Green Pesticides Handbook Essential Oils for Pest Control Eucalyptus Oil

Home , Eucalyptus oil

This article was downloaded by: 10.3.98.104 On: 28 Sep 2021 Access details: subscription number Publisher: CRC Press Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK

Green Pesticides Handbook Essential Oils for Pest Control Leo M.L. Nollet, Hamir Singh Rathore

Eucalyptus Oil: Extraction, Analysis, and Properties for Use in Pest Control

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/9781315153131-3 Hamir Singh Rathore, Leo M.L. Nollet Published online on: 30 May 2017

How to cite :- Hamir Singh Rathore, Leo M.L. Nollet. 30 May 2017, Eucalyptus Oil: Extraction, Analysis, and Properties for Use in Pest Control from: Green Pesticides Handbook, Essential Oils for Pest Control CRC Press Accessed on: 28 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/9781315153131-3

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR DOCUMENT

Full terms and conditions of use: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/legal-notices/terms

This Document PDF may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproductions, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.

The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:02 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315153131, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315153131-3 and Properties for Use Pest in Control Analysis, Extraction, Eucalyptus Oil: 3 3.2 ...... 3.1 Introduction CONTENTS Nollet M.L. Leo and Rathore Singh Hamir 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.10 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 References...... 3.16 Conclusion...... Eucalyptus melliodora 3.2.2 Bark. 3.2.1 3.5.1 ...... Oil Eucalyptus ...... 3.4.4 India ...... 3.4.3 Brazil ...... 3.4.2 California ...... 3.4.1 Spain Worldwide Cultivation...... of Eucalyptus of...... Eucalypts Abuses Uses and 3.2.8 ...... 3.2.7 Fire ...... 3.2.6 Dangers 3.2.5 3.2.4 Frost...... 3.2.3 ...... Oil of Eucalyptus of Analysis Methods ...... Physical Properties By-Products...... Oil of Eucalyptus ...... Oil of Eucalyptus of Distillation Steam Mechanisms ...... Oil of Eucalyptus Extraction Composition of Eucalyptus Oil for Pharmaceutical Use...... forComposition Pharmaceutical Oil of Eucalyptus ...... Oil Common Uses of Eucalyptus ...... Oil Uses of and Eucalyptus Pesticidal Properties ...... of Pesticidal Oil Action of Eucalyptus Mechanisms Technology of Eucalyptus Oil as aPesticide as Technology Oil ...... of Eucalyptus Flowers Leaves and ...... of Extraction Methods Growth of. Eucalypts the and Fire Kingdom...... Animal Tall Timer...... 43 44 54 54 48 48 48 48 48 50 46 46 46 46 46 45 45 45 53 56 56 55 55 47 47 49 49 52 51 51 51 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:02 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315153131, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315153131-3 different countries: different in currently utilized are have volatile following species found to contain oil. The been leaves. of their viable Eucalyptus concentrations species ofmercially in Several oil hundred oil, produce but about only some trees essential 20 have ofMost eucalyptus species com purposes. pharmaceutical and of industrial for avariety used is oil, which ucts, including globulus Latin the from floral the emblem as of on proclaimed November Tasmania 27, is name 1962. The species blue was boats. to Tasmanian improve The oared was it. used ered gum their Its timber E. macarthurtii E. while poses, (California), Hawaii, Micronesia, Caucasus (western Georgia), (India). Asia and Europe, Newwestern United of southern Zealand, States Africa, parts southern other and Portugal, Spain, Akmas, in nonnative occurrences Geelong. naturalized are There of You summit on the Strait and Bass in Yangs Island Flinders near and Island on King rarely Gippsland). southern and occurs Ranges Otway the also (particularly species The Victoria southern includes Tasmania and species of330 feet). the distribution natural The (101 known are 90.7 trees m(297 even that taller reported mor been feet) It also has tall. Tasmania is in 30to 55from m(98–180 specimen known currently tallest feet) The tall. Eucalyptus 3.1 44 Tasmanian blue invasiveTasmanian are not ideal are gum, plants that for landscapes. garden globulus E. as such shrubs, leaves. of eucalyptus Some species apposite shape. open upright foliage with grow paired, an The is with blue-green shrubs to 10 grow heights aspread 5and offeet, with 6–25 of shrubs between Eucalyptus feet. tus Commonly, to tree. shrub from size most in eucalyp plants vary Eucalyptus shrubs. and cotyledons. leaves embryonic two or contains of plants typically family of this plants. seed The ing (Myrtaceae), family of myrtle dicotyledonof the plants, afamily is is, that flower which Eucalyptus country, The adistant Philippines. found in the also are species of adjacent parts of number native Indonesia.found in and New Avery small Guinea of Eucalyptus species 800 more than E. cineorifolia E. and cinerea E. as such species, Other provide wood, also for prod they other their and primarily used are trees Eucalyptus when discov they species of the use made immediate d’Entrecasteaux expedition The The Tasmanian blue blue Tasmanian southern or blueThe ( gum, gum, gum [1]. tree gum as of known trees evergreen also afamily is is Myrtaceae The Eucalyptus • • • • • • • Introduction E. australiana Sieber (syn. exDC E. radiate E. exserta E. polybractea E. smithiiE. Bolivia, Uruguay, Chile, Brazil, India, Spain, Paraguay and globulus blueE. People’s (Tasmanian the Labill in gum) Portugal, Republic of China, E. rostrate Schdl.) rostrate (syn. (riverE. Nepal in gum) Dehnh red camaldulensis E. dives (cineole Schauer E. variant) (broad-leaved Australia peppermint) in Australia and leaved Africa South peppermint) in is a diverse genus of trees (rarely adiverse genus is of trees shrubs). It native is are of There Australia. R. Baker (gully gum) in South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe Swaziland, and Africa, South in gum) (gully Baker R. F. People’s the Muell peppermint) in (Queensland Republic of China F. (syn. fruticetorum Baker R. E. Muell. exMiq.) Australia (blumallee) in , “a button,” shape opercula. of to the little the referring Hook past. citrodora the E. Hook in perfumery in used been has , mostly native Afew to native Australia. are species E. radiata E. and , has also been used for medical pur for medical used been also , has Green Pesticides Handbook Pesticides Green var. australiana var. E. globulus E. , commonly known as as known , commonly ) typically grows ) typically genus is a part apart genus is ) (narrow- ) ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:02 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315153131, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315153131-3 Eucalyptus Oil Eucalyptus are availableare species. on each reduced reduction of and habitat valuable for native wetland. animals, plants and deadly fires, wild including consequences, unintended in resulted sometimes cies, has being used currently in perfumery in the People’s the in perfumery in India. and Brazil, Republic currently used of China, being staigeriana E. and (lemon-scented gum) ter usage. of Eucalyptus species different of allowsunderstanding classification foreasy The of kind bark. their groups the of the basis following on in classified are trees Eucalyptus bark every year. dies out.With dead dies rough-barked the and bark trees, stays on trees marked. The colorfully often is that surface asmooth leaving tree, the off barkof the falls have bark smooth at top but the rough bark lower most smooth-barked down. trees, In Some trees trees. of eucalyptus species of bark on different type adifferent is There 3.2.2 to appear.begin when floweringadult most their starts cases, leaves In span. life shape throughout their oldyears leaf round become longer the spearhead keep shaped. or and sickle Some species leaves The shape leaves time. of of afew with the of eucalypts older of the differs eucalypts leaves their lose cies at end of summer. the leaves The The covered glands. are oil with However, evergreen. are eucalypts all Almost seeds. the end to spe release some tropical to off reveal aflowerfalls with petals. no flower the readyis the grows cap around it buduntil Then,cap made to open. of petals have. theytrees that When flower, no flowersother haveEucalypts fruits and special a bud 3.2.1 “stringybark,” “ash.” and “gumbark. have Eucalypts like names, local trees,” many “melee,” “box,” “ironbark,” exude they copious the because in any sap break from tree gum as known also are They “eucalypts,” to as referred commonly are that Corymbia being other the adapted habitats. is to different species Eucalyptus many the of and every Australia, part almost found in be can Eucalyptus Australia. in are of them all melliodora E. 3.2 As statedAs above, of several Eucalyptus species The deliberate introduction of eucalyptus to other parts of the word, of the invasive parts to other an as deliberate of spe eucalyptus The introduction The woody fruits are called gumnuts. They are roughly at cone open shaped are and one They gumnuts. called are woodyThe fruits • • Eucalyptus melliodora Eucalyptus Bark by the tree, which gives it which tree, by or adark the even red black color. Ironbark texture. aspongy with thick Stringybark Flowers Leaves and is a species of trees. There are more than 800 species of eucalypts, and almost almost of and eucalypts, species 800 more are than There of trees. aspecies is : It sap hard, rough, exuded deeply is dried and with It furrowed. soaked is : It consists of strands that can be pulled off in long pieces. in off It pulled be usually is can that : It of strands consists F. Muell. (lemon-scented ironbark) exBailey are are known. A good number of number Agood publications known. are is one of three similar genera similar one of is three and Angophora and for bet for 45 - - - . Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:02 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315153131, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315153131-3 46 underground in the ashes after fire has opened them. opened has fire after ashes the in underground [3],tubers (2) bark, hidden (3) buds and their under through sprouting from seeds from Theyregenerate several in fires. periodic ways [2]: (1)underground from by sprouting for dependent well spread adapted regeneration,are are and on trees eucalypts for and flammable. leaves dead species Most and fallen also bark branches The are and crowns. easily, fire catches very tree can the airmovefires of and oil-rich bush thethrough rapidly oil essential The landscape. blue Australian of well-known the distant create the haze or on hot oil) (essential days, oil above summer vaporIn to bush eucalyptus the rises 3.2.7 “widow called also maker.” is eucalyptus gum ghost droughts. Therefore, Australian the shed whole above to branches save very large during trees soil and soil the water the of this made is as camping by caused The simple are eucalypts. under Many deaths camping branches. by falling workers killed are aresult, of As number tree-felling branches. alarge grow, they as off drop dead of with eucalypts branches littered are forests All eucalypt so 3.2.6 alotto of eat make smell. Eucalypts nectar, provides by which their for food insects. many safe plants are which recognize can animals oil. These to eucalyptus resistant partly are some possums, and apesticide. as koalas Several as such marsupials, used it also and is concentration at poisonous, oil is high Eucalyptus some medicines. in it so used fectant, is disin leaves natural astrong, is eucalyptus from obtained oil essential that It known is Kingdom Animal 3.2.5 colder world. of in the parts trees planted for are ornamental hardy strains cold-hardy of these extreme seeds The forms. Tasmania, of plateau central have high the mountains from produced and especially (–3°C frost light survive only frost, orcan to –5°C). they survive Several species, other even survive colder can However, winters. tree varieties) of this cannot most eucalypts pauciflora E. as such snow as gums, known are which eucalyptus, hardiest A few the eucalypts, Frost 3.2.4 is,that conifers. world(92 m) the in [1] flowering of all redwood,as coast plants, tallest such the and trees “mountainCurrently, ash” tallest among the Australian of are the specimens Timer Tall 3.2.3 • • • Dangers Fire Tessellated some places; can be long ribbons, firmer strips, or twisted curls. some places;twisted strips, long be or firmer ribbons, can Ribbon Box off. flake can and : It short fibers. has : It has the bark coming off in long thin pieces but still loosely attached in in loosely attached pieces but still long thin in off bark: It the coming has ,

are capable of withstanding cold (–20°C). capable frost are and of withstanding Two (wild subspecies : Its bark is broken up to many distinct flakes. These flakes are like cork are flakes These flakes. : Its bark broken is up to distinct many Green Pesticides Handbook Pesticides Green - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:02 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315153131, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315153131-3 Eucalyptus Oil Eucalyptus are killed by fire and only grow back from fresh seeds. fresh growfrom and backonly by fire killed are they as drastically decreased ash, are mountain and ash alpine as such trees, able timber valu hand, other for the forest. roughly 70% times, many On Australian of the increased about fire-loving eucalypts 50,000 ago,the years andfrequent much became more fires arrived firsthumans the When statedAs above,fire. after back grow quickly eucalypts 3.2.8 3.3 • • • • • • • • • • • • • Uses and Abuses of Eucalypts Abuses Uses and planted in), developing for flora are and local they fauna and hazards (wildlife). haveMost found to invasive species be been (spreading are out they area of the [12]. source energy considered wood tois hold for a renewable as Eucalyptus energy potential great pulpwood oil. production for the of paper eucalyptus and United States, Morocco, Brazil, Portugal, Israel, to obtain Spain, Africa, South and world, of the parts many on plantations in the grown including are Eucalypts by Aborigines. was popularized to It fabricate didgeridoo, used the also instrument. is amusical wind Eucalyptus catch.to themeasy making fish, stuns that leaves tranquilizer a mild are eucalyptus gum’s ghost The leaves to catch fish. of by extract Aqueous were Aborigines used United the States. in trees nut fruit and flowers fact,latein taste. In eucalyptus tery January,the before floweringother of for its but known honey is that produces ahigh-quality of eucalyptus nectar The acids; caffeic and methylellagic acid (MEA)–pentose conjugate, [11]. forth so and globulus E. [10]. tea of green blue atherapeutic it leaves as India, part herbalTasmanian tea. is In used gum are and biopesticide properties flavoring,antimicrobial, [6–9]. [5]. repellent therapeutic, has perfumery, also oil insect The an as used It also is supplements food in traces sweets, as such in cough decongestants. as syrups, and [5,6–9]—for deodorizing, and for purposes many used is oil cleaning Eucalyptus habitats. less provide ahabitat for destroy mosquito harm larvae. may But also drainage such Algeria, Sicily as such [3], [4]. California and removes Drainage swamps, which places in soil the eradication by draining malaria in used haveEucalypts been also soil. the in to lower some areas planted water in the table reduce salt concentration and the of water Therefore, soil. are quantity the avery large they from take Eucalypts pulpwood. to provide gardens and parks planted timber, firewood, in and also are They of need people. adire wood is that for providing especially fast growth, of their because important are Eucalypts Fire and the Growth of Eucalypts Growth the Fire and bark contains various phenolics, such as guinic, dihydroxyphenylacetic, phenolics, various bark guinic, as contains such - - 47 - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:02 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315153131, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315153131-3 farmers went ahead in states such as Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab in raising irrigated irrigated raising went Gujarat, in states as such Punjab farmers in and ahead Haryana, was followed and Pradesh, Punjab, Uttar states. other and Further, by Haryana, Karnataka, have species The spread country. of the to most direction parts Gujarat this lead took the in Eucalyptus and tereticornis E. 3.4.4 survive. fauna the on which native local many plants out, were to not dry It studied. soil killing the eucalyptus causes industry. of water consumption of Unfortunately, charcoal high by and ber aftereffects the tim the of therequirement 1910,In order in to fulfill Brazil in was introduced eucalyptus 3.4.3 [15]. Australia from managed destroyed by insects order plants.by and In to native save being are trees floraand the fauna,some eucalypts [14]. replaced being Hills are forests eucalyptus of California, some aresult, parts As in example, 1991people in 25 in Oakland killed destroyedand afirestorm about homes 3000 createproblems. fire native also They the For do plants and not support native animals. for shade. used and trees ornamental as admired was gardens, eucalyptus state. and of cities the many part In central treeless the in farms for highways, providing windbreaks in orange groves, other and was found useful lyptus, [13]. splitting and ofprevent euca blue the akind wood twisting from the gum, Mainly to trees processing when were they in long, too (2) and were untrained Americans the However, purposes. itfurniture was not possible (1) for reasons: two were cut trees the to and have was hopeful which a renewableforernment, construction of source timber encouragement the with state of the gov of hectares thousands was planted in lyptus By early the 1900s, eucaCalifornia. in So, some to people eucalyptus introduce planned of of to Australia. that most areas similar is of of California part agreat climate The rush. gold California the to participate in California reached 1850s, the In Australians many 3.4.2 milling, pulp, and charcoal producing. helps saw to as silent such leading forests. some industries, Eucalyptus population is that of wildlife unfavorable a decline Therefore, totally groves is are there wildlife. to local eucalypt the native while life, The was supportive woodland Spain. to native animal pulpwood planted place in are Eucalypts plantations in native in of woodland the oak 3.4.1 world. world 1770. in Cook of the on the several expedition planted parts in been It since has the of to parts other introduce eucalyptus to first was the Joseph Sir Banks, A botanist, 3.4 48 Eucalyptus forests in California have been discarded due drive have they fact out that to the discarded been California in forests Eucalyptus Worldwide Cultivation of Eucalyptus Spain India California Brazil hybrid are the two most widely planted eucalypts in India. most hybrid two India. widely the in are planted eucalypts Green Pesticides Handbook Pesticides Green - - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:02 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315153131, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315153131-3 E. grandis E. on a plantation are scale to awide [11,18]. conditions range ofability edaphoclimatic grown are that species Other of overtoppinghardy, weeds, fire and browse resistant; it coppices and well; has adaptit nis of this number, favorable and most sustainable the hybrid E. been has fauna. to native nature flora excessiveand to their water unfriendly and tendency absorption country. of the parts Today, different in have due ignored eucalypts been land fertile in for demand firewood the [17].There severalintroduce were eucalypts to other attempts Nadu, 1843, globulus in 1856, plantation from of then E. and regular the [16]. of eucalyptus species Tamil Subsequently, Hills, Nilgiri was planted in eucalyptus about grew and 16 Australia from seed obtained sultan Bangalore. near The Hills Nandi rain. of shortage and places acute where in is deforestation there due supports wildlife to alowalso water table plantation habitat eucalyptus abetter forest for is wildlife, natural the that it true is While do not go together. wildlife and eucalypts impression that an sensitive. is frost There as moderatelyalso regardedis salt tolerantgenerally relatively and resistant. Eucalyptus fire is species The formuch its reduced drought known shade. under hardiness. is Eucalyptus adaptability. climatic and Basically, very is demander, alight species of the growth the awide range of soil possessing aversatile,is strongly coppicing and tree fast-growing, of houses), dwelling Eucalyptus fuel. and construction the charcoal, in used also are and purposes timber, poles industries, for good (eucalyptus poles transmission are small-scale namely, for purposes, various grown being is and ity paper pulp, and honey oil, rural and acceptabil commercial has eucalyptus areas, semiarid in water particularly requirements, acute situation regarding despite shortage an India, but of is In unclear fuel. there the grains, revolution, in food green of self-sufficient the short is rotations. Because in India for harvesting of eucalyptus amenability and versatile of nature the because was tested approach futile crops. Unfortunately, not had much has success. This to agricultural this plantations evolved conceptplantations, of the high-density and asuitable as alternative rience of the user, of applicationrience the the well as as product. of the Therefore, has method each “absolute” found in often are oil expe on the based is method of the form. Thus, selection completely be cannot by water. released peutic essences For rose and example, oil jasmine theraand fragrance flowers, Their especially distillation. do themselvesnot to lend steam solvents therapeutic Some destroy plants, use the properties. can some that processes because ence. Therefore, important procedure applied plants is the from for extraction oil asci well as as form art an is making, wine production, oil like out essential that turns aromatherapeutic greater gives with value. oil another oil, while Itduce nicer-smelling may pro technique oil. One available are of essential extraction for the Many techniques 3.5.1 3.5 Eucalyptus Oil Eucalyptus About 170 out India; provenances in and were of varieties, species, eucalypt tried around was first planted 1790 on garden his eucalyptus by India, Tippuin In Sultan, that is known as Mysore gum. In India, it has been found to be fast growing, capable found to fast growing, be it been India, has In Mysore as gum. known is that uayts Oil Eucalyptus Methods of Extraction Methods E. citriodora , E. E. globulus , E. E. camaldulensis E. , and E. tereticor of, aform E. was raised to meet was raised . 49 ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:02 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315153131, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315153131-3 3.6 dioxide carbon to extraction),supercritical Chapter 1. reader directed the is volatile with solvent, extraction distillation, and turbo distillation, steam hydrodistillation, (maceration, techniques of expression method, the colddescription distillation, pressing, of aromatherapy-grade processing the oil. For in a essential its merit importance own and 50 of chemical reagents that remove the impurities in the eucalyptus oil. eucalyptus the reagents remove in that of chemical impurities the use that includes the distillation type of is a more specific This oil. eucalyptus unrefined the refinement. Rectify for further surface. Pour the off drums into oil the skimmed be then separate. eventually awater may oil component oil The and will contains that distillate vessel. The acollection into vapor distillate condensed back the to state. aliquid Drain the cools cold and condenser pipes contain water. that this through water The circulates by pipe surrounded outlets at acentral is top that vat. of the in the collect vapor The will vapor vat. of bottom the through ahole the eucalyptus the Collect in through drain will leave will black and hours liquor, 3–4 which leaves. vaporization requires the process This in oils essential leaves, vaporize the the to through pass steam will cause which will This pipes vat. the at of bottom the the through steam feeding Turn begin on and boiler the clamps. vat to tightly lid the locking the with along its Secure bottom. pipes run steam that leaves of vat alarge aseries in eucalyptus Load with about uncompressed of fresh, 8tons globulus E. and cinerea E. species, two and leaves Australia in collected eucalyptus from oils isolationfor of the essential hydroxyanisol. superior antioxidative exhibited butylated compared species with activity of eucalyptus antioxidativefor the activity. Anewly identified compound,p-cymen-7-ol, the leavesin Two compounds, p-cymen-7-ol responsible thymol blue,are and oil eucalyptus present in extract. HD the antioxidative higher than activity by SFE possesses obtained oil the that fluidThey supercritical extraction and found (SFE) theoil. composition on eucalyptus of paragraphs. following the in publications summarized oil. Afew are selected of eucalyptus extraction for the used on methods literature the Several papers normal. published in are than facts may giveextraction more complete oil, or it may lead of accumulation more to the arti may altered orbe they converted be simple into molecules. Therefore, of agiven method may fairly delicate, are therapeutic molecules Most structure properties. of these their so oil’s come that to the molecules together form and distinct hundreds, aroma sometimes globulus of E. portion eucalyptol name the ascribed and [21]. use pharmaceutical for internal characteristic 1870, In a necessary Cloez identified to 2.4% (fresh weight). its as major It part. virtually cineol is It contains [19,20]. oil producer commercial of largest this the is China 1.0% from yield ranges oil The globulus extract eucalyptus oil. E. to distilled steam leaves are dried Generally, young and twigs or partially fresh the Robinson [24]Robinson oil: of eucalyptus following procedure suggested extraction for the the has [23] Pharmacopoeia European applied the been in has described hydrodistillation The Fadel hydrodistillation have al. as et such [22] studied techniques of extraction effect the Extraction of Eucalyptus Oil of Eucalyptus Extraction oil [21]. oil acomplex is oil product. Eucalyptus It made is up of many, , obtained from a botanical garden in Jena, Germany. in garden abotanical from , obtained is the primary source of global eucalyptus oil production. oil of source global eucalyptus primary the is ; now it is more often called cineole. It is the dominant ; now cineole. It dominant the it more is called is often Green Pesticides Handbook Pesticides Green phellandrene-free, phellandrene-free, - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:02 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315153131, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315153131-3 Eucalyptus Oil Eucalyptus the technology of the distillation process. distillation of the technology the color, oil. The depend on odor,steam-distilled obtained oil of the therapeutic and effects of quality ment, final the temperature, most time, pressure) and important, and determine decantation or skimmed off. ordecantation skimmed Ultimately, layer oil floatsthe essential wateron the maysurface, separated be which by condenser. the through oil vapors the leaves of essential the carries steam orburn oil. The enough oil, but to vaporize the to high not is high that too to atemperature regulated vapor is temperature in to steam escape oil allowsform. The the and cells the softens leaves the treatment steam allowed The is pressure. under through to steam pass the and inducedcontents hydrolysis. due thermally to less ester higher contains product The bottom. obtained the from condensate obtained and are oil chamber, and material–packed at introduced top organic of is the the steam which in develop of distillation, inverse asort steam hydrodiffusion, as such advanced techniques, work order on more research in to to carry aneed still sure. is Hence, there that it seems or steam), to at 100°C close compounds volatilize atemperature these at atmospheric pres up points to 200°C aqueous (either of or presence higher. phase the the boiling In ing water compounds possess contains oil may point.and Eucalyptus decompose at its boiling own water insoluble is in oil, which essential like material temperature-sensitive with dealing when abasic is requirement This constituent. individual point of the boiling ofthat the below may provide substantially is that a distillation temperature steam that It known is 3.7 boiling point of its major compound,boiling (eucalyptol), cineole 176°C–177°C. is oil, fats, ether, Theacid. in acetic andchloroform,glacial paraffins, miscible hol, also and water,insoluble in alco concentration anhydrous alcohol or ahigh in in having miscible tive (camphoraceous smell odor). It a pale viscosity. yellow watery is is in and liquid It is aclear, very has distinc and oil sharp, taste, pungent, afresh Eucalyptus and cooling and Properties Physical 3.9 apleasing well floral properties, as as aroma. soothing and antiseptic mild massage, possess they as in have found to useful be been artifacts The artifacts. called are chemicals, which formation of some the artificial in result distillation steam during occur that reactions toners. chemical and The for mists facial care skin in water, or hydrosol. therapeutic distillate, many it properties, so valuable It is possesses of decantation oil, floral aby-product after water called The is obtained of distillation, 3.8 Thus, a number of factors (including the quality of the leaves, of equip the ofThus, the of anumber factors quality (including quality the the still, of the leaves plant placed the chamber are eucalyptus in orTherefore, dried fresh Mechanisms of Steam Distillation of Eucalyptus Oil of Eucalyptus Distillation of Steam Mechanisms By-Products of Eucalyptus Oil By-Products of Eucalyptus 51 - - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:02 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315153131, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315153131-3 (—), (—), (—), (4.31%), limonene (67.67%), 1,8-cineole (13.13), p-cymene L(—), linalool terpinen-4-ol the main components of eucalyptus oil are are oil components of eucalyptus main the blue blue shows southern or blue analysis chromatographic [25] Gas gum, gum, gum. that following. the in summarized are oils chromatograph. papers Afew recently reported on essential spot; of value market ondecidedbasis the is, the oil that is onthe the oil of the eucalyptus of quality of the estimation and detection for the matography technique acommercial have detectors and developed Several column. new been columns chro the gas toin make (cyclodextrin derivatives) phase chromatography improvedgas be chiral can the by using sample. of the resolution The quantity and of quality the to estimate used be can which oil, major components analyze It of easily oils. essential can essential the analyzing in technique routinely used the is columns capillary chromatographyGas fused-silica with 3.10 52 known adulterated eucalyptus Australian oil can be used as the standard for analyzing for analyzing standard the as used be can oil adulterated Australian known eucalyptus authentic for an sample for data and obtained The of complex analysis for the mixtures. a general method as used be it oils, and can IR-MS essential toola good to is differentiate (MDGC-FT-IR-MS) MDGC-FT- found that It been oils. has of essential analysis for the spectrometry mass and spectrometry matography infrared coupled Fourier transform with tissue without sample preparation. sample without tissue plant intact the in cells oil of essential of nondestructive analysis provides possibility the situ in The processes. control of distillation regular and materials raw of industry, incoming pharmaceutical order the checks in to monitorin fast quality flavorindustries,as as the well fragrance in and used be can methods both that claimed been It also available procedures control has purposes. standard for quality existing the matography. have to replace potential the techniques complementary Both spectroscopic by very chro comparable data gas are spectroscopic vibrational obtained the that to those found of terpenoids. It pure been has spectra the with obtained ofby spectra comparison techniques by both recognized be can oils components of essential main the shown that It been oils. has essential of the were spectra order made the in to interpret calculations (DFT) theory functional density The by hydrodistillation. species severalfrom eucalyptus (ATR-IR)infrared isolated attenuated reflection total oils recorded are essential for spectra and (FT)–Raman plant Fourier transform tissue. intact the in distribution oil essential to study the possibility demonstrate method a unique by this maps obtained Raman spectroscopy. two-dimensional of Raman The by oil means components of eucalyptus penes, oxygenated light extracts. compounds, HD heavythe oxygenated and compounds than (0.242 g/100 g leaves). fresh concentration sesquiter ahigher of the possessed SFE extract The (0.288 extract HD in g/100carbons leaves) SFE g fresh extract in that than was slightly higher 9.82%),and spathulenol and (14.43%, 13.43%, 13.14%). and monoterpene yield hydro of the The found to β be (GC-MS), 90compounds were and identified [22].compounds were main the extracts, both In chromatography spectrometry by gas analyzed mass with were extracts Both fluid extraction. madendrene (—), epiglobulol (—), piperitone (—), globulol and (—). E. globulus E. from was extracted oil essential Eucalyptus Krock et al. [27] al. et Krock have chro gas evaluated trapping multidimensional cryogenic parallel A literature survey [26] survey A literature situ shows have in made efforts that to been analyze camaldulensis E. α -terpineol (45.68%),-terpineol α Methods of Analysis of Eucalyptus Oil of Eucalyptus of Analysis Methods -phellandrene (8.94%-phellandrene 4.09%), and (24.01% p-cymene 10.61%), and (12.71% cryptone var. brevirostris var. -terpinenyleacetate (—), (—), d-carvone α leaves were extracted by hydrodistillation and supercritical leaves supercritical and were by hydrodistillation extracted α -pinene (13.85%), . It is also known as Tasmanian Tasmanian as known . It also is Green Pesticides Handbook Pesticides Green β -pinene (0.78%),-pinene sabinene Raman procedure also procedure also Raman -phellandrene (—),-phellandrene aro the main main the ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:02 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315153131, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315153131-3 acetate (3.66, —, —). trans isopulegol (—, 7.3, —), β (+) (28.82, limonene —, 8.16), (5.39, 1,8-cineole 0.8, 83.89), and α in the parentheses in places I, in II, III: α parentheses and the in Eucalyptus Oil Eucalyptus geriana Eucalyptus to the plants belonging nene, β been claimed that the presence of presence camphor the that or of acombination α claimed been source. It also has unknown samples, an samples for well as from as the unknown the constituent is given in parentheses. given in is constituent percentage of the following. the required The in discussed (BP)-grade are oil eucalyptus [25] major of constituents the Pharmacopoeia uses British and of properties pharmaceutical The 3.11 Maciel et al. estimated the chemical composition of essential oils [28] of oils species composition of essential chemical three the from Maciel estimated al. et • • • • • • • -geraniol (10.77,-geraniol —, —), (4.2, E-citral —, —), methyl (14.16, gernate —, —), geraniol and persistent odor, acrid burning taste, and antibacterial activities. persistent taste, odor, antibacterial and burning acrid Cuminal aldehyde yellow color, woody and herbaceous peppery odor. Terpinen-4-ol soaps preparations to and help overcome undesirable odors. in used is and matic hydrocarbon activity odor. antibacterial good It possesses p-Cymene flavors. cosmetics, and perfumes, in Itbacterial. ingredient acommon is α oil. eucalyptus of readily, Itoxidizes stable respiratory is irritant. and a constituent as it a skin and is limonene Pure products, cleaners. hand as such cleaning in and grease of and oil It solvent astrong is antibacterial. removal for It the mildly used is orange–citrus. γ solvent. and deodorant.natural is a strong It disinfectant a anti-inflammatory. also is It and flavors in odorandantibacterial perfumery. used resinous-piney mildly is It α aflavorsolventand Itoil. strong fragrance also andand is penetrating decongestant,suppressant, respiratory anti- and expectorant, nasal cough taste. antibacterial, It an cooling is a spicy clean and fragrance eucalyptus It oxygen colorless the is that type. atom fresh alight ether of with liquid the is suggests agents. reducing orit inertness by by not The usual sodium is attached hydroxyl group nor a double bond. for oxygen example, inert; The is atom cineole in (oxide)monoterpene ether with isomeric is (eucalyptol) 1,8-Cineole Composition of Eucalyptus Oil for Pharmaceutical Use for Pharmaceutical Composition Oil of Eucalyptus - - - (I), (I), -phellandrene, and γ -phellandrene, and Limonene Terpineol Pinene E. citrodoraE. (II), and (up to 9%): woody, bicyclic adry monoterpene hydrocarbon has This : The monocyclic monoterpene aromatic hydrocarbon has a strong aro astrong monocyclichydrocarbon monoterpene aromatic : The has : The monocyclic monoterpene alcohol odor: The strongly anti of and lilac is (up to 12%): odor monocyclic the monoterpene hydrocarbon of The has : It is a tricyclic monoterpene alcohol colorless: It is that atricyclic is apale or with : It is a colorless to yellowish oil liquid that possesses a strong : It astrong acolorless is possesses to that liquid yellowish oil -citronellal (0.8,-citronellal 71.77, —), isopulegol (—, 4.3, —), (—, Z-citral 2.9, —), , boiling point (b.p.), boiling 174.4°C (at least 70%): monocyclic This -terpinene indicates the adulteration the indicates oil. -terpinene of eucalyptus E. globulus E. genus [28]. GC-MS GC and E. stai to analyze were used (III). Their percent composition obtained is given is percent(III). composition Their obtained -pinene (3.27, 1.1, 4.15), (1.75, o-cymene —, 2.93), α -terpineol, but contains neither-terpineol, a but contains -terpinolene (9.4, —, —), (–) -thujene, decane, sabi decane, -thujene, inflammatory. - - 53 - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:02 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315153131, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315153131-3 54 3.13 3.12 • • • • • • • • • • • • • p-Isoproplyphenol (australol) p-Isoproplyphenol antibacterial. Globulol E. globulus E. 1:2), while anematicide,As rudis E. nematode, Meloidogyne incognita population knot root of the larval cintrodora of the E. showed mortality highest the [29]. dehorning following applied stumps and horn to cattle locally It ingredients formulated other is with vulnerary. expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycemic, rubefacient, and vermifuge, stimulant, decongestant, cicatrisant, deodorant, balsamic, astringent, depurative, diuretic, inflammatory, antineuralgic, antirheumatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, anti- analgesic, antibacterial, are oil of therapeutic eucalyptus The properties antiviral, globulus of major E. portion the gaveand EUCALYPTOL it name the [19]. use pharmaceutical for internal characteristic 1870, In sary Cloez identified it aneces phellandrene-free, it virtually because is internationally itself established globulus E. impressive properties. therapeutic, possesses oil perfumery This massage. body and as lotions such purposes, available blends also for of are Special aqueous specific solutions of eucalyptus formulations. own to incorporate their into for manufacturers fragrance, especially blend eucalyptus astrong economical with an is use for oil industrial Eucalyptus deodorizer. Awater-soluble available. version also is sensitizer, and cleaner, oil. It anatural freshener, is grade disinfectant, eucalyptus alower-cost is use alternative for to oil pharmaceutical- commercial Eucalyptus products. other many and cough mixtures, rubs, liniments, muscular sports and arthritis activity. of antiseptics, antibacterial Therefore, in it used abroad is with spectrum compounds awide range of natural contains oil eucalyptus Pharmaceutical-grade activity. antifungal well as as antibacterial possesses Aromadendrene activity. α in It exists Eudesmol Pesticidal Properties and Uses of Eucalyptus Oil Uses of and Eucalyptus Pesticidal Properties Common Uses of Eucalyptus Oil Common Uses of Eucalyptus : It is a tricyclic sesquiterpene alcohol with a sweet rose-like odor, alcohol asweet rose-like with sesquiterpene it and : It is atricyclic is : It is a bicyclic sesquiterpene alcohol that possesses mild antibacterial antibacterial mild alcohol: It possesses abicyclic that is sesquiterpene : It is a tricyclic sesquiterpene hydrocarbon of awoody sesquiterpene : It odor, atricyclic is it and , β showed at alower activity concentration (1:2) for inhibition , and γforms., and showed significant activity at all dilutions dilutions all showed(1:0,at activity significant 1:1,and : It aphenol, is it antibacterial. avery and strong is [21]. , at 100 ppm [30]. 48 hours concentration after ; now, 1,8-cineole— as it known commonly is Green Pesticides Handbook Pesticides Green oil has has oil - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:02 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315153131, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315153131-3 Eucalyptus Oil Eucalyptus poisoned by conventionalpoisoned residue with insecticides. contact, occurs often as to be parasitoidsand unlikely 1or crop more are atreated treatment reinvading days after contact, predators direct via susceptible are enemies Therefore,ditions. although natural pesticides.” volatile, are field under oils persistence have they so con Eucalyptus limited mostly fish birds, nontoxic and are oils [4]; to mammals, therefore,called are they “green or products on the themselves but based few exceptions, oils with the toxic to mammals, are moderately [36]. oils essential of terpenoid channels constituents chloride purified The [35] neuromodulator the with octopamine interfere GABA-gated neurological. They and is mode of action Their contact and insecticide. fumigant act as oil. They uent of eucalyptus relatedically Examples phenols, include major 1,8-cineole, constit sesquiterpenes. the and and eucalyptus oils were found to be superior to organophosphorus insecticides in partly partly were in oils found to superior be to organophosphorus eucalyptus insecticides and (90.96%)garlic oil (89.44%) >pestban (80.66%) oil >eucalyptus (76.14%). >dimethoate Garlic (43.27%). oil tus Similarly, as aphids follows: be forfound to was efficiency controlling the following order:the (68.07%) garlic oil (67.90%) >dimethoate (64.02%) > >pestban eucalyp plant and hoppers population was of found to The reduced numbers. be leafhoppers in in reduction the seventh,after tenth and application atdays fifth, first, the totaken determine garlic population.” enemies ural applied They a3% solution (30%), of dimethoate (48%), pestban nat and pest insect faba bean some piercing-sucking against organophosphate insecticides 2013,In Mousa [31] al. et to comparison in oils “the of eucalyptus reported garlic and effect 3.15 grossly. vary can tree very same products the but from effects, also and characteristics greatly in Notdiffer oils. do products only species the of different essential of sources to as extents various used perhaps and are dozens of eucalyptus, of species hundreds control are Note properties. there that vermin limited and insect possesses also agent solutions; added to soap it mop countertop cleaning and disinfecting and cleaning aprimary as America South and Central throughout Asia, Africa, used is oil lyptus oil, produced globulus leaves the from eucalyptus be ofmight E. worldwide oil best-known foods, essential the in mainly used oils essential Apart from 3.14 The oils are generally composed [33,34] generally composed are oils The of monoterpenes, biogenet of complex mixtures • • • Eucalyptus oil possesses antimicrobial and biopesticide [21]. and properties antimicrobial possesses oil Eucalyptus [31]. enemies todamage natural (3%) oil Eucalyptus least to aphids hoppers control the and both with used be can mol for 1800, mice of and menthol for rat 3180. The oral LD oral The of number knots. the javanica of of eggs Meloidogyne hatching the in Mechanisms of Pesticidal Action of Eucalyptus Oil of Pesticidal Actionof Eucalyptus Mechanisms Technology of Eucalyptus Oil as aPesticideTechnology as Oil of Eucalyptus oil, and eucalyptus oil four times in each spray, each in times four Allium oil samples were the sativa eucalyptus oil, and and 50 (mg/kg) for rat 2480, is of 1,8-cineole of eugenol for rat 2680, of thy

in vitro in in vivo in and [32]. Steam-distilled euca and reduction of and - 55 ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:02 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315153131, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315153131-3 their insecticidal activity—and these oils are produced on a commercial scale in Brazil. in produced scale are on acommercial oils these activity—and insecticidal their longipalpis to control may L. used be oils geriana dara E. staigeriana 24, after was observed 48, 72 hours. mortality and pupation. days until Insect observed and adults were were sprayed larvae hatched counted for The 10 oils. the with consecutive geriana solutions at of were plant concentrations of oils used 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.2 and mg/ml ( vae, adults and of Lutzomyia longipalpis pollution. withoutprotection environmental crop in oil of possible suggests eucalyptus the use This enemies. natural the maintaining 56 References literature. the atcollation in data of are unpublished present that scattered published and plantation (spacing, etc.), work nutrient This may the made recycling. be and easier by the of design the application of edaphic the species, and conditions, selection the of fertilizers, of climatic effect the planted production for the eucalypts of byon the oil understanding may maximized be workers. skilled returns The requires adopt latter the and perform, and to may former. of easy that due the be former is the fact that to more the This than times forcultivation value production, market of oil many the eucalypts is latter of while the on the that for cultivation folds many of woodon the pulp eucalypts are and more than data available The failure. overhasty in India, plantation results in of eucalypts especially countries, Asian In countries. =other =Brazil =Spain >Chile >Australia Africa South = >Portugal =India following order: the China in are area this in countries by different over world. all the of eucalypts harvest the in Publications interest made a genuine is there 1.02% from ranges oil lyptus to 2.4% (fresh weight of leaves). shows survey Aliterature that (IPM). management integrated pest yield of of euca The future partner aunique be might production. food pesticide for organic It green effective an as may oil used be Eucalyptus 3.16

The insecticidal effects [28] effects straigeriana of E. insecticidal The 1. 2. 3. 4. E. globulus E. and

Conclusion Agriculture. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=4477. Agriculture. L’Hér.”“Eucalyptus of Network, U.S. Department Information 2009. Resources Germplasm Retrieved January 27,Retrieved January 2005. Hickey, J.E., Kostoglou, P., Tasmania. G.J. Forestry Tasmania’s Sargison, trees. tallest /eucaly14.html. 27, January Retrieved 2005. http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/eGrieve, eucalyptus. herbal M. Amodern ary 27,ary 2005. .csustan.edu/sites/default/files/Bob_Santos-The_Eucalyptus_of_California.pdf. Janu Retrieved CA. http://library Denair, Publications, Alley-Cass of California. eucalyptus R.L. The Santos, ), ( citronellal ) and 40,) and 20, 10, 5, mg/ml 2.5 and ( oil was the most effective on all three phases of the insect, followed insect, ofby the E. citro phases three on most all was effective the oil oils. The major constituents of the oils were Z-citral and α and were oils Z-citral of the major constituents The oils. E. citrodoraE. ), ( 1,8-cineole and in vitro in these In have assessed. been —its chemical constituents are already known for known already are constituents —its chemical and citrodoraE. and , E.

citrodora E. globulus E. E E. globulus E. , and . globulus ). This shows that eucalyptus shows). eucalyptus that This Green Pesticides Handbook Pesticides Green ). eggs, The larvae, and oils on eggs, lar oils tests, aqueous -citral ( -citral E. stai E. stai - - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:02 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315153131, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315153131-3

Eucalyptus Oil Eucalyptus

8. 6. 10.

29.

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 23. 22. 21. 24. 25. 26. 28. 27. 30. 31. 32. 11. 5. 9. 7. Eucalyptus globulus Eucalyptus globulus N. Engl. 347:13–18. J. Med. bites. M.S.,Fradin, Day, and mosquito against J.F.repellents insect Comparative 2002. of efficacy Eucalyptus globulus Pediculidae). 52(9): Chem. Food J. Agric. 2507–2511. Eucalyptus of globulus activity Yang, Y.-C., H.-Y., Cheoi, Choi, W.-S., J.M., Clark, Y.-J. Ahn, adulticidal and Ovicidal 2004. Herbal monograph:Herbal Eucalyptus globulus European Pharmacopoeia. 1983. SA, Ruffine. Sainte Maisouneuve Pharmacopoeia. European Williams, T. 24–31. America’s 2002. Williams, Audubon. weeds. 104: largest Eucalyptus of California. www.library.csustan.edu. Retrieved May www.library.csustan.edu. 24, Retrieved 2009. of California. Eucalyptus Audubon: May www.audubonmagazine.org. Incite. 24, Retrieved 2009. @UCSD: May 24, Retrieved Tree Alumni.ucsd.edu. 2009. wars. Eucalyptus Plantation, Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore. at Workshop hybrid. Presented Shyam on Sunder, of Eucalyptus S. 1984. aspects Some 99(12): 707–715. 99(12): Wilson, J. 1973. Rational utilization of montane temperate forests of South India. India. of South temperate forests of montane J. 1973.Wilson, utilization Rational Bangalore. PhD thesis, Mysore University. thesis, PhD Bangalore. near plantations Mysore gum in Kushalappa, recycling K.A. nutrient 1985. and Productivity Distillation and Marketing and Distillation D.J.,Boland, Brophy, J.J., House, A.P.N. (eds.). Chemistry, 1991. Oils—Use Leaf Eucalyptus Eucalyptus oil. FAO oil. Eucalyptus Repository. Corporate Document European Pharmacopoeia. 1983. SA, Ruffine. Sainte Maisonneuve Pharmacopoeia. European oils var. camaldulensis of Eucalyptus activity antioxidant and composition chemical Fadel, H., F., Marx, El-Sawy, A., El-Ghorab, A. 1999 Marketing and Distillation D.J.,Boland, Brophy, J.J., House, A.P.N. (eds.). Chemistry, 1991. Oils—Use Leaf Eucalyptus _extract-eucalyptus-oil.html. eHow. oil. eucalyptus A. http://www.ehow.com/how_5244668 How to extract Robinson, India. of Technology, Institute National Rourkela, Orissa, Engineering, of Chemical Department Engineering). Bachelor of of (Chemical requirements Technology the of fulfillment partial in Rao, V.P.S., Pandey, its applications and oil D. of essential 2007. extraction on report Project April 26. April Biopolymers oils. essential of Eucalyptus method R., Foley, control W., quality ahigh Popp, to acquire studies J. spectroscopic 2005. Vibrational U., M.A., S., H., M., Strehle, Krüger, Uhlemann, H., Reitzenstein, Schulz, Baranska, Quilitzsch, Farm Chemicals Handbook Farm Chemicals their insecticidal effects on Lutzomyia on longipalpis effects insecticidal their Bitro, E.S., Souza-Neto, M.A. 2010. of Eucalyptus composition Chemical M.V.,Maciel, Morais, S.M., C.M., Bevilaqua, Silva, R.A., R.S., R.N., Barros, Sousa, L.C., Sousa, Chem. Anal. oils. essential of eucalyptus for analysis spectrometry mass and coupled infrared with chromatography gas C.L. 1994. N., Multidimensional K.A., Wilkins, Krock, Ragunathan, Distributors, New Delhi, pp. 93, New Delhi, 97.Distributors, Pesticides Botanical by Crop Protection 2008. In R. Singh, Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Acad. 21–27. Egypt. 5(2): Sci. populations. enemies natural and pests insect bean faba piercing-sucking some against insecticides to organophosphat comparison in oils lyptus T.N., K.M.,Mousa I.A., Khodeir, Youssef, EI-Dakhakhni, A.F. 2013. euca and of garlic Effect Wikipedia. Essential oil. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil. oil. Essential Wikipedia. 208: 212–216. A208: Unters. Forsch. Lebensm. . Z. 66(4): 425–430. . Association of Societies for Growing Plants. for Growing of Societies . Association monograph. Australian Naturopathic Network. Naturopathic Australian monograph. Labill leaf pieces tea. pieces leaf Labill . Inkata Press, Melbourne, Australia. Melbourne, Press, . Inkata . Inkata Press, Melbourne, Australia. pp. 3, Australia. Melbourne, 78–82. Press, . Inkata . 1980. Meister Publishing, Willoughby,. 1980. OH, Publishing, p. Meister D133. leaf oil terpenoids against Pediculuishu (Anoplura: capitis manus against terpenoids oil leaf . Himalaya Healthcare. Vet. Parasitol. . Vet. 78(55): 237–248.online, published first Article . Effect of extraction techniques on the the on techniques of extraction Effect , ed. N.A. Shakil. CBS Publishers & Publishers CBS , ed. N.A. Shakil. 167: 1–7. 167: spp. essential oils and and oils spp. essential brevirostris leaf Indian Forests Indian 57 -

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 17:02 28 Sep 2021; For: 9781315153131, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315153131-3 58

34. 33. 36. 35. 58: 1101–1106. Pest Manag. pests. 58: Sci. insect against mode of action plants: Possible aromatic from isolated constituents oil by essential receptors octopaminergic Kostyukovsky, M., A., C., Rafaeli, N., Gileadi, Demchenko, Shaaya, of Activation 2002. E. Biopestic. Int. straints. - con and Potential pesticides: O.,Kaul, green as oils Walia, S., G.S. 2008. Essential Dhaliwal, 60: 923–930. Toxicol. Bull.carrier. Contam. Environ. the and product, a formulated oils, Pacificessential coho J.,Stroh, Wan, M.T., M.B., Isman, Moul, D.J. 1998. to juvenile Evaluation acute toxicity of the melanogaster GABA Drosophila from aligomeric receptor GABA ahomo- and modulator of human receptors apositive oil, allosteric essential thyme Priestley, E.M., C.M., Wafford, K.A., Williamson, D.B. Sattelle, of 2003. aconstituent Thymol, 4(1): 63–84. 4(1): 140: 1363–1372. . Br. 140: J. Pharmacol. Green Pesticides Handbook Pesticides Green