ˆM?? "ˆM?ˆ#=- ˆ>?- ment is then scheduled.

21 „?\?¬#=*pppj<`# 22 Cf. also Uytterhoeven et al##

227 Inge UYTTERHOEVEN – Hande KÖKTEN – Vanessa MUROS – Marc WAELKENS

= ? > ? # ƒ ?in situ # %>>Q$R?- ˆ#ƒ>? ???#

VI. Conclusion

ƒ?QR|>?$ ? ?| and Antandros, >>?- #%?>? &> / ˆ ? ?_th–early 5th century AD, when most of the rooms were adorned with wall # => recovered during the excavations can not >M>ˆM ?ˆ>Š ˆ>- ?>\?#

Acknowledgements

Our research at Sagalassos>> ƒ&ƒ^`"^p/'„ž} (BOF-~‚ƒ*ª"^_ ^`"^*M. WAELKENS/?>{~#^_<*#^j'„M Flanders, Belgium#=?>>|„? granted to I. UYTTERHOEVEN by the Koç University Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations – Istanbul, Turkey (2010–2011).

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Abbildungen

ƒ#*!|#>|ƒ'{ ƒ#|ƒ'{ ƒ#ª!QR&<^**/#„>|ƒ'{ ƒ#_!'_^M\> ?QR?#„>| Archaeological '{ ƒ# 9! \> <9 ~ ªª M ~ \ # „ > | Archaeological Research { Abb. 6: Room 40 – North wall with niche, decorated with a Chrismon. Figure by the Sagalassosƒ'{ ƒ#`M!\>jpM5?#„>| Archaeological Research { ƒ#+M!\>jpM5?#„>| Archaeological '{ ƒ#p!\>jpM5?$$#„>| Archaeological Research { ƒ#*^!\>jpM5?#„>| ƒ'{

Inge Uytterhoeven Koç University College of Social Sciences and Humanities Department of Archaeology and History of Art Rumelifeneri Yolu M#$$%'* ;<0

Hande Kökten >2Q[*\]^ 2`2Q{\##|} Ankara, Turkey

Vanessa Muros UCLA/Getty Conservation Program at the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology 308 Charles E. Young Drive North A210 Fowler Building/Box 951510 Los Angeles, CA 90095–1510, USA

Marc Waelkens Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Blijde-Inkomststraat 21 B – 3000 Leuven

231