The Eighth Day of Creation’
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The Theorist Ridley Makes No Mention of a Meeting She Had Then with the Physicist Alexander Stokes and a Half a Dozen Scientists and Laboratories to Solve
NATURE|Vol 443|26 October 2006 AUTUMN BOOKS the spring of 1950 (not in December, as Ridley writes). She joined the lab in January 1951, and The theorist Ridley makes no mention of a meeting she had then with the physicist Alexander Stokes and a half a dozen scientists and laboratories to solve. graduate student, Raymond Gosling, at which Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Crick himself did very little of the laboratory John Randall, the lab’s director, gave her a sup- Genetic Code work. Rather, he was the explicator, the arbiter, ply of the best DNA they had and appointed by Matt Ridley the taskmaster. Gosling her assistant. Crucially, Wilkins was HarperCollins: 2006. 213 pp. £12.95, $19.95 Crick was above all the theorist — and that’s away on vacation. Franklin had every reason Horace Freeland Judson the unifying thread. Not just with the coding to think the DNA was exclusively hers. When Any biographer of Francis Crick faces a dif- problem but throughout his career, Crick was Wilkins returned and expected to collabo- ficult problem: he was the greatest biologist the one who put other scientists’ thoughts in rate with her, she shut him out. He grumbled of the latter half of the twentieth century, yet order. He soaked up data, mostly other people’s, about her to Crick and Watson, and in Feb- his life was curiously one-dimensional. It was but saw beyond the data to their meaning, their ruary 1953 he notoriously showed Watson an intensely concentrated but narrowly focused. shape, their implications. He found principles, X-ray diagram she had obtained — which they By far the most important part of his life was and did it with a preternatural clarity of mind interpreted as she had failed to do. -
Key Stage 3 DNA Discoveries
Key Stage 3 Their conclusions were built on by later scientists, and gradually the understanding of DNA developed. DNA Discoveries Are scientists still researching DNA? Student worksheet Yes! All of the DNA in a human nucleus is called the genome. In What makes you, you? 2003, scientists finished an important project, the Human Genome Project, which deciphered the whole DNA code. The simple answer is DNA. This is a chemical Scientists around the world are using this information to work found in the nucleus of your cells. It is a code out what each section, called a gene, does. We now know the that tells your cells what proteins to make. genes that cause inherited diseases, can clone whole mammals These proteins are what give you your and even build artificial cells by creating new genomes. characteristics such as eye colour, blood group and if you have curly or straight hair. Your task You inherited your DNA from your parents - You are going to create a banner for your classroom that charts half from your father and half from your the timeline of DNA discoveries. mother, when an egg was fertilised by a 1. Work in a group of 2-4. sperm. This fertilised egg, which contained 2. Each group will be given one scientist to research, and some your unique DNA, divided to form the millions useful websites. of cells that make up you. 3. Fill in the information on your piece of DNA. How do we know all this? 4. When the timeline is complete, work as a class to put it in the correct order. -
Discovery of DNA Structure and Function: Watson and Crick By: Leslie A
01/08/2018 Discovery of DNA Double Helix: Watson and Crick | Learn Science at Scitable NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION | Lead Editor: Bob Moss Discovery of DNA Structure and Function: Watson and Crick By: Leslie A. Pray, Ph.D. © 2008 Nature Education Citation: Pray, L. (2008) Discovery of DNA structure and function: Watson and Crick. Nature Education 1(1):100 The landmark ideas of Watson and Crick relied heavily on the work of other scientists. What did the duo actually discover? Aa Aa Aa Many people believe that American biologist James Watson and English physicist Francis Crick discovered DNA in the 1950s. In reality, this is not the case. Rather, DNA was first identified in the late 1860s by Swiss chemist Friedrich Miescher. Then, in the decades following Miescher's discovery, other scientists--notably, Phoebus Levene and Erwin Chargaff--carried out a series of research efforts that revealed additional details about the DNA molecule, including its primary chemical components and the ways in which they joined with one another. Without the scientific foundation provided by these pioneers, Watson and Crick may never have reached their groundbreaking conclusion of 1953: that the DNA molecule exists in the form of a three-dimensional double helix. The First Piece of the Puzzle: Miescher Discovers DNA Although few people realize it, 1869 was a landmark year in genetic research, because it was the year in which Swiss physiological chemist Friedrich Miescher first identified what he called "nuclein" inside the nuclei of human white blood cells. (The term "nuclein" was later changed to "nucleic acid" and eventually to "deoxyribonucleic acid," or "DNA.") Miescher's plan was to isolate and characterize not the nuclein (which nobody at that time realized existed) but instead the protein components of leukocytes (white blood cells). -
Biochemistrystanford00kornrich.Pdf
University of California Berkeley Regional Oral History Office University of California The Bancroft Library Berkeley, California Program in the History of the Biosciences and Biotechnology Arthur Kornberg, M.D. BIOCHEMISTRY AT STANFORD, BIOTECHNOLOGY AT DNAX With an Introduction by Joshua Lederberg Interviews Conducted by Sally Smith Hughes, Ph.D. in 1997 Copyright 1998 by The Regents of the University of California Since 1954 the Regional Oral History Office has been interviewing leading participants in or well-placed witnesses to major events in the development of Northern California, the West, and the Nation. Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through tape-recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well- informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. The tape recording is transcribed, lightly edited for continuity and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewee. The corrected manuscript is indexed, bound with photographs and illustrative materials, and placed in The Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, and in other research collections for scholarly use. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account, offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is reflective, partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ************************************ All uses of this manuscript are covered by a legal agreement between The Regents of the University of California and Arthur Kornberg, M.D., dated June 18, 1997. The manuscript is thereby made available for research purposes. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley. -
1 History for Canonical and Non-Canonical Structures of Nucleic Acids
1 1 History for Canonical and Non-canonical Structures of Nucleic Acids The main points of the learning: Understand canonical and non-canonical structures of nucleic acids and think of historical scientists in the research field of nucleic acids. 1.1 Introduction This book is to interpret the non-canonical structures and their stabilities of nucleic acids from the viewpoint of the chemistry and study their biological significances. There is more than 60 years’ history after the discovery of the double helix DNA structure by James Dewey Watson and Francis Harry Compton Crick in 1953, and chemical biology of nucleic acids is facing a new aspect today. Through this book, I expect that readers understand how the uncommon structure of nucleic acids became one of the common structures that fascinate us now. In this chapter, I introduce the history of nucleic acid structures and the perspective of research for non-canonical nucleic acid structures (see also Chapter 15). 1.2 History of Duplex The opening of the history of genetics was mainly done by three researchers. Charles Robert Darwin, who was a scientist of natural science, pioneered genetics. The proposition of genetic concept is indicated in his book On the Origin of Species published in 1859. He indicated the theory of biological evolution, which is the basic scientific hypothesis of natural diversity. In other words, he proposed biological evolution, which changed among individuals by adapting to the environment and be passed on to the next generation. However, that was still a primitive idea for the genetic concept. After that, Gregor Johann Mendel, who was a priest in Brno, Czech Republic, confirmed the mechanism of gene evolution by using “factor” inherited from parent to children using pea plant in 1865. -
DNA: the Timeline and Evidence of Discovery
1/19/2017 DNA: The Timeline and Evidence of Discovery Interactive Click and Learn (Ann Brokaw Rocky River High School) Introduction For almost a century, many scientists paved the way to the ultimate discovery of DNA and its double helix structure. Without the work of these pioneering scientists, Watson and Crick may never have made their ground-breaking double helix model, published in 1953. The knowledge of how genetic material is stored and copied in this molecule gave rise to a new way of looking at and manipulating biological processes, called molecular biology. The breakthrough changed the face of biology and our lives forever. Watch The Double Helix short film (approximately 15 minutes) – hyperlinked here. 1 1/19/2017 1865 The Garden Pea 1865 The Garden Pea In 1865, Gregor Mendel established the foundation of genetics by unraveling the basic principles of heredity, though his work would not be recognized as “revolutionary” until after his death. By studying the common garden pea plant, Mendel demonstrated the inheritance of “discrete units” and introduced the idea that the inheritance of these units from generation to generation follows particular patterns. These patterns are now referred to as the “Laws of Mendelian Inheritance.” 2 1/19/2017 1869 The Isolation of “Nuclein” 1869 Isolated Nuclein Friedrich Miescher, a Swiss researcher, noticed an unknown precipitate in his work with white blood cells. Upon isolating the material, he noted that it resisted protein-digesting enzymes. Why is it important that the material was not digested by the enzymes? Further work led him to the discovery that the substance contained carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and large amounts of phosphorus with no sulfur. -
Structure of DNA &
Structure Of DNA & RNA By Himanshu Dev VMMC & SJH DNA DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA - a polymer of deoxyribo- nucleotides. Usually double stranded. And have double-helix structure. found in chromosomes, mitochondria and chloroplasts. It acts as the genetic material in most of the organisms. Carries the genetic information A Few Key Events Led to the Discovery of the Structure of DNA DNA as an acidic substance present in nucleus was first identified by Friedrich Meischer in 1868. He named it as ‘Nuclein’. Friedrich Meischer In 1953 , James Watson and Francis Crick, described a very simple but famous Double Helix model for the structure of DNA. FRANCIS CRICK AND JAMES WATSON The scientific framework for their breakthrough was provided by other scientists including Linus Pauling Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins Erwin Chargaff Rosalind Franklin She worked in same laboratory as Maurice Wilkins. She study X-ray diffraction to study wet fibers of DNA. X-ray diffraction of wet DNA fibers The diffraction pattern is interpreted X Ray (using mathematical theory) Crystallography This can ultimately provide Rosalind information concerning the structure Franklin’s photo of the molecule She made marked advances in X-ray diffraction techniques with DNA The diffraction pattern she obtained suggested several structural features of DNA Helical More than one strand 10 base pairs per complete turn Rosalind Franklin Maurice Wilkins DNA Structure DNA structure is often divided into four different levels primary, secondary, tertiary -
Reflections on the Historiography of Molecular Biology
Reflections on the Historiography of Molecular Biology HORACE FREELAND JUDSON SURELY the time has come to stop applying the word revolution to the rise of new scientific research programmes. Our century has seen many upheavals in scientific ideas--so many and so varied that the notion of scientific revolution has been stretched out of shape and can no longer be made to cover the processes of change characteristic of most sciences these past hundred years. By general consent, two great research pro- grammes arising in this century stand om from the others. The first, of course, was the one in physics that began at the turn of the century with quantum theory and relativity and ran through the working out, by about 1930, of quantum mechanics in its relativistic form. The trans- formation in physics appears to be thoroughly documented. Memoirs and biographies of the physicists have been written. Interviewswith survivors have been recorded and transcribed. The history has been told at every level of detail and difficulty. The second great programme is the one in biology that had its origins in the mid-1930s and that by 1970 had reached, if not a conclusion, a kind of cadence--a pause to regroup. This is the transformation that created molecular biology and latter-day biochemistry. The writing of its history has only recently started and is beset with problems. Accounting for the rise of molecular biology began with brief, partial, fugitive essays by participants. Biographies have been written of two, of the less understood figures in the science, who died even as the field was ripening, Oswald Avery and Rosalind Franklin; other scientists have wri:tten their memoirs. -
Date: To: September 22, 1 997 Mr Ian Johnston©
22-SEP-1997 16:36 NOBELSTIFTELSEN 4& 8 6603847 SID 01 NOBELSTIFTELSEN The Nobel Foundation TELEFAX Date: September 22, 1 997 To: Mr Ian Johnston© Company: Executive Office of the Secretary-General Fax no: 0091-2129633511 From: The Nobel Foundation Total number of pages: olO MESSAGE DearMrJohnstone, With reference to your fax and to our telephone conversation, I am enclosing the address list of all Nobel Prize laureates. Yours sincerely, Ingr BergstrSm Mailing address: Bos StU S-102 45 Stockholm. Sweden Strat itddrtSMi Suircfatan 14 Teleptelrtts: (-MB S) 663 » 20 Fsuc (*-«>!) «W Jg 47 22-SEP-1997 16:36 NOBELSTIFTELSEN 46 B S603847 SID 02 22-SEP-1997 16:35 NOBELSTIFTELSEN 46 8 6603847 SID 03 Professor Willis E, Lamb Jr Prof. Aleksandre M. Prokhorov Dr. Leo EsaJki 848 North Norris Avenue Russian Academy of Sciences University of Tsukuba TUCSON, AZ 857 19 Leninskii Prospect 14 Tsukuba USA MSOCOWV71 Ibaraki Ru s s I a 305 Japan 59* c>io Dr. Tsung Dao Lee Professor Hans A. Bethe Professor Antony Hewlsh Department of Physics Cornell University Cavendish Laboratory Columbia University ITHACA, NY 14853 University of Cambridge 538 West I20th Street USA CAMBRIDGE CB3 OHE NEW YORK, NY 10027 England USA S96 014 S ' Dr. Chen Ning Yang Professor Murray Gell-Mann ^ Professor Aage Bohr The Institute for Department of Physics Niels Bohr Institutet Theoretical Physics California Institute of Technology Blegdamsvej 17 State University of New York PASADENA, CA91125 DK-2100 KOPENHAMN 0 STONY BROOK, NY 11794 USA D anni ark USA 595 600 613 Professor Owen Chamberlain Professor Louis Neel ' Professor Ben Mottelson 6068 Margarldo Drive Membre de rinstitute Nordita OAKLAND, CA 946 IS 15 Rue Marcel-Allegot Blegdamsvej 17 USA F-92190 MEUDON-BELLEVUE DK-2100 KOPENHAMN 0 Frankrike D an m ar k 599 615 Professor Donald A. -
Har Gobind Khorana a Spearhead in Biochemistry, Who Through His Extensive Conviction and Vision, Rose to Be an Icon in the Field of Molecular Biology
A SENSE OF PRIDE ARTICLE- 17 An Absolute Pioneer: Har Gobind Khorana A spearhead in biochemistry, who through his extensive conviction and vision, rose to be an icon in the field of molecular biology. A modest individual and a humanitarian, he is an inspiration for our youth in more ways than one. orn on 9 January 1922 Marshall W. Nirenberg and A list of his in Punjab, Robert W. Holley. Har Gobind Khorana Har Gobind Khorana was one Achievements came from a humble of the firsts to write about the include: Bbackground. He completed concept of gene manipulation. his schooling from DAV High In 1970, he got associated with 1968 School, Multan. He obtained the Massachusetts Institute The Nobel Prize his Bachelor’s degree and of Technology, switching to Master of Science degree from working on membranes and 1968 the Punjab University, Lahore, signal transduction, and worked Albert Lasker Basic Medical CONTRIBUTION wherein he received accolades on them till his retirement in Research Award Call in many scholarships. He, later, 2007. won a Fellowship to pursue his Intrinsically a deep thinker, 1974 PhD in Chemistry of Melanins, he gave much importance to Willard Gibbs Medal of in the year 1948, from the the subjects of fundamental the Chicago section of the If you want to University of Liverpool (UK). The importance, barring the time American Chemical Society contribute content in DAV United following year, he completed constraint for a problem to Article Series his Postdoctoral studies at be solved. He firmly believed 1980 please share 500 words content and ETH Zurich, Switzerland. -
The Eighth Day of Creation”: Looking Back Across 40 Years to the Birth of Molecular Biology and the Roots of Modern Cell Biology
“The Eighth Day of Creation”: looking back across 40 years to the birth of molecular biology and the roots of modern cell biology Mark Peifer1 1 Department of Biology and Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA * To whom correspondence should be addressed Email: [email protected] Phone: (919) 962-2272 1 Forty years ago, Horace Judson’s “The Eight Day of Creation” was published, a book vividly recounting the foundations of modern biology, the molecular biology revolution. This book inspired many in my generation. The anniversary provides a chance for a new generation to take a look back, to see how science has changed and hasn’t changed. Many central players in the book, including Sydney Brenner, Seymour Benzer and Francois Jacob, would go on to be among the founders of modern cell, developmental, and neurobiology. These players come alive via their own words, as complex individuals, both heroes and anti-heroes. The technologies and experimental approaches they pioneered, ranging from cell fractionation to immunoprecipitation to structural biology, and the multidisciplinary approaches they took continue to power and inspire our work today. In the process, Judson brings out of the shadows the central roles played by women in many of the era’s discoveries. He provides us with a vision of how science and scientists have changed, of how many things about our endeavor never change, and how some new ideas are perhaps not as new as we’d like to think. 2 In 1979 Horace Judson completed a ten-year project about cell and molecular biology’s foundations, unveiling “The Eighth Day of Creation”, a book I view as one of the most masterful evocations of a scientific revolution (Judson, 1979). -
New Issues in Genetic Counseling of Hereditary Colon Cancer Patrick M
New Issues in Genetic Counseling of Hereditary Colon Cancer Patrick M. Lynch Abstract Clinicians face significant challenges in the diagnosis and management of familial colorectal cancer predisposition. Many of the challenges concern the rarity of individual conditions and their unfamiliarity to most clinicians, even those in the subspecialty areas of gastroenterology, colorec- tal surgery, and medical oncology. Because the World Wide Web now offers a wealth of informa- tion, familiarity with available online resources should be a minimal expectation of clinicians. Notably, these same resources are available to the lay public, so a more informed group of patients can be expected and is already being encountered.The web sites noted throughout this article are merely early examples of what should become an opportunity for instant access to the most up-to-date knowledge of rare familial colorectal cancers and their clinical features, molecular diagnostics, and clinical management and prevention. Many professional organizations have pro- duced guidelines (in print and online) for use by practitioners in various specialties.The consisten- cy, growing evidence base, and ready availability of these guidelines to providers and patients alike will likely foster greater recognition of the need to be in compliance with them. Finally, as investigators make progress with the genetics of these rare diseases, one can anticipate a ‘‘coop- erative group’’approach to clinical trials. Identification of inherited susceptibility to colon cancer is now protein expression, which is followed by mutational testing readily possible, with genes identified for familial adenomatous when MSI and/or immunohistochemical screens are informa- polyposis (FAP) and its variants (1–3), hereditary nonpoly- tive.