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Walentego Skorochoda Majewskiego Rozprawa O Słowianach I Ich

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Walentego Skorochoda Majewskiego Rozprawa O Słowianach I Ich Recenzent dr hab. Kinga Paraskiewicz Projekt okładki Igor Stanisławski Na okładce wykorzystano fragment tekstu z Jagat Singh R āmāyāṇa ze zbiorów British Library, Add. MS 15296(1) f. 110v Copyright © The British Library Board Ksi ąż ka finansowana w ramach programu Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wy ższego pod nazw ą „Narodowy Program Rozwoju Humanistyki” w latach 2013-2017 © Copyright Agnieszka Kuczkiewicz-Fra ś, 2018 ISBN 978-83-7638-940-0 KSI ĘGARNIA AKADEMICKA ul. św. Anny 6, 31-008 Kraków tel./faks 12-431-27-43, 12-421-13-87 e-mail: [email protected] Ksi ęgarnia internetowa www.akademicka.pl Spis tre ści Agnieszka Kuczkiewicz-Fra ś Walenty Majewski herbu Skorochód i pierwsza polska gramatyka sanskrytu . VII Walenty Skorochód Majewski O Sławianach i ich pobratymcach cz ęść I sza […] rozprawy o j ęzyku samskrytskim Przedmowa . 3 Wst ęp. Powody i droga post ępowania . 6 Oddział I. J ęzyk samskrytu, jego nazwiska, dzieje, rozci ągło ść . 27 Oddział II. Budowa j ęzyka samskrytu, [po]szczególne cz ęś ci tej że budowy, stosunki i składnia wszystkich cz ęś ci, czyli zarys gramatyki . 39 Oddział III. Wyj ątek z gramatyki samskrytu w mie ście wschodnich Indii Serampur w roku 1806 w angielskim i samskrytskim j ęzykach wydanej . 86 Oddział IV. O literaturze dawnych Indian, a mianowicie w j ęzyku samskrytskim, podług poda ń P. Chesy, które w mianej dnia 15 stycznia 1815 r., przy obj ęciu Katedry J ęzyka i Literatury Samskrytu mowie, umie ścił . 99 Oddział V. Osnowa wiersza bohaterskiego Rama-Jana tudzie ż dwa uboczne obrazy ( épisodes ) tego ż wiersza . 128 Oddział VI. Słowniczek samskrytskich wyrazów z czytania zebrany . 152 Bibliografia . 181 Walenty Majewski herbu Skorochód i pierwsza polska gramatyka sanskrytu W podsumowaniu do swych Dziejów staro żytnych Indii wyda- nych 1820 r. Joachim Lelewel, wówczas jeszcze pocz ątkuj ący badacz historii Polski i świata, pisał z nieskrywanym zadowole- niem: [w] roku 1816, ukazała si ę o Sławianach i ich pobratymcach cz ęść 1-sza , zawieraj ąca rozpraw ę o j ęzyku sanskrickim przez Walentego Skorochoda Majewskiego, która wielu osób uwag ę za- jęła. Dzieło Majewskiego jest ju ż po r ękach [jest ju ż dost ępne] i znana jest gorliwo ść pisarza, po którym dalszych postrze żeń oczekujemy. Dzieło jego nie przestanie wzbudza ć interesu. […] [M]iło jest odesła ć czytelnika do oddziału czwartego i pi ątego wspomnianego dzieła, w których z Chesi 1 i Goverdhan Kaula po- dana wiadomo ść o literaturze Indijskiej oraz pi ękny w dobitnych wyrazach przeło żony wyci ąg z ramajan 2, mog ą przekonywa ć o prawdzie tego, co si ę wy żej rzekło. 3 Entuzjazm Lelewela pozostaje w pełni zrozumiały – sam wielokrotnie podkre ślał z jednej strony konieczno ść wszech- stronnego, wr ęcz holistycznego podej ścia do badania dziejów, podczas którego nie mo że zabrakn ąć zgł ębiania wiedzy o kultu- rach odleglejszych ni ż własna – czy to polska, czy europejska – z drugiej za ś skar żył si ę na problemy, jakie ówczesny badacz 1 Antoine Léonard de Chézy – zob. przypis 1 na s. 27. 2 Zob. przypis 22 na s. 106. 3 J. Lelewel, Dzieje staro żytne Indii ze szczególnem zastanowie- niem si ę nad wpływem, jaki mie ć mogła na strony zachodnie , Nakła- dem i drukiem N. Glücksberga, Warszawa 1820, s. 163. VIII | Agnieszka Kuczkiewicz-Fraś znad Wisły napotykał przede wszystkim w zwi ązku z niedost ęp- no ści ą rzetelnych źródeł. Tymczasem w krajach zachodniej Eu- ropy – w Niemczech, Francji, Wielkiej Brytanii, Holandii – rozkwitały ju ż coraz intensywniej naukowe zainteresowania skie- rowane poza jej granice, a przeczucia uczonych, i ż Europejczy- ków z odległ ą Persj ą czy Indiami ł ączy wi ęcej, ni ż mo żna by podejrzewa ć, znajdowały coraz cz ęś ciej naukowe podstawy wraz z rozwojem nowo żytnych dyscyplin badawczych, w tym nade wszystko j ęzykoznawstwa porównawczego i historycznego. Bezsprzecznie na gruncie polskim za pioniera naukowych bada ń nad Indiami uzna ć nale ży autora prezentowanej tu pracy, Walentego Majewskiego herbu Skorochód. Urodzony w 1764 r. na Podlasiu w rodzinie drobnoszlacheckiej, od najmłodszych lat „bystrym obdarzony umysłem” 4 i przejawiaj ący szczególne za- interesowanie j ęzykami obcymi, uko ńczył w 1785 r. – mimo perturbacji osobistych i dziejowych – warszawskie kolegium pijarów, w którym podj ął zaraz potem prac ę nauczyciela, porzu- caj ąc jednocze śnie my śl o dalszym kształceniu uniwersyteckim. Na stanowisku tym pozostał, jak sam pisze, przez „jeszcze par ę lat dla wydoskonalenia si ę w j ęzykach francuzkim i niemieckim, tudzie ż dla czerpania ze źródeł na miejscu łatwiejszych wy ż- szych nauk” 5 i sam doka ńczał własn ą edukacj ę, w czym nieoce- nion ą pomoc stanowiła dla ń „[ł]atwo ść dostania dzieł potrzeb- nych z zamo żnego ksi ęgozbioru tego ż Zgromadzenia i Bibliote- ki publicznej Załuskich, a nawet od wielu […] Dobroczy ńców” 6. Dla Majewskiego, uczonego pasjonata, mo żliwo ść korzy- stania ze źródeł wiedzy stanowiła taki sam życiowy imperatyw, co obowi ązek zarabiania i utrzymania rodziny. Kiedy wi ęc w 1797 r. otrzymał posad ę najpierw tłumacza, a nast ępnie sekre- tarza w tzw. komisji trzech dworów, „długi Najja śniejszego 4 A. Batowski, Walenty Skorochód Majewski i jego naukowe prace , [w:] Pismo zbiorowe , red. J. Ohryzko, t. 1, W drukarni J. Ohryzko, Petersburg 1859, s. 315. 5 W. Majewski, Grammatyka mowy staro żytnych Skuthów czyli Skalnych Gorali…, nakł. autora, Warszawa 1828, s. II. 6 Ibidem . Walenty Majewski herbu Skorochód i pierwsza… | IX ś.p. króla i Rzeczypospolitej likwiduj ącej” 7, dzi ęki której zyskał dost ęp do centralnego archiwum (tzw. Metryki Królestwa Pol- skiego) – mógł zacz ąć w pełni realizowa ć swe zainteresowania, jednocze śnie przyczyniaj ąc si ę wydatnie do rozwoju polskiej archiwistyki 8. Uczestniczył te ż czynnie w pracach Towarzystwa Warszawskiego Przyjaciół Nauk, na którego forach od 1809 r. wygłaszał odczyty – pocz ątkowo po świ ęcone archiwistyce, pó ź- niej za ś tak że jego najwi ększej naukowej pasji, jak ą stało si ę zgł ębianie dziejów słowia ńszczyzny oraz wykazanie zale żno ści pomi ędzy światem słowia ńskim a indyjskim 9. To wła śnie na jednym z posiedze ń Towarzystwa 3 czerwca 1830 r. miał Majewski okazj ę spotka ć si ę z Alexandrem von Humboldtem, z którego bratem Wilhelmem, wybitnym niemiec- kim j ęzykoznawc ą, pozostawał wcze śniej w kontakcie listowym. Warto przytoczy ć tu in extenso opis tego spotkania, bowiem 7 Zapiski autobiograficzne Majewskiego, cyt. za: K. W. Wój- cicki, Cmentarz pow ązkowski pod Warszaw ą, t. 1, S. Orgelbrand, War- szawa 1855, s. 250. 8 W roku 1800 Majewski uzyskał stanowisko archiwisty, za ś od 1808 r. kierował nowo powołanym Archiwum Ogólnym Krajowym. Por. B. Podolak, Walenty Skorochód Majewski – zapomninany archi- wista i pasjonat j ęzyków wschodnich , „LingVaria” 2012, t. 7, nr 1(13), s. 185. 9 Zob. np.: „Na posiedzeniu działu nauk z dnia 13 kwietnia [1815 r.] Skorochód Majewski czytał rozpraw ę: Badania o pochodze- niu Słowian i ich j ęzyka, tudzie ż obyczajów i zwyczajów Indostanów, którzy zdaj ą si ę mie ć pewne podobie ństwo, co do pierwiastków mowy i zwyczajów, do dawnych Słowian. Rzecz ta uło żon ą została na pod- stawie dzieła: Lettres philosophiques et historiques sur l’etat moral et politique de l’Inde, des Indous etc. ”. A. Kraushar, Towarzystwo Kró- lewskie Przyjaciół Nauk 1800-1832. Monografia historyczna osnuta na źródłach archiwalnych . Ksi ęga II. Czasy Ksi ęstwa Warszawskiego 1807-1815 . Tom 2. Z illustracyami , Gebethner i Wolff, Kraków– Warszawa 1902, s. 111. Przywoływane tu francuskie dzieło to trzycz ę- ściowy przekład z j ęzyka angielskiego, obejmuj ący wybrane fragmenty „Asiatic Researches”, fragmenty dzieł W. Jonesa oraz innych cenio- nych w owym czasie autorów brytyjskich. X | Agnieszka Kuczkiewicz-Fraś wynika z niego jasno nie tylko wielkie naukowe zaanga żowanie polskiego badacza, ale i fakt, i ż podejmowane przez niego wy- siłki stawiaj ą go w równym rz ędzie z innymi ówczesnymi uczo- nymi europejskimi: Równie go [Majewskiego] zajmowały postrze żenia brata [tj. Wil- helma von Humboldta] o samskrycie – o liczbie dualnej u Sło- wian przez uczonych zabaczonej, ale przez lud dot ąd u żywanej – wreszcie o dziele w samskrycie z król. pruskiego ksi ęgozbioru wydanem wspomniał. Erudycya naraz przez Majewskiego w roz- mowie z Humboldem [sic ] rozwini ęta uderzyła uczonego pisarza, odrzekł mu więc: że brat jego (minister) filologii si ę oddaje; że i jego samskryt równo z wielu dzisiejszymi badaczami pruskimi zajmuje, że Bopp profesor j ęzyka samskryckiego wiele cieka- wych pism w tym przedmiocie wydał, że jego „Nalus” 10 po raz ju ż trzeci z druku wychodzi, w którem dziele przy ko ńcu składni samskrytu ma zamiar niemało ułamków mowy tej staro żytnej umie ści ć, lecz że nam zbywa na słowniku dokładnym owego dya- lektu, obok trudno ści w wymawianiu i czytaniu; na co Majewski odrzekł: i ż dawne swe materyały do Gramatyki Samskrytu wła- śnie według Boppa poprawia, a dzieła przeze ń wspomniane w cz ę- ści mu s ą znane. Wspomniał te ż o swojej drukarni samskryckiej, któr ą podług wzorów gramatyki Kuraja 11 w Serampurze, bada ń azyatyckich i propagandy de fra. Paulino 12 , za u życiem mniej biegłych krajowych artystów przed laty 20 zacz ętą, wzorami ber- li ńskiemi pó źniej uzupełni ć si ę starał, a co do Dziewa-Nagary 13 berli ńskiej, to ta wcale odpowiedzi ą nie jest. Twierdził za ś, że samskryt w ustach Słowianina podobnie brzmi z włoską mow ą.14 10 Nalus, carmen sanscritum e Mah ābh ārato, edidit, latine vertit et adnotationibus illustravit Franciscus Bopp , Treuttel et Würtz, Lon- dini 1819 . 11 Careya – zob. przypis 27 na s. 15. 12 Zob. przypis 2 na s. 6. 13 Zob. przypis 30 na s. 15. 14 A. Batowski, op. cit. , s. 335.
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