DOCSLIB.ORG

Samoa and New Zealand's Special Relationship

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

http://waikato.researchgateway.ac.nz/ Research Commons at the University of Waikato Copyright Statement: The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). The thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: Any use you make of these documents or images must be for research or private study purposes only, and you may not make them available to any other person. Authors control the copyright of their thesis. You will recognise the author’s right to be identified as the author of the thesis, and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate. You will obtain the author’s permission before publishing any material from the thesis. SAMOA AND NEW ZEALAND’S SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP: MORE THAN A NEIGHBOUR? A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Laws at The University of Waikato by Taoa Delphina Kerslake THE UNIVERSITY OF WAIKATO 2010 ABSTRACT This thesis will discuss in detail the special relationship between Samoa and New Zealand. From the Samoa and New Zealand relationship certain equitable obligations arise because of the special features ascertained in the relationship. These features include the historical and ongoing relationship of both countries as well as the Treaty of Friendship, a unique document that assists in regulating the relationship between both countries. The purpose of this thesis is to discover the true meaning of the special relationship between Samoa and New Zealand and discover the obligations that arise out of it. The special relationship of Samoa and New Zealand will be discussed in light of the fiduciary principles of a sui generis relationship. Such relationships have been found to exist in Crown-Aboriginal peoples’ relationship in Canada and Australia. This thesis will develop how the Samoa-New Zealand relationship may be analogous to a Crown-Aboriginal peoples’ relationship. A unique feature between the relationship of Samoa and New Zealand is what is encompassed in the text of the Treaty of Friendship. Discussion will focus on the importance of Treaties and the role treaties play in facilitating relationships between countries. Comparative analysis will be drawn on the Māori-Pākehā relationship and how it has developed since the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi have been identified by the New Zealand Court of Appeal. Through the articulation of the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi its status has been acknowledged. This thesis will use this analogy to show that through recognition of the text of the Treaty of Friendship, the special relationship between Samoa and New Zealand may give more legal and practical effect. Other special features of the Samoa-New Zealand relationship will be discussed in detail emphasising the difference of the Samoa-New Zealand relationship to other types of relationships. The articulation of the special relationship of Samoa-New Zealand will also identify the breaches that have occurred in the relationship. Such breaches include New Zealand maladministration during the colonial period and breaches that occurred during the post-independence era such as the Dawn Raids and the aftermath of the Lesa decision. This thesis will address these breaches and make ii suggestions on a way forward by addressing some of the crucial issues in the relationship to provide a firmer foundation. In this thesis, when reference is made to “Samoa”, this means the Independent State of Samoa, which was formerly known as German and Western Samoa. It is not referring to the Eastern Islands of Samoa known as American Samoa. The words “Samoa” and “Western Samoa” are used inter-changeably throughout the thesis. Both words refer to the Independent State of Samoa and are synonymous except where stated. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis has been a hard journey full of challenges. It really has been a learning experience where I have rediscovered the true meaning of discipline and focus. The main purpose of this thesis is to contribute to Samoan literature and the many fruitful works of Samoan academics and researchers. This work would not have been possible without the support of colleagues, friends and family. I am indebted to Doug Tennent who encouraged me to take up this study and continued to direct me under his close supervision. I acknowledge my Supervisors Leah Whiu and Gay Morgan for their kind assistance throughout this study. To my family, who I am forever indebted to: My parents Hon. Tagaloa Tuala Donald Charles and Dr Maria Talaitupu Kerslake who instilled in me the seed of knowledge that I have tried to sow over the years. I thank you for your endless support. I am forever blessed to have parents like you. I acknowledge my sisters, brothers, nieces and nephews for their support. The family network has truly been a great source of comfort. I also acknowledge my extended family, those who have passed away but are present in spirit; and the numerous aunts, uncles and cousins for their encouraging support. I owe a great deal of gratitude to my husband, Shane Joseph Wulf and my two children: Isaac Simanuali’i and Salaneta Elsie who have been my rock and foundation throughout this study. I thank you for your patience, the great times and joy you have given me throughout this study. I especially thank Shane who did not mind the numerous absent moments but continued to play the parent role for both of us, to our children. Lastly but most important of all, I give all thanks and praise to God because through him all things are possible. iv GLOSSARY Aana Refers to the western division of Upolu. Aitu Ghost or spirits. Ali’i One of the two types of matai; refers to a High chief. Also a polite word used to refer to men. Atua Refers to the eastern division of Upolu. Other meaning is refers to God. Fa’alavelave Family obligations and events that may include a wedding, funeral, chief bestowment or any special occasion. Fa’asamoa Cultural and traditional ways of Samoan people. Faipule Refers to chiefs of a village. It is also the term given to members of Parliament. Fale A traditional Samoan house. Fono o Faipule Village council of Chiefs. Hapū Subtribe; extended family. Iwi Tribe. Kawanatanga governorship. Lagi The heavens. Matai Are titled people, either a chief or an orator, whose particular duties are the leadership and care of the family under their control, and who are entitled to the services and cooperation of all members of their families in return for their leadership. Pākehā Refers to the Europeans in New Zealand. Pāpā Refers to the four highest titles: Gatoaitele, Tamasoalii, Tuia’ana and Tuiatua. Pulotu Afterworld; afterlife Tafa’ifa Holder of all four paramount titles of Samoa. These titles are Gatoaitele, Tamasoalii, Tuia’ana and Tuiatua. Tama-a-aiga Reference to the paramount chiefs of Samoa. v Talune Name of vessel that travelled from Auckland to Samoa carrying the influenza epidemic. Tāngata Whenua Referring to the indigenous people of New Zealand, Māori. Literally translates as “People of the Land”. Taonga Treasure or gift. Tapu Sacred. Te Tiriti o Waitangi The Māori text of the Treaty of Waitangi 1840. Tikanga Māori traditional law and custom. Tino Rangatiratanga Sovereignty. Tuamasaga Refers to the central division of Upolu. Tulafale One of the two types of matai; refers to an Orator or talking chief. Tumua and Pule Referring to the people of Samoa distinctly those who originate from the islands of Upolu and Savaii Upolu One of the four main islands of the Independent State of Samoa. Upolu; The capital Apia is located on the island, Upolu. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS: TITLE PAGE i ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv GLOSSARY v TABLE OF CONTENTS vii INTRODUCTION xii CHAPTER 1: HISTORICAL CONTEXT 1 A. Pre-Colonial Samoa: The Traditional Samoan Society 2 B. Colonial Contacts: 6 (i)Arrival of Christian Missionaries 7 (ii)Initial Impacts of Colonisation 8 (iii)Competition among Colonial Powers 9 (iv)Consequences of Competition for Samoan people 10 (v)Germany’s Arrival 11 C. New Zealand’s Arrival: 13 (i)New Zealand Administration in Samoa 14 (ii)Influenza 1918 15 D. League of Nations Mandate 1920: Samoa’s integration into New Zealand 19 (i)The Articles of the League of Nations Mandate 1920 20 (ii)Discussion of the League of Nations Mandate 1920 21 E. New Zealand Administrators in Samoa: 23 (i)Robert Logan 1914-1919 23 (ii)Robert Ward Tate 1919-1923 24 (iii)George Spafford Richardson 1923-1928 24 (a) Resistance: Mau Movement 26 (b) Deportation 27 (iv)Stephen Shepherd Allen 1928-1931 29 (a) Black Saturday 30 (v)Robert Ernest Hart 1931-1935 31 (vi)Alfred Clarke Turnbull 1935-1946 32 vii (vii)Francis William Voelcker 1946-1949 33 (viii)Sir Guy Richardson Powles1949-1960 34 (ix)John Bird Wright 1960-1961 35 (x)Conclusion – Administrators 35 F. United Nations Trusteeship Agreement 1946-1961 35 (i)Articles of United Nations Trusteeship Agreement 37 G. Constitutional Convention 1954 40 H. Initial Stages of Independence 43 I. Post Independence 44 J. Treaty of Friendship 1962 44 (i)Discussion of Treaty of Friendship 46 K. Samoan Migration to New Zealand 47 (i)Immigration Policies 48 L. Dawn Raids 50 M. Lesa v Attorney-General - Privy Council Decision 53 N. Protocol & Citizenship (Western Samoa) Act 1982 56 O. Current Relations: 58 (i)Apology 2002 58 P. Summary 59 CHAPTER 2: LEGAL FRAMEWORK 62 A. Fiduciary Duty/Obligation 63 B. Fiduciary Legal Principles: 67 (i)Trust and Confidence 67 (ii)To Benefit or Advance interests of other party 68 (iii)Power imbalance/Vulnerability 70 (iv)Fiduciary must not profit 71 (v)Unconscionability 72 C.
Recommended publications
  • Wahu Kaara of Kenya

    Wahu Kaara of Kenya

    THE STRENGTH OF MOTHERS: The Life and Work of Wahu Kaara of Kenya By Alison Morse, Peace Writer Edited by Kaitlin Barker Davis 2011 Women PeaceMakers Program Made possible by the Fred J. Hansen Foundation *This material is copyrighted by the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice. For permission to cite, contact [email protected], with “Women PeaceMakers – Narrative Permissions” in the subject line. THE STRENGTH OF MOTHERS WAHU – KENYA TABLE OF CONTENTS I. A Note to the Reader ……………………………………………………….. 3 II. About the Women PeaceMakers Program ………………………………… 3 III. Biography of a Woman PeaceMaker – Wahu Kaara ….…………………… 4 IV. Conflict History – Kenya …………………………………………………… 5 V. Map – Kenya …………………………………………………………………. 10 VI. Integrated Timeline – Political Developments and Personal History ……….. 11 VII. Narrative Stories of the Life and Work of Wahu Kaara a. The Path………………………………………………………………….. 18 b. Squatters …………………………………………………………………. 20 c. The Dignity of the Family ………………………………………………... 23 d. Namesake ………………………………………………………………… 25 e. Political Awakening……………………………………………..………… 27 f. Exile ……………………………………………………………………… 32 g. The Transfer ……………………………………………………………… 39 h. Freedom Corner ………………………………………………………….. 49 i. Reaffirmation …………………….………………………………………. 56 j. A New Network………………….………………………………………. 61 k. The People, Leading ……………….…………………………………….. 68 VIII. A Conversation with Wahu Kaara ….……………………………………… 74 IX. Best Practices in Peacebuilding …………………………………………... 81 X. Further Reading – Kenya ………………………………………………….. 87 XI. Biography of a Peace Writer
  • Conflicting Power Paradigms in Samoa's

    Conflicting Power Paradigms in Samoa's

    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. CONFLICTING POWER PARADIGMS IN SAMOA’S “TRADITIONAL DEMOCRACY” FROM TENSION TO A PROCESS OF HARMONISATION? A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand Christina La’alaai-Tausa 2020 COPYRIGHT Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. 2 ABSTRACT This research argues that the tension evident between western democracy and Samoa’s traditional leadership of Fa’amatai has led to a power struggle due to the inability of the government to offer thorough civic education through dialectical exchange, proper consultation, discussion and information sharing with village council leaders and their members. It also argues that Fa’amatai are being disadvantaged as the government and the democratic system is able to manipulate cultural practices and protocols to suit their political needs, whereas village councils are not recognized or acknowledged by the democratic system (particularly the courts), despite cultural guidelines and village laws providing stability for communities and the country. In addition, it claims that, despite western academics’ arguments that Samoa’s traditional system is a barrier to a fully-fledged democracy, Samoa’s Fa’amatai in theory and practice in fact proves to be more democratic than the democratic status quo.
  • Origins of NZ English

    Origins of NZ English

    Origins of NZ English There are three basic theories about the origins of New Zealand English, each with minor variants. Although they are usually presented as alternative theories, they are not necessarily incompatible. The theories are: • New Zealand English is a version of 19th century Cockney (lower-class London) speech; • New Zealand English is a version of Australian English; • New Zealand English developed independently from all other varieties from the mixture of accents and dialects that the Anglophone settlers in New Zealand brought with them. New Zealand as Cockney The idea that New Zealand English is Cockney English derives from the perceptions of English people. People not themselves from London hear some of the same pronunciations in New Zealand that they hear from lower-class Londoners. In particular, some of the vowel sounds are similar. So the vowel sound in a word like pat in both lower-class London English and in New Zealand English makes that word sound like pet to other English people. There is a joke in England that sex is what Londoners get their coal in. That is, the London pronunciation of sacks sounds like sex to other English people. The same joke would work with New Zealanders (and also with South Africans and with Australians, until very recently). Similarly, English people from outside London perceive both the London and the New Zealand versions of the word tie to be like their toy. But while there are undoubted similarities between lower-class London English and New Zealand (and South African and Australian) varieties of English, they are by no means identical.
  • Perhaps One Framework That Could Have Been Explored As a Possible Theme of the Book Was the Differences in Strategy Employed by Various National-Based IWW Unions

    Perhaps One Framework That Could Have Been Explored As a Possible Theme of the Book Was the Differences in Strategy Employed by Various National-Based IWW Unions

    REVIEWS (BOOKS) 167 Perhaps one framework that could have been explored as a possible theme of the book was the differences in strategy employed by various national-based IWW unions. For example, a major contrast existed between the US IWW, with its ‘dual unionist’ strategy (meaning it set up a new militant industrial union in opposition to conservative, craft-based unions), and the IWW in Australasia, where, as Verity Burgmann details in her chapter about the Australian IWW, Wobblies aimed to ‘bore from within’ existing unions and union federations, such as the ‘Red Feds’ (the first Federation of Labour in Aotearoa New Zealand), and actually had some success. Further, in seeking to overcome the IWW’s marginalization by historians globally – including in this country – the book sometimes veers towards over-inflating the IWW’s influence. For example, the editors’ claim that ‘the IWW reached almost every corner of the globe’ (p.8) seems exaggerated given the IWW’s negligible presence in Africa and Asia, and its sporadic influence in Europe and South America (apart from perhaps Chile and Argentina, which are not covered in the book). Wobblies of the World is a welcome addition to studies of the IWW and syndicalism globally and in Aotearoa New Zealand. It covers a broad range of countries, uses multi-lingual sources innovatively, and attempts to overcome the academic–activist divide. Yet overall these innovations are unfortunately let down by its narrative- based chapters that overall lack in-depth critical analysis. Very good, and sometimes excellent, chapters about the French influence over the IWW, and the IWW influence in Australasia, Mexico, Sweden and South Africa (among others) sit uneasily alongside chapters which are little more than fragmentary snippets and biographical vignettes.
  • Interim Report 2009

    Interim Report 2009

    TVNZ Interim Report FY2009 CONTENTS CHAIRMAN’S INTRODUCTION........................................................3 CHIEF EXECUTIVE’S OVERVIEW........................................................4 INTERIM FINANCIAL STATEMENTS...................................................6 DIRECT GOVERNMENT FUNDING.................................................14 CHARTER PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT ...................................16 TVNZ BOARD AND MANAGEMENT DIRECTORY..........................23 2 TVNZ Interim Report FY2009 CHAIRMAN’S INTRODUCTION TVNZ has achieved a satisfactory result for the first six months of the 2009 financial year, reporting earnings (before interest, tax and financial instruments) of $27.7 million compared to $32.3 million in the same period the previous year. The after tax profit of $18.2 million for the period compares with $20.6 million for the prior period. While this is a pleasing result in the circumstances the impact of the global economic downturn is already apparent and, like all other businesses in 2009, TVNZ will face significant constraints due to worsening conditions. We expect the remainder of the fiscal year to be tough, and are prepared for this to continue into the 2010 year. Sir John Anderson Chairman 3 TVNZ Interim Report FY2009 CHIEF EXECUTIVE’S OVERVIEW Two years ago TVNZ began the hard work of turning the organisation into a contemporary, streamlined and efficient digital media company with a long term future – rather than a simple television broadcaster. The result of this effort became visible at the end of the last financial year, when the company worked its way back into the black, with a return on shareholders equity that was better than most SOEs and Crown-owned Companies as well as many publicly listed companies. The current half-year result is a validation of that approach.
  • Fetuunai Muniao Lipoti O Suesuega Galuega Faatino 1

    Fetuunai Muniao Lipoti O Suesuega Galuega Faatino 1

    FETUUNAI MUNIAO LIPOTI O SUESUEGA GALUEGA FAATINO 1 “Suesue ma Iloilo tulafono a Samoa; ia atagia tu ma aganuu a Samoa i totonu o le Tulafono Faavae, i totonu o aiaiga o le Tulafono Faavae.” 1 © Samoa Law Reform Commission Table of Contents BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................... 3 1. PART 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 4 A. Government .......................................................................................................... 4 B. Parliament XVIth Symposium ......................................................................... 5 C. Other Materials Relied Upon .......................................................................... 6 2. PART 2: CURRENT STATUS OF CUSTOM IN SAMOA’S LAWS ............................. 7 A. Custom in the Constitution ............................................................................. 7 B. Custom in the Current Acts of Parliament of Samoa ............................ 8 3. PART 3: CUSTOM IN THE COURT JUDGMENTS OF SAMOA ............................. 12 A. Courts Jurisdiction on Customary Matters ............................................ 12 B. Guidelines for Judicial Procedures............................................................ 13 4. PART 4: CUSTOM IN PACIFIC ISLANDS CONSTITUTIONS and LAW REFORM LEGISLATION .................................................................................................
  • Establishing a Holocene Tephrochronology for Western Samoa and Its Implication for the Re-Evaluation of Volcanic Hazards

    Establishing a Holocene Tephrochronology for Western Samoa and Its Implication for the Re-Evaluation of Volcanic Hazards

    ESTABLISHING A HOLOCENE TEPHROCHRONOLOGY FOR WESTERN SAMOA AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR THE RE-EVALUATION OF VOLCANIC HAZARDS by Aleni Fepuleai A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Copyright © 2016 by Aleni Fepuleai School of Geography, Earth Science and Environment Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment The University of the South Pacific August 2016 DECLARATION Statement by Author I, Aleni Fepuleai, declare that this thesis is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published, or substantially overlapping with material submitted for the award of any other degree at any institution, except where due acknowledge is made in the next. Signature: Date: 01/07/15 Name: Aleni Fepuleai Student ID: s11075361 Statement by Supervisor The research in this thesis was performed under my supervision and to my knowledge is the sole work of Mr Aleni Fepuleai. Signature Date: 01/07/15 Name: Dr Eleanor John Designation: Principal Supervisor ABSTRACT Samoan volcanism is tectonically controlled and is generated by tension-stress activities associated with the sharp bend in the Pacific Plate (Northern Terminus) at the Tonga Trench. The Samoan island chain dominated by a mixture of shield and post-erosional volcanism activities. The closed basin structures of volcanoes such as the Crater Lake Lanoto enable the entrapment and retention of a near-complete sedimentary record, itself recording its eruptive history. Crater Lanoto is characterised as a compound monogenetic and short-term volcano. A high proportion of primary tephra components were found in a core extracted from Crater Lake Lanoto show that Crater Lanoto erupted four times (tephra bed-1, 2, 3, and 4).
  • Evaluating the Life of Wangari Maathai (1940–2011) Using the Lens of Dark Green Religion

    Evaluating the Life of Wangari Maathai (1940–2011) Using the Lens of Dark Green Religion

    COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION o Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. o ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012). Title of the thesis or dissertation (Doctoral Thesis / Master’s Dissertation). Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/102000/0002 (Accessed: 22 August 2017). EVALUATING THE LIFE OF WANGARI MAATHAI (1940–2011) USING THE LENS OF DARK GREEN RELIGION BY LOUISA JOHANNA DU TOIT A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE: MASTER OF ARTS IN BIBLICAL STUDIES IN THE FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR H. VIVIERS JUNE 2019 DECLARATION I declare that this dissertation, Evaluating the Life of Wangari Maathai (1940–2011) Using the Lens of Dark Green Religion, is my own work and that all sources used and quoted have been duly recognized and referenced. I also declare that this work or part thereof have not been previously submitted by me at this or any other university. 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A journey into the academic world is not a simple one, and one that cannot be attempted without the help and support of others. Since a journey is as much about the trip as about the destination, it presents many unexpected turns and obstacles and provides opportunities to learn more about yourself, others and the subject matter of the research project.
  • (2008) Explore in Rich Detail the Lives of His Immigrant Subjects. The

    (2008) Explore in Rich Detail the Lives of His Immigrant Subjects. The

    106 New Zealand Journal of History, 42, 1 (2008) explore in rich detail the lives of his immigrant subjects. The writing is well-paced and engaging. As a result, this book achieves a new level of maturity in scholarship on the Irish in New Zealand. However, there are issues raised here that will give specialist readers cause for reflection. Fraser brings to his subject an unusual richness of disciplinary background and experience, and is aware how his work has been affected by this. Castles of Gold, he writes, is ‘far more “ethnographically informed” than any of my previous writing’ (p.22). Signs of this are evident, and welcome, though perhaps readers will, like me, wish for an even more self-conscious and sustained engagement with disciplinary difference and the possibilities for innovation in content and style that it raises. More importantly, the trans-Tasman connections so effectively identified in this book continue to raise questions about how we should best deal with those immigrants who moved throughout the New World in fits and starts, mobile people whose identities were made and remade in colonial or other national settings. The revival of interest over the last two decades in the diversity of New Zealand’s nineteenth-century European population has been a major achievement. However, the significant challenge remains to fully factor into our histories the ways in which New World experiences transformed what it was, and what contemporaries thought it meant, to be Irish. MALCOLM CAMPBELL The University of Auckland Dominion of New Zealand: Statesmen and Status 1907–1945. By W.
  • List of Certain Foreign Institutions Classified As Official for Purposes of Reporting on the Treasury International Capital (TIC) Forms

    List of Certain Foreign Institutions Classified As Official for Purposes of Reporting on the Treasury International Capital (TIC) Forms

    NOT FOR PUBLICATION DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY JANUARY 2001 Revised Aug. 2002, May 2004, May 2005, May/July 2006, June 2007 List of Certain Foreign Institutions classified as Official for Purposes of Reporting on the Treasury International Capital (TIC) Forms The attached list of foreign institutions, which conform to the definition of foreign official institutions on the Treasury International Capital (TIC) Forms, supersedes all previous lists. The definition of foreign official institutions is: "FOREIGN OFFICIAL INSTITUTIONS (FOI) include the following: 1. Treasuries, including ministries of finance, or corresponding departments of national governments; central banks, including all departments thereof; stabilization funds, including official exchange control offices or other government exchange authorities; and diplomatic and consular establishments and other departments and agencies of national governments. 2. International and regional organizations. 3. Banks, corporations, or other agencies (including development banks and other institutions that are majority-owned by central governments) that are fiscal agents of national governments and perform activities similar to those of a treasury, central bank, stabilization fund, or exchange control authority." Although the attached list includes the major foreign official institutions which have come to the attention of the Federal Reserve Banks and the Department of the Treasury, it does not purport to be exhaustive. Whenever a question arises whether or not an institution should, in accordance with the instructions on the TIC forms, be classified as official, the Federal Reserve Bank with which you file reports should be consulted. It should be noted that the list does not in every case include all alternative names applying to the same institution.
  • Perspectives on a Pacific Partnership

    Perspectives on a Pacific Partnership

    The United States and New Zealand: Perspectives on a Pacific Partnership Prepared by Bruce Robert Vaughn, PhD With funding from the sponsors of the Ian Axford (New Zealand) Fellowships in Public Policy August 2012 Established by the Level 8, 120 Featherston Street Telephone +64 4 472 2065 New Zealand government in 1995 PO Box 3465 Facsimile +64 4 499 5364 to facilitate public policy dialogue Wellington 6140 E-mail [email protected] between New Zealand and New Zealand www.fulbright.org.nz the United States of America © Bruce Robert Vaughn 2012 Published by Fulbright New Zealand, August 2012 The opinions and views expressed in this paper are the personal views of the author and do not represent in whole or part the opinions of Fulbright New Zealand or any New Zealand government agency. Nor do they represent the views of the Congressional Research Service or any US government agency. ISBN 978-1-877502-38-5 (print) ISBN 978-1-877502-39-2 (PDF) Ian Axford (New Zealand) Fellowships in Public Policy Established by the New Zealand Government in 1995 to reinforce links between New Zealand and the US, Ian Axford (New Zealand) Fellowships in Public Policy provide the opportunity for outstanding mid-career professionals from the United States of America to gain firsthand knowledge of public policy in New Zealand, including economic, social and political reforms and management of the government sector. The Ian Axford (New Zealand) Fellowships in Public Policy were named in honour of Sir Ian Axford, an eminent New Zealand astrophysicist and space scientist who served as patron of the fellowship programme until his death in March 2010.
  • The Implications of the Delgamuukw Decision on the Douglas Treaties"

    The Implications of the Delgamuukw Decision on the Douglas Treaties"

    James Douglas meet Delgamuukw "The implications of the Delgamuukw decision on the Douglas Treaties" The latest decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in Delgamuukw vs. The Queen, [1997] 3 S.C.R. 1010, has shed new light on aboriginal title and its relationship to treaties. The issue of aboriginal title has been of particular importance in British Columbia. The question of who owns British Columbia has been the topic of dispute since the arrival and settlement by Europeans. Unlike other parts of Canada, few treaties have been negotiated with the majority of First Nations. With the exception of treaty 8 in the extreme northeast corner of the province, the only other treaties are the 14 entered into by James Douglas, dealing with small tracts of land on Vancouver Island. Following these treaties, the Province of British Columbia developed a policy that in effect did not recognize aboriginal title or alternatively assumed that it had been extinguished, resulting in no further treaties being negotiated1. This continued to be the policy until 1990 when British Columbia agreed to enter into the treaty negotiation process, and the B.C. Treaty Commission was developed. The Nisga Treaty is the first treaty to be negotiated since the Douglas Treaties. This paper intends to explore the Douglas Treaties and the implications of the Delgamuukw decision on these. What assistance does Delgamuukw provide in determining what lands are subject to aboriginal title? What aboriginal title lands did the Douglas people give up in the treaty process? What, if any, aboriginal title land has survived the treaty process? 1 Joseph Trutch, Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works and Walter Moberly, Assistant Surveyor- General, initiated this policy.