Publisher's Note ��vii Bubonic plague as a biological weapon. . . . .121 Editor's Introduction �� ix Contributors �� xiii ~C~ Cell and tissue engineering...... 123 ~A~ Cloning...... 127 Alternative energy sources ...... 1 Cloning of plants...... 133 Animal breeding ...... 4 CRISPR-Cas9 ...... 135 Animal testing ...... 6 Cryogenics...... 136 Animals as a medical resource ...... 9 Anthrax and biological warfare ...... 11 ~D~ Anthropogeomorphology...... 14 Desalination plants and technology...... 140 Antibiotic-resistant bacteria...... 17 Detection and prevention of food poisoning ��142 Antibiotics as defense against biological warfare 19 Diamond v. Chakrabarty...... 144 Archaebacteria...... 21 DNA analysis...... 145 Artificial intelligence...... 25 DNA banks for endangered animals...... 149 Artificial organs...... 30 DNA database controversies...... 150 Audio engineering...... 34 DNA extraction from hair, bodily fluids, and tissues ��152 ~B~ DNA fingerprinting as evidence...... 154 Bioassays...... 39 DNA isolation methods...... 156 Biochemical engineering ...... 40 DNA profiling...... 158 Biodetectors...... 46 DNA recognition instruments...... 160 Bioenergy technologies...... 47 DNA sequencing and crime scenes ...... 161 Bioengineering ...... 51 DNA typing...... 163 Biofertilizers...... 57 DNA: recombinant technology...... 164 Biofuels...... 58 Dolly the sheep...... 166 Biofuels and synthetic fuels...... 62 Drug testing...... 169 Bioinformatics...... 66 Biological terrorism...... 71 ~E~ Biological weapon identification ...... 75 Engineering...... 174 Biomathematics...... 77 Environmental biotechnology...... 179 Biomechanical engineering ...... 80 Enzyme engineering...... 182 Biomechanics...... 84 Estrogens from plants...... 186 Biometric eye scanners ...... 87 Biometric identification systems...... 88 ~F~ Bionics and biomedical engineering...... 91 Fiber technologies ...... 189 Biopesticides and the environment ...... 95 Bioprocess engineering...... 97 ~G~ Bioremediation ...... 100 Genetic engineering ...... 193 Biosensors...... 103 Genetic resources...... 199 Biostratigraphy...... 105 Genetically engineered pharmaceuticals ��203 Biosynthetics...... 108 Genetically modified food production. . . . . 205 Biotechnology and genetic engineering . . . . 112 Genetically modified organisms...... 209 Biotoxins...... 116 Genetically altered bacteria...... 212 Botany and genetic engineering...... 118 Genomics...... 214 Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon . . . . 120

v Table of Contents Principles of Biotechnology

~H~ Seed banks...... 336 Human genetic engineering...... 220 Stem cell research and technology...... 337 Human-computer interaction...... 226 Synthetic fuels ...... 340 Hybridization (botany)...... 230 ~T~ ~I~ Tularemia as a bioweapon...... 343 Industrial fermentation...... 233 Intelligence...... 237 ~Z~ Intensive farming...... 241 Zygomycetes...... 345

~M~ ~Important Figures in Biotechnology~ Medicinal plants...... 243 David Baltimore...... 348 Metabolic engineering...... 245 Françoise Barré-Sinoussi...... 351 Microscopy...... 250 Paul Berg ...... 354 Mitochondrial DNA analysis and typing. . . . .257 J. Michael Bishop...... 355 Model organisms...... 258 Herbert Wayne Boyer ...... 358 Molecular systematics ...... 261 Erwin Chargaff...... 361 Stanley Cohen ...... 364 ~N~ Francis S. Collins...... 368 Nanotechnology...... 264 Carl F. Cori...... 371 Nanotechnology and the environment . . . . .268 Erasistratus...... 374 Neural engineering...... 270 Alexander Fleming ...... 377 Night vision technology...... 275 Camillo Golgi...... 379 Carol W. Greider...... 383 ~P~ Alfred D. Hershey ...... 385 Pasteurization and irradiation ...... 279 Edward B. Lewis...... 387 Pathogen genomic sequencing...... 283 Konrad Lorenz...... 390 Performance-enhancing drugs...... 284 Barbara McClintock...... 394 Plant biotechnology...... 287 Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard...... 396 Plant breeding and propagation...... 294 Frederick Sanger...... 400 Plant cells: molecular level ...... 297 Hans Spemann...... 403 Plants as a medical resource...... 301 Jack W. Szostak...... 405 Polymerase chain reaction ...... 303 J. Craig Venter ...... 407 Prokaryotes...... 304 James D. Watson...... 410 Proteomics and protein engineering...... 308 Edmund Beecher Wilson ...... 413 Norton David Zinder...... 417 ~R~ Radiocarbon dating...... 313 Refuse-derived fuel ...... 319 ~Appendixes~ Renewable and nonrenewable resources. . . . 320 Time Line of Inventions and Scientific Reproductive science and engineering . . . . .322 Advancements in Biotechnology �� 421 Glossary �� 425 ~S~ Bibliography �� 427 Scanning probe microscopy...... 327 Subject Index �� 459 Science of cloning...... 330

vi Publisher’s Note

Salem Press is pleased to add Principles of Biotechnology topics as biomechanical engineering and as the ninth title in the Principles of series that in- DNA fingerprinting; cludes Chemistry, Physics, Astronomy, Computer Science, Further reading lists that relate to the entry. Physical Science, Biology, and Scientific Research. This new resource introduces students and researchers Entries related to important figures in biotech- to the fundamentals of biotechnology using easy-to- nology include the following: understand language that gives readers a solid start A brief overview of the individual and his or and deeper understanding and appreciation of this her contributions; complex subject. Key dates and biographical data; Primary field(s) and specialties; The 134 articles include 109 entries that Sidebars explaining the individual's signifi- explain basic principles of biotechnology, cant advances, inventions, or discoveries; ranging from Alternative energy sources to Text that provides information about the sci- Zygomycetes, with attention paid to Cloning; entist’s Early Life, Life’s Work, and Impact; Synthetic fuels; Medicinal plants; Stem cell re- Further reading lists that relate to the entry. search and technology; Genetically modified organisms; and more. All of the entries are ar- This reference work begins with a comprehen- ranged in A to Z order, making it easy to find sive introduction to the field, written by volume the topic of interest. editor Christina A. Crawford, Assistant Director The volume also features 23 biographies of for Science and Engineering at the Rice Office of key figures in biotechnology that include a STEM Engagement (R-STEM) at Rice University in description of each individual's significant Houston, Texas. contributions to the field, ranging from David Baltimore to David Norton Zinder. The book includes helpful appendixes as another valuable resource, including the following: Entries related to basic principles and concepts include the following: Time Line of Inventions and Scientific Fields of study to illustrate the connections Advancements in Biotechnology between the topic and the various branches Glossary; of science related to biotechnology; General Bibliography; and An Abstract that provides brief, concrete Subject Index. summary of the topic and how the entry is organized; Salem Press and Grey House Publishing extend Text that gives an explanation of the back- their appreciation to all involved in the development ground and significance of the topic to bio- and production of this work. The entries have been technology as well as describing the way a written by experts in the field. Their names and affili- process works, how a procedure or technique ations follow the Editor's Introduction. is applied to achieve important goals related to the environment, health, nutrition, in- Principles of Biotechnology, as well as all Salem Press dustry, and agriculture. reference books, is available in print and as an e- Illustrations that clarify difficult concepts book. Please visit www.salempress.com for more via models, diagrams, and charts of such key information.

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