DOCSLIB.ORG

The Secret History of Australia's Nuclear Ambitions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Secret History of Australia's Nuclear Ambitions Jim Walsh SURPRISE DOWN UNDER: THE SECRET HISTORY OF AUSTRALIAS NUCLEAR AMBITIONS by Jim Walsh Jim Walsh is a visiting scholar at the Center for Global Security Research at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. He is also a Ph.D. candidate in the Political Science program at MIT, where he is completing a dissertation analyzing comparative nuclear decisionmaking in Australia, the Middle East, and Europe. ustralia is widely considered tactical nuclear weapons. In 1961, of state behavior and the kinds of Ato be a world leader in ef- Australia proposed a secret agree- policies that are most likely to retard forts to halt and reverse the ment for the transfer of British the spread of nuclear weapons? 1 spread of nuclear weapons. The nuclear weapons, and, throughout This article attempts to answer Australian government created the the 1960s, Australia took actions in- some of these questions by examin- Canberra Commission, which called tended to keep its nuclear options ing two phases in Australian nuclear for the progressive abolition of open. It was not until 1973, when history: 1) the attempted procure- nuclear weapons. It led the fight at Australia ratified the NPT, that the ment phase (1956-1963); and 2) the the U.N. General Assembly to save country finally renounced the acqui- indigenous capability phase (1964- the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty sition of nuclear weapons. 1972). The historical reconstruction (CTBT), and the year before, played Over the course of four decades, of these events is made possible, in a major role in efforts to extend the Australia has gone from a country part, by newly released materials Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of that once sought nuclear weapons to from the Australian National Archive Nuclear Weapons (NPT) indefi- one that now supports their abolition. and a set of unregistered documents nitely. In short, Australia is a coun- It is a remarkable story, and certainly released by Australias Department try whose nonproliferation credentials one of the untold successes of the of Foreign Affairs and Trade.2 are impeccable. nuclear age. The Australian experi- These materials provide an unusu- But there is another side to this ence also raises important questions ally detailed view of the internal pro- story. Newly declassified documents for theorists and policymakers. How cesses of a country wrestling with describe repeated attempts by ele- is it that Australia went from nuclear its nuclear future. Using these and ments within the Australian govern- aspirant to nonproliferation leader? other sources, this study attempts to ment to acquire nuclear weapons. In What factors influenced the Austra- explain why the Australian govern- 1958, for example, Australian offi- lian governments nuclear ment first sought and then renounced cials approached the British govern- decisionmaking? What does the Aus- nuclear weapons. ment regarding the purchase of tralian case suggest about the nature The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1997 1 Jim Walsh THE ATTEMPTED ments came from the Defence Com- ritory since 1952, though the Aus- PROCUREMENT PHASE mittee,5 which concluded in 1958 that: tralians were not privy to any weap- (1956-1963) In the absence of disarma- ons-related information coming from ment agreements, it is inevi- 10 From 1956 to 1963, Australias ef- table that the trend towards the tests. forts to acquire nuclear weapons fo- nuclear weapons will con- Developments in Europe did not tinue and intensify. Present cused on procurement, i.e., gaining indications are that in the go unnoticed in Australia, and access to nuclear weapons via a third near future countries other memos arguing for an Australian party. Procurement is thus distinct than the U.K. and the U.S., nuclear capability often cited devel- e.g., France and Japan, will from indigenous development. It also have the technological ca- opments in NATO.11 Nuclear differs from arrangements such as pacity to manufacture weapons proponents in Australia the North Atlantic Treaty nuclear weapons and can be knew that the Americans had no in- expected to develop this ca- Organizations (NATOs) dual key pacity successfully in the tention of selling nuclear weapons, system, since Australias intent was next few years.6 but the nuclear sharing controversy to acquire weapons that would be un- Evidence supporting these expec- itself seemed to confirm that nuclear der purely national control. tations was not difficult to find. The weapons were going to become an During this phase, there were at Australians had only to look at essential part of modern war-fight- least three initiatives pertaining to the NATO. Indeed, the actions of NATO ing and that any self-respecting ad- vanced, industrialized country would procurement of nuclear weapons by countries appear to have had a pro- elements within the Australian gov- found impact on nuclear thinking in have its own atomic arsenal. ernment. They included: 1) discus- Australia. At the time the Australian Australian officials expected more sions regarding the purchase of Defence Committee made its origi- and more countries to acquire nuclear tactical nuclear weapons; 2) the ac- nal recommendation to seek nuclear weapons, but they also believed that quisition of a nuclear capable deliv- weapons, the United States had be- nuclear weapons would play a grow- ery system; and 3) a proposal for gun stationing tactical nuclear weap- ing role in the force structure of their nuclear weapons on-demand. This ons in Europe, and a number of existing nuclear allies, the United section reviews each of these epi- American alliesincluding Britain, States and Great Britain. The De- sodes, but begins with a brief over- France, Italy, and West Germany fence Committee report cited above view. were declaring their interest in gain- went on to note that: ing greater access to nuclear Nuclear weapons in various applications are being in- Australian Perspectives weapons and weapons-related infor- creasingly introduced into mation. The Eisenhower administra- In the 1950s, Australian thinking the armament of the great tion, in turn, signaled that it was open powers for employment in all about nuclear weapons, like much of to some kind of nuclear sharing.7 aspects of offensive and de- the thinking in Europe and the United fensive warfare. [ .] Mod- At a North Atlantic Council meet- States, included an expectation that ern weapon systems are ing, France, West Germany, and Italy becoming so complex and nuclear weapons would spread and even announced plans for the co-pro- costly that in many cases become a common feature of mod- their adoption would not be duction of nuclear weapons.8 Some ern military forces.3 Inside players justified unless they were years before, the United States had given maximum effective- in the worlds capitals had already endorsed its New Look doctrine, ness by the incorporation of been told that France would likely join nuclear warheads.12 which promoted nuclear weapons as the nuclear club, and many began to a way to counter the rising costs of The vertical proliferation of anticipate that China would also gain conventional forces, and the United nuclear weapons throughout the al- membership. The belief that nuclear Kingdom had announced that it lies force structure encouraged the weapons would spread and that this would reduce expenditures on con- Australians to seek their own nuclear spread would necessarily affect Aus- ventional weaponry in order to fo- weapons. At first glance, this might tralia could be seen in everything cus resources on its nuclear seem counterintuitive. After all, if from army training manuals to state- deterrent.9 Australia had, in fact, the allies had sufficient stocks of ments by the prime minister.4 One hosted British nuclear tests on its ter- nuclear weapons for every contin- of the more authoritative assess- 2 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1997 Jim Walsh gency imaginable, Australia would 1958, and September 1958), the Min- cision to approach the United King- not need nuclear weapons of its own. istry of Defenceoften at the urg- dom was not the first time Austra- Australian military and political lead- ing of the Air Servicesought to lian leaders had expressed an interest ers drew a different conclusion, how- revive the issue of nuclear weapons in nuclear weapons, but it did repre- ever, and they did so for two reasons. procurement. sent the first formal finding that Aus- 17 First, Australias military officers tralia should procure them. argued that if Australia were going Attempts to Buy the Bomb Following the Defence to be a full and respected participant Australia first formally considered Committees recommendation to in collective security arrangements the subject of a nuclear weapons seek tactical nuclear weapons, the such as the Australian, New capability for Australian forces in Defence Department pressed Aus- Zealand, United States security 1956.13 The initial proposal to seek tralian Prime Minister Robert treaty of 1951 (ANZUS) or the nuclear weapons came from Athol Menzies to follow through on the rec- Southeast Asia Collective Defense Townley, the minister for air, who ommendation.18 In March 1957, the Treaty (SEATO), then they had to wrote to the defence minister re- Australian government met with Sir be able to deploy and use the same questing that Australia procure Dermot Boyle, the British Air Chief, weapons as their allies or face being nuclear bombs for the RAAFs and Lord Carrington, Britains For- relegated to a secondary role, with Canberra and Avon Sabre aircraft.14 eign Secretary for Commonwealth attendant diminution of status and While Townley and his successor Relations. Prime Minister Menzies political leverage. Second, if one pushed the idea among their minis- and the Commonwealths ministers believes that tactical weapons are terial colleagues, Air Marshal F. R. for defence and external affairs really high-end conventional weap- W. Shug Scherger lobbied his fel- asked the visiting delegation whether ons, then it becomes easier to imag- low service officers in Australia and Britain could supply Australia with ine their use as instruments for Britain.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • When Australia Said NO! Fifteen Years Ago, the Australian People Turned Down the Menzies Govt's Bid to Shackle Democracy
    „ By ERNIE CAMPBELL When Australia said NO! Fifteen years ago, the Australian people turned down the Menzies Govt's bid to shackle democracy. gE PT E M B E R . 22 is the 15th Anniversary of the defeat of the Menzies Government’s attempt, by referendum, to obtain power to suppress the Communist Party. Suppression of communism is a long-standing plank in the platform of the Liberal Party. The election of the Menzies Government in December 1949 coincided with America’s stepping-up of the “Cold War”. the Communist Party an unlawful association, to dissolve it, Chairmanship of Senator Joseph McCarthy, was engaged in an orgy of red-baiting, blackmail and intimidation. This was the situation when Menzies, soon after taking office, visited the United States to negotiate a big dollar loan. On his return from America, Menzies dramatically proclaimed that Australia had to prepare for war “within three years”. T o forestall resistance to the burdens and dangers involved in this, and behead the people’s movement of militant leadership, Menzies, in April 1950, introduced a Communist Party Dis­ solution Bill in the Federal Parliament. T h e Bill commenced with a series o f recitals accusing the Communist Party of advocating seizure of power by a minority through violence, intimidation and fraudulent practices, of being engaged in espionage activities, of promoting strikes for pur­ poses of sabotage and the like. Had there been one atom of truth in these charges, the Government possessed ample powers under the Commonwealth Crimes Act to launch an action against the Communist Party.
    [Show full text]
  • Helen Lempriere Mid-20Th Century Representations of Aboriginal Themes Gloria Gamboz
    Helen Lempriere Mid-20th century representations of Aboriginal themes Gloria Gamboz The best-known legacy of the While living in Paris and London in half of the 20th century has created Australian painter, sculptor and the 1950s, Lempriere was influenced some contention, and these works are printmaker Helen Lempriere by anthropological descriptions of now being reinvestigated as part of (1907–1991) is the sculpture prize Australian Indigenous cultures, and a broader examination of emerging and travelling scholarship awarded in developed a highly personal and Australian nationhood. A study of her name. Less well known, however, expressive mode of interpretation Lempriere’s life, influences and key are her post–World War II works that blended Aboriginal themes with works provides an insight into the exploring Aboriginal myths, legends her own vision. The appropriation cultural climate of post–World War II and iconography. Twelve of these of Aboriginal themes by non- Australia, and the understanding of are held by the Grainger Museum Indigenous Australian women Aboriginal culture by non-Indigenous at the University of Melbourne, and artists like Lempriere in the first women artists. have recently been made available on the museum’s online catalogue.1 They form part of a wider collection of works both by, and depicting, Helen Lempriere, bequeathed by Lempriere’s husband, Keith Wood, in 1996.2 The collection is likely to have come to the Grainger Museum through a mutual contact, the Sydney- based curator, collector and gallery director Elinor
    [Show full text]
  • Sajal Philatelics Cover Auctions Sale No. 261 Thu 16 Aug 2007 1 Lot No
    Lot No. Estimate 1924 BRITISH EMPIRE EXHIBITION 1 H.R.Harmer Display FDC with Empire Exhibition Wembley Park slogan. Minor faults, average condition. Cat £350. AT (see photo) £240 2 Plain FDC with Empire Exhibition Wembley Park slogan. Neatly slit open, tiny rust spot at bottom & ink smudge from postmark at bottom of 1d stamp, otherwise very fine fresh cover. Cat £300. AP (see photo) £220 1929 UNIVERSAL POSTAL UNION CONGRESS 3 Plain FDC with T.P.O. CDS. Relevant & rare. Slight ageing in places. UA (see photo) £160 1935 SILVER JUBILEE 4 1d value only on reverse of Silver Jubilee picture postcard with Eltham M/C. AW £80 5 Forgery of Westminster Stamp Co. illustrated FDC with London SW1 CDS. (Cat £550 as genuine). AP (see photo) £30 1937 CORONATION 6 Illustrated FDC with indistinct CDS cancelling the stamp but clear London W1 13th May M/C on reverse. Neatly slit open at top. Cat £20. AT £8 1940 CENTENARY 7 Perkins Bacon FDC with Stamp Centenary (Red Cross) Exhibition London special H/S. Cat £95. AT (see photo) £36 1946 VICTORY 8 Display FDC with Birkenhead slogan "Don't Waste Bread". Cat £75. AT £26 1960 GENERAL LETTER OFFICE 9 with Norwich CDS. Cat £200. AW (see photo) £42 1961 CEPT 10 with Torquay slogan "CEPT European Conference". Cat £15. AT £5 1961 PARLIAMENTARY CONFERENCE 11 Illustrated FDC with London SW1 slogan "Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference". Stamps badly arranged on cover. Cat £75. AT £10 1962 NATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY YEAR 12 (Phosphor) with Cannon Street EC4 CDS. Cat £90. AP (see photo) £50 1963 NATIONAL NATURE WEEK 13 (Phosphor) with Totton, Southampton CDS.
    [Show full text]
  • Partnership Fact Sheet
    PARTNERSHIP FACT SHEET PORTMORE, JAMAICA + TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA LOCATED IN THE ATLANTIC HURRICANE BELT, Portmore, Jamaica is extremely susceptible to hurricanes that RESULTS can cause severe flooding and widespread infrastructure damage. Portmore is a low-lying area on the southern coast of Jamaica. 1 Originally a predominantly agricultural area, the city transformed into a large residential community in the 1950s and became home Based off of a collective social learning for thousands of residents who worked in Kingston. Since then, workshop model from Townsville, the the population of Portmore has grown extremely rapidly, leading partnership hosted a workshop for 46 key it to become the largest residential area in the Caribbean. stakeholders from local government, civil society, and the national government in One of the greatest climate related risks to Portmore is the Portmore to prioritize climate actions that will potential impacts from tropical storms, storm surges and sea feed into Portmore’s Climate Action Plan. level rise. The coastal location of the city also renders it highly susceptible to incremental changes in sea levels and the potential 2 for inundation that will only worsen with future seal level rise. Portmore adopted climate education initiatives from Townsville that will work with students Recognizing that the city’s flood risk is increasing with the threat from elementary to high school on the of climate change, Portmore applied to be part of the CityLinks creation of sensors to monitor indoor energy partnership in the hopes of receiving technical assistance to better consumption and indoor temperatures. plan for future climate impacts. 3 After seeing the impacts white roofs had PARTNERING ON SHARED CLIMATE CHALLENGES in Townsville, Portmore is considering the Although, the distance between Townsville and Portmore design of municipal pilot projects that would couldn’t be greater, local government structure and shared encourage white roofs.
    [Show full text]
  • Flashless Propellants (1948)
    UNCLASSIFIED AD NUMBER ADA493390 CLASSIFICATION CHANGES TO: UNCLASSIFIED FROM: RESTRICTED LIMITATION CHANGES TO: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Document partially illegible. FROM: Distribution authorized to DoD only; Foreign Government Information; NOV 1948. Other requests shall be referred to British Embassy, 3100 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20008. Document partially illegible. AUTHORITY DSTL ltr dtd 16 Feb 2007; DSTL ltr dtd 16 Feb 2007 THIS PAGE IS UNCLASSIFIED of RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT '’’his document contains technical information cf foreign origin, 'Tu: i itiUi.'ii, so long M it remains classified, is not to be u.s I distlo..cd in any mtnner likely to prcjudb-e th t rights of «•><• mi. intdor to obtain patent protection in respect tliwcof. i' i i -desired to use or dirclose the inforinatjo.i in any 1:1 inner hi. s:> to prejudice the i ights ot the hiiginator then i.lie (>iU.» 01 f; .-.d Intelligence will be notified of such iitond < use or tiisc.o re mid such use or di -closure shall not !>■ eifot tej until a.liu.l I s be n obt,- in-d 1 ; the Que • f sirs! Intel „ are f ■ • ir <C ( in. h he u ■ cf r s ii >.t_it. >.r f r ' . ’ ■ p-r|«'s s I'-' । the Nnti’ r.nl MUitiugr l-T-rrsS v ■■ < ’;r * d to be prejudicial to any proprietary ioa.stai^s t.. it. try exist. Flashless propellants J.N, PRING This document contains technical information of foreign origin. The information, so long os it remains classified, is nut to be.
    [Show full text]
  • Commonwealth Responsibility and Cold War Solidarity Australia in Asia, 1944–74
    COMMONWEALTH RESPONSIBILITY AND COLD WAR SOLIDARITY AUSTRALIA IN ASIA, 1944–74 COMMONWEALTH RESPONSIBILITY AND COLD WAR SOLIDARITY AUSTRALIA IN ASIA, 1944–74 DAN HALVORSON Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] Available to download for free at press.anu.edu.au ISBN (print): 9781760463236 ISBN (online): 9781760463243 WorldCat (print): 1126581099 WorldCat (online): 1126581312 DOI: 10.22459/CRCWS.2019 This title is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The full licence terms are available at creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Cover image courtesy of the National Archives of Australia. NAA: A1775, RGM107. This edition © 2019 ANU Press Contents Acknowledgements . vii Abbreviations . ix 1 . Introduction . 1 2 . Region and regionalism in the immediate postwar period . 13 3 . Decolonisation and Commonwealth responsibility . 43 4 . The Cold War and non‑communist solidarity in East Asia . 71 5 . The winds of change . 103 6 . Outside the margins . 131 7 . Conclusion . 159 References . 167 Index . 185 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Cathy Moloney, Anja Mustafic, Jennifer Roberts and Lucy West for research assistance on this project. Thanks also to my colleagues Michael Heazle, Andrew O’Neil, Wes Widmaier, Ian Hall, Jason Sharman and Lucy West for reading and commenting on parts of the work. Additionally, I would like to express my gratitude to participants at the 15th International Conference of Australian Studies in China, held at Peking University, Beijing, 8–10 July 2016, and participants at the Seventh Annual Australia–Japan Dialogue, hosted by the Griffith Asia Institute and Japan Institute for International Affairs, held in Brisbane, 9 November 2017, for useful comments on earlier papers contributing to the manuscript.
    [Show full text]
  • UF in North Queensland, Australia: Sustaining Humans and the Environment Summer A, 2021 Itinerary Highlights
    UF in North Queensland, Australia: Sustaining Humans and the Environment Summer A, 2021 Itinerary Highlights Day 1 – 6 Magnetic Island amazing 305 meters into the Stony Creek Gorge and learn about the management plan. Bungalow Bay Koala Village During your stay at Bungalow Bay Koala Village you will learn about their role in conservation on the island. You will receive lectures from their rangers, visit their wildlife sanctuary, and hike through diverse habitats that are home to over 75 species of reptiles, mammals, and birds. Australian Wildlife Conservancy (AWC) AWC's reserves cover more than 7.4 million acres, including the critical conservation of Mt Zero and Taravale. Spend the day working on a range of service-learning activities, such as bush fire control methods of clearing brush, or business assessment and monitoring. Koala population study and beach scrub project Day 10 – 12 Mission Beach to Atherton You will participate in a field-based study surveying the local koala population while enjoying them in the wild, and Aboriginal cultural experience a project on beach scrub, learning about Conservation Learn about Nywaigi Aboriginal culture and hear the Action Planning, how to use camera traps, and conducting stories of their ancestors who were exhibited as cannibals fauna surveys. and savages in nineteenth century circuses in Europe and the US. Try your hand at traditional activities such as throwing boomerangs and spears and take part in a Day 7 – 9 Hidden Valley service-learning project on the Mungalla wetlands. Hidden Valley Cabins ecotourism Stay at a family-run ecotourism business with hosts that are passionate about the natural environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Sir Howard Beale, 1958–641 Matthew Jordan
    5 ‘Mr Necessity’: Sir Howard Beale, 1958–641 Matthew Jordan Howard Beale was appointed Ambassador to the United States in 1957 at a critical time in American and indeed world history. The Cold War was well underway and tensions between the US-led West and Soviet Russia made the prospect of a ‘hot war’ with all its awful consequences a real possibility. Moved mainly by the inherent strategic limitations of ‘massive retaliation’, the US increasingly focused on winning ‘hearts and minds’ in former colonial territories in the Middle East, Asia and Africa during the 1950s and thereby stopping the spread of global communism.2 This broadening of the policy of containment, based on a continuing belief that communism was monolithic, found its most pertinent manifestation for Australia in the signing of the Manila Pact in September 1954. The pact, which established the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), committed the US to the defence of signatory countries in the event of communist aggression or subversion. Taken together with the Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS), signed three years earlier, SEATO reinforced Australia’s identification of the US as its primary great power protector. 1 For their comments and suggestions on earlier versions of this chapter, I would like to thank David Lowe, David McLean, Neville Meaney, Colin Milner and especially James Curran, who was kind enough to give me a large number of key documents from the John F Kennedy Library in Boston. 2 See John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy, Oxford University Press, New York, 1982, chs 6–8.
    [Show full text]
  • John Gorton's Management of the American-Australian
    THE COLLAPSE OF AUSTRALIAN COLD WAR POLICY: JOHN GORTON’S MANAGEMENT OF THE AMERICAN-AUSTRALIAN ALLIANCE IN A TIME OF CRISIS Andrew Nicoll Mason-Jones 199946186 Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, The University of Sydney A thesis suBmitted to fulfil the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 1 This is to certify that, to the best of my knowledge, the content of this thesis is my own work. This thesis has not been suBmitted for any degree or other purposes. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources have Been acknowledged. ______________________________________________________________ Andrew Mason-Jones 2 This thesis is dedicated to my dad, Nicoll Mason-Jones, who served in Vietnam from 1967 to 1968. 3 Thesis ABstract Between 1968 and 1971 the Australian government, under the leadership of Prime Minister John Gorton, began to rethink its foreign and defence policy: from one that had as its central tenet a strong relationship with ‘great and powerful friends’ and fighting communism in Asia, to one that saw Australia withdraw from overseas military action in Vietnam and take on a greater degree of self-reliance. This rethink was thrust on Gorton by British and American announcements to play a lesser role in Southeast Asian affairs, announcements that meant, in effect, the collapse of Australia’s Cold War policy. Such changes in relation to British and American intentions to remain engaged in the region prompted a wave of unprecedented national soul-searching in Australia, a key part of which was the task of re-setting the coordinates of Australian defence policy towards a more self- reliant posture.
    [Show full text]
  • 1953 New Year Honours 1953 New Year Honours
    12/19/2018 1953 New Year Honours 1953 New Year Honours The New Year Honours 1953 for the United Kingdom were announced on 30 December 1952,[1] to celebrate the year passed and mark the beginning of 1953. This was the first New Year Honours since the accession of Queen Elizabeth II. The Honours list is a list of people who have been awarded one of the various orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom. Honours are split into classes ("orders") and are graded to distinguish different degrees of achievement or service, most medals are not graded. The awards are presented to the recipient in one of several investiture ceremonies at Buckingham Palace throughout the year by the Sovereign or her designated representative. The orders, medals and decorations are awarded by various honours committees which meet to discuss candidates identified by public or private bodies, by government departments or who are nominated by members of the public.[2] Depending on their roles, those people selected by committee are submitted to Ministers for their approval before being sent to the Sovereign for final The insignia of the Grand Cross of the approval. As the "fount of honour" the monarch remains the final arbiter for awards.[3] In the case Order of St Michael and St George of certain orders such as the Order of the Garter and the Royal Victorian Order they remain at the personal discretion of the Queen.[4] The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Public Purposes of Education in Australian Primary Schools
    EXPLORING THE PUBLIC PURPOSES OF EDUCATION IN AUSTRALIAN PRIMARY SCHOOLS Report of an ARC Linkage Project: July 20101 Chief Investigators Professor Emeritus Alan Reid: University of South Australia Professor Neil Cranston: University of Tasmania Professor Jack Keating: University of Melbourne Professor Emeritus Bill Mulford: University of Tasmania Industry Partners The Australian Government Primary Principals Association The Foundation for Young Australians 1 Note: This report is a summary of the research conducted. More detailed discussions of various aspects of this research are provided in the links contained within the report. 1 Exploring the Public Purposes of Education in Australian Primary Schools Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ 6 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................ 7 Part 1: The research questions and their rationale ............................................................................. 15 1.1 The genesis of the project ................................................................................................... 15 1.2 Deciding on the research questions and process ............................................................... 16 1.2.1 Why study the purposes of education? ....................................................................... 16 1.2.2 The research questions
    [Show full text]
  • Ministerial Careers and Accountability in the Australian Commonwealth Government / Edited by Keith Dowding and Chris Lewis
    AND MINISTERIAL CAREERS ACCOUNTABILITYIN THE AUSTRALIAN COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT AND MINISTERIAL CAREERS ACCOUNTABILITYIN THE AUSTRALIAN COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT Edited by Keith Dowding and Chris Lewis Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at http://epress.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Ministerial careers and accountability in the Australian Commonwealth government / edited by Keith Dowding and Chris Lewis. ISBN: 9781922144003 (pbk.) 9781922144010 (ebook) Series: ANZSOG series Notes: Includes bibliographical references. Subjects: Politicians--Australia. Politicians--Australia--Ethical behavior. Political ethics--Australia. Politicians--Australia--Public opinion. Australia--Politics and government. Australia--Politics and government--Public opinion. Other Authors/Contributors: Dowding, Keith M. Lewis, Chris. Dewey Number: 324.220994 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU E Press Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2012 ANU E Press Contents 1. Hiring, Firing, Roles and Responsibilities. 1 Keith Dowding and Chris Lewis 2. Ministers as Ministries and the Logic of their Collective Action . 15 John Wanna 3. Predicting Cabinet Ministers: A psychological approach ..... 35 Michael Dalvean 4. Democratic Ambivalence? Ministerial attitudes to party and parliamentary scrutiny ........................... 67 James Walter 5. Ministerial Accountability to Parliament ................ 95 Phil Larkin 6. The Pattern of Forced Exits from the Ministry ........... 115 Keith Dowding, Chris Lewis and Adam Packer 7. Ministers and Scandals .........................
    [Show full text]