Date: To: September 22, 1 997 Mr Ian Johnston©

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Date: To: September 22, 1 997 Mr Ian Johnston© 22-SEP-1997 16:36 NOBELSTIFTELSEN 4& 8 6603847 SID 01 NOBELSTIFTELSEN The Nobel Foundation TELEFAX Date: September 22, 1 997 To: Mr Ian Johnston© Company: Executive Office of the Secretary-General Fax no: 0091-2129633511 From: The Nobel Foundation Total number of pages: olO MESSAGE DearMrJohnstone, With reference to your fax and to our telephone conversation, I am enclosing the address list of all Nobel Prize laureates. Yours sincerely, Ingr BergstrSm Mailing address: Bos StU S-102 45 Stockholm. Sweden Strat itddrtSMi Suircfatan 14 Teleptelrtts: (-MB S) 663 » 20 Fsuc (*-«>!) «W Jg 47 22-SEP-1997 16:36 NOBELSTIFTELSEN 46 B S603847 SID 02 22-SEP-1997 16:35 NOBELSTIFTELSEN 46 8 6603847 SID 03 Professor Willis E, Lamb Jr Prof. Aleksandre M. Prokhorov Dr. Leo EsaJki 848 North Norris Avenue Russian Academy of Sciences University of Tsukuba TUCSON, AZ 857 19 Leninskii Prospect 14 Tsukuba USA MSOCOWV71 Ibaraki Ru s s I a 305 Japan 59* c>io Dr. Tsung Dao Lee Professor Hans A. Bethe Professor Antony Hewlsh Department of Physics Cornell University Cavendish Laboratory Columbia University ITHACA, NY 14853 University of Cambridge 538 West I20th Street USA CAMBRIDGE CB3 OHE NEW YORK, NY 10027 England USA S96 014 S ' Dr. Chen Ning Yang Professor Murray Gell-Mann ^ Professor Aage Bohr The Institute for Department of Physics Niels Bohr Institutet Theoretical Physics California Institute of Technology Blegdamsvej 17 State University of New York PASADENA, CA91125 DK-2100 KOPENHAMN 0 STONY BROOK, NY 11794 USA D anni ark USA 595 600 613 Professor Owen Chamberlain Professor Louis Neel ' Professor Ben Mottelson 6068 Margarldo Drive Membre de rinstitute Nordita OAKLAND, CA 946 IS 15 Rue Marcel-Allegot Blegdamsvej 17 USA F-92190 MEUDON-BELLEVUE DK-2100 KOPENHAMN 0 Frankrike D an m ar k 599 615 Professor Donald A. Glaser Professor Leon Cooper Professor Samuel C.C. Ting -^ 229 Molecular Biology-Virus Lab. Department of Physics MIT University of California Brown University Lab. of Nuclear Science, 41-114 .BERKELEY. CA94720 PROVIDENCE, RI 02912 51 Vassar Street USA USA CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA wo 646 Professor Rudolf L. MSssbauer ^ Professor J. Robert Schrieffer <x Professor Burton Richter Teehnisehe Universitat Munchen National High Magnetic Field Lab. SLAC Physlk Department E 15 Florida State University Stanford University James-Franck-Strasse 18CO E. Paul Dirac Drive P O Box 4349 D-S046 GARCHING P.O. Box 4005 STANFORD. CA 94309 Tyskland TALLAHASSEE, FL 33306-4005 USA USA 601 6U9 616 Professor Charles H. Townes ^ Dr. Brian D. Joscphson, F.R.S. Professor Philip W. Anderson Department of Physics Cavendish Laboratory Princeton University Unlverslly of California Department of Physics Dep. of Physics: Joseph Henry BERKELEY, CA 94720 University of Cambridge Lab, USA Madingley Road Jadwln Hall, P.O, Bos 708 CAMBRIDGE CBS OHE PRINCETON NJ 08544-0708 England USA 302 612 617 Professor Nikolai G, Basov Dr. Ivar Giaever * Dr. Robert W. Wilson /^ Lebedev Institute for Physics Physics Department 9 Valley Point Drive Russian Acad. Sc. RPI HQLMDEL, NEW JERSEY 07733 Leninskii Prospect 53 TROY, NY 12190 USA 117 924 MOSKVA USA Russia 22-SEP-199V 16:37 NDBELSTIFTELSEN 46 8 6603847 SID 04 Dr. Arno A. Penzias Dn Kenneth G. Wilson Professor Melvin Schwartz AT&T Bell Laboratories The Ohio State University Building 510 F 600 Mountain Avenue Department of Physics Brookhaven Natl. Lab. MURRAY HILL, NJ 07974-2070 174 W 18th Ave UPTON, NY 11973 USA COLUMBUS, OH 4321O USA USA 619 643 Dr. Sheldon L. Glashow Professor Simon van der Meer ~/j Professor Jack Steinberger Lyman Laboratory 4 Chemin des Corbillettes CERN Harvard University 1218 Grand-Saconnex EP Division CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 5 c hwe iz CH-1211 Geneve USA S c h we iz 851 Dr. Steven Weinberg Professor Carlo Rubbia Professor Leon MU Lederman Theory Group/ Physics Dep. CERN Fermi National Accelerator University of Texas at Austin CH-1211 GENEVE 23 Laboratory AUSTIN. TX 78712 Schwe iz P.O. Box 500 USA BATAVTA, 1L 60510 USA C30 639 Professor Val L. Fitch Professor Klaus von Klitzing Professor Hans G. Dehmelt • Department of Physics Max-Plank-Insntut fur Fest- Department of Physics, FM-I5 Princeton University korperforschiing University of Washington PRINCETON. NJ OS540 Postfach 80066S SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA D-700 STUTTGART 9O USA Ty s kl and 625 632 64? Professor James W. Cronin •/*/ Dr. Gerd Binnig Professor Norman F. Ramsey Enrico Fermi Inst IBM Physics Group Lyman Laboratory of Physics University of Chicago Research Division Harvard University 5640 South Ellis Av. Sektion Physik der Unlversitat CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 CHICAGO, IL 60637 Schellingstrasse 4 USA USA D-8000 MUNICH 40 Ty s kland ea 645 Professor Nicolas Bloembergen ^,^. ____ „..„,„„ y Professor Jerome I. Friedman DAS IBM Zflrich Research Laboratory Lab. for Nucl. Science.Bldg 24- 231 Pierce Hall SSumerstrasse 4 512 Harvard University CH-afe03 Ruschlikon Department of Physics, MIT CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 Sch we i z 77 Massachusetts Avenue USA CAMBRIDGE. MA 02 139 USA 587 Professor Arthur Schawlow •/ «* Dr. Georg J. Bednorz '•/ Professor Henry W. Kendall ' Department of Physics IBM Research Division Lab. of Nucl. Science.Bldg24-5I2 Stanford University Zurich Resarch Laboratory Department of Physics STANFORD. CA 94305 CH-8803 ROSCHLIKON MIT USA Schwe iz 77 Massachusetts Avenue CAMBRIDGE. MA 02139 USA 643 Professor Kai M. Siegbahn Professor Dr. K. Alexander MullerI/, Professor Richard E. ':naylor / / Fysiska institutionen IBM Zurich Research Laboratory Stanford Linear Accelerator Uppsala Universitet Saiunerstrasse 4 Center Box 530 CH-8S03 RUSCHLIKON Stanford University 751 21 UPPSALA S c h w e i 7, P.O. Box 4349, Bin 96 STANFORD. CA 94309 USA (MO 64] 636 22-SEP-1997 16:37 NOBELSTIFTELSEN 46 8 6603847 SID 05 Professor Pierre-GUles de Gennes ~y Professor Robert C. Richardson College de France Cornell University 11, Place Marcelln-Berthclo Department of Physics F-75231 PARIS CEDEX ITHACA, NY 14S53 Frankrike USA 636 Professor Georges Charpak Professor David M, Lee CERN Cornell University CH-1211 GENEVA 23 Department of Physics Sc h weiz L&b.of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Clark Hall ITHACA, NY 14853 USA 1154 Professor Joseph H. Taylor •// Professor Douglas D. Osheroff Department of Physics Stanford University Princeton University Department of Physics P.O.Box 708 STANFORD, CA 94305 PRINCETON, NJ 08544 USA USA Dr Russell A. Hulse ' v Plasma Physics Laboratory Princeton University P.O. Box 451 PRINCETON.NJ 08543 USA 637, Professor Clifford G. Shull /. Department of Physics Nuclear Reactor Laboratory RmNW 12-119 CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA, 633 Professor Bertram Brockhouse •/ Department of Physics, ABB 241 McMaster University 1280 Main Street W. HAMILTON. ONTARIO L8S4M1 Canada Professor Frederick Reines " ^ Department of Physics University of California at Irvine IRVINE,CA92717 USA 1157 Professor Martin Perl •'* Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford University STANFORD. CA 94305 USA 1158 22-SEP-1997 16:38 NDBELST1FTELSEN 46 8 6603847 SID 36 22-SEP-1997 16:36 NOBELSTIFTELSEN 46 8 6603847 SID 07 Professor Glenn T. Seaborg ' ~/ Dr. Gerhard Herzberg, LLD, Professor Paul Berg 70A/3307 D.SC. Beckman Center Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory National Research Council Stanford University Med. Center University of California Canada Stanford University 1, Cyclotron Road Hertsberg Inst of Astrophysics STANFORD, CA 94305-5425 BERKELEY, CA 9472O OTTAWA USA USA K1A OR6 652 €63 Prof. Archer J.P- Martin. F.RS. // Professor Ernst Otto Fischer y Professor Walter Gilbert 47 Roseford Road Sohnckestrasse 16 Dep of Cellular and CAMBRIDGE CB4 2HA D-8 MCNCHEN - SOLLN Developmental England Tyskland Biology Harvard University 16 Divinity Ave. CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 605 873 Dr. Frederick Sanger. F.R.S. ./ Professor Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson Professor Roald Hofmian Far Leys Imperial College of Science and Department of Chemistry Fen Lane Technology Baker Laboratory Swaffham Bulbeck Department of Chemistry Cornell University GB-CAMBRIDGE, CB5 ONJ South Kensington ITHACA, NY 14853-1301 England LONDON SW7 2AY USA England Professor Melvin Calvin /J Professor Vladimir Prelog Professor Kenichi Fukui University of California Eldgenossische Technische Inst, for Fundamental Chemistry Department of Chemistry Hochschule 34-4. Takano-Nishiriraki-cho BERKELEY 4, CA 94728 Univeiistfitsstragse 16 Sakyo-ku USA CH-S092 ZURICH KYOTO S06 Schweiz Japan 656 674 Dr. Max F. Perutz, F.R.S. Sir John Cornforth, C.B.E. , Dr. Aaron Klug MRC-Laboratory of Molecular F.R.S, MRC Lab. of Molecular Biology Biology The School of Molecular Sciences Hills Road Hills Road University of Sussex GB-CAMBRIDGE, CB2 2QH GB-CAMBRIDGE, CB2 2QH GB-FALMER BRIGHTON, BN1 England England 9QJ England 657 667 8715 Professor. Lord Porter, OM FRS Professor William N. Lipscomb Professor Henry Tattbe Centre for Fhotomotecular Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry Sciences Harvard University Stanford University Dept.of Chemistry and 12 Oxford Street STANFORD. CA 94303 Biochemistry CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA Imperial College USA LONDON SW7 2AY j i 689 Professor Manfred Eigen "^ Viscount Prigogine Professor Bruce Merrifield '' Max-Planck-Institute Service de Chlmie Physique II The Rockefeller University fur biophysikalicne Chemie CP 231 /Blvd. du Triornphe 1230 York Avenue AM Fassberg Postfach 2841 Campus Plains NEW YORK. NY 10021-6399 D-3400 GOTTINGEN- Universite Libre de Bruxelles USA NIKOLAUSBERG B-1050 BRUXELLES Tyskland Belgien 660 y 87 678 Sir Derek H.R. Barton, F.R.S. - * Dr. Herbert C. Brown " Professor Jerome Karle Texas A & M University H.C. Brown and R.B Wetherill Laboratory for Structure of Department of Chemistry Laboratories of Chemistry/ 1393 Matter COLLEGE STATION, TX 77843- Brown Building Code 6030 32SS Purdue University Naval Research Laboratory USA WEST LAFAYETTE, IN 47907- WASHINGTON, D.C. 20375 1393 USA 22-SEP-1997 16:39 NOBELSTIFTELSEN 46 3 6603B47 SIIJ 08 Professor Herbert A. Hauptman Dr. Hartmut Michel Professor George A. Olah The Medical Foundation of Max-PIanck-Institut fur Lokcr Hydrocarbon Buffalo Biophysik Research Institute 73 High Street Abt, Molekulare Membranblologle University of Southern California BUFFALO.
Recommended publications
  • Unrestricted Immigration and the Foreign Dominance Of
    Unrestricted Immigration and the Foreign Dominance of United States Nobel Prize Winners in Science: Irrefutable Data and Exemplary Family Narratives—Backup Data and Information Andrew A. Beveridge, Queens and Graduate Center CUNY and Social Explorer, Inc. Lynn Caporale, Strategic Scientific Advisor and Author The following slides were presented at the recent meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. This project and paper is an outgrowth of that session, and will combine qualitative data on Nobel Prize Winners family histories along with analyses of the pattern of Nobel Winners. The first set of slides show some of the patterns so far found, and will be augmented for the formal paper. The second set of slides shows some examples of the Nobel families. The authors a developing a systematic data base of Nobel Winners (mainly US), their careers and their family histories. This turned out to be much more challenging than expected, since many winners do not emphasize their family origins in their own biographies or autobiographies or other commentary. Dr. Caporale has reached out to some laureates or their families to elicit that information. We plan to systematically compare the laureates to the population in the US at large, including immigrants and non‐immigrants at various periods. Outline of Presentation • A preliminary examination of the 609 Nobel Prize Winners, 291 of whom were at an American Institution when they received the Nobel in physics, chemistry or physiology and medicine • Will look at patterns of
    [Show full text]
  • The Manhattan Project and Its Legacy
    Transforming the Relationship between Science and Society: The Manhattan Project and Its Legacy Report on the workshop funded by the National Science Foundation held on February 14 and 15, 2013 in Washington, DC Table of Contents Executive Summary iii Introduction 1 The Workshop 2 Two Motifs 4 Core Session Discussions 6 Scientific Responsibility 6 The Culture of Secrecy and the National Security State 9 The Decision to Drop the Bomb 13 Aftermath 15 Next Steps 18 Conclusion 21 Appendix: Participant List and Biographies 22 Copyright © 2013 by the Atomic Heritage Foundation. All rights reserved. No part of this book, either text or illustration, may be reproduced or transmit- ted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, reporting, or by any information storage or retrieval system without written persmission from the publisher. Report prepared by Carla Borden. Design and layout by Alexandra Levy. Executive Summary The story of the Manhattan Project—the effort to develop and build the first atomic bomb—is epic, and it continues to unfold. The decision by the United States to use the bomb against Japan in August 1945 to end World War II is still being mythologized, argued, dissected, and researched. The moral responsibility of scientists, then and now, also has remained a live issue. Secrecy and security practices deemed necessary for the Manhattan Project have spread through the govern- ment, sometimes conflicting with notions of democracy. From the Manhattan Project, the scientific enterprise has grown enormously, to include research into the human genome, for example, and what became the Internet. Nuclear power plants provide needed electricity yet are controversial for many people.
    [Show full text]
  • Key Stage 3 DNA Discoveries
    Key Stage 3 Their conclusions were built on by later scientists, and gradually the understanding of DNA developed. DNA Discoveries Are scientists still researching DNA? Student worksheet Yes! All of the DNA in a human nucleus is called the genome. In What makes you, you? 2003, scientists finished an important project, the Human Genome Project, which deciphered the whole DNA code. The simple answer is DNA. This is a chemical Scientists around the world are using this information to work found in the nucleus of your cells. It is a code out what each section, called a gene, does. We now know the that tells your cells what proteins to make. genes that cause inherited diseases, can clone whole mammals These proteins are what give you your and even build artificial cells by creating new genomes. characteristics such as eye colour, blood group and if you have curly or straight hair. Your task You inherited your DNA from your parents - You are going to create a banner for your classroom that charts half from your father and half from your the timeline of DNA discoveries. mother, when an egg was fertilised by a 1. Work in a group of 2-4. sperm. This fertilised egg, which contained 2. Each group will be given one scientist to research, and some your unique DNA, divided to form the millions useful websites. of cells that make up you. 3. Fill in the information on your piece of DNA. How do we know all this? 4. When the timeline is complete, work as a class to put it in the correct order.
    [Show full text]
  • Myosin II Reactivation and Cytoskeletal Remodeling As a Hallmark and a Vulnerability in Melanoma Therapy Resistance
    Article Myosin II Reactivation and Cytoskeletal Remodeling as a Hallmark and a Vulnerability in Melanoma Therapy Resistance Graphical Abstract Authors Jose L. Orgaz, Eva Crosas-Molist, Amine Sadok, ..., actin-Myosin dynamics Sophia N. Karagiannis, Ilaria Malanchi, Victoria Sanz-Moreno transcriptional re-wiring cytoskeleton ROCK-Myosin II- Correspondence remodeling addicted tumor [email protected] (J.L.O.), MAPKi [email protected] (V.S.-M.) MAPKi anti-PD-1 MAPK Myosin II Cross-resistant ROCK/Myosin II In Brief phenotype inhibition Orgaz et al. show that myosin II activity ROCK/Myosin II ROCK/Myosin II increases during melanoma adaptation to PD-L1 ROS PD-L1 ROS MAPK pathway inhibition. ROCK-myosin II signaling supports survival of resistant p-H2A.X melanoma cells and promotes immunosuppression. ROCK inhibitors FOXP3+ + Treg CD206+ CD206 improve the efficacy of MAPK inhibitors CD206+ φ FOXP3+ Mφ M Mφ Treg and immunotherapies in melanoma FOXP3+ FOXP3+ + + CD206 Treg Treg CD206 φ + M + CD206 Mφ models. + CD206 φ FOXP3 φ M Treg M Highlights d Therapy-resistant melanoma cells restore myosin II activity to increase survival d High myosin II activity identifies targeted and immunotherapy-resistant melanomas d ROCK-myosin II inhibition increases ROS-DNA damage and decreases PD-L1 and Tregs d ROCK inhibition enhances efficacy of MAPK inhibitors and immunotherapies Orgaz et al., 2020, Cancer Cell 37, 85–103 January 13, 2020 ª 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2019.12.003 Cancer Cell Article Myosin II Reactivation and Cytoskeletal Remodeling as a Hallmark and a Vulnerability in Melanoma Therapy Resistance Jose L.
    [Show full text]
  • State of the Nation 2008 Canada’S Science, Technology and Innovation System
    State of the Nation 2008 Canada’s Science, Technology and Innovation System Science, Technology and Innovation Council Science, Technology and Innovation Council Permission to Reproduce Except as otherwise specifically noted, the information in this publication may be reproduced, in part or in whole and by any means, without charge or further permission from the Science, Technology and Innovation Council (STIC), provided that due diligence is exercised in ensuring the accuracy of the information, that STIC is identified as the source institution, and that the reproduction is not represented as an official version of the information reproduced, nor as having been made in affiliation with, or with the endorsement of, STIC. © 2009, Government of Canada (Science, Technology and Innovation Council). Canada’s Science, Technology and Innovation System: State of the Nation 2008. All rights reserved. Aussi disponible en français sous le titre Le système des sciences, de la technologie et de l’innovation au Canada : l’état des lieux en 2008. This publication is also available online at www.stic-csti.ca. This publication is available upon request in accessible formats. Contact the Science, Technology and Innovation Council Secretariat at the number listed below. For additional copies of this publication, please contact: Science, Technology and Innovation Council Secretariat 235 Queen Street 9th Floor Ottawa ON K1A 0H5 Tel.: 613-952-0998 Fax: 613-952-0459 Web: www.stic-csti.ca Email: [email protected] Cat. No. 978-1-100-12165-9 50% ISBN Iu4-142/2009E recycled 60579 fiber State of the Nation 2008 Canada’s Science, Technology and Innovation System Science, Technology and Innovation Council Canada’s Science, Technology and Innovation System iii State of the Nation 2008 Canada’s Science, Technology and Innovation System Context and Executive Summary .
    [Show full text]
  • Nobel Laureates Endorse Joe Biden
    Nobel Laureates endorse Joe Biden 81 American Nobel Laureates in Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine have signed this letter to express their support for former Vice President Joe Biden in the 2020 election for President of the United States. At no time in our nation’s history has there been a greater need for our leaders to appreciate the value of science in formulating public policy. During his long record of public service, Joe Biden has consistently demonstrated his willingness to listen to experts, his understanding of the value of international collaboration in research, and his respect for the contribution that immigrants make to the intellectual life of our country. As American citizens and as scientists, we wholeheartedly endorse Joe Biden for President. Name Category Prize Year Peter Agre Chemistry 2003 Sidney Altman Chemistry 1989 Frances H. Arnold Chemistry 2018 Paul Berg Chemistry 1980 Thomas R. Cech Chemistry 1989 Martin Chalfie Chemistry 2008 Elias James Corey Chemistry 1990 Joachim Frank Chemistry 2017 Walter Gilbert Chemistry 1980 John B. Goodenough Chemistry 2019 Alan Heeger Chemistry 2000 Dudley R. Herschbach Chemistry 1986 Roald Hoffmann Chemistry 1981 Brian K. Kobilka Chemistry 2012 Roger D. Kornberg Chemistry 2006 Robert J. Lefkowitz Chemistry 2012 Roderick MacKinnon Chemistry 2003 Paul L. Modrich Chemistry 2015 William E. Moerner Chemistry 2014 Mario J. Molina Chemistry 1995 Richard R. Schrock Chemistry 2005 K. Barry Sharpless Chemistry 2001 Sir James Fraser Stoddart Chemistry 2016 M. Stanley Whittingham Chemistry 2019 James P. Allison Medicine 2018 Richard Axel Medicine 2004 David Baltimore Medicine 1975 J. Michael Bishop Medicine 1989 Elizabeth H. Blackburn Medicine 2009 Michael S.
    [Show full text]
  • Ernest Rutherford and the Accelerator: “A Million Volts in a Soapbox”
    Ernest Rutherford and the Accelerator: “A Million Volts in a Soapbox” AAPT 2011 Winter Meeting Jacksonville, FL January 10, 2011 H. Frederick Dylla American Institute of Physics Steven T. Corneliussen Jefferson Lab Outline • Rutherford's call for inventing accelerators ("million volts in a soap box") • Newton, Franklin and Jefferson: Notable prefiguring of Rutherford's call • Rutherfords's discovery: The atomic nucleus and a new experimental method (scattering) • A century of particle accelerators AAPT Winter Meeting January 10, 2011 Rutherford’s call for inventing accelerators 1911 – Rutherford discovered the atom’s nucleus • Revolutionized study of the submicroscopic realm • Established method of making inferences from particle scattering 1927 – Anniversary Address of the President of the Royal Society • Expressed a long-standing “ambition to have available for study a copious supply of atoms and electrons which have an individual energy far transcending that of the alpha and beta particles” available from natural sources so as to “open up an extraordinarily interesting field of investigation.” AAPT Winter Meeting January 10, 2011 Rutherford’s wish: “A million volts in a soapbox” Spurred the invention of the particle accelerator, leading to: • Rich fundamental understanding of matter • Rich understanding of astrophysical phenomena • Extraordinary range of particle-accelerator technologies and applications AAPT Winter Meeting January 10, 2011 From Newton, Jefferson & Franklin to Rutherford’s call for inventing accelerators Isaac Newton, 1717, foreseeing something like quarks and the nuclear strong force: “There are agents in Nature able to make the particles of bodies stick together by very strong attractions. And it is the business of Experimental Philosophy to find them out.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    The Composition of Matter 1 “Everything existing in the universe is the fruit of chance and necessity.” —Democritus 1.1 EARLY DESCRIPTIONS OF MATTER Chemistry has been defined as the study of matter and its interconversions. Thus, ina sense, chemistry is a study of the physical world in which we live. But how much do we really know about the fundamental structure of matter and its relationship to the larger macroscopic world? I have in my rock collection, which I have had since I was a boy, a sample of the mineral cinnabar, which is several centimeters across and weighs about 10 g. Cinnabar is a reddish granular solid with a density about eight times that of water and the chemical composition mercuric sulfide. Now suppose that some primal instinct suddenly overcame me and I were inclined to demolish this precious talisman from my childhood. I could take a hammer to it and smash it into a billion little pieces. Choosing the smallest of these chunks, I could further disintegrate the material in a mortar and pestle, grinding it into ever finer and finer grains until Iwas left with nothing but a red powder (in fact, this powder is known as vermilion and has been used as a red pigment in artwork dating back to the fourteenth century). Having satisfied my destructive tendencies, I would nonetheless still have exactly the same material that I started with—that is, it would have precisely the same chemical and physical properties as the original. I might therefore wonder to myself if there is some inherent limitation as to how finely I can divide the substance or if this is simply limited by the tools at my disposal.
    [Show full text]
  • Twenty Five Hundred Years of Small Science What’S Next?
    Twenty Five Hundred Years of Small Science What’s Next? Lloyd Whitman Assistant Director for Nanotechnology White House Office of Science and Technology Policy Workshop on Integrated Nanosystems for Atomically Precise Manufacturing Berkeley, CA, August 5, 2015 Democritus (ca. 460 – 370 BC) Everything is composed of “atoms” Atomos (ἄτομος): that which can not be cut www.phil-fak.uni- duesseldorf.de/philo/galerie/antike/ demokrit.html Quantum Mechanics (1920s) Max Planck 1918* Albert Einstein 1921 Niels Bohr 1922 Louis de Broglie 1929 Max Born 1954 Paul Dirac 1933 On the Theory of Quanta Louis-Victor de Broglie Werner Heisenberg 1932 Wolfgang Pauli 1945 Erwin Schrödinger 1933 *Nobel Prizes in Physics https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel- 00006807 Ernst Ruska (1906 – 1988) Electron Microscopy Magnifying higher than the light microscope - 1933 Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates /1986/ruska-lecture.pdf Richard Feynman (1918-1988) There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, An Invitation to Enter a New Field of Physics What would happen if we could arrange the atoms one by one the way we want them…? December 29, 1959 richard-feynman.net Heinrich Rohrer (1933 – 2013) Gerd Binnig Atomic resolution Scanning Tunneling Microscopy - 1981 1983 I could not stop looking at the images. It was like entering a new world. Gerd Binnig, Nobel lecture Binnig, et al., PRL 50, 120 (1983) Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 C60: Buckminsterfullerene Kroto, Heath, O‘Brien, Curl and September 1985 Smalley - 1985 …a remarkably stable cluster consisting of 60 carbon atoms…a truncated icosahedron. Nature 318, 162 (1985) http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatis chemistry/landmarks/fullerenes.html Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996 Curl, Kroto, and Smalley Positioning Single Atoms with a Scanning Tunnelling Microscope Eigler and Schweizer - 1990 …fabricate rudimentary structures of our own design, atom by atom.
    [Show full text]
  • Har Gobind Khorana a Spearhead in Biochemistry, Who Through His Extensive Conviction and Vision, Rose to Be an Icon in the Field of Molecular Biology
    A SENSE OF PRIDE ARTICLE- 17 An Absolute Pioneer: Har Gobind Khorana A spearhead in biochemistry, who through his extensive conviction and vision, rose to be an icon in the field of molecular biology. A modest individual and a humanitarian, he is an inspiration for our youth in more ways than one. orn on 9 January 1922 Marshall W. Nirenberg and A list of his in Punjab, Robert W. Holley. Har Gobind Khorana Har Gobind Khorana was one Achievements came from a humble of the firsts to write about the include: Bbackground. He completed concept of gene manipulation. his schooling from DAV High In 1970, he got associated with 1968 School, Multan. He obtained the Massachusetts Institute The Nobel Prize his Bachelor’s degree and of Technology, switching to Master of Science degree from working on membranes and 1968 the Punjab University, Lahore, signal transduction, and worked Albert Lasker Basic Medical CONTRIBUTION wherein he received accolades on them till his retirement in Research Award Call in many scholarships. He, later, 2007. won a Fellowship to pursue his Intrinsically a deep thinker, 1974 PhD in Chemistry of Melanins, he gave much importance to Willard Gibbs Medal of in the year 1948, from the the subjects of fundamental the Chicago section of the If you want to University of Liverpool (UK). The importance, barring the time American Chemical Society contribute content in DAV United following year, he completed constraint for a problem to Article Series his Postdoctoral studies at be solved. He firmly believed 1980 please share 500 words content and ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Programme 12Th JVMS.Pdf
    12th John Vane Memorial Symposium on Prostacyclin Science and Pulmonary Vascular Disease 17-18 March 2017 Foreword by Sir John Vane, FRS, Nobel Laureate Professor Chris Thiemermann, FMedSci by Rod Flower, FRS Dear Friends and Colleagues, Sir John Vane was one of the pre-eminent pharmacologists of the I am delighted to welcome you to the 12th John Vane Memorial twentieth century and, during a career spanning over 50 years, Symposium on Prostacyclin Science and Pulmonary Vascular made enormous contributions to the pharmacotherapy of Disease which has been made possible thanks to the valued hypertension and inflammation. support of United Therapeutics who have once again provided John was born in Worcestershire and educated at King Edward us with an unrestricted educational grant. VI School, Birmingham. His first degree (1946) was a B.Sc. in The John Vane Memorial Symposia Series has become an Chemistry at the University of Birmingham but, as he later important fixture on the Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) explained to his tutor, he did not want to pursue chemistry as a community’s busy calendar and provides participants with a career because the subject did not excite him. By chance, he valuable opportunity to learn about the very latest clinical and was offered training as a pharmacologist under the tutelage of scientific developments in PAH from leading international experts Professor J. Harold Burn in Oxford where he really found his working in this area. métier. After obtaining his Ph.D. in 1953 John spent two years in the Department of Pharmacology at Yale University with the This year’s scientific programme includes a wealth of important (then) chairman Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Appeal from the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation to End the Nuclear Weapons Threat to Humanity (2003)………………………………………..……...26
    Relevant Appeals against War and for Nuclear Disarmament from Scientific Networks 1945- 2010 Reiner Braun/ Manuel Müller/ Magdalena Polakowski Russell-Einstein-Manifesto (1955)……………..…..1 The first Pugwash Conferenec (1957)………..……4 The Letter from Bertrand Russell to Joseph Rotblat (1956)………………………………..……...6 „Göttinger 18“ (1957)…………………………..…..8 Hiroshima Appeal (1959)………………………..…9 Linus Pauling (1961)…………………………..…..10 The Call to Halt the Nuclear Arms Race (1980)………………..…..11 The Göttingen Draft Treaty to Ban Space Weapons (1984)…………………………………………….....15 Appeal by American Scientists to Ban Space Weapons (1985)………………………………..…..16 The Hamburg Disarmament Proposals (1986)…………………………………………..…...17 Hans A. Bethe to Mr. President (1997)………..…18 Appeal from Scientists in Japan (1998)……….....20 U.S.Nobel laureates object to preventive attack on Iraq (2003)……………………………………...….25 Appeal from the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation to end the nuclear weapons threat to humanity (2003)………………………………………..……...26 Appeal to support an International Einstein Year (2004)……………………………………………….28 Scientists for a Nuclear Weapons Free World, INES (2009)…………………………..……………31 Milan Document on Nuclear Disarmament (2010)……………………..34 Russell-Einstein-Manifesto (1955) 1 Russell-Einstein-Manifesto (1955) In the tragic situation which confronts humanity, we feel that scientists should assemble in conference to appraise the perils that have arisen as a result of the development of weapons of mass destruction, and to discuss a resolution in the spirit of the appended draft. We are speaking on this occasion, not as members of this or that nation, continent, or creed, but as human beings, members of the species Man, whose continued existence is in doubt. The world is full of conflicts; and, overshadowing all minor conflicts, the titanic struggle between Communism and anti-Communism.
    [Show full text]