DOCSLIB.ORG

BRITAIN and ALGERIA, 1945-1965 by Geoffrey Barei Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for Degree of Doctor

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
BRITAIN and ALGERIA, 1945-1965 by Geoffrey Barei Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for Degree of Doctor BRITAIN AND ALGERIA, 1945-1965 By Geoffrey Barei Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (History) University of London School of Oriental and African Studies 2003 ProQuest Number: 10672941 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672941 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Acknowledgements Throughout various stages of this thesis, many people have made valuable criticisms and suggestions, and I am extremely grateful for their assistance. First, I would particularly like to express my extreme gratitude to Dr Michael Brett who supervised and guided this research throughout all its stages, and read the draft manuscript with great patience and made invaluable constructive comments and criticisms. Special thanks also go to lecturers and students of the History Department of the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) for the friendly help and advice they have given me throughout my years there. Of special mention, is the introductory course on research methods by Professor Richard Rathbone. Indeed, it was worth attending the sessions. Added to this and proved crucially important was the SOAS Wednesday weekly African history seminars which covered a variety of themes and aspects and enabled me to meet and interact with many different scholars who in different small ways enriched and broadened my intellectual thinking. I am also indebted to the staff of the archives and libraries that I used in England, Public Record Office at Kew, Newspaper archives at Colindale, Senate House Library, SOAS Library, Institute of Commonwealth Studies Library, Institute of Historical Research and the British Library. I also hope that all the historians whose work I have acknowledged or incorporated in this work will feel that I have paid my due debt to them. Lastly, and most importantly, special thanks to my wife Essie for her encouragement and support. Abbreviations AEF French Equatorial Africa ALN National Liberation Army ANC African National Congress AOF French West Africa CCE Committee for Coordination and Execution CIA Central Intelligence Agency CNRA National Council of the Algerian Revolution CNRFA National Council of the French Resistance in Algeria CPP Convention Peoples Party CRUA Revolutionary Committee for Unity and Action EEC European Economic Community FIDES Economic and Social Investment and Development Fund FFS Socialist Forces Front FLN National Liberation Front FRELIMO Front for the Liberation of Mozambique GPRA Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic ICADU Kenya African Democratic Union KANU Kenya African National Union MCP Malawi Congress Party MNA Algerian National Movement MTLD Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Freedoms NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NKG New Kenya Group OAS Secret Army Organisation OAU Organisation of African Unity OPA Political and Administrative Organisation OS Secret Organisation PAC Pan African Congress RAF Royal Air Force SCUA Suez Canal Users Association TANU Tanganyika African National Union UDI Unilateral Declaration of Independence UDMA Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto UGCC United Gold Coast Convention UGTT General Union of Tunisian Workers UNIP United National Independence Party UNO United Nations Organisation ZANU Zimbabwe African National Union ZAPU Zimbabwe African People’s Union Abstract Algeria’s achievement of independence in 1962, after a bloody war served as an inspiration to the rest of Africa still under colonial rule. As a result, many studies have been done on French colonial rule in Algeria, and the latter’s resistance to it. But, these studies have not fully attempted to link the implications of French decolonisation of Algeria to British decolonisation of her African territories, hence this study attempts to fill this gap. The thesis is about Britain and the Algerian war, with particular reference to Britain in Africa. It deals with decolonisation and the “wind of change” and presents the history of North Africa in the context of Africa as a whole. From its beginning in 1954, the Algerian war has occupied a unique place in the history of decolonisation. Its repercussions for French colonial policy were followed with keen interest by the British, who like the French had a huge empire in Africa, and also had potential trouble spots of the magnitude of the Algerian quagmire. The thesis begins with a description of the post-war international situation, in which America and the Soviet Union emerged as the two super-powers, while the resources of the old imperial powers of Britain and France did not match the growing needs of government in their colonial possessions. They were put on the defensive by nationalism in Asia and Africa, supported by American anti-colonialism. The outbreak of the Cold War and the fear of communism seemed to provide them with some justification for resisting demands for independence, but made America all the more anxious for the “end of empire,” to win the battle of third world “hearts and minds.” The thesis investigates the extent to which British and French colonial policies had an influence on each other during the period of decolonisation. Against this background, the thesis traces the history of the war in Algeria, 1954-62, and the post-war settlement down to 1965, together with the histories of French and British decolonisation in Africa over the same period, in order to follow the history of British concern with the problem. It shows how this concern was at its height under the Macmillan government, but came down to the promotion of British business interests after the end of the war, when Algeria’s internal problems and continued dependence on France reduced the fear that it would seek to cause difficulties for the colonial powers in Africa. Table of Contents Page Nos. Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... i Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ii Abstract .................................................................................................................... iii Chapter 1: Sources.............................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2: Introduction: Britain and France after World War II ...................5 a. Introduction b. The World Situation after 1945 to 1953 c. The British Empire to March 1957 d. The French Empire to November 1954 e. Conclusion Chapter 3: France and Algeria, 1945 to November 1954 ......................... 26 a. Introduction b. France and North Africa, 1945 to 1 November 1954 c. Britain and Algeria, 1945 to November 1954 d. Conclusion Chapter 4: Algerian War, November 1954 to Suez, 1956......................44 a. Outbreak and Escalation of War, 1 November 1954 to September 1956 b. Britain and Algeria, November 1954 to September 1956 c. Britain and Egypt, 1945 to Nationalisation of Canal, 1956 d. The Suez Crisis e. Conclusion Chapter 5: Algerian War, end of 1956 to May 1958........................... 68 a. Introduction b. Course of the war, end of 1956 to end of Battle of Algiers c. Britain, post-Suez, and Africa, end of 1956 to March 1958 d. Britain and Algeria, end of 1956 to March 1958 e. Sakiet Sidi Youssef and the Good Offices mission f. The revolution of May 1958 g. Conclusion Chapter 6: De Gaulle and Algeria, May 1958 to January 1958..................100 a. The coming to power of de Gaulle b. De Gaulle and the French empire, May 1958 to January 1960 c. De Gaulle and Algeria, May 1958 to January 1960 d. Britain and Africa, May 1958 to January 1960 e. Britain and Algeria, May 1958 to January 1960 f. Conclusion Chapter 7: The End of the War, January 1960 to Evian 1962.................124 a. De Gaulle and Africa, January 1960 to Evian 1962 b. De Gaulle and Algeria, January 1960 to Evian 1962 c. Britain and Africa, January 1960 to March 1962 d. Britain and Algeria, January 1960 to Evian 1962 f. Conclusion Chapter 8: Algerian Independence, 1962 to 1965 ................................... 157 a. Introduction b. Ben Bella to Boumedienne c. France and Algeria, 1962 to 1965 d. Britain and Africa, 1962 to 1965 e. Britain and Algeria, 1962 to 1965 f. Conclusion Epilogue-Literature Review.................................................I l l Bibliography..........................................................................185 CHAPTER 1 SOURCES In writing this thesis I relied on four broad sources of information namely, official British records at the Public Record Office, the British press, Parliamentary papers and the published secondary literature on the Algerian war. My main research base was London and travels were centred around the Public Record Office at Kew, Newspaper archives at Colindale, School of Oriental African Studies Library, Senate House Library, Institute of Historical Research, British Library and the Institute of Commonwealth Studies
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “Dangerous Vagabonds”: Resistance to Slave
    “DANGEROUS VAGABONDS”: RESISTANCE TO SLAVE EMANCIPATION AND THE COLONY OF SENEGAL by Robin Aspasia Hardy A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana April 2016 ©COPYRIGHT by Robin Aspasia Hardy 2016 All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION PAGE For my dear parents. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 Historiography and Methodology .............................................................................. 4 Sources ..................................................................................................................... 18 Chapter Overview .................................................................................................... 20 2. SENEGAL ON THE FRINGE OF EMPIRE.......................................................... 23 Senegal, Early French Presence, and Slavery ......................................................... 24 The Role of Slavery in the French Conquest of Senegal’s Interior ......................... 39 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 51 3. RACE, RESISTANCE, AND PUISSANCE ........................................................... 54 Sex, Trade and Race in Senegal ............................................................................... 55 Slave Emancipation and the Perpetuation of a Mixed-Race
    [Show full text]
  • Forced Labour at the Frontier of Empires: Manipur and the French Congo”, Comparatif
    “Forced Labour at the Frontier of Empires: Manipur and the French Congo”, Comparatif. Yaruipam Muivah, Alessandro Stanziani To cite this version: Yaruipam Muivah, Alessandro Stanziani. “Forced Labour at the Frontier of Empires: Manipur and the French Congo”, Comparatif.. Comparativ, Leipzig University, 2019, 29 (3), pp.41-64. hal-02954571 HAL Id: hal-02954571 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02954571 Submitted on 1 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Yaruipam Muivah, Alessandro Stanziani Forced Labour at the Frontier of Empires: Manipur and the French Congo, 1890-1914. Debates about abolition of slavery have essentially focused on two interrelated questions: 1) whether nineteenth and early twentieth century abolitions were a major breakthrough compared to previous centuries (or even millennia) in the history of humankind during which bondage had been the dominant form of labour and human condition. 2) whether they express an action specific to western bourgeoisie and liberal civilization. It is true that the number of abolitionist acts and the people concerned throughout the extended nineteenth century (1780- 1914) had no equivalent in history: 30 million Russian peasants, half a million slaves in Saint- Domingue in 1790, four million slaves in the US in 1860, another million in the Caribbean (at the moment of the abolition of 1832-40), a further million in Brazil in 1885 and 250,000 in the Spanish colonies were freed during this period.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific Communities in the Developing World Scientific Communities in the Developing World
    Scientific Communities in the Developing World Scientific Communities in the Developing World Edited by jacques Caillard V.V. Krishna Roland Waast Sage Publications New Delhiflhousand Oaks/London Copyright @) Jacques Gaillard, V.V. Krishna and Roland Waast, 1997. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. First published in 1997 by Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd M-32, Greater Kailash Market I New Delhi 110 048 Sage Publications Inc Sage Publications Ltd 2455 Teller Road 6 Bonhill Street Thousand Oaks, California 91320 London EC2A 4PU Published by Tejeshwar Singh for Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, phototypeset by Pagewell Photosetters, Pondicherry and printed at Chaman Enterprises, Delhi. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Scientific communities in the developing world I edited by Jacques Gaillard, V.V. Krishna, Roland Waast. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Science-Developing countries--History. 2. Science-Social aspect- Developing countries--History. I. Gaillard, Jacques, 1951- . 11. Krishna, V.V. 111. Waast, Roland, 1940- . Q127.2.S44 306.4'5'091724--dc20 1996 9617807 ISBN: 81-7036565-1 (India-hb) &8039-9330-7 (US-hb) Sage Production Editor: Sumitra Srinivasan Contents List of Tables List of Figures Preface 1. Introduction: Scientific Communities in the Developing World Jacques Gaillard, V.V. Krishna and Roland Waast Part 1: Scientific Communities in Africa 2. Sisyphus or the Scientific Communities of Algeria Ali El Kenz and Roland Waast 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Co-Opting Identity: the Manipulation of Berberism, the Frustration of Democratisation, and the Generation of Violence in Algeria Hugh Roberts DESTIN, LSE
    1 crisis states programme development research centre www Working Paper no.7 CO-OPTING IDENTITY: THE MANIPULATION OF BERBERISM, THE FRUSTRATION OF DEMOCRATISATION AND THE GENERATION OF VIOLENCE IN LGERIA A Hugh Roberts Development Research Centre LSE December 2001 Copyright © Hugh Roberts, 2001 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing of the publisher nor be issued to the public or circulated in any form other than that in which it is published. Requests for permission to reproduce any part of this Working Paper should be sent to: The Editor, Crisis States Programme, Development Research Centre, DESTIN, LSE, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE. Crisis States Programme Working papers series no.1 English version: Spanish version: ISSN 1740-5807 (print) ISSN 1740-5823 (print) ISSN 1740-5815 (on-line) ISSN 1740-5831 (on-line) 1 Crisis States Programme Co-opting Identity: The manipulation of Berberism, the frustration of democratisation, and the generation of violence in Algeria Hugh Roberts DESTIN, LSE Acknowledgements This working paper is a revised and extended version of a paper originally entitled ‘Much Ado about Identity: the political manipulation of Berberism and the crisis of the Algerian state, 1980-1992’ presented to a seminar on Cultural Identity and Politics organized by the Department of Political Science and the Institute for International Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, in April 1996. Subsequent versions of the paper were presented to a conference on North Africa at Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, under the title 'Berber politics and Berberist ideology in Algeria', in April 1998 and to a staff seminar of the Government Department at the London School of Economics, under the title ‘Co-opting identity: the political manipulation of Berberism and the frustration of democratisation in Algeria’, in February 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • Coup D'etat Events, 1946-2012
    COUP D’ÉTAT EVENTS, 1946-2015 CODEBOOK Monty G. Marshall and Donna Ramsey Marshall Center for Systemic Peace May 11, 2016 Overview: This data list compiles basic descriptive information on all coups d’état occurring in countries reaching a population greater than 500,000 during the period 1946-2015. For purposes of this compilation, a coup d’état is defined as a forceful seizure of executive authority and office by a dissident/opposition faction within the country’s ruling or political elites that results in a substantial change in the executive leadership and the policies of the prior regime (although not necessarily in the nature of regime authority or mode of governance). Social revolutions, victories by oppositional forces in civil wars, and popular uprisings, while they may lead to substantial changes in central authority, are not considered coups d’état. Voluntary transfers of executive authority or transfers of office due to the death or incapacitance of a ruling executive are, likewise, not considered coups d’état. The forcible ouster of a regime accomplished by, or with the crucial support of, invading foreign forces is not here considered a coup d’état. The dataset includes four types of coup events: successful coups, attempted (failed) coups, coup plots, and alleged coup plots. In order for a coup to be considered “successful” effective authority must be exercised by new executive for at least one month. We are confident that the list of successful coups is comprehensive. Our confidence in the comprehensiveness of the coup lists diminishes across the remaining three categories: good coverage (reporting) of attempted coups and more questionable quality of coverage/reporting of coup plots (“discovered” and alleged).
    [Show full text]
  • Central African Republic (C.A.R.) Appears to Have Been Settled Territory of Chad
    Grids & Datums CENTRAL AFRI C AN REPUBLI C by Clifford J. Mugnier, C.P., C.M.S. “The Central African Republic (C.A.R.) appears to have been settled territory of Chad. Two years later the territory of Ubangi-Shari and from at least the 7th century on by overlapping empires, including the the military territory of Chad were merged into a single territory. The Kanem-Bornou, Ouaddai, Baguirmi, and Dafour groups based in Lake colony of Ubangi-Shari - Chad was formed in 1906 with Chad under Chad and the Upper Nile. Later, various sultanates claimed present- a regional commander at Fort-Lamy subordinate to Ubangi-Shari. The day C.A.R., using the entire Oubangui region as a slave reservoir, from commissioner general of French Congo was raised to the status of a which slaves were traded north across the Sahara and to West Africa governor generalship in 1908; and by a decree of January 15, 1910, for export by European traders. Population migration in the 18th and the name of French Equatorial Africa was given to a federation of the 19th centuries brought new migrants into the area, including the Zande, three colonies (Gabon, Middle Congo, and Ubangi-Shari - Chad), each Banda, and M’Baka-Mandjia. In 1875 the Egyptian sultan Rabah of which had its own lieutenant governor. In 1914 Chad was detached governed Upper-Oubangui, which included present-day C.A.R.” (U.S. from the colony of Ubangi-Shari and made a separate territory; full Department of State Background Notes, 2012). colonial status was conferred on Chad in 1920.
    [Show full text]
  • Collective Action and Discursive Shifts: a Comparative Historical Perspective
    Collective Action and Discursive Shifts: A Comparative Historical Perspective By Edmund Burke, III University of California, Santa Cruz March 6, 1998 The Problem: Imagining Nationalism and Islamism The task of this paper is twofold: first, through a consideration of some important discursive issues, to explain the context of our present theoretical embarrassment, and second, through brief history of collective action to suggest some ways in which we can begin to understand the magnitude of the chang es. I will argue that largely unnoticed by scholars, the repertoires of collective action in the Middle East in modern times have undergone two major transformations, and that these map onto major discursive shifts from Islamic moral economy to nationalism to Islamism. Deeply rooted strands of Islamic culture and the discursive structures of post -Enlightenment thought, these discursive changes have thus resulted in a far-reaching transformation in ideas of the polity, of legitimacy, as well as of personal identity. As a world historian interested in both the history of European orientalism and modern Islamic history, I have long been struck by the similarities between the indeterminacy of our present time and that of the early twentieth century. One place where these indeterminacies come together is the Middle East. Unpredicted by all observers, an Islamic political revival is under way. Since the Islamic revolution in Iran 2 (1978-79), secular nationalism is in retreat in the region, confounding both Left and Right alike. Why is there an Islamist movement in Algeria (the erstwhile center of Third Worldism)? 1 Why is Egypt, which was the leader of progressive Arab nationalism under Nasser, itself increasingly exposed to an Islamist challenge? How are we to und erstand these developments? Do they represent a retreat from modernity? Accounting for the Islamist movement in the Middle East has thus far confounded all theories.
    [Show full text]
  • Independence and Trade: the Speci C E Ects of French Colonialism
    Independence and trade: the specic eects of French colonialism Emmanuelle Lavallée¤ Julie Lochardy June 2012z Very preliminary. Please do note cite. Abstract Empirical evidence suggests that colonial rule and subsequent indepen- dence inuence past and current trade of former colonies. Independence ef- fects could dier substantially across former empires if they are related to the end of dierent preferential trade arrangements. Thanks to an original dataset including new data on pre-independence bilateral trade, this paper explores the impact of independence on former colonies' trade (imports and exports) for dierent empires on the period 1948-2007. We show that independence reduces trade (imports and exports) with the former metropole and that this eect is mainly driven by former French colonies. We also nd that, after independence, trade of all former colonies increase with third countries. A close inspection of the eects over time highlights that independence eects are gradual but tend to be more rapid and more intense in the case of exports. These results oer indirect evidence for the long-lasting inuence of colonial trade policies. Author Keywords: Trade; Decolonization; French Empire. JEL classication codes: F10; F54. ¤Université Paris-Dauphine, LEDa, UMR DIAL. Email: [email protected]. yErudite, University of Paris-Est Créteil. Email: [email protected]. zWe would like to thank participants at the IRD-DIAL Seminar and participants at the Con- ference on International Economics (CIE) 2012 for useful comments and suggestions. 1 1 Introduction Several studies highlight the consequences of colonial rule on bilateral trade. Mitchener and Wei- denmier (2008) assess the contemporaneous eects of empire on trade over the period 1870-1913.
    [Show full text]
  • RECORDS CODIFICATION MANUAL Prepared by the Office Of
    RECORDS CODIFICATION MANUAL Prepared by The Office of Communications and Records Department of State (Adopted January 1, 1950—Revised January 1, 1955) I I CLASSES OF RECORDS Glass 0 Miscellaneous. I Class 1 Administration of the United States Government. Class 2 Protection of Interests (Persons and Property). I Class 3 International Conferences, Congresses, Meetings and Organizations. United Nations. Organization of American States. Multilateral Treaties. I Class 4 International Trade and Commerce. Trade Relations, Treaties, Agreements. Customs Administration. Class 5 International Informational and Educational Relations. Cultural I Affairs and Programs. Class 6 International Political Relations. Other International Relations. I Class 7 Internal Political and National Defense Affairs. Class 8 Internal Economic, Industrial and Social Affairs. 1 Class 9 Other Internal Affairs. Communications, Transportation, Science. - 0 - I Note: - Classes 0 thru 2 - Miscellaneous; Administrative. Classes 3 thru 6 - International relations; relations of one country with another, or of a group of countries with I other countries. Classes 7 thru 9 - Internal affairs; domestic problems, conditions, etc., and only rarely concerns more than one I country or area. ' \ \T^^E^ CLASS 0 MISCELLANEOUS 000 GENERAL. Unclassifiable correspondence. Crsnk letters. Begging letters. Popular comment. Public opinion polls. Matters not pertaining to business of the Department. Requests for interviews with officials of the Department. (Classify subjectively when possible). Requests for names and/or addresses of Foreign Service Officers and personnel. Requests for copies of treaties and other publications. (This number should never be used for communications from important persons, organizations, etc.). 006 Precedent Index. 010 Matters transmitted through facilities of the Department, .1 Telegrams, letters, documents.
    [Show full text]
  • E/2020/17 Economic and Social Council
    United Nations E/2020/17 Economic and Social Council Distr.: General 5 May 2020 Original: English 2020 session 22 July 2019–25 July 2020 Agenda item 15 Regional cooperation Summary of the work of the Economic Commission for Africa, 2019–2020 Note by the Secretary-General The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit herewith a summary of the work of the Economic Commission for Africa for the period 2019–2020. 20-06383 (E) 010720 *2006383* E/2020/17 Summary of the work of the Economic Commission for Africa, 2019–2020 [Original: Arabic, English and French] Summary In the period from April 2019 to March 2020, the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) achieved a number of significant milestones in support of member States’ development priorities and in line with the Commission’s new strategic directions to deliver ideas and actions for an empowered, inclusive and transformed Africa in the framework of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want of the African Union. The present report summarizes notable achievements from that period that demonstrate the Commission’s three core functions in action, including interventions in support of regional and subregional priorities; policy advisory services at the national, subregional and regional level; and assistance provided upon the request of member States for technical and capacity development. Information is also included on the instrumental role of ECA platforms for policy dialogue and consensus-building in advancing the capacities of African public officials in policy formulation and implementation. 2/18 20-06383 E/2020/17 I. Introduction 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogo En.Pdf
    Fname "/Users/acescon/Desktop/PDF/catalogo_en_2010.pdf", build 3.11.2011.10.49.38.488 (c) Copyright 2011 Visa S.p.A. [email protected] Fname "/Users/acescon/Desktop/PDF/catalogo_en_2010.pdf", build 3.11.2011.10.49.38.550 INDEX 02 Visa S.p.A. via I° Maggio, 55 31043 Fontanelle (TV) Italy Tel: +39 0422 5091 Fax: +39 0422 509350 Mail: [email protected] Web: www.visa.it (c) Copyright 2011 Visa S.p.A. [email protected] Fname "/Users/acescon/Desktop/PDF/catalogo_en_2010.pdf", build 3.11.2011.10.49.38.585 INDEX Visa S.p.A. via I° Maggio, 55 31043 Fontanelle (TV) Italy Tel: +39 0422 5091 Fax: +39 0422 509350 Mail: [email protected] Web: www.visa.it 03 (c) Copyright 2011 Visa S.p.A. [email protected] Fname "/Users/acescon/Desktop/PDF/catalogo_en_2010.pdf", build 3.11.2011.10.49.38.616 VISA SPA HISTORY Mr. Benvenuto Barro founded the company in 1960 when he sensed that the increasing energy demands in certain sectors could be met with generating sets. In the 1980's, with the generational change from father to sons, Lorenzo and Marco, the company moved its interest and activities into foreign markets where seriousness, commitment and product quality have been rewarded globally over the course of 50 years. Visa works in 60 countries on 7 continents. NEW SITE As of January 01, 2009 Visa moved into a new modern 34000sqm production facility, 11000sqm of which are for generating set assembly. The recent introduction of the new production process called "Lean Production" has further improved production efficiency and flexibility, increasing product control.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue 1949-1987
    Penguin Specials 1949-1987 for his political activities and first became M.P. for West Fife in 1935. S156-S383 Penguin Specials. Before the war, when books could be produced quickly, we used to publish S156 1949 The case for Communism. volumes of topical interest as Penguin Specials. William Gallacher We are now able to resume this policy of Specially written for and first published in stimulating public interest in current problems Penguin Books February 1949 and controversies, and from time to time we pp. [vi], [7], 8-208. Inside front cover: About this shall issue books which, like this one, state the Book. Inside rear cover: note about Penguin case for some contemporary point of view. Other Specials [see below] volumes pleading a special cause or advocating a Printers: The Philips Park Press, C.Nicholls and particular solution of political, social and Co. Ltd, London, Manchester, Reading religious dilemmas will appear at intervals in this Price: 1/6d. new series of post-war Penguin Specials ... Front cover: New Series Number One. ... As publishers we have no politics. Some time ago S157 1949 I choose peace. K. Zilliacus we invited a Labour M.P. and a Conservative Specially written for and first published in M.P. to affirm the faith and policy of the two Penguin Books October 1949 principal parties and they did so in two books - pp. [x], [11], 12-509, [510] blank + [2]pp. ‘Labour Marches On’, by John Parker M.P., and adverts. for Penguin Books. Inside front cover ‘The Case for Conservatism’, by Quintin Hogg, [About this Book].
    [Show full text]