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Chapter 33: the Cultural Geography of Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica

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Chapter 33: the Cultural Geography of Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica GeoJournal As you read this chapter, use your journal to record similarities and differences in Chapter Overview Visit the Glencoe World the ways people live in each of these three Geography Web site at geography.glencoe.com areas: Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica. Use and click on Chapter Overviews—Chapter 33 clear and concise language to note interest- to preview information about the cultural ing details about the region. geography of the region. Guide to Reading Population Consider What You Know Patterns What images have you seen in the news or in films of the various peo- ples living in Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica? What geographic factors might account for the ways people live in each of these areas? A Geographic View Reading Strategy Dream Journey Taking Notes As you read about the population patterns of the Lying back and looking at the region, use the major headings of night sky, I felt pulled upward the section to create an outline simi- into that shimmering immensity. lar to the one below. Laserlike, a shooting star cuts I. Human Characteristics the sky . and you suddenly A. B. understand how the Aborigines, C. who slept out here beneath II. Languages these same stars for 50,000 Read to Find Out years before the [Europeans] came, could devise their won- • What peoples settled in Australia derful mythologies of the Sky Rock formations near Lake Argyle, Australia and Oceania? Heroes who came down from • How does the region’s geography the stars in that mystic Dream- affect population density, distribu- tion, and growth? time and shaped the landscape. • What factors account for settle- —Harvey Arden, “Journey Into Dreamtime,” ment in urban and rural areas? National Geographic, January 1991 Terms to Know • Strine • pidgin English The Aborigines, Australia’s earliest people, feel a direct relationship to the landscape that has shaped their movements Places to Locate throughout the island continent. Physical geography also has influ- • Kiribati enced migration and settlement patterns of other peoples in Australia • Sydney and Oceania. In this section you will learn why Australia and Ocea- • Melbourne nia have diverse cultures and what geographic factors influence where their populations live. You will also visit Antarctica, the cold, icy continent at the bottom of the world. Human Characteristics Australia and Oceania have populations with diverse ancestries— indigenous, European, and Asian. Both physical geography and the migration patterns of peoples have shaped the region’s cultures. Coastal scene, Chapter 33 811 Papua New Guinea the arts of AUSTRALIA as weddings, funerals, and the dedication of new buildings are celebrated. As a result of intermarriage Rock Art The artistic tradition for with European settlers over the years, most Maori which Australia’s Aborigines are best people today have at least some European ancestry. known is rock art. Rock paintings and rock engravings, or petroglyphs, have Pacific Islanders diverse patterns and subject matter and may date from over 40,000 years The islands of Oceania were probably first set- ago. In addition to stylized shapes tled by peoples from Asia more than 30,000 years and symbols, petroglyphs showed ago. Waves of migrants from Asia continued to human faces and bodies. Hunting arrive over many centuries, while groups already scenes and animals also often living in the Pacific area moved from island to appeared in rock art. The meanings of most of these paintings and petro- island. Today many different peoples speaking glyphs, however, remain unknown. hundreds of languages live on Oceania’s scattered islands. However, there are three major indige- nous groups—Melanesians, Micronesians, and Polynesians—based on the island cluster on which each group lives. People on all three island clusters generally support themselves by fishing or farming. The first cluster is Melanesia, located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It includes indepen- dent island countries, such as Papua New Guinea, Fiji, and the Solomon Islands, as well as French- ruled New Caledonia. Melanesian cultures differ greatly, even among groups living in different parts of the same island. Next is Micronesia, situated in the western Pacific east of the Philippines. Among the independent countries of Micronesia are the Aborigines and Maori Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, and Australia’s Aborigines may have the oldest sur- Kiribati (KIHR•uh•BAH•tee). The area also viving culture in the world. The name given to them includes the United States island territories of by European settlers is from the Latin ab origine, Guam and the Marianas. Micronesians also have meaning “from the beginning.” The first Aborigines several different languages and cultures. probably arrived in Australia 40,000 to 60,000 years The last cluster is Polynesia, located in the ago from Southeast Asia. They lived as nomadic central Pacific area. Three independent countries— hunters and gatherers in small kinship groups along Samoa, Tonga, and Tuvalu—are found in Polynesia. the temperate coasts, in the northern rain forests, Other island groups, known as French Polynesia, and across the vast interior deserts. Over the cen- are under French rule and include Tahiti, Polynesia’s turies, the Aborigines successfully learned to deal largest island. Most Polynesians share similar lan- with the challenges posed by these environments. guages and cultures. Today, Aborigines number about 315,000, making up about 2 percent of Australia’s population. Europeans New Zealand’s indigenous peoples, known as the From the 1500s to the late 1700s, Europeans sailed Maori (MOWR•ee), came from the Pacific islands of the waters around Australia, New Zealand, and Polynesia. In New Zealand they hunted, fished, Oceania. They set up trading settlements and even- established villages, and raised crops. Many ancient tually colonized the region. Europeans, mainly of Maori traditions still remain a part of Maori life. For British descent, still make up most of the populations example, Maori communities hold festive gather- of both Australia and New Zealand. Smaller num- ings called hui in which important local events such bers of European groups live on various Pacific 812 Unit 11 islands. For example, the French-ruled islands of high percentage of the region’s land is unsuited for Tahiti and New Caledonia are home to many peo- human habitation. Thus, the region has only one- ple of European descent. half of one percent of the world’s population. Asians Population Distribution Asian communities also exist in the South Because of uninhabitable land and vast differ- Pacific area. Chinese traders and South Asian ences in physical features and climates, population workers settled parts of Oceania during the in Australia and Oceania is unevenly distributed. 1800s, and today their descendants are included Australia is the region’s most heavily populated in the populations of places such as French Poly- country. About two-thirds of the South Pacific nesia and Fiji. From the early 1900s to 1945, area’s 31 million people live in Australia, which Japan ruled a number of Pacific islands, although has almost 90 percent of the region’s habitable few people of Japanese descent live there today. land. Very few people, however, live in Australia’s Australia and New Zealand once blocked non- dry central plateaus and deserts. Most live along European immigration, but the need for more the southeastern, eastern, and southwestern workers finally led to more open immigration coasts, which have a mild climate, fertile soil, policies after the 1970s. Since then, increasing and access to sea transportation. Most of New numbers of East Asians and Southeast Asians Zealand’s people also live in coastal areas. have migrated to Australia and New Zealand in search of economic opportunity. GRAPH STUDY Languages Before the era of modern transportation and Ethnic Groups of Australia advanced communications, mountains, deserts, and ocean separated the peoples of the South Pacific area. As a result, isolated groups developed many different languages. Of the world’s 3,000 languages, 1,200 are spoken today in Oceania alone, some by only a few hundred people. Caucasian European colonization brought European lan- (White) guages to the region. Today French is widely spo- 94% ken in areas of Oceania that remain under French control. English is the major language of Australia and New Zealand. Australian English, called Strine, has a unique vocabulary made up of Abo- riginal words, terms used by early settlers, and slang created by modern Australians. For exam- Aboriginal and Asian ple, Australians today call a barbecue a “barbie,” Other 4% and greet each other with the phrase “G’day.” 2% In many areas of Oceania, varieties of pidgin Source: World Almanac, 2001 English, a blend of English and an indigenous lan- guage, developed to allow better communication among different groups. 1. Interpreting Graphs What percentage of Where People Live Australians trace their ancestry to Asia? 2. Applying Geography Skills Why has the Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica span a vast number of Asian immigrants in Australia area; Australia and Oceania together cover about increased since the 1970s? 5.7 percent of the earth’s land surface. However, a Chapter 33 813 Population Density Like population distribution, population den- sity varies throughout the region. In Australia, for example, the population density averages only 7 people per square mile (3 per sq. km). In some interior rural areas, a person can travel 100 miles (161 km) without seeing another human being. In coastal urban areas, however, population density is much higher. Australia’s urban areas are home to 85 percent of the country’s total population. Like many developed countries, Australia has an aging population and a declining birthrate. Yet Australia’s population probably will continue to increase because of immigration. Oceania’s population is growing at an aver- age rate of 2.3 percent per year because it has a relatively young population.
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