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Home , Australia, Australians, Australia (continent), Central Australia, Cultural geography, Demographics of Sydney

GeoJournal As you read this chapter, use your journal to record similarities and differences in Chapter Overview Visit the Glencoe the ways people live in each of these three Web site at geography.glencoe.com areas: , , and . Use and click on Chapter Overviews—Chapter 33 clear and concise to note interest- to preview information about the cultural ing details about the . geography of the region. Guide to Consider What You Know Patterns What images have you seen in the news or in films of the various peo- ples living in Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica? What geographic factors might account for the ways people live in each of these areas? A Geographic View Reading Strategy Dream Journey Taking Notes As you read about the population patterns of the Lying back and looking at the region, use the headings of night , I felt pulled upward the section to create an outline simi- into that shimmering immensity. . . . lar to the one below. Laserlike, a shooting cuts I. Characteristics the sky . . . and you suddenly A. B. understand how the Aborigines, C. who slept out here beneath II. these same for 50,000 Read to Find Out before the [Europeans] came, could devise their won- • What peoples settled in Australia derful mythologies of the Sky formations near Argyle, Australia and Oceania? Heroes who came down from • How does the region’s geography the stars in that mystic Dream- affect , distribu- tion, and growth? time and shaped the landscape. • What factors account for settle- —Harvey Arden, “Journey Into Dreamtime,” ment in urban and rural areas? Geographic, 1991

Terms to Know • Strine • pidgin English The Aborigines, Australia’s earliest people, feel a direct relationship to the landscape that has shaped their movements Places to Locate throughout the . also has influ- • enced migration and settlement patterns of other peoples in Australia • and Oceania. In this section you will learn why Australia and Ocea- • nia have diverse and what geographic factors influence where their live. You will also visit Antarctica, the cold, icy continent at the bottom of .

Human Characteristics Australia and Oceania have populations with diverse ancestries— indigenous, European, and Asian. Both physical geography and the migration patterns of peoples have shaped the region’s cultures.

Coastal scene, Chapter 33 811 New the of AUSTRALIA as weddings, funerals, and the dedication of new buildings are celebrated. As a result of intermarriage Rock The artistic tradition for with European over the years, most Maori which Australia’s Aborigines are best people today have at least some European ancestry. known is . Rock and rock engravings, or , have Pacific Islanders diverse patterns and subject matter and date from over 40,000 years The of Oceania were probably first set- ago. In addition to stylized shapes tled by peoples from more than 30,000 years and symbols, petroglyphs showed ago. Waves of migrants from Asia continued to human faces and bodies. arrive over many centuries, while groups already scenes and animals also often living in the Pacific moved from island to appeared in rock art. The meanings of most of these paintings and petro- island. Today many different peoples speaking glyphs, however, remain unknown. hundreds of languages live on Oceania’s scattered islands. However, there are three major indige- nous groups—, Micronesians, and —based on the island cluster on which each group lives. People on all three island clusters generally support themselves by or farming. The first cluster is , located in the southwestern Pacific . It includes indepen- dent island , such as Papua , , and the , as well as French- ruled . Melanesian cultures differ greatly, even among groups living in different parts of the same island. Next is , situated in the western Pacific east of the . Among countries of Micronesia are the Aborigines and Maori Federated States of Micronesia, , and Australia’s Aborigines may have the oldest sur- Kiribati (KIHR•uh•BAH•tee). The area also viving in the world. The given to them includes the island of by European settlers is from the ab origine, and the Marianas. Micronesians also have meaning “from the beginning.” The first Aborigines several different languages and cultures. probably arrived in Australia 40,000 to 60,000 years The last cluster is , located in the ago from . They lived as nomadic central Pacific area. Three independent countries— hunters and gatherers in small groups along , , and —are found in Polynesia. the temperate coasts, in the northern , Other island groups, known as , and across the vast interior . Over the cen- are under French rule and include , Polynesia’s turies, the Aborigines successfully learned to deal largest island. Most Polynesians share similar lan- with the challenges posed by these environments. guages and cultures. Today, Aborigines number about 315,000, making up about 2 percent of Australia’s population. Europeans ’s , known as the From the to the late 1700s, Europeans sailed Maori (MOWR•ee), came from the Pacific islands of the waters around Australia, New Zealand, and Polynesia. In New Zealand they hunted, fished, Oceania. They set up trading settlements and even- established , and raised crops. Many ancient tually colonized the region. Europeans, mainly of Maori traditions still remain a part of Maori life. For British descent, still make up most of the populations , Maori communities hold festive gather- of both Australia and New Zealand. Smaller num- ings called hui in which important local events such bers of European groups live on various Pacific

812 Unit 11 islands. For example, the French-ruled islands of high percentage of the region’s is unsuited for Tahiti and New Caledonia are home to many peo- human habitation. Thus, the region has only one- ple of European descent. half of one percent of the world’s population.

Asians Population Distribution Asian communities also exist in the Because of uninhabitable land and vast differ- Pacific area. Chinese traders and South Asian ences in physical features and , population workers settled parts of Oceania during the in Australia and Oceania is unevenly distributed. 1800s, and today their descendants are included Australia is the region’s most heavily populated in the populations of places such as French Poly- . About two-thirds of the South Pacific nesia and Fiji. From the early to 1945, area’s 31 million people live in Australia, which ruled a number of Pacific islands, although has almost 90 percent of the region’s habitable few people of Japanese descent live there today. land. Very few people, however, live in Australia’s Australia and New Zealand once blocked non- dry central and deserts. Most live along European , but the need for more the southeastern, eastern, and southwestern workers finally led to more open immigration coasts, which have a mild , fertile , policies after the 1970s. Since then, increasing and access to transportation. Most of New numbers of East Asians and Southeast Asians Zealand’s people also live in coastal areas. have migrated to Australia and New Zealand in search of economic opportunity. GRAPH STUDY Languages Before the era of modern transportation and Ethnic Groups of Australia advanced communications, mountains, deserts, and ocean separated the peoples of the . As a result, isolated groups developed many different languages. Of the world’s 3,000 languages, 1,200 are spoken today in Oceania alone, some by only a few hundred people. Caucasian European brought European lan- (White) guages to the region. Today French is widely spo- 94% ken in areas of Oceania that remain under French control. English is the major language of Australia and New Zealand. , called Strine, has a unique vocabulary made up of Abo- riginal words, terms used by early settlers, and slang created by modern . For exam- Aboriginal and Asian ple, Australians today call a a “barbie,” Other 4% and greet each other with the phrase “G’day.” 2%

In many areas of Oceania, varieties of pidgin Source: World Almanac, 2001 English, a blend of English and an indigenous lan- guage, developed to allow better communication among different groups. 1. Interpreting Graphs What percentage of Where People Live Australians trace their ancestry to Asia? 2. Applying Geography Skills Why has the Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica span a vast number of Asian immigrants in Australia area; Australia and Oceania together cover about increased since the 1970s? 5.7 percent of the ’s land . However, a

Chapter 33 813 Population Density Like population distribution, population den- sity varies throughout the region. In Australia, for example, the population density averages only 7 people per square mile (3 per sq. km). In some interior rural areas, a person can 100 miles (161 km) without seeing another human being. In coastal urban areas, however, population density is much higher. Australia’s urban areas are home to 85 percent of the country’s total population. Like many developed countries, Australia has an aging population and a declining birthrate. Yet Australia’s population probably will continue to increase because of immigration. Oceania’s population is growing at an aver- age rate of 2.3 percent per because it has a relatively young population. The land area of Oceania’s 25,000 islands totals only 551,059 square miles (1,427,246 sq. km), and the popula- tion density varies greatly. Because has a large area, its population density is only 28 people per square mile (11 per sq. km). Diverse Tiny Nauru, measuring just 9 square miles (23 sq. Peoples The South Pacific region is home both km), has the highest population density in Oceania— to this indigenous man from Papua New Guinea (inset) and these children of European descent from about 1,111 people per square mile (435 per sq. km). Australia. In spite of its small area, mining of the island’s rich Place Where are the South Pacific’s most urban- deposits provides jobs and funding for ized areas located? economic development.

Urbanization In Oceania, the population is divided unequally Most people in Australia and New Zealand live among the island countries. Papua New Guinea in cities or along the temperate coasts. with about 5 million people, whereas The largest Australian cities are Sydney and Nauru—the world’s smallest —has a pop- Melbourne—each with more than 3 million resi- ulation of only 10,000. Many more Pacific islanders dents. Sydney, located on the eastern , and live on their countries’ coasts than in the often Melbourne, on the southern coast, are cities and rugged interiors. commercial centers. Other coastal urban areas in Antarctica’s forbidding, icy terrain and merciless Australia are , , and . Few polar climate have never supported permanent people, on the other , live in the hot, dry climate human settlement. Conditions are difficult for all of Australia’s interior. but short-term stays by and New Zealand’s of , , adventurous tourists. Although Antarctica measures and are Oceania’s largest cities. These about 5.5 million square miles (14.2 million sq. km), and other cities in the region offer newcomers oppor- most research stations cluster along the tunities for a high standard of living, quality Peninsula, where temperatures may rise to care, and excellent . a relatively mild 32ºF (0ºC). During this the Urban areas in Australia and Oceania draw peo- population of research stations reaches about 10,000, ple from within their own countries as well as from but only about 1,000 people remain during . other countries. In Australia has

814 Unit 11 led to shifts in population distribution. During the Publicly funded programs provide travel assis- the population in rural areas declined while tance to immigrants and help them adjust to that of large cities and their suburbs grew rapidly. Australian society. Most immigrant workers settle A similar pattern can be seen in Oceania, where 70 in major industrialized cities because of high- percent of the population lives in urban areas. paying jobs. Today about 26 percent of Australia’s population is . One worker from Government describes his experience to a journalist: Immigration Rapid expansion of after II In this one factory you had people from drew many immigrants to Australia. At first most maybe ten, twelve different countries, immigrants came from European countries, such “ all speaking different languages. That’s as the , , Yugoslavia, and what Sydney was like. . . . It’s a beauti- the . In the Australia’s - tries still needed more workers, so ful . . . country—beautiful. Great government created programs to attract peo- . Lovely lifestyle. Plenty of oppor- ple from other . Today immigrants come tunity if you want to work . from South and various parts of Asia and Bryson, “Sydney,” . A number of them also come from National Geographic, 2000 Oceania. and uneven eco- ” nomic development in the various Pacific islands Throughout Australia and Oceania, meeting the cause many young people and skilled workers to needs of a growing multiethnic population is a seek work elsewhere. major concern. Diversity enriches the region’s lan- guages, arts, , and lifestyles. At times, how- ever, this same diversity may cause disagreements over issues such as immigration, health benefits, Web Activity Visit the Glencoe World Geography employment, and the effects of colonial rule. The Web site at geography.glencoe.com and click on Student Web next section highlights the legacy of the past and Activities—Chapter 33 for an activity about immigration and how it shapes life in Australia and Oceania today. in Australia. Antarctica, with no permanent population, has a history that is unique to that icy continent.

Checking for Understanding Critical Thinking Analyzing Maps 1. Define Strine, pidgin English. 3. Categorizing Information From 6. Region Study the population 2. Main Ideas On a chart like the what areas have peoples migrated density map on page 786. one below, fill in three main to Australia and Oceania? What are the most sparsely ideas from the section and then 4. Identifying Cause and Effect populated areas of the South list important supporting details What geographic factors cause Pacific region? for each idea. most of Australia’s population to cluster in coastal urban areas? Applying Geography Main Ideas Supporting Details 5. Predicting Consequences What 7. Movement and Population are possible positive and negative Create two maps, one of effects as modern technology and migration patterns during the transportation attract more peo- last 100 years, and the other ple to the South Pacific region? showing population distribu- tion in the region today.

Chapter 33 815 Guide to Reading History and Consider What You Know Government Various indigenous peoples lived in Australia and Oceania before the Europeans established there. What indigenous groups in various parts of the world have you read about or seen in movies or on A Geographic View ?

Reading Strategy Pacific Origins Organizing Complete a web diagram Samoa itself is said to mean “sacred similar to the one below by filling in center”. . . . [T]his is where the world the hardships the Maori faced after began as the creator, Tagaloalagi, first British settlement in New Zealand. called forth earth, sea, and sky from Maori Hardships rock. . . . Language links and arti- facts suggest that the first distinctly may have devel- oped here some 3,000 years ago. Read to Find Out Over the centuries that followed, • What were the lifestyles of the seafarers in double-hulled region’s indigenous peoples vessels stocked with pigs, , Samoan diver in Pacific waters before colonization? and fruits spread that culture • How did colonial rule affect social, across much of the Pacific. economic, and political structures? —Douglas Chadwick, “The Samoan Way,” • How do today’s governments National Geographic, 2000 reflect the region’s history?

Terms to Know • European and influences in the past • three centuries have profoundly changed the indigenous peoples and • trust cultures of the South Pacific area. In this section you will learn about • the early inhabitants of Australia and Oceania, the effects of Western Places to Locate settlement and rule in these areas, and the emergence of independent countries and new governments during the past 100 years. • • Tonga Indigenous Peoples Historians, anthropologists, archaeologists, and other scientists are continually uncovering new information about the history of early South Pacific peoples. At the same time, after years of Western dom- inance, indigenous peoples throughout the region are rediscovering their historical roots and are renewing their traditional cultures. All of these developments have heightened global interest in and appre- ciation of the South Pacific’s pre-European past.

816 Unit 11

The oldest music in Australia is that of the Aborigines. Music has played a central role in both social and sacred life. Much of the traditional music in this region is based on vocals, though wind and percussion instruments are also very important.

Instrument Spotlight In its traditional form, the (DIH•juh•ree•DOO) was made by when a branch fell to the ground and was hollowed out by . The Aborigines considered it sacred and continue to make it an important part of their spiritual ceremonies. have become popular outside Australia and are manufactured and played all over the world. Through a combination of lip, tongue, and mouth movements, a wide variety of interesting sounds can be produced from this simple instrument.

World Music: A Cultural Legacy Hear music of this region on Disc 2, Tracks 25–29.

Early Migrations vibrant Polynesian culture that grew and Various peoples from Asia settled the region of flourished . . . is testament to the inven- Australia and Oceania more than 40,000 years ago. tion and adaptability of its people. Some may have migrated to Australia over land Peter Crawford, bridges during the , when ocean levels were of the Wind: A Natural much lower than they are today. Others probably History of Polynesia”, 1993 used and rafts to reach the South Pacific region. The reason they came to these areas is a mys- tery. Because of their connection to the sea, some of Indigenous Lifestyles these peoples, especially those who came to the In the hot, dry Australian interior, the early South Pacific region, may have regarded explora- Aborigines led a nomadic life. They used well- tion as a natural part of daily life. Author Peter traveled routes to reach water and seasonal food Crawford, impressed with the daring of these early sources. These same routes made trading and explorers, described the early Polynesians: social exchanges possible. , or groups, traveled together within their ancestral A tenacious, seafaring people had aban- territories, carrying only baskets, , spears, doned the shores of [S]outheast Asia and and sticks for . To hunt animals, Aborigi- nal men used a heavy , called a “ sailed into the Pacific. As their culture boomerang, that soars or curves in , and the developed, they acquired new skills of sur- women and children gathered plants and seeds. vival, and new knowledge of the ocean In Oceania people settled in family groups along world which became their home. . . . The island coasts. For food they relied on , ,

Chapter 33 817 MAP STUDY

Australia and Oceania: Colonies, 1900

120°E 140°E 160°E 180° 160°W 140°W Midway TROPIC OF Islands

Wake Hawaiian ° Island 20 N N Islands Guam Marshall Islands Palmyra Islands Christmas Islands Gilbert Island Islands Nauru 0° German Ocean New Guinea Island INTERNATIONAL DATE Solomon Ellice Cook Papua Islands Islands Islands Islands Marquesas Samoa Islands New Society Hebrides Islands Tuamotu Fiji Is. Tahiti New Friendly 20°S Caledonia Islands Australia Norfolk Island Island Lord Howe Pacific Island Ocean Colonies, 1900 New 40°S British Zealand 0 mi. 1,500 French U.S. 0km 1,500 German Miller Cylindrical projection

2. Applying Geography Skills Why do you think the United States took over Guam? 1. Interpreting Maps What two countries ruled the area of Samoa? Find NGS online map resources @ www.nationalgeographic.com/maps and shrimp as well as and . the islands of New Zealand. On New Zealand’s Pacific islanders also cultivated root crops, such as Island and , Maori groups and yams, and raised smaller animals, such as hunted, fished, established villages, and farmed the and pigs. Well-built canoes made lengthy land. Maori farmers, like the Pacific islanders, grew voyages possible, and gradually developed root crops, such as taro and yams, which they had among the islands. To make trading easier, people brought from their Polynesian . on some islands used long strings of shell pieces as money. Today in , an island off the northeast coast of Papua New Guinea, shell European Colonization money still is exchanged for canned goods or veg- From the 1500s to the 1700s, Europeans of various etables at markets. explored vast stretches of the South Increased trade was accompanied by migrations Pacific region. Perhaps the most well-known explorer among the islands. Between the A.D. 900s and 1300s, was the British sailor , who under- the Maori people left eastern Polynesia and settled took three voyages to the region between 1768 and

818 Unit 11 1779. Cook claimed eastern Australia for Great European culture. As the number of European set- Britain, visited various South Pacific islands, circled tlers increased, the British and some Maori chiefs Antarctica, and produced remarkably accurate signed a in 1840 that guaranteed the Maori records and maps of these places. full under the British . Disagree- ments about the treaty, however, led to armed Maori European Settlement resistance to British rule over the next 15 years. Dur- at first used Australia as a ing these conflicts, many Maori were killed, and the for sent out from overcrowded British Maori gradually most of their land to the British. prisons. The first shipload of prisoners arrived at The Europeans also brought far-reaching changes , in what is today Sydney, in 1788. By to the other peoples of Oceania. Because European the early 1850s, the of British con- diseases had reduced indigenous island populations, victs in Australia had ended, and growing numbers the Europeans brought in workers from other Pacific of free British settlers were establishing coastal islands and from more distant areas, such as South and settlements. Livestock, especially , Asia. The resulting of cultures weakened indige- were introduced to the continent. As British textile nous societies and eventually led to ethnic conflicts. manufacturers increased their demand for , Meanwhile, Europeans sought to replace traditional Australian settlers profited greatly from export- ways of life with European beliefs and practices. ing wool to the parent country. Another source of wealth for Australia was , which was discov- ered there in the early 1850s. The resulting gold Struggle for Power rush nearly tripled Australia’s population in 10 During the late 1800s and early 1900s, Britain, years and also promoted the mining of other min- , , , and the United States strug- eral resources in the continent’s interior. gled for control of various Pacific islands. Many of Meanwhile, the British and other Europeans were these countries already had commercial interests in also establishing settlements in Oceania. Attracted the area. The Europeans hoped to expand their influ- by excellent fishing waters and rich soil, British set- ence and gain new sources of raw materials. tlers arrived in New Zealand in the early 1800s. The two World Wars changed the of They brought with them sheep, , and horses. Oceania’s history. After , many of By the end of the century, raising livestock had Germany’s Pacific colonies came under Japanese become a major part of New Zealand’s economy. On rule. Then in , Japanese airplanes some South Pacific islands, European business- bombed the United States Naval Base at people set up commercial for growing in . This attack brought the United , , and other tropical products. States into World War II. During the conflict the United States and Japan fought a number of fierce Indigenous Peoples battles on Pacific islands such as and The arrival of Europeans in Australia and Iwo Jima. Oceania had a disastrous impact on indigenous Following Japan’s defeat in World War II, Japan’s peoples. As British migrants spread across South Pacific possessions, such as the islands of Australia, they forcibly removed the Aborigines Micronesia, were turned over to the United States from the land and denied them basic rights. as trust territories. Trust territories were depen- Many Aborigines resisted the European , dent areas that the United placed under but European diseases and steadily the temporary control of a foreign country. Since reduced the Aboriginal population. In the mid- the 1970s most of these islands, including Palau, 1800s, British-Australian authorities placed many the , and the Federated States of Aborigines in reserves, or separate areas. Micronesia, have become independent countries. British settlement in New Zealand brought hard- to the Maori, who died from diseases carried by the newcomers. The Maori social structure also Independent Governments was weakened when the British colonists intro- came to most of the South Pacific duced new ways of farming and other aspects of region during the 1900s. Australia and New Zealand

Chapter 33 819 became the region’s first independent countries in recognize women’s right to vote. New Zealand the early 1900s. By the century’s end, most of the also was among the first countries to provide gov- Pacific islands had gained independence. ernment assistance to the elderly, the sick, and the unemployed. Australia and New Zealand Until World War II, New Zealand and Australia Australia and New Zealand both peacefully won maintained close economic, military, and political their independence from British rule. In 1901 ties to Great Britain, now known as the United Britain’s Australian colonies became states, united Kingdom. After 1945 British global influence to form the of Australia. The new declined, and the two Pacific countries looked Australian country was a dominion, a largely self- increasingly to the United States for trade and governing country within the British . military protection. In addition, Australia and Australia’s form of government blended a United New Zealand developed their own national char- States- federal system with a British-style acters based on increasingly diverse populations. parliamentary . The British — The Aborigines and the Maori won greater recog- represented by a general—served as nition of their unique cultural identities, and Australia’s head of , but a prime many non-British immigrants settled in both actually headed the national government. countries. Many Australians now want to cut ties In 1907 New Zealand became a self-governing to the British monarchy and elect a president. In dominion with a British . 2002, terrorist attacks on the Indonesian island of , however, contributed some polit- shattered Australia’s sense of security. More ical “firsts” of their own. In 1893 New Zealand than a third of the nearly 200 people killed were became the first country in the world to legally Australians.

South Pacific Islands Beginning in the , a number of the small islands in Oceania moved toward inde- pendence. Samoa—formerly Western Samoa—had been ruled by Germany until New Zealand assumed control after World War I. In 1962 Samoa became the first Pacific island territory to win its freedom. Today most of the South Pacific islands enjoy some form of independent govern- ment. For example, Vanuatu, once jointly governed by the United Kingdom and France, is a republic, and Tonga, for- merly under British protection, is a . Some island countries, such as Fiji and the Solomon Islands, have been torn by eth- Promoting Culture An indigenous group in nic conflict since independence. Many conflicts Papua New Guinea perform traditional ceremonial have roots in colonial times, when European rulers dances. brought in foreign workers from other cultures, Place When did most countries in Oceania gain ignoring traditional ethnic and cultural patterns. their independence? Antarctica Europeans first sighted Antarctica during the early 1800s, but they believed that the icy conti- nent had little, if any, commercial . As a result, expeditions did not venture into Antarctica until much later. In the early 1900s, Norwegian explorer and British explorer Scott, each with a team of four people, engaged in a dramatic race to be the first to reach the South Pole. Amundsen’s team reached it on December 14, 1911; Scott’s team arrived about a month later. Unfortunately, Scott and his team died on the return trip. The race for the South Pole opened the rest of Antarctica for . On their quests, Antarctic explorers looked for economic resources as well as adventure in the frozen landscape. The countries they represented hoped for new trading routes and seal-hunting areas as well as Antarctic Cold as Ice The Amundsen-Scott Station, resources. Nonetheless, much of Antarctica re- managed by the United States, lies close to the mained unexplored until advances in radio com- South Pole on ice nearly 2 miles (3.2 km) deep. munication and travel made exploration easier Place What is the purpose of the Antarctic Treaty? and safer. By the 1960s, scientists from 12 countries had established research centers in Antarctica. To pre- agreed to abide by the treaty. In 1991 the treaty serve Antarctica as a peaceful scientific research countries made an additional agreement to pro- site, the 12 countries signed the Antarctic Treaty in hibit mining and to protect the environment of this 1959. Since then, a number of other countries have unique continent.

Checking for Understanding Critical Thinking Analyzing Maps 1. Define clan, boomerang, trust 3. Identifying Cause and Effect 6. Place Study the map on page 785. territory, dominion. What effects, both positive and Identify an island or a group of 2. Main Ideas Use a chart like the negative, resulted from European islands that is today under the one below to organize factors colonization in this region? rule of the United States. that contributed to the region’s 4. Comparing and Contrasting Applying Geography cultural diversity and forms of Compare and contrast the views government. of South Pacific indigenous peo- 7. Physical Geography and ples and European settlers about Migration Think about why Indigenous European Power the land—its value, ownership, Peoples Colonization Struggles and how people and goods and use. moved throughout Oceania. 5. Making Generalizations How has Write a paragraph describ- Antarctica benefited from inter- ing the reasons for this national cooperation? migration and how signifi- cant physical features influ- enced it.

Chapter 33 821 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY JOURNEY TO THE BOTTOM OF THE WORLD

N EXPEDITION CARRYING TONS OF ANTARCTICA

CANDY, 500 cases of eggs, and 60,000 Polar Little America III: sheets of paper? Where might 1940-41 South Pole Little America V: such an expedition be headed? What 1956 Little America I & II: 1929-30 A conditions would warrant such provi- and 1934-35 ROSS Ice front sions? These were a small portion of the supplies Little America IV: ICE 1956 on a that left in 1928, headed 1947 SHELF for Antarctica. Also aboard were United States Navy officer Richard E. Byrd and a crew of 53 scientists and other professionals.

Lure of the Unknown The Byrd Antarctic Expedition set out to estab- lish a foothold in one of the most ferocious cli- mates on Earth. Antarctica is the world’s coldest place, where winter temperatures can drop to –129°F (–89°C). Thick ice buries most of the continent.Violent winds lash the Polar Plateau, where the South Pole lies. spill out between mountain peaks that rim the coast, cre- ating vast ice shelves that limit access by sea. In 1928 little was known about Antarctica. Whalers and sealers had hunted its coastal waters in the 1800s. In 1911 Antarctica was the site of the tragic race to the South Pole—Roald Amundsen of made it back, while British explorer Robert Scott and his team perished. Other than these brave souls, few people had ventured inland. Admiral Byrd was determined to change that.

Admiral Byrd (at left) and companions visit Little America. An American stamp commemo- rates one of Byrd’s expeditions to Antarctica. ▲

822 Unit 11 ▲ Crunching through ice, the U.S.S. brings Admiral Byrd and crew back to Antarctica in 1955.

Little America Before leaving New York, Byrd spent three years preparing for the inhuman conditions in Antarctica. He worked with numerous experts to determine vital supplies. Clothing was especially important. Rein- deer fur proved the warmest and was used for parkas, pants, and 1821 American seal hunters make first known land- boots. Other animal , such as sealskin, also were used. ing on Antarctica Stopping in New Zealand, the last outpost of , the ex- pedition still had to negotiate iceberg-filled waters to reach the Ross 1901 British explorer Robert Ice Shelf, the thick expanse of Antarctic ice that would be home for F. Scott begins first inland exploration 14 months. Arriving in late 1928, the crew and 80 sled dogs moved more than 650 tons (590 t) of material from ship to shore. The crew 1911 Norwegian Roald built the first scientific station on the frozen continent. A Amundsen is first to complete with multiple weather-tight buildings, bunkhouses, and reach South Pole storerooms, the station was named Little America. 1928 Admiral Byrd (on Once Little America was established, Byrd launched his assault on , above) estab- Antarctica. Using an airplane he had brought by ship, Byrd and his lishes Little America I crew made numerous over vast areas never seen by . (background photo) Byrd’s expedition accomplished many firsts: a flight over the South Pole, the mapping of 150,000 square miles (388,000 sq. km) of new 1929 Byrd makes first flight territory,the invention of specialized instruments, and more. over South Pole Byrd returned to Antarctica four more times to supervise the 1933–1955 completion of Little America II through V. His expeditions laid the Byrd establishes Little groundwork for future research and international cooperation. Today America II through V the United States and many other countries maintain scientific sta- 1959 Twelve countries sign tions in Antarctica. Scientists work on a variety of projects there, Antarctic Treaty, pre- from studying animal behavior to monitoring and serving Antarctica for global warming. peaceful endeavors

Looking Ahead How did the hardships and dangers Byrd and his endured benefit humankind? How might Antarctic research be important to the future of life on Earth?

Unit 11 823 Guide to Reading Cultures and Consider What You Know Lifestyles , which includes musical expressions from many cultures, has become very popular in the United States. What instruments or types of music have you heard that come from other parts of the world? A Geographic View Reading Strategy Living in Australia Taking Notes As you read about the cultures and lifestyles of the We’re connected to and North region, use the major headings of America culturally, but we’re in an the section to create an outline simi- Asian , which gives us an lar to the one below. advantage. We have a highly educated I. A Blend of Cultures workforce, . . . a first-rate interna- A. B. tional airport, good communications, II. Everyday Life and a stable and sophisticated finan- A. B. cial system. We have a wonderful climate and attractive lifestyle— Read to Find Out good restaurants, nice , an optimistic way of looking at the • What role does play in the A visits Sydney, Australia region’s cultures? world that I think outsiders find attractive. Once you develop a • How have the peoples of Australia and Oceania expressed their her- critical mass of those things, you find itages through the arts? that more and more people want to come • How does everyday life in the and be part of it. region reflect cultural diversity? —Sydney mayor , quoted by Bill Bryson, “Sydney,” National Geographic, August 2000 Terms to Know • subsistence farming • fale Australia, like other South Pacific countries, Places to Locate blends both European and indigenous elements in its culture. In • Papua New Guinea recent years Asian influences also have increased in the region. In this • Samoa section you will learn about the , arts, and lifestyles of the peoples of Australia and Oceania.

A Blend of Cultures The movement of different peoples into the South Pacific region has contributed to the shaping of cultures there. Indigenous peoples developed lifestyles in harmony with their . Later, European immigrants brought their ways of life, using the environment to build Western-oriented societies.

824 Unit 11 GRAPH STUDY

Australia and Oceania: Religions

Religion Number of Followers Roman Catholic 8,097,000 Roman Catholic Protestant 7, 279,000 30% Anglican 5,386,000 Protestant Eastern Orthodox 691,000 27.9% Hindu 349,000 Anglican 20% Other religions 1,232,000 Nonreligious 3,628,000 Nonreligious 13.6%

Eastern Orthodox 2.6% Other Hindu 1.3% religions Sources: Britannica Book of the Year, 2000; World Almanac, 2001 4.6%

2. Applying Geography Skills Why do you think Christian religions are dominant in the region? 1. Interpreting Graphs Which two religions have the largest number of followers in the region?

Religion routes and . In New Zealand, Maori The religious traditions of the region’s indige- artisans developed skills in making, bas- nous peoples focus on the relationship of humans ketry, tattooing, and woodcarving. Today Maori to nature. Australia’s Aborigines, for example, meeting houses are decorated with elaborate believe in the idea of Dreamtime, the early time carvings. when they say wandering spirits created land fea- After a time of copying European themes and tures, plants, animals, and humans. They believe styles, European artists in the region began looking that all natural things—rocks, trees, plants, ani- to the South Pacific environment for inspiration. mals, and humans—have a spirit and are interre- lated. Europeans later brought , which Strong emotional ties with the land … are attracted many followers among the indigenous not the sole preserve of the Aborigines…. peoples. Christianity is the most widely practiced “ Australian writers and poets, … religion in Australia and Oceania today. and painters [have] come to realise that a tangle of eucalyptus trees, red gums in a The Arts dried-up steam bed, red rocks and drip- South Pacific peoples traditionally used art, music, ping rain can have their own power- dance, and storytelling to pass on knowledge from ful visual appeal. generation to generation. Australian Aborigines, Roger Fenby, “Walkabout Oz,” for example, recorded their past in rock paintings BBC World (online), and developed to pass on information about ”August 4, 2000 Chapter 33 825 In recent decades the South Pacific region has Economics produced a number of outstanding , Traditional and Modern Lifestyles writers, and artists. Australia’s Some Pacific island countries, such as Papua and New Zealand’s Kiri Te Kanawa became New Guinea, produce cash crops, including - famous opera performers. New Zealand author cane, , , and ––dried Sylvia Ashton-Warner wrote of her experiences as meat. Others, such as Kiribati, have soil that is too a schoolteacher in Maori communities. Australian poor for . Many Pacific writer wrote the novel islanders work at subsistence farming, growing Schindler’s List, which was later made into an only enough for their own needs. These farmers -winning motion picture. grow , coconuts, or sweet potatoes; raise Australia and New Zealand also have con- chickens and pigs; or fish in ocean waters. Other tributed well-known movie stars such as Mel Gib- islanders work in government offices, in the tourist son, , and Russell Crowe. trade, or in other service industries. Filmmakers in both countries have made popular Kinship ties are the basis of traditional life motion pictures, such as , Dundee, throughout the region, but these bonds have weak- Muriel’s Wedding, and The . ened as young people find better job opportunities elsewhere. Even so, important events draw distant Everyday Life family members back home and help maintain the In many parts of Australia and Oceania, people culture. have urban lifestyles that reflect modern influ- Atypical traditional South Pacific home is very ences. In other places in the region, people live in simple in design. On Samoa, this type of simple a more traditional way. dwelling is called a fale and has a thatched roof for shelter and open sides that allow cooling ocean breezes to circulate. Blinds of coconut palm leaves can be lowered for privacy. The simplicity of South Pacific island life contrasts greatly with the fast-paced, urban- ized lifestyle in parts of Australia and New Zealand, where people are linked to the cities by roads and modern communications technology. A mild climate and nearness to the sea enable many people in the South Pacific region to enjoy outdoor activities.

Education and The quality of education varies throughout the region. Both Australia and New Zealand provide free, until age 15. rates are high in these two coun- tries, and many attend . Many students in Australia’s remote receive and turn in assignments by mail Simple Living This local government build- or communicate with teachers by two-way ing in Papua New Guinea reflects the country’s radios. traditional architectural styles. Australians and New Zealanders, especially Place What are major features of a typical South those in cities, generally have access to quality Pacific home? medical care and other . In some parts of Australia, rugged terrain and long distances

826 Unit 11 make access to health care difficult. Modern tech- nology, however, allows doctors to consult with patients through the use of two-way radios and through mobile clinics of the Flying Service. Indigenous peoples, however, often do not receive these and other benefits. For example, many Aborigines suffer from poverty, malnutrition, and unemployment. In recent years the Australian gov- ernment and private organizations have been try- ing to make up for past injustices, and the courts have recognized the claims of Aborigines to gov- ernment assistance, land, and natural resources. Many Pacific islanders also lack an adequate standard of living. On remote islands, fresh food, electricity, , and often are limited. Recently island countries, with international assis- tance, have begun to improve their . Cricket, first played in during the and Leisure late 1500s, today is a popular in New Zealand. Sports and leisure activities reflect the region’s Place What other sports are played in Australia diversity. Western-style attract tourists to and Oceania? the beaches, where they and the local people enjoy the traditional Pacific island sport of surf- ing. Traditional sports, such as canoe other sports, such as soccer, , and . racing or , are popular, as are West- In urban areas of Australia and New Zealand, ern sports. For example, British settlers brought where Western influence dominates, leisure activi- cricket and rugby to Australia and New Zealand. ties include boating, fishing, waterskiing, and In former American territories, islanders play other water sports along the metropolitan beaches. . The French introduced cycling and In the next chapter, you will learn how people archery to islands they controlled. Even small in Australia and Oceania are meeting the chal- communities often have facilities for these and lengesof their environment.

Checking for Understanding Critical Thinking Analyzing Maps 1. Define subsistence farming, fale. 3. Drawing Conclusions How does 6. Location Examine the political 2. Main Ideas On a web like the one the art of the South Pacific reflect map on page 785. Which Pacific below, fill in important ideas and the artists’ physical environment? islands are administered by New supporting details from each 4. Comparing and Contrasting How Zealand? section to describe the culture does education in the South Pacific Applying Geography and lifestyles of the region. differ from education in your community? Culture Everyday Life 7. Forms of Government Com- 5. Predicting Consequences How pare the political-physical Religion Art might the Internet and e-mail maps on pages 117 and change education in Oceania? 795. How might Australia, , and the United States be similar in the way they distribute governmen- tal powers?

Chapter 33 827 Analyzing LANDSAT Images

cientists and researchers who study the earth use to Shelp them gather data. Photographs taken by these satellites orbiting the earth provide a detailed record of conditions and changes on the earth’s surface.

Learning the Skill in Rondônia, Scientists use LANDSAT images to receive a broad view of the surface of the earth. LANDSAT refers to a series of observa- tion satellites that have been launched by the United States since 1972. The most recent satel- lite, LANDSAT 7, was launched on 15, 1999. Orbiting at an alti- tude of about 500 miles (805 km), LANDSAT spacecraft have record- ed millions of images of the earth. The main purpose of LANDSAT is to map and monitor natural 1975 1992 resources and changes to the environment. Farmers, govern- ment officials, environmentalists, • Study the image carefully. In 2. Compare the area in 1975 to and the military use LANDSAT the images on this page, red the area in 1992. data, which can be helpful in indicates healthy vegetation, 3. How is the pattern of defor- making decisions that affect the light areas indicate estation in the 1992 image health of the planet. For exam- deforested land, and light connected to roadways? ple, these satellites can identify blue lines indicate roads. 4. How do you think these the locations of tropical forests • Compare different images of areas have changed in and provide information about the same place. Notice today’s LANDSAT images? the rates and effects of defor- changes that occur over time. Explain your reasoning. estation. • Think about what has caused One of LANDSAT’s main ben- the changes and how they efits is its ability to capture may affect the area’s physical images of every place on Earth. and . LANDSAT 7 completes a full orbit of the earth every 99 min- utes, allowing over 14 orbits a Practicing the Skill Locate LANDSAT images of day. LANDSAT 7 is able to pro- The LANDSAT images on this Australia, Oceania, or Antarctica vide photographic coverage of page show an area of tropical on the Internet. For each image, the entire earth in only 16 days. forest in Brazil as it appeared list its location and the kinds Follow these steps to analyze in 1975 and in 1992. Use the of data it includes. Choose one a LANDSAT image: images to answer the follow- image, and write a paragraph • Read the . This feature ing questions. describing two possible uses for explains the data being col- 1. Which image shows large the data. lected, the location, and the areas of undisturbed tropical time period. forest?

828 Unit 11 SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE

SECTION 1 Population Patterns (pp. 811–815) Terms to Know Key Points Organizing Your Notes •Strine • Many different peoples settled in the South Use a graphic organizer like the •pidgin English Pacific, resulting in diverse cultures and one below to help you organize lifestyles. your notes about the population •The population of the South Pacific is unevenly patterns of the South Pacific. distributed because both the physical geogra- Populations Migration phy and the climate differ dramatically from place to place and because many areas cannot support life. •Migration between and within South Pacific countries has influenced population patterns and caused a blending of cultures.

SECTION 2 History and Government (pp. 816–821) Terms to Know Key Points Organizing Your Notes • clan • Many of the area’s earliest inhabitants came Create an outline using the for- • boomerang from Southeast Asia and survived by hunting, mat below to help you organize gathering, and, in some cases, farming. your notes for this section. • trust territory • dominion •European countries were attracted to the area History and Government by its raw materials, rich fishing areas, and I. Indigenous Peoples fertile coastal land. A. Early Migrations B. Indigenous Lifestyles •During the late 1800s and early 1900s, Euro- II. pean countries, Japan, and the United States sought possessions in the region. •Australia, New Zealand, and a number of Pacific islands are independent; a few island groups are still under foreign rule.

SECTION 3 Cultures and Lifestyles (pp. 824–827) Terms to Know Key Points Organizing Your Notes • subsistence •The culture of the South Pacific is a mixture Use a web like the one below to farming of Western and indigenous lifestyles. help you organize your notes • fale •Some people in the area still live in traditional for this section. villages; others live in modern urban areas. Cultures and Lifestyles •Modern technology helps provide services to people in some remote areas. Traditional Modern

Chapter 33 829 ASSESSMENT & ACTIVITIES

Critical Thinking 1. Identifying Cause and Effect How did the South Pacific’s physical geography con- Reviewing Key Terms tribute to its cultural diversity? Write the key term that best completes each of 2. Comparing and Contrasting In what the following sentences. Refer to the Terms to ways were European influences similar in Know in the Summary & Study Guide on page 829. Australia and in New Zealand? Different? 1. The Micronesian islands became a(n) ______3. Problem Solving Use a Venn diagram after World War II. to compare the lifestyles and living standards 2. In some parts of Oceania, ______is spoken. of indigenous and European peoples in the region. 3. Australians speak ______, a dialect of English.

4. A(n) ______provides simple shelter on trop- Indigenous European ical islands. Both People 5. In 1901 Australia became a(n) ______of Great Britain. 6. Some islanders still make their Locating Places livings by ______. Australia and Oceania: 7. The ______was originally a Match the letters on the map with the places in Australia and Western hunting tool. Oceania. Write your answers on a sheet of paper. 8. Each aboriginal family group 1. Papua New Guinea 4. Melbourne 7. Brisbane traveled as a(n) ______. 2. Sydney 5. 8. Adelaide 3. Auckland 6. Perth 9. Wellington Reviewing Facts 120°E 130°E 140°E 150°E 160°E 170°E 180° 170°W SECTION 1 N

1. Who were the original settlers 10°N of Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania? EQUATOR 2. How has geography influenced 0° settlement patterns in the region? E SECTION 2 10°S 3. What ways of life did Pacific indigenous peoples practice? 20°S 4. In what ways did European set- TROPIC OF CAPRICORN tlement influence the region? F A 5. Why was the Antarctic treaty 30°S established in 1959? I D C B SECTION 3 40°S DATE LINE H 6. How have the arts enriched life in INTERNATIONAL G the South Pacific region? 0 mi. 1,500 7. What are some characteristics of 0 km 1,500 modern lifestyles in Australia, New Miller Cylindrical projection Zealand, and Oceania?

830 Unit 11 Self-Check Quiz Visit the Glencoe World Geography Web site at geography.glencoe.com and click on Self-Check Quizzes—Chapter 33 to prepare for the Chapter Test.

Using the Regional Standardized Test Practice Refer to the Regional Atlas on pages 784–787. Choose the best answer for each of the follow- 1. Region What part of Australia has most ing multiple-choice questions. If you have of the country’s coal deposits? trouble answering the questions, use the 2. Human-Environment Interaction Which process of elimination to narrow your choices. physical features limit economic activity in 1. Which of the following has influenced ? population distribution in the South Pacific? Thinking Like a A Distance from Analyze the effects of processes, such as migra- B Location of tion and colonization, on the traditional cultures of the South Pacific’s indigenous peoples. C Climate D Animal Problem-Solving Activity Contemporary Issues Case Study The issue Read the question carefully to deter- of land rights in Australia and New Zealand mine what is being asked. For each involves cultural divergence, or separation, answer choice, consider what factors between indigenous peoples and those currently may have the capacity to influence population distri- using the land. Use print resources and the Inter- bution. Eliminate answer choices in which a direct net to research the opposing viewpoints on this correlation cannot be made. Do not forget to incorpo- issue. Then, write a paragraph stating a possible rate your knowledge of the region and cultures into solution. your decision.

GeoJournal 2. When a group of people is described as Expository Writing Using the information you indigenous, it means that they are logged in your GeoJournal as you read this chap- ter, write a paragraph comparing and contrasting F highly dependent on the agriculture two cultures in the region. Use your textbook of a region. and the Internet as resources to make your infor- G the governing party of a region. mation as clear and accurate as possible. Provide H the earliest inhabitants of a land. visuals to illustrate your ideas. J a culturally isolated group.

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Technology Activity Using the Internet for Research Consider all of the times you may Use the Internet to research a specific cultural have heard this word used and in group in the region. Identify at least three Web what context you heard it being used. sites you used in your research. After you have Try to find elements with the structure of the word, completed your research, create a poster to illus- such as suffixes, prefixes, and roots, that may reveal something about its meaning. trate one of the group’s culture, such as homes, clothing, or the arts.

Chapter 33 831