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Marchofempire.Pdf JIMMY SWAGGART BIBLE COLLEGE/SEMINARY LIBRARY ' . JIMMY SWAGGART BIBLE COLLEGE AND SEMINARY LIBRARY BATON ROUGE, LOUISIANA .. "' I l.J MARCH OF EMPIRE Af+td . .JV l cg s- Rg I '7 4 ~ MARCH OF EMPIRE The European Overseas Possessions on the Eve of the First World War By Lowell Ragatz, F .R.H.S. Professor of European History in The George Washington University Foreword by Alfred Martineau CASCADE COLLEGE LIBRARY H. L. LINDQUIST New York THE CANADIAN CHRISTMAS STAMP OF 1898, THE EPITOME OF MODERN IMPERIALISM. The phrase~ ~~we hold a vaster en1pire than has been," is excerpted from Jubilee Ode, by the Welsh poet, Sir Lewis Morris (1833 -1907). Copyright, 1948 By LOWELL RAGATZ PRJ NTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA To CauKo and PANCHO LIANG, Dear Friends of Long Ago FORE"\\TORD The period from the Fashoda Crisis to the outbreak of the great World War in 1914 has been generally neglected by specialists in European expansion. It is as though the several colonial empires had become static entities upon the close of the 19th century and that nothing of consequence had transpired in any of them in the decade and a half prior to the outbreak of that global struggle marking the end of an era in Modern Imperialism. Nothing is~ of course, farther fro~ the truth. I have, therefore, suggested to my former student and present colleague in the field of colonial studies, Professor Lowell Ragatz~ of The George Washington University in the United States, that he write a small volume filling this singular gap in the writings on modern empire building. This he has now done, in a manner eminently suited to meet existing needs. The appended biblio~aphy is a highlv selective one, extracted from his com­ prehensive Literature of European Imperialism, 1815-1939, now in press in America The former will meet the needs of the general reader; the latter will prove invalu­ able for the scholar and the research student. Thanks are due the Graduate Council of The George Washington University for generous financial assistance in preparing the manuscript and seeing the volume through the press. ALFRED MARTINEAU~ Sometime Professor of Colonial History in the ColTege de France; Editor, Revue d' Histoire des Colonie$. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS The Canadian Christmas Stamp of 1898. Epitome of Modern Imperialism ..... ... Frontispiece After Page 1 The British Empire in 1914. ... 4 2 The French Empire in 1914. 28 3 The German and Portuguese Empires in 1914. ..... 42 4 The Italian Empire in 1914 ... .. ..... .. ............... ........ _ . 52 5 The Dutch and Danish Empires in 1914. 56 6 The Belgian and Spanish Empires in 1914. 60 7 The Russian Empire in 1914. 64 8 The Railroads of Africa in 1914. 66 9 The Railroads of Asia in 1914. ..... 68 10 Tropical Commodities Production Areas in 1914.. .. 70 All maps w~re speciaUy drawn for th'i$ work by Wa~r Y. Cq;r;. VII CONTENTS Chapter Page Foreword, by Alfred Martineau.... ... v I The Background. 1 II The British Empire . 4 Africa.......... 4 The Union of South Africa . 4 The South African Protectorates. 6 Bechuanaland. 6 Basutoland . .... ...... · . 6 Swaziland. 7 Rhodesia.... ............................................. ... ... .... 7 Nyasaland.......... 7 Egypt and the Soudan. 8 British East Africa. 10 Uganda Protectorate....... .... ... 11 Zanzibar . 12 British Somaliland. 12 Nigeria.............. ..... ............... .. ........................ 12 Gold Coast.............. ....... ........ .. 13 Sierra Leone..... 14 Gambia ................... ·......................................... 15 America ................................ : ·..... ... ............ .......... 15 CaJ?.ada·; ·......... .· ............ : . ... :· .. ; .· . ... ...•.... : ..· . 15 Newfoundland. 17 Bermuda and the Caribbean Colonies. 17 The Falkland Islands. 18 Asia .. ................................................. ........... ..... 19 India ................................. , . 19 Ceylon............................................................. 20 Malaya............................................................ 21 The Enclaves. 21 Aden . ........ , ................. , , ...... , ........... , , , .. , . 21 Hong Kong. 22 W eihaiwei. 22 The Indian Ocean Islands . 22 Australasia. 23 The Commonwealth of Australia. 23 New Zealand. 24 ix Chapter Page Oceania................................................................ 25 Territorial Readjustments. 25 Economic Development. 25 The Mediterranean "Life-Line"...... 26 Great Britain. 26 III The French Empire................................. ........................ 28 Africa.................................................................. 28 French North Mrica (Maghreb) . 28 Algeria........................................................... 28 Tunis............................................................ 29 Morocco . 30 French West Africa ("A.O.F."). 32 French Equatorial Africa ("A.E.F."). 33 French Somaliland ........................ : . 34 Madagascar . 35 Reunion............ ............................................... 35 America................................. .............................. 36 St. Pierre and Miquelon..... 36 Guadeloupe and Martinique . 36 French Guiana...................................................... 36 Asia................................................................... 37 The French Establishments in India. 37 Indochina. 37 Oceania................................................................ 38 France................................................................. 39 IV The German Colonial Empire. ................................................ 41 Africa.................................................................. 41 Togoland........................................................... 41 Kamerun........................................................... 41 German Southwest Africa . 42 German East Mrica . 43 Asia................................................................... 43 The Pacific Basin . 44 Germany............................................................... 45 V The Portuguese Empire. 4 7 Africa.................................................................. 47 St. Thomas and Prince's Islands. 47 Guinea............................................................. 47 Angola............................................................. 48 Portuguese East Africa. 48 Asia................................................................... 49 Portugal. 49 VI The Italian Empire. 51 Mrica.................................................................. 51 Eritrea............................................................. 51 Somaliland. ..
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