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New Zealand Samoa 1944

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New Zealand Samoa 1944 CHAPTER EIGHT New Zealand Samoa 1944 Contributors: Malama Meleisea Penelope Schoeffel Meleisea Isalei Va'ai I'iga Suafole The First World War 1914-1918 The First World War broke out in Europe in 1914 when the Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated in Sarajevo, by a Serbian student. Austria-Hungary sent Serbia an ultimatum, which was not met, and Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. The assassination of the Archduke was not the real cause of the war, however. For a long time, events which would have resulted inevitably in a war, had been building up in Europe. One of these events was the arms race among the European powers, especially that between England and Germany. Since armed forces represented national power, each nation wanted a large army and navy, and each nation tried to keep ahead of the others. Not only was there an arms race among the European powers, but there was a race for colonies. Germany, France, and Britain were all expanding their colonial empires in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Germany was perhaps the most aggressive of the imperial powers, and she came into conflict with Russia when she tried to extend her influence over the Balkans. Austria-Hungary also had interests in the Balkans. Britain and France, on the other hand, had interests in the Middle East. 125 In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, the European Powers formed alliances among themselves. In 1882, Italy, Germany and Austria-Hungary formed the Triple Alliance. In 1894, France and Russia formed a rival alliance, which was known as the Dual Alliance. Britain, alarmed by Germany's naval and colonial policies, formed the Entente Cordiale with France in 1904; Russia joined in 1907, and the Entente Cordiale became the Triple Entente. These alliances meant that if one nation declared war, then the other nations would enter the war in support of their ally. When Austria declared war on Serbia, Russia mobilised its army to come to Serbia's assistance. Germany, partly to honour her obligations to Austria, declared war on Russia. Britain and France later joined the war. The combined forces of Britain, France, Russia and the United States were known as the Allied Powers. The rival powers Germany, Austria and Italy were known as the Axis Powers. Immediately upon the outbreak of the war in Europe, New Zealand was invited by Britain to seize German Samoa. An Expeditionary Force was sent to Samoa, and the Germans in Samoa offered no resistance. Samoa was the first enemy territory to be seized by the Allied Forces. New Zealand was very ready to seize Samoa as she had had designs on Samoa for a long time. New Zealand had always regarded the Pacific as a British sphere of influence. Back in the 1870s and 1880s New Zealand and Australia were British colonies. But, by that period, both countries had nationalist movements that wanted internal self-government and eventual independence from direct British rule. The leaders of these movements were of British origin, for in both countries white settlers had come to far out-number the native Maori and Aboriginal peoples. The native inhabitants of both countries had no say in the political decisions of the time. In those decades, the nationalists of New Zealand and Australia wanted Britain to take over all the islands of the South Pacific, including Samoa. They were motivated mainly by their fear that French and German colonies would become powerful in a region they wanted to be predominantly British (see Chapter 3). The New Zealand Prime Minister of the period wanted Britain to take control of all the Polynesian islands north of New Zealand. He argued that New Zealand should be the cultural and trading centre for all the Polynesian people. This feeling was a factor leading to Britain annexing the Cook Islands and Niue for New Zealand in the late nineteenth century. When Samoa became a German colony in 1900, New Zealand was unhappy about it. She did not want a major power, such as Germany, to have a colony so close to her shores. The wish to include Samoa among New Zealand's territories was still strong in 1914, which is why the New 126 Zealand government lost no time in sending an expeditionary force to capture Samoa from Germany. The New Zealanders believed they had a special ability to rule Polynesians, and were proud of their record with the Maori. In the words of Sir Apirana Ngata, M.P.: The Samoans may be congratulated that they have come under the wing of the Anglo-Saxon race, and they are extremely fortunate in that they have come under the government of New Zealand, because there is no better representative of the British conscience of administration in a just way of the native races than the Government of this country. I can speak with experience, sometimes with a little bitterness, as to the treatment some of the Maoris have received in New Zealand at the hands even of our own Pakeha people. But the Maoris have a saying "That is between you and me", and take it by and large, take it over the century, no native race has been so fortunate as the Maoris of New Zealand. Despite these claims, the Expeditionary Force, which comprised initially 1,413 officers, mechanics, technicians and medical staff, was not qualified to run a colony. When the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, led by Colonel Logan, landed in Samoa, they lowered the German flag and seized all buildings and properties belonging to the German Government. On 31 August 1914, the British Flag was raised, Logan became the Administrator and issued the following proclamation: Dieu Et Mon Droit Proclamation 1. The New Zealand Government of his Britannic Majesty King George V now occupies for his Majesty all the German territories situated in the islands of the Samoan Group. 2. All inhabitants of the occupied territories are commanded to submit to all such directions as maybe given by any officer of the occupying force. 3. Every inhabitant of the occupied territories is forbidden to assist or to communicate directly or indirectly with the German Government or the German forces, or to molest or to resist, directly or indirectly the occupying forces of any member thereof. 4. All public property of the German Government must be delivered forthwith by those responsible for its safety to the possession of the occupying forces. 5. Private property of individuals will only be taken if required for the purposes of occupying forces and if so taken, will be paid for at a reasonable price at the termination of the war. 6. No person shall except with the written permission of an authorised officer of the occupying force be out of doors on any night between the hours of 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. nor change his or her present place of residence, nor use any boat or canoe. 127 7. All public meetings are prohibited. 8. No circular or newspaper or printed matter of any description shall be circulated, printed, or issued without the written per- mission of an authorised officer of the occupying forces. 9. No spirituous or intoxicating liquor shall be manufactured or sold without the written permission of an authorised officer of the occupying force, nor shall liquor be supplied to any Samoan native. 10. All officials of the German Government who desire to continue to carry out their functions under the present military Government must report themselves forthwith to the commander of the occupying force and such as may be retained in their employment will receive the same rate of renumeration as was received by them prior to the occupation. 11. All inhabitants having in their possession any motor cars, horses, carts or other means of transport must forthwith be delivered at the office of the Provost-Marshall of the occupying force. 12. All arms of every description, whether the property of the German Government or of private persons, must forthwith be delivered at the office of the Provost-Marshall of the occupying force. 13. All persons who quietly submit to the administration of affairs by the occupying force will be protected in their occupations except in the case of such occupations as may be contrary to the best interests of the occupying force. 14. All persons who in any manner resist the occupation force or attempt by violence or otherwise to interfere with or overthrow the military Government now established for his Majesty King George V or who fail to obey the above written or any subsequent commands of any officer of the occupying force will be punished according to the laws of war. Given at Apia this 29th August in the year of our Lord 1914 Robert Logan, Colonel Commanding the occupying force. The proclamation established a military government in Samoa. It did not make any changes in the political organization set up by the Germans. Laws and policies passed by the Germans were maintained, too. Some minor officials were asked to continue in their posts but they refused; all German officials were then deported. The German Governor, Dr Schultz and other Germans were taken to New Zealand where they were kept as prisoners of war. Private German citizens were given the option of remaining in Samoa or being repatriated to Germany. Most preferred to remain in Samoa, where they had established themselves. Those Germans who had married Samoans opposed the deportation of their countrymen. 128 The New Zealand Military Government took over D.P.H.G., which it later (in 1919) renamed the New Zealand Reparation Estates.
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