The Making of Western Indology

For thirty years in India at the cusp of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Henry Thomas Colebrooke was an administrator and scholar with the East India Company. The Making of Western Indology explains and evaluates Colebrooke’s role as the founder of modern Indology. The book discusses how Colebrooke embodies the significant passage from the speculative yearnings attendant on eighteenth-century colonial expansion to the professional, transnational ethos of nineteenth-century intellectual life and schol- arly enquiry. It covers his career with the East India Company, from a young writer to member of the supreme council and theorist of the Bengal government. Highlighting how his unprecedented familiarity with a broad range of literature established him as the leading scholar of Sanskrit and president of the Asiatic Society in Calcutta, it shows how Colebrooke went on to found the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, and set standards for western Indology. Writ- ten by renowned academics in the field of Indology and drawing on new sources, this biography is a useful contribution to the reassessment of Oriental studies that is currently taking place. Rosane Rocher is Professor Emerita of South Asia Studies at the University of Pennsylvania, USA. Her research interests include the history of Indology and of linguistics, particularly in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Ludo Rocher is Emeritus W. Norman Brown Professor of South Asia Studies at the University of Pennsylvania, USA. His research interests include the cultural history of India through the ages, with particular focus on the development of Hindu law and its adaptation in the Anglo-Indian courts. Royal Asiatic Society Books

Editorial Board: Professor Francis Robinson, Royal Holloway, University of London Dr Gordon Johnson, University of Cambridge Dr Sarah Ansari, Royal Holloway, University of London Professor Tim Barrett, SOAS, University of London Dr Evrim Binbas, Royal Holloway, University of London Dr Crispin Branfoot, SOAS, University of London Mr Peter Collin Dr Anna Contadini, SOAS, University of London Dr Rachel Harrison, SOAS, University of London Professor Carole Hillenbrand, University of Edinburgh Professor David Morgan, University of Wisconsin–Madison Mr Diccon Pullen Professor Anthony Stockwell, Royal Holloway, University of London The Royal Asiatic Society was founded in 1823 ‘for the investigation of subjects connected with, and for the encouragement of science, literature and the arts in relation to, Asia’. Informed by these goals, the policy of the Society’s Editorial Board is to make available in appropriate formats the results of original research in the humanities and social sciences having to do with Asia, defined in the broadest geographical and cultural sense and up to the present day. The Man in the Panther’s Skin The Zen Arts Shota Rustaveli Rupert Cox Translated from the Georgian by Studies in Turkic and Mongolic M. S. Wardrop New Foreword by Linguistics Donald Rayfield Gerard Clauson New Introduction by Women, Religion and Culture C. Edmund Bosworth in Iran Edited by Sarah Ansari and The History of The Mohammedan Vanessa Martin Dynasties in Spain Ahmed ibn Mohammed al-Makkari Society, Politics and Economics in Translated from the Arabic by Mazandaran, Iran 1848–1914 Pascual de Gayangos New Introduction Mohammad Ali Kazembeyki by Michael Brett The Courts of Pre-Colonial South The Politics of Self-Expression India The Urdu Middleclass Milieu in Jennifer Howes Mid-Twentieth Century India and Pakistan Persian Literature: a Markus Daechsel Bio-Bibliographical Survey The Theory of Citrasutras in Volume V: Poetry of the Indian Painting Pre-Mongol Period A Critical Re-Evaluation of their François de Blois Uses and Interpretations Muslims in India Since Isabella Nardi 1947 Tribal Politics in Iran Islamic Perspectives on Rural Conflict and the New Inter-Faith Relations State, 1921–1941 Yoginder Sikand Stephanie Cronin

The Origins of Himalayan Muslim Women, Reform and Studies Princely Patronage Brian Houghton Hodgson in NawabSultanJahanBegam Nepal and Darjeeling 1820–1858 of Bhopal Edited by David M. Waterhouse Siobhan Lambert-Hurley Hindi Poetry in a Musical Genre Grievance Administration Thumri Lyrics (¸Sikayet) in an Ottoman Province Lalita Du Perron The Kaymakam of Rumelia’s ‘Record Book of Complaints’ of 1781–1783 The Development of Modern Michael Ursinus Medicine in Non-Western Countries The Cheitharol Kumpapa: The Historical Perspectives Court Chronicle of the Kings of Edited by Hormoz Ebrahimnejad Manipur State Violence and Punishment Original Text, Translation and Notes in India Vol. 1. 33–1763 CE Taylor C. Sherman Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt The Making of Western Indology Anglo-Iranian Relations Henry Thomas Colebrooke and the Since 1800 East India Company Edited by Vanessa Martin Rosane Rocher and Ludo Rocher

The British Occupation of An Ottoman Protocol Register Indonesia 1945–1946 Hakan T. Karateke Britain, the Netherlands and the Muhammad Juki’s Shahnamah of Indonesian Revolution Firdausi Richard McMillan Barbara Brend This page intentionally left blank The Making of Western Indology Henry Thomas Colebrooke and the East India Company

Rosane Rocher and Ludo Rocher First published 2012 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada byRoutledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

First issued in paperback 2014 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa company c 2012 Rosane Rocher and Ludo Rocher The right of Rosane Rocher and Ludo Rocher to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Rocher, Rosane. The making of western Indology: Henry Thomas Colebrooke and the East India Company/Rosane Rocher and Ludo Rocher. p. cm. – (Royal Asiatic Society books) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Colebrooke, H. T. (Henry Thomas), 1765–1837. 2. Indologists–Great Britain–Biography. 3. Sanskrit philologists–Great Britain–Biography. 4. India–Study and teaching–History–18th century. 5. India–Study and teaching–History–19th century. 6. East India Company–History. 7. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland–History. I. Rocher, Ludo. II. Title. DS435.7.C65R64 2011 954.0072’02–dc23 [B] 2011023490 ISBN 13: 978-0-415-33601-7 (hbk) ISBN 13 : 978-1-138-78417-8 (pbk)

Typeset in Times New Roman by Sunrise Setting Ltd, Torquay, UK Contents

List of Plates ix Preface and acknowledgements x Conventions xiii Abbreviations xiv

1 From heir to the Crown to turnspit: London, 1765–1782 1 A family of financiers 1 East India Company chairman 4 Bankruptcy and exile 8

2 Against the grain: Rural Bengal, 1783–1795 13 Antechamber to a career 13 The mofussil 16 First publications 24

3 Law and Sanskrit: Mirzapur, 1795–1801 33 Digest of Hindu law 33 Golden years 39 Resident at the court of Berar 49

4 A matter of duty: Calcutta, 1802–1807 61 The superior court 61 Fort William College 64 The Asiatic Society 75 Current concerns 82 Negotiating the shoals of patronage 86

5 Theorist of the Bengal government: Calcutta, 1807–1814 89 Voice of the supreme council 90 President of the Asiatic Society 100 Schools of Hindu law 112 viii Contents Kin and foe 116 Retired from the supreme council 125

6 Promoting India: London, 1815–1827 131 Settling into scholarly retirement 131 Providing for further Indological research 138 Scientific societies 148 Landowning at the Cape 156 Single father 159 The Royal Asiatic Society 163 A rare polemic 176

7 Sunset: London, 1827–1837 179 Woes and withdrawal 179 Rise of continental Indology 185 Closure 191

8 Legacy 197 Administrator–scholar 198 Paragon of exactitude 201

Bibliography 205 Index 229 List of Plates

1 Page of a manuscript of the Vyavah¯aratattva with interlinear translation and notes in Colebrooke’s hand 36 2 Oil portrait of Colebrooke by Robert Home, 1809 117 3 Sketch of Colebrooke by Francis Chantrey before commencing his bust, 1819 141 4 Marble bust by Francis Chantrey, commissioned by the East India Company to mark the gift of Colebrooke’s manuscript collection, 1820 142 5 Minutes of the initial meeting Colebrooke convened to found the Royal Asiatic Society, 9 January 1823 164 Preface and acknowledgements

For as long as we can remember, we had been eager to learn more about Henry Thomas Colebrooke, founder of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ire- land, donor of the richest collection of Indian manuscripts to a European library and, in the opinion of historians of Indology, founder of western Sanskrit philol- ogy. The memorial his only surviving son penned after his death in 1837 and expanded in 1873 into a full volume prefixed to an enlarged edition of his Mis- cellaneous Essays, fails entirely to satisfy the interest of modern readers. Sir T. Edward Colebrooke had advantages no new biographers can claim: memories of conversations with his father and personal acquaintance with members of his cir- cle, in addition to access to his papers. Yet, his was an often reticent, Victorian biography, written by a man who, however familiar with India and well acquainted with scholars of India he might have been in his leadership role in the RAS, was not a practitioner of a newly professionalizing discipline. There was much addi- tional material to be found, we knew, in the records of the East India Company, which Colebrooke had served as a civil servant for 30 years, and in re-reading his oeuvre. But we felt stymied until we could answer one question: Where were his personal papers? Searches of library catalogues and databases yielded only scattered documents. We were jolted out of our paralysis by a letter from Mr C. C. F. Naylor, a descen- dant of Colebrooke, advising us that he was in possession of a family archive and asking if we might be interested in having a look at it. A folder of priceless let- ters to Colebrooke from the German Indologist August Wilhelm von Schlegel had already been deposited in the Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections of the British Library. The Colebrooke Family Papers turned out not to contain the letters Cole- brooke had sent to his father from India or his later correspondence with Boden Professor of Sanskrit Horace Hayman Wilson, of which Sir Edward Colebrooke gave tantalizing extracts, studiously stripped of personal details and of passages that might have been considered censorious. The documentation Sir Edward used for his father’s Life must have been separated from the family archive and despite persistent efforts could not be traced. The remaining family papers, however, constitute a rich complementary collection, featuring extensive correspondence between Colebrooke and his sons, between his sons, and with other members of the family, as well as many papers of his father, Sir George Colebrooke, who Preface and acknowledgements xi served as chairman of the East India Company. We were granted full access to any and all documents, given assistance in pursuing further quests and supplied with copies of portraits of Colebrooke kept in the family. No custodian of a fam- ily archive could have been more forthcoming, gracious, hospitable and mindful of the autonomy of scholarly research than Kit Naylor, his wife, Helen, daughter, Francesca, and son, Christopher. Without them, this book would not have been written. Our goal has been twofold. We wished to review as a whole the oeuvre of a scholar who, though not a professional academic, did more than any other to estab- lish a database and shape methodological standards for a western discipline of Indology on the verge of professionalization and academicization. But we wished to produce a contextual, not just an intellectual, biography. Scholars, even those who may wish for the serenity of the ivory tower, are steeped in their places and times and in their social and professional settings. Colebrooke stood on the cusp of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, still partaking of the polymath spirit, but eschewing the speculative tendencies, of the former, while blazing a path for a new Indology that abided by standards of rigorous enquiry based on verifiable docu- mentary evidence. As for many others, a reversal in family fortune had forced him to take a position in the civil service of the East India Company, where he rose to the pinnacle of a seat on the supreme council of Bengal. Isolation in rural outposts early in his career inspired him to devote his leisure hours to studying current eco- nomic conditions and established cultural norms. Even in retirement in Britain, his (not uniformly happy) experiences in the service of the EIC continued to shape his views and to fuel his drive to make Britain better informed about India and more attentive to its place in the British Empire. He was aware, however, that, beyond colonial circles, the new Indology that was his primary intellectual legacy did not bring forth in Britain a crop of young scholars such as it did on the European continent. As has often been observed and as we keenly experienced ourselves, it is a daunting task to write a biography of a polymath. Even a team of two biogra- phers working in unison cannot hope to muster equal competence in the diverse fields in which Colebrooke was employed. Fortunately, the enthusiasm elicited by the prospect of a new biography of him afforded us the assistance of many fellow scholars. While acknowledging all would be impossible, we may single out Michael Franklin and Thomas Trautmann for helpful answers to queries and steady interest in our project. We are particularly indebted to Huw Bowen for guidance on Sir George Colebrooke’s participation in the Byzantine politics of the home administration of the East India Company and to Henry Noltie on all mat- ters of botany. As on prior occasions, Peter Marshall provided unstinting advice, support and hospitality. We are grateful to the council of the Royal Asiatic Society for accepting the Colebrooke Family Papers on temporary deposit and for allowing us space and time to consult them in addition to RAS documents. We thank their staff for their welcome, assistance and interest in our work. We are gratified that the RAS received this new biography of their founder into their series of publications. xii Preface and acknowledgements At home, we are grateful that when only one of us was retired the University of Pennsylvania granted the other a Weiler Faculty Humanities Research Fellowship, which funded a semester of leave in support of our project. The Penn library pro- vided us with dedicated faculty research space in addition to the great resources of the South Asia collections and the warm support of the division of Rare Books and Manuscripts. We wish also to acknowledge the efficiency and resourcefulness of the Borrow Direct consortium and Interlibrary Loan services. We thank the American Institute of Indian Studies for short-term senior fellow- ships that allowed us to conduct research in Calcutta and Delhi. In Calcutta, the AIIS guest house was our home and the department of history at Jadavpur Univer- sity our host institution. We are grateful to the staff of the Asiatic Society and of the National Library of India. P. Thankappan Nair generously shared with us his vast knowledge of Calcutta history and research collections. In Delhi, AIIS direc- tor Purnima Mehta and her staff deployed their signal efficiency in support of our research and made our stay at their guest house a pleasurable one. Our thanks are also due to the staff of the National Archives of India. As we have joyfully done for over half a century, first at St James then at Black- friars and now at St Pancras, we spent prolonged periods of research at the former India Office Library, lately merged into the Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections of the British Library. Across changes in venue, service to scholars has remained peerless. We wish in particular to acknowledge the help of Michael O’Keefe, Burkhard Quessel and Hedley Sutton on site in answering follow-up queries and providing photographs. We are also grateful to the archivists and librarians at many institutions that welcomed us as new readers: the Atheneaeum, Geolog- ical Society, Linnean Society, London Metropolitan Archives, Natural History Museum Botany Library, Royal Astronomical Society, Royal Institution, Royal Society and Zoological Society in London; the Bodleian Library in Oxford; and in Germany the divisions of manuscripts of the Niedersächsische Staats- und Univer- sitätsbibliothek in Göttingen and of the Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek in Dresden. The Edinburgh University Library Special Col- lections; National Library of Scotland; Staffordshire Record Office by permission of the Earl of Dartmouth; Virginia Murray, archivist of the John Murray Archive; and the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow readily answered queries and provided copies of documents in their possession. Last but not least, we wish to express appreciation to Dorothea Schaefter and fellow staff members at Routledge for their guidance and support in the publication process.

Rosane and Ludo Rocher Philadelphia, December 2009 Conventions

The name Colebrooke, without initials, refers to the subject of this biography. For other members of the family we use first names or acronyms, as the context requires. For the reader’s convenience, quotations of Colebrooke’s writings that were republished in the second, expanded, edition of his Miscellaneous Essays (1873) are from that edition rather than from the original, scattered, publications. Spelling, especially of Indian terms, may therefore differ from that Colebrooke first used. We refer to the two volumes of the 1873 edition of Miscellaneous Essays as 1 and 2, considering T. E. Colebrooke’s Life as a prefatory volume. For place names that have been recently changed, we have retained contem- porary forms: thus Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, not Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai. When there was no single colonial orthography, we have adopted, except in quo- tations, spellings that are least outdated: thus Mirzapur and Tirhut, not Mirzapore and Tirhoot. We have made every effort to refer to sources with page numbers or with serial numbers (nos.) when they were the identifying markers. For documents which carry neither page nor serial numbers, we have refrained from the cumbersome ‘unnumbered’. Quotations from sources in languages other than English have been uniformly translated. All translations are ours. Abbreviations

AAR Asiatic Annual Register AC Athenaeum Club, London AJ Asiatic Journal APAC Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections, British Library, London AR Asiatic(k) Researches ASL Astronomical Society of London BL British Library, London Bodl. Bodleian Library, Oxford BPP Bengal Past and Present BR British Critic C&CP Ceded and Conquered Provinces CAD Calcutta Annual Directory CFP Colebrooke Family Papers CG Calcutta Gazette CM&A H. T. Colebrooke Memoirs and Autographs DA Daily Advertiser EIC East India Company ER Edinburgh Review Essays H. T. Colebrooke, Miscellaneous Essays (1873 edn) EUL Edinburgh University Library FWC Fort William College FWIHC Fort William – India House Correspondence GM Gentleman’s Magazine GS Geological Society, London GVC George Vernon Colebrooke (son of Henry Thomas) HM Home Department Miscellaneous Records HMSO Her/His Majesty’s Stationery Office IGI International Genealogical Index ILR Indian Law Reports JA Journal Asiatique JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JdS Journal des Savans Abbreviations xv JEC (James) Edward Colebrooke (brother of Henry Thomas) JHC John Henry Colebrooke (son of Henry Thomas) JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society JSA Journal of Science and the Arts LEP London Evening Post Life T. E. Colebrooke, Life of H. T. Colebrooke LMA London Metropolitan Archives LS Linnean Society, London MC Minutes of (the) Council MGM Minutes of (the) General Meetings MOTC Minutes of (the Proceedings of the) Oriental Translation Committee MR Monthly Review MRAS Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society NA National Archives, Kew NAI National Archives of India NAS National Archives of Scotland NHMBL Natural History Museum Botany Library NLA National Library of Australia, Canberra NLS National Library of Scotland NPG National Portrait Gallery NSUG Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography PA Public Advertiser PAS Proceedings of the Asiatic Society QJSLA Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and the Arts QR Quarterly Review RAS Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland REIH Selection of Papers from the Records at the East-India House, Relating to the Revenue, Police, and Civil and Criminal Justice Retrospection G. Colebrooke, Retrospection: Or Reminiscences Addressed to my Son Henry Thomas Colebrooke RHC Robert Hyde Colebrooke (cousin of Henry Thomas) RIGB Royal Institution of Great Britain, London RS Royal Society, London SLUB Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, Dresden SRO Staffordshire Record Office TEC (Thomas) Edward Colebrooke (son of Henry Thomas) TGS Transactions of the Geological Society TLS Transactions of the Linnean Society TMBS Transactions of the Medico-Botanical Society TRAS Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society UNL University of Nottingham Library ZS Zoological Society, London This page intentionally left blank 1 From heir to the Crown to turnspit London, 1765–1782

Service in India in the eighteenth century was a palliative for embarrassed cir- cumstances or poor prospects in Britain. Only a reversal of fortune drove the once rich and powerful Sir George Colebrooke, financier, MP and chairman of the East India Company, to seek colonial careers for his two younger sons and even for himself. Although he renounced going to Bengal, a step that in the judgement of a fellow MP would have been ‘as mortifying a situation to him as Lambert Sim- mel being made a turnspit, after the Duchess of Burgundy had proclaimed him heir to the Crown’ (Kirk 1897: 504–5), by sending his last-born, Henry Thomas (15 Jun. 1765–10 Mar. 1837), out to India, he initiated a process that shaped western Indology.

A family of financiers The success of George’s father, James Colebrooke (1680–1752) ‘displays in almost classic form the perennially fascinating story of the country lad who came to London and made a fortune’ (Cardew-Rendle 1956: 26). James became a citi- zen of London, master of the Mercers’ Company and ‘a great money scrivener’ in the City (Cokayne 1900–9, 5: 116). His bank in Threadneedle Street was held in partnership with others, whose participation became increasingly nomi- nal (Cardew-Rendle 1956: 27; Price 1891: 41–2, 185–8). A pioneer in the field of insurance, he founded a company that became one of two principal components in a merger to create the London Assurance Corporation (Drew 1949: 11–12). James was named as a major stockholder and handler in the first list of the South Sea Company in 1714. Unlike most, he added to his assets during the company’s famous ‘bubble’. He was a major shareholder and deputy-governor of the New River Waterworks, which supplied water to London (Cardew-Rendle 1956: 27). Granted armorial ensigns in 1742, he chose as the family motto Sola bona quae honesta, ‘Only what is honest is worthy’ (M. Sutherland 1998: 5–6). An expanding fortune allowed for luxuries and visible markers of social advancement. Although James continued to live primarily in town, in 1719 he bought a country estate of more than a hundred acres on the New River in South- gate, now a northern suburb of London. He demolished the old house and built an elegant villa which featured a grand staircase by Gerard Lanscroon in the English baroque style (Cardew-Rendle 1956: 27). In 1722 James acquired sizeable estates 2 From heir to the Crown to turnspit in Sussex, and in 1724 he bought Chilham Castle in Kent, which he renovated extensively, planning for it to be the family’s enduring seat (Hardy 1916: 14). His will directed his heirs to build a mausoleum in the parish church of Chilham, which his sons duly did. In this domed structure designed by (later Sir) Robert Taylor, James and many other family members, including Henry Thomas, were entombed (NA: Prob/11/798; Binney 1984: 78–9; Hardy 1916: 19–21). When the mausoleum was demolished, the bodies were re-interred in the churchyard. James’s success enabled him to provide handsomely for the education and advancement of a large family (IGI; Betham 1801–5, 3: 282–6). His eldest son, Robert (1718–1784), was groomed for the life of the landed gentry connected with older aristocracy. Robert attended Cambridge, went on a grand tour to Italy and was elected a member of the Society of Dilettanti, while his cadet brothers studied law at the University of Leiden in preparation for entering the family banking busi- ness (Venn and Venn 1922–7, 1: 369; Lewis 1937–83, 17: 185; Cust 1898: 250; Album Studiosorum 1875: 973, 1017). Robert spent his life in financial difficulties. He also failed to have legitimate issue from two marriages, though he had, with several mistresses, a number of children who followed military careers in India and who founded, with George’s civil-servant sons, a wide Anglo-Indian family web (M. Sutherland 1998: 13–17, 69). Several of its members ‘lived on terms of intimacy’ with members of ‘the legitimate branch of the Colebrooke family’ (CFP: Livre de Raison). James Jr (1722–61) succeeded his father as head of the bank, with George (1729–1809) as a partner (Price 1891: 189). In 1751, a year before their father’s death, James acquired the manor of Gatton in Surrey and subsidiary estates at a cost of £23,000 (Manning and Bray 1804–14, 2: 232; Malden 1902–14, 3: 196, 217). This purchase included control of a Parliamentary seat for a borough ‘bereft of voters’ (Porter 1990: 115). James sat as a silent MP for Gatton until his death ten years later (GM 1751, 21: 237; 1761, 31: 237). James, and George after he joined James in Parliament, faithfully supported the duke of Newcastle, with whom their father had long been connected (BL: MSS Add. 32,863: 348; 32,907). They were rewarded with lucrative contracts to victual garrisons in North America and the Caribbean, held with fellow MP Arnold Nesbitt and banker Moses Franks (Ret- rospection, 1: 24–33; Namier and Brooke 1964, 2: 237). With Nesbitt and others, the Colebrookes also remitted government funds to America, ‘often ...large sums at exorbitant rates’ (Namier 1961: 242). So successful were they that Secretary of the Treasury Samuel Martin ‘used to say that [they] should be able to buy the crown of Poland’ (Retrospection, 1: 29). In 1759, perhaps to soothe James’s bit- terness at being passed over for other desirable contracts, Newcastle obtained a baronetcy for him, with special remainder to George, failing male issue (BL: MSS Add. 32,881: 396–7; 32,896: 7; GM 1759, 29: 498). Last-born George benefited from the protection of his elders. Leaving to enroll in the University of Leiden, he carried an introduction his father had obtained from Newcastle to the earl of Sandwich, British plenipotentiary in the Netherlands (BL: MS Add. 32,712: 410). On his return, he was given a sinecure in the family bank, for which he had less taste than for intellectual pursuits (Retrospection,1:5). From heir to the Crown to turnspit 3 However, his parents’ deaths a few months apart awakened an entrepreneurial spirit that propelled him to prominence. At 23, he was second only to his brother James in the family business, and he possessed considerable property, which included shares in the New River Waterworks, the manor of Highbury, the family house in New Broad Street and the Southgate villa (NA: Prob/11/798). In 1754 he acquired Stepney Manor from his brother-in-law John Wicker (Cockburn et al. 1969–98, 11: 22). Promptly putting his fortune to use to join his brothers in Par- liament, he won a contested election, at an expenditure of £3,000, in his ancestral borough of Arundel, which he was to represent for 20 years and of which he soon controlled both seats (Retrospection, 1: 6; Namier and Brooke 1964, 1: 388–9, 2: 235–7). He next attended to choosing a wife, in 1754 wedding Mary Gaynor, the posthumous daughter and heiress of Patrick Gaynor, an Irishman who had made a fortune in Antigua. Her half-siblings, born of a second marriage of her mother, Mary Lynch, of one of the earliest Irish families in Antigua, to Nathaniel Gilbert, a leading member of the local gentry and political establishment, became her hus- band’s wards. Sarah Gilbert’s marriage in 1766 to Joshua Smith, a ship owner and timber merchant who became a partner of Sir George in business ventures and EIC affairs, led to a growing connection in later generations (Oliver 1894–9, 2: 12–16, 209–10; Sheridan 1961: 349, 355–6; Bannerman 1908: 57; Parker 1977: 248; Retrospection, 1: 205). On Sir James’s early death in 1761, the torch passed to George. On the verge of dying, Sir James obtained Newcastle’s promise of continued patronage and friend- ship to George (BL: MS Add. 32,919: 201–2, 448). By a codicil to his will he gave George, with the guardianship of his two daughters, the option to purchase his seat of Gatton (NA: Prob/11/865). For all its elegance, the Southgate villa could not claim the antiquity of Gatton Manor or match its political significance. Sir George lost no time selling the former to buy the latter (BL: MS Add. 35,636: 72; Malden 1902–14, 3: 198). He lavished care on his new estate, hiring landscaper Lancelot ‘Capability’ Brown for six years at fees of over £3,000 to lay out lakes, a waterfall and a serpentine waterway and to install a great water menagerie (Stroud 1984: 226; Turner 1985: 178). Of greatest note has been the inscribed, open temple built in 1765 with Doric iron pillars and a voting urn, ‘one of the best architectural jokes in England ...that did duty as Gatton Town Hall when elections were held there for the pocket borough’ (Nairn and Pevsner 1971: 59, 252–3, pl. 61). Sir George seems not to have perceived this irony, but to have believed that this structure might arouse the interest of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, to whom he offered the use of a small house in the grounds and the run of his fine library. Other philosophers were dinner guests, as were political figures from Newcastle to Wedderburn (Ret- rospection, 1: 79, 83–4, 87, 210; 2: 285; BL: MS Add. 32,960: 339). Gatton was the site of strategy meetings concerning EIC affairs during Sir George’s heydays as chairman (Retrospection, 1: 147–8). It was also there that he primarily raised six children: Mary (1757–1813), George (1759–1809), (James) Edward (1761–1838), Harriet (1762–85), Louisa (1764–after 1837) and Henry Thomas (1765–1837). A lake in the background of a bucolic portrait of young Henry, attributed to Henry Walton, points to a Gatton setting (M. Sutherland 1998: cover). 4 From heir to the Crown to turnspit Sir George was 31 when he became head of the family bank. The compass of his business empire was wide, even after contracts to provision troops and remit specie to America were lost under the Grenville ministry (BL: MS Add. 40,758: 279; Retrospection, 1: 86). To his wife’s holdings in Antigua he added extensive plantations in Grenada and Dominica. He also intervened in the islands’ political representation. His partners in the Colebrooke Bay Company, which managed his West Indian affairs, were again Nesbitt and Sir James Cockburn, another fellow MP and Sir George’s protégé. They were assisted by Jack Stewart, Sir George’s agent and a relative of Cockburn’s, and enjoyed the support of then First Lord of Trade Charles Townshend (Retrospection, 1: 82–3; Namier and Brooke 1964, 2: 229; 3: 194–5, 546; Maclean 1963: 83–4). In 1770 the London trio of Colebrooke, Cockburn and Stewart and their partner John Nelson in Grenada, acquired three townships in New Hampshire (Merrill 1888: 584–6). Sir George was, with Thomas Walpole, Thomas Pownall, Ben- jamin Franklin, Lauchlin Macleane, Moses Franks and others, a member of the Grand Ohio Company (Retrospection, 1: 24–7 n.; Labaree et al. 1959–, 16: 166–9; Valentine 1967, 1: 257; Namier and Brooke 1964, 3: 600). Closer to home, he was engaged with Nesbitt, Townshend, Lord Verney and others in the unsuccessful English Linen Company at Winchelsea. In 1764 he opened a bank in Dublin, in association with Nesbitt and Sir Annesley Stewart (Dillon 1889: 26; Retrospec- tion, 1: 208; Namier and Brooke 1964, 3: 194–5). An active dealer in government funds in the early 1760s, Sir George was involved in the establishment of the first London stock exchange in 1772, shortly before he failed (Namier and Brooke, 2: 235–6). He also invested in government offices, purchasing from the duke of Grafton in 1765, at a cost of £7,500, the office of remembrancer of first fruits and tenths in the court of exchequer, the charges and benefits of which he carefully researched (BL: MS Add. 34,712: 242–7). In 1765–6 he negotiated in favour of his sons a renewal and expansion of the office of chirographer to the court of common pleas, first obtained by his father for his brother James (BL: MSS Add. 32,971: 161; 36,130: 289; 36,133: 169–70). What he enjoyed most, however repeatedly frustrated and eventually ruined he was by it, was speculation.

East India Company chairman Sir George rose to public prominence primarily as chairman of the EIC in its most turbulent and transformative years, having first become an EIC proprietor in February 1764. His interest waxed with prospects of growth after Clive seized the territorial revenues of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa for the company, and he soon engaged in ‘stock-splitting’, distributing voting units to surrogates (APAC: L/AG/14/5/14–19). Sir George burst on the scene of the court of proprietors as an active supporter of the embattled directors’ policy of caution just before the 1767 election (APAC: B/257: 43, 46, 48, 49, 61, 67; Retrospection, 1: 109–11). Having thus proven himself a man ‘of undoubted energy and ambition’, he was brought into the 24-member direction to strengthen it against proprietors eager to cash in on a windfall and a government intent on raiding the EIC’s new riches From heir to the Crown to turnspit 5 (L. S. Sutherland 1962: 167). His rise to the leadership was meteoric. Sir George emerged in 1768 as deputy to chairman Henry Crabb Boulton, who became close to him. Promoted to chairman in 1769, he nominated as his deputy Peregrine Cust, who promptly tired of East India House infighting, but was persuaded to remain until the end of his term, whereupon Sir George was unanimously elected to a rare consecutive term as chairman. After a mandatory year out of the direction, he was unanimously elected chairman yet again in 1772 (APAC: B/84: 4, B/85: 5, B/86: 5, B/88: 4; MS Eur./G37/58: 51; Parker 1977: 61–7, 77–8). EIC poli- tics were fractious, but by force of personality and deft manoeuvring Sir George dominated affairs for six years, which Huw Bowen has dubbed ‘the Age of Cole- brooke’ (1986: 171). Two ill-fated East Indiamen, the Colebrooke and the Gatton, were named in his honour (Hackman 2001: 83, 112). Besides a solid record in finance, Sir George’s credentials for a leading role in the EIC included governmentconnections. Even before being elected a director, he fre- quently discussed East India issueswith hissometime businessassociate Chancellor of the Exchequer Townshend. Yet, Sir George soon became a strong advocate for the company’s powers and privileges against governmentcontrol (Retrospection,1: 112–23). He became the first chairman to devote himself full-time to running the EIC (Huw Bowen: personal communication, 14 Sep. 2004). Sir George was a master player in the Byzantine politics of the EIC and its entanglement with the ministry: EIC insider and Clive foe Laurence Sulivan code- named him ‘Crafty’ (Bodl.: MS Eng. hist. c.269: 2). As his fellow directors immediately sensed his ambition, Sir George promptly detected and thwarted an attempt to jockey him out of his first election as deputy chairman (Retrospection, 1: 137). In spite of misgivings on both sides, he struck an alliance with Clive, often funnelling documents to him from East India House. A tone of haughtiness notwithstanding, Clive was soon lobbying the new chairman for the continuance of his Bengal estate and in matters of patronage (APAC: MS Eur./D822: 1–2). Though Sir George respected Clive, he did not hesitate to assert his independence (Retrospection, 1: 135–6). The Colebrooke Family Papers and Clive’s correspon- dence record many communications and private meetings in the latter half of 1769, when commissioners were discussed and moves and counter-moves made for the hard-fought election of 1770 (APAC: MSS Eur./D822: 3–6; G37/58: 51–2, 164, 176–7, 182–3; G37/72). The election of 1770 was expected to be close, but Sir George was re-elected to the chair. He again concerted with Clive to split stock to influence the election of 1771, which he was barred from contesting since he had served the maximum four consecutive years in the direction (APAC: MS Eur./G37/60). Sir George’s ties with Clive weakened. A last letter, on 8 January 1771, urged Clive not to publish a history of his administration in India and views on the current state of Bengal. However valuable to the EIC such an account might be, Sir George contended, it was ill advised to invite the public gaze into East India affairs (APAC: MS Eur./G37/61). The year 1771–2, during which Sir George was rotated out of the EIC direction and his brother-in-law Joshua Smith came in, initially brought recognition of his 6 From heir to the Crown to turnspit might. In 1771 he married off his much-sought-after niece and ward Mary, daugh- ter of Sir James, to MP (later Sir) John Aubrey, and her sister Emma to the fourth earl of Tankerville (Retrospection, 1: 217–8; GM 1771, 41: 142, 521). From April to September he proceeded on a tour of Ireland and Scotland, where he visited leading political figures and explored investments in land. In Dublin he inspected his bank, which had been in difficulties in 1770 and was rescued with the sup- port of the lord lieutenant and lord chancellor (Retrospection, 1: 208–9; Dillon 1829: 26). The squalor of the Irish peasantry under absentee landlords made Sir George opt for an estate in Scotland, where nobility and gentry were engaged in improving their estates (Retrospection, 1: 213–15). He bought the baronies of Crawfordjohn and Crawford-Douglas in South Lanarkshire at a cost of £77,000 and the lands of Grougar in East Ayrshire, hoping, vainly, to mine them for coal and ore (CFP: J. W. Mackenzie to TEC, 10 Sep. 1877; Reid 1928: 91; Retro- spection, 1: 216–17). His tour was ‘like that of a Minister who had places to give away’. For all the hubristic nostalgia with which he recalled the zenith of his power as equal to that of a prime minister, Sir George was right that ‘by the patronage which was attached to [his] office [he] had been able to gratify a great many of the first people in the kingdom’ (Retrospection, 1: 209, 196). Rock- ingham figured prominently among these. A formal presentation to, and thanks from, the Queen rewarded Sir George for appointing royal page Henry Ramus as an EIC writer (Copeland et al. 1958–78, 2: 39, 332, 546; Retrospection,1: 105, 197–8). Wags who nicknamed Sir George the ‘little premier’ and ‘little mogul’ for his short stature and pompous airs acknowledged his muscle (Bowen 1986: 171 n.). It was symbolic of his status that in 1771 he moved his town residence from New Broad Street, a banker’s address, to Arlington Street, which resident Horace Walpole called ‘[from his] earliest memory ... the ministerial street’ (Lewis 1937–83, 10: 271). At number 23, Sir George became a neighbour of Grafton, the former premier and no friend of his (Campbell 1984: 118–19). He immediately undertook to appoint his new residence lavishly, commissioning Robert Adam to lay out elaborate plans for a series of rooms and exquisite furniture. Since most of Adam’s drawings are unfinished, it is likely that the increasingly embarrassed state of Sir George’s affairs halted their execution (Spiers 1979, index: 34; King 2001, 2: 180; Harris 1963: 53, 74, 87, 94, pls 42, 43, 87, 113; 2001: 61, 124–5, pl. 184). The EIC leadership could not have been unaware that their practice of borrow- ing against anticipated sales was increasingly unequal to disbursing ballooning bills of exchange and that they could not sustain paying the high dividends that continued to be voted. But lowering the dividend might cause a panic and a pre- cipitous drop in stock value, a risk that directors were all the more loath to take since it would have a negative impact on their personal fortunes. In the autumn of 1771 speculators developed a scheme of insurance policies against a depreci- ation of East India stock. Sir George led a counter-move to prop up the stock’s value. At what was described as a fortuitous meeting at his house, he and some others entered into a stock-jobbing scheme. He further recruited stockbroker Paul From heir to the Crown to turnspit 7 Wentworth to borrow money and purchase stock in Amsterdam. With Boulton and Thomas Rumbold, he sponsored a call for a general court in October 1771, which he goaded to endorse the court of directors’ rosy view of the company’s affairs (House of Commons 1803–6, 4: 386–8, 395). Then and later Sir George pro- claimed that his motives were pure: that he sought to stem a collusive depreciation of stock for the company’s sake, not his own advantage (LEP 17–19 Dec. 1771; Retrospection, 2: 16–17). He later claimed that his dealing in EIC stock when he was out of the direction was a ‘freedom allowed to a Proprietor and which might be somewhat questionable in a Director’ (CFP: Sir George Colebrooke to EIC directors, 23 Mar. 1781). But he did not argue out-of-office status when the events took place. As all knew, he retained a grip on EIC affairs while formally sitting out a statutory year. Banker Alexander Fordyce, who led the insurance scheme against the fall of EIC stock, was ruined, but no immediate harm came to the coadjutors in the counter-move, and Sir George resumed the chair. Business might have gone on as usual had the financial world not been rocked by the worst international credit crisis Europe had ever seen (L. S. Sutherland 1962: 223). In June 1772 Fordyce and a score of major banks in London and Scotland stopped payment, and it was feared that even the Bank of England, then a private company, might fold (Mossner and Ross 1987: 162). The bank held, but it balked at extending to the EIC, without security, advances such as had been routinely granted to tide it over cash-flow problems in the larger amounts that were now required (Bowen 1986: 524–7). The EIC grasped at straws, one of which benefited the chairman’s brother. In July they renewed efforts to obtain reimbursement from the French government for the maintenance of prisoners in India during the Seven Years War. They appointed Robert Colebrooke, who was living near Versailles, their commissary. Although they reinforced their represen- tation in Paris with two directors in April 1773, they were repeatedly frustrated (APAC: E/1/216–7; B/88–90; Retrospection, 1: 192–4). As Sir George later wrote in vindication of his conduct, two primary avenues were open to relieve the EIC’s distress: securing a large loan in Amsterdam or applying for government relief. Since Lord North objected to the former and promised forbearance in the latter, the EIC was left at the mercy of the ministry (CFP: Sir George Colebrooke to EIC directors, 23 Mar. 1781). Suspecting that the government might exact greater control over EIC affairs as a price for its sup- port, the directors made a preemptive attempt to appoint commissioners of their own to send to India. This process eventually foundered. Sir George’s prominence as chairman and the memory of his stock-jobbing activities of the previous year made for an explosive mix. On 22 September the proprietors reluctantly approved a decision to postpone a declaration of the dividend, pending application to the government for relief, but in October and November, divisions deepened among directors and in the court of proprietors. Throughout this period, a flurry of let- ters and articles, many impeaching Sir George’s integrity, appeared in the Public Advertiser and London Evening Post. Although his standing in the EIC and among the public was shaken, it remained the chairman’s duty to serve as lead negotiator for the company. North turned 8 From heir to the Crown to turnspit down initial proposals submitted in October. Insisting on a full accounting, he called an early session of Parliament in November and appointed a committee of secrecy. He rejected palliative measures such as selling excess tea duty-free on the European continent and repealing the duty on tea imported into the Ameri- can colonies. By January 1773 a letter from North, communicated by Sir George to the court of directors, made it plain that the ministry expected a reform of the company as a condition of its support (Bowen 1986: 582–8; 1991: 151–4). A draft letter to North preserved in Sir George’s papers shows how hamstrung he was during lengthy debates in the general court on a petition being readied for submis- sion to Parliament (CFP: Sir George Colebrooke to Lord North, 27 Feb. 1773). In fact Sir George had been deceived. When Parliament took the petition under con- sideration, North refused to support the clause on dividend payments (LEP 4–6 May 1773). Sir George’s credibility was shattered. He did not stand for re-election to the directorship, nor did his brother-in-law Smith. The narrative of these events in Sir George’s Retrospection is riddled with shame. Yet, he bore little resentment against North, who he thought had been overruled (Retrospection, 2: 24–9; GM 1809, 79: 788). On 5 May 1773, Sir George sold his remaining EIC stock. From then on he stayed out of EIC politics, although he did advise the Nawab of Arcot (Retrospection, 1: 201–2 n.; CFP: Nawab of Arcot to Sir George Colebrooke, 23 Sep. 1776).

Bankruptcy and exile Whether or not Sir George’s engrossment with the EIC caused him to neglect his own affairs, as he later intimated, his fall from power in the EIC coincided with a collapse of his business (Retrospection, 1: 227–8; NA: Prob/11/1503). The fail- ure of a scheme to corner the world market in alum hurried his downfall (L. S. Sutherland 1936). Satirists mocked Sir George as ‘Shah Allum’, ‘Shah Allam the Little’ and ‘Shaw Allum of Arlington Street’ (PA 11 Nov. 1772; Spear 1975: 220). His brother-in-law and junior partner Ambrose Gilbert, whom Sir George blamed for mismanagement, was packed off to Bengal in a vain hope that he might rebuild a fortune and settle his debts (Retrospection, 1: 207, 218–9; APAC: J.1.8: 428; FWIHC, 7: 14). The Oxford English Dictionary lists a letter of 1 May 1774 in which Horace Walpole referred to Sir George as a ‘martyr to what is called spec- ulation’ as the first attestation of that word’s use for ‘the action or practice of buying and selling goods ... etc., in order to profit by the rise or fall in market value, as distinct from regular trading or investment’ (OED, 2nd edn, 16: 172; Lewis 1937–83, 23: 569). Sir George’s speculations made him vulnerable to the financial crisis of 1772, though he withstood its first onslaught. As Robert Orme reported on 1 July, Sir George ‘was pushed perhaps to all the money he owed as a Banker ... Had Sir George Colebrooke and the Drummonds broke, its a doubt whether more than three Bankers shops in London would have remained without stopping’ (APAC: MS Eur./Orme O.V.202: 90–1). This reprieve proved temporary. In September he From heir to the Crown to turnspit 9 alerted his wife, who was vacationing in Brighton with their children, that their changed circumstances might force them to seek a country retreat: she pledged her unwavering support (CFP: Lady Mary Colebrooke to Sir George Colebrooke, 11 Sep. 1773). Rather than retire to the country, however, Sir George resolved to make a stand. Loans from the Bank of England and from individuals who had benefited from his patronage or hoped to secure it while he was still EIC chairman kept him afloat for another year (Retrospection, 1: 220–3). Richard Barwell, whose affairs in England were managed by his sister Mary, initially approved of her giv- ing Sir George a personal loan: ‘I felt for him’, he wrote in October 1773, ‘and, as he has obliged me, I would be most willingly return the obligation’. In March 1774 he was still referring to Sir George’s failure as ‘a heart-breaking circumstance’ (Cator 1914–19, 11: 64; 12: 44). In spite of the proffered help, Sir George was hurtling towards ruin. In Decem- ber 1772 the Dutch firm of Clifford and Sons, through which he handled the international aspects of various business affairs, failed (L. S. Sutherland 1936: 247). By the end of March 1773 Sir George’s Dublin bank had closed and the London bank of Sir George Colebrooke, Lessingham and Binns had suspended payment (LEP 20–3 Mar. 1773; GM 1773, 43: 197). This had a ripple effect on other major concerns. David Hume informed Adam Smith on 10 April that ‘the Air Bank had shut up; and as many people think for ever ... The Country will be in prodigious distress for Money this term. Sir G. Colebrooke’s Bankruptcy is thought to be the immediate Cause of this Event’ (Mossner and Ross 1987: 167). The bank languished until August 1776, when it closed for good (L. S. Sutherland 1936: 241). In 1773–4 Sir George sold off much of the Highbury estate he had sought to develop (Cockburn et al. 1969–98, 8: 56, 59, 61). Parting with Gatton in January 1774 must have been even more painful (Manning and Bray 1804–14, 2: 232–3; Malden 1902–14, 3: 198, 224). In the same year his brother Robert sold Chilham Castle (Hardy 1916: 14). Robert vested other estates in trustees, who, with his con- sent and Sir George’s, were empowered to buy lands in Great Britain. The effect was to turn the proceeds into a life rent for Robert, reversible to Sir George in the absence of legitimate offspring. To these trustees Sir George sold part of his estate in Lanarkshire and the lands of Grougar in Ayrshire one year later (CFP: J. W. Mackenzie to TEC, 10 Dec. 1877). In April he sold the office of remembrancer of the first fruits and tenths (The Times 16 Aug. 1837). Newspaper advertisements broadcast the sale by Christie’s of his prized art collection (DA 22 Apr. 1774). Sir George did not stand for election in 1774 and quietly retired from Parliament (Retrospection, 2: 51–2 n.). The family moved to number 32, Soho Square, still a grand house. Most impres- sively, it featured a gallery to an extensive back building ‘comprehending the Library, which occupies two large Apartments on the first Floor’ (BL: MS Add. 52,281: 3–4). It was in these ‘commodious back premises ...designed for an aca- demic purpose with its library and adjacent schoolrooms’, that Henry Thomas, who never attended a public school, continued to be educated (Carter 1988: 153, 331–7, 484; Life, 5). There the family lived until 1777, under increasing strain. 10 From heir to the Crown to turnspit The downward spiral of Sir George’s fortune required new dispositions for his sons’ careers. He may originally have intended, like his father before him, to pro- pel his eldest son into the aristocracy and direct his younger sons to the banking business; or he may have been yet more ambitious and hoped to raise all his sons above the mercantile class. Lady Colebrooke’s response to his announce- ment of financial stress points to the latter: ‘I have long wished you would let your Boys work here after, & not have Harassed your own Mind with so much Busi- ness’ (CFP: Lady Mary Colebrooke to Sir George Colebrooke, 11 Sep. 1772). Her younger sons were indeed to work, but not in England. Instead, they fol- lowed her half-brother to India, while George, as the eldest and ‘unfortunate in his Health’, according to Hester Thrale, remained (Balderston 1951: 335). Sir George still enjoyed support among EIC directors, to whom he dutifully forwarded reports from India that continued to be sent him in his former capacity (APAC: E/1/57: no. 262; H/768: 139–247). Rather than pursue the usual path of seeking the patronage of an individual director, Sir George petitioned the entire court of directors on 2 September 1776 for a writership for his second son, Edward, whom he aged by one year to 16. Sir George obtained Edward an appointment to the prime location of Bengal, but was disappointed in a request that he be ranked high. After obtaining a year’s postponement, Edward sailed for India in early 1778 (APAC: J/1/9: 181–2, 237; B/92: 590, 621; FWIHC, 8: 79, 94, 126). As his cousin, Lady Tankerville, later recalled, this path was ‘against his own inclination’ (SRO: D(W)1,778/I/ii/1,446). But options were few. Sir George was so destitute that Rockingham provided for Edward’s outfitting and refused to be refunded for the surplus of the sum that had originally been estimated, while North, on whom Sir George noted he had no political claim, procured an exchequer pension for Lady Colebrooke (Retrospection, 2: 76, 279). The final blow came from a bill of bankruptcy Mary Barwell filed on her brother’s behalf in January 1777 (M. Sutherland 1998: 31). Richard Barwell, whose career Sir George had fostered, amassed the largest East Indian fortune in the 1770s (Retrospection, 1: 225, 2: 36; Marshall 1976: 244), but, as he pre- pared to return and face obligations in England, his forbearance wore thin. The bill of bankruptcy against Sir George had immediate and devastating consequences for the Colebrooke family. Auctioneers Christie and Ansell advertised for sale in February 1777 the house in Soho Square ‘in the possession of Sir George Cole- brooke, Bart. a bankrupt’ (BL: MS Add. 52,281: 3): it became the property of Sir Joseph Banks, president of the Royal Society (Carter 1988: 331). The contents were auctioned, not only pictures, china and furniture, but also jewellery and silver and the 903 volumes that composed ‘the large, valuable, and very elegant library of books, and books of prints’ which had occupied 11 mahogany bookcases (Bib- liotheca Colebrookiana 1772: title page; Carter 1988: 333; Lugt 1938: nos. 2,638, 2,643, 2,648). Sir George had long been an aficionado of literature, history and antiquities. After being blackballed in 1753, he had been elected a member of the Society of Antiquaries in 1766 (Society of Antiquaries 1798: 12, 19). Now his collections were dispersed, and his family was left without a home. In the summer of 1777 they lived in a house the Tankervilles lent them, before leaving for exile in From heir to the Crown to turnspit 11 France (Retrospection, 2: 80). In 1778 Sir George conveyed the remainder of his Scottish estate to trustees for his creditors (CFP: J. W. Mackenzie to TEC, 10 Sep. 1877). In March of that year the EIC granted him an annuity of £200, retroactive to Christmas 1777, ‘in consideration of his having been A Director of this Company, and being now in reduced Circumstances with a large Family’ (APAC: B/93: 605). A portrait painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds in the family’s days of affluence (M. Sutherland 1998: 23) shows Sir George to have been, as Hester Thrale described him, ‘a pretty little Dapper Man when at his best’. Now the life of luxury the family had known was gone, and the children’s prospects had changed. At 20, Mary, the eldest sibling, was probably the young woman who, Thrale observed, ‘was said to be pretty, while her Father was thought to be rich’ (Balderston 1951: 334–5). Henry was 12 when they settled in a house on the quay at Boulogne-sur- Mer, close to England, to which Sir George made recurrent visits (Retrospection, 2: 75). Until age 15, he studied classics, French, some German and mathematics with a private tutor and he read voraciously on his own (Life,5). As Sir George’s name disappeared from the yearly List of the Society of Anti- quaries, he reflected on public affairs. By late November 1779 he had composed four imaginary dialogues: two in letters from Lord Beauchamp to Lord North, one that focused on parties, alliances and an insular situation, another on the colonies, manufactures, agriculture and resources of Great Britain and France; and two in letters from Adam Smith to Charles Townshend on the ‘misery & happiness of communities’ (CFP). He sought expertise in French finances, which he hoped might be valued in England, but North rebuffed his offer of services. Sir George claimed that this disappointment caused him to lose all desire to develop expertise in public finance (Retrospection, 2: 77, 277). Yet, two hefty manuscript volumes, later written in Bath, testify to his sustained interest in the affairs of France (CFP). In Boulogne, the Colebrookes were active in a Masonic lodge with cosmopoli- tan membership (CFP: unsigned letters to Lady Mary and Louisa Colebrooke, Jul. 1781–Feb. 1782). There Mary entered into an ill-fated marriage with the Chevalier Charles Adrien de Peyron, a favorite officer of King Gustavus III of Sweden, who perished in a duel in 1784, leaving her with a young son (M. Sutherland 1998: 57). While the family were living in Boulogne, Henry applied for a writership in the EIC. His petition has not been preserved, but a Court Book records that it was unanimously approved on 11 April 1780 and that he ranked first of ten addi- tional writers for that season and, enviably, sixth of twenty-four writers assigned to the prime location of Bengal (APAC: B/95: 644–5; FWIHC, 8: 267). Like Edward, Henry immediately obtained permission to postpone his departure by a year (APAC: B/96: 20; FWIHC, 8: 260). In January 1781 Sir George also applied on his own behalf to the EIC directors for an appointment to India ‘with that Rank in their Service, that They shall be pleased to appoint’ (APAC: E/1/68: no. 85). While a decision was pending, he was in London, drafting a detailed letter in jus- tification of his prior actions in the service of the company (CFP). Whether or not that letter was sent – it is not found in the EIC’s archives – Sir George was appointed on 30 March a senior merchant in Bengal (APAC: B/96: 749; FWIHC, 8: 311). If EIC writerships were hard to get, senior appointments for older men 12 From heir to the Crown to turnspit who sought to rebuild their fortunes in India were even rarer. The usual securi- ties were produced by 16 May for Sir George and Henry, but 12 days later the court granted a first postponement to the father and a second to the son on their representation that, though they were in England, with their baggage almost ready for the voyage, they were unable to book a passage on the crowded, last ships of the season (E/1/68: no. 247; B/97: 104, 134–5). Sir George went back to France in August 1781, to Soissons, where his family had moved by early July to escape the ‘many inconveniences’ of a garrison town (Retrospection, 2: 86; CFP: Fantine to Lady and Louisa Colebrooke). Henry had presumably returned earlier. The family lived simply, primarily off Lady Cole- brooke’s personal fortune. Henry recollected their penury in later life (CFP: Livre de Raison). Sir George obtained a second postponement in April 1782 (APAC: E/1/72: nos. 3a–4). He spent several months seeking employment in Europe from Rockingham and Shelburne, but returned disappointed to Soissons (Retrospection, 1: 97–8 n.). Pressed to make a final decision on taking an appointment in India, he wrote to the EIC in January 1783, blaming the interruption of communica- tion between England and France and his wife’s health for his being unable to leave by the next fleet (APAC: E/1/72: nos. 3–4). His sons would have to fend for themselves in Bengal. Bibliography

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National Archives of Scotland CC8/8/ Testaments, Edinburgh Commissary Court. SC70/1/ Edinburgh Sheriff Court Inventories.

National Library of Australia MS 9 Papers of Sir Joseph Banks.

National Library of Scotland MS 971 Correspondence of John Leyden. MS 3,380 Correspondence of John Leyden. MS 3,381 Correspondence of the Reverend James Morton. MS 8,887 Miscellaneous Letters. MSS 10,919–20 Papers of James Graham of Airth. MSS 11,284–637 Minto Papers.

National Portrait Gallery, London 316a(19) Sketch of H. T. Colebrooke by Chantrey. Sitters Book of Robert Home.

Natural History Museum Botany Library, London MS B.72 Correspondence of Robert Brown. MSS MED Archives of the Medico-Botanical Society.

Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, Göttingen Sanskrit MSS 68–70; 96–9 Colebrooke Manuscripts. 208 Bibliography Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London H. T. Colebrooke Memoirs and Autographs. Minutes of Council. Minutes of Proceedings. Minutes of the General Meetings. Minutes of the Proceedings of the Oriental Translation Committee.

Royal Astronomical Society, London Minutes of the Council. Minutes of the General Meetings. Minutes of the Ordinary Meetings.

Royal Institution of Great Britain, London Minutes of the General Meetings.

Royal Society, London EC/ Certificates of Election and Candidature. Club Archives.

Royal Society of Edinburgh MS Shapin, S. (1970) Collected Biography of the Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–1820.

Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, Dresden MS Dresd. e90/ Papers of August Wilhelm Schlegel.

Staffordshire Record Office D(W)1,778/I/ii/1,446–637 Papers of the Legge Family, Earls of Dartmouth.

University of Nottingham Library PlC/5/ Portland (London) Manuscripts. PwF/ Portland (Welbeck) Manuscripts.

Zoological Society, London Minutes of Council.

Periodical publications Abstracts of the Papers Printed in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Annals of Philosophy. Bibliography 209 Annual Register. Asiatic Annual Register. Asiatic Journal. Asiatic Miscellany. Asiatic(k) Researches. Athenaeum. Alphabetical List of the Members. Bengal Calendar. Bengal Kalendar and Register. Bengal Past and Present. British Critic. Calcutta Annual Directory. Calcutta Gazette. Daily Advertiser. East-India Register and Directory. Edinburgh Review (New York reprint). Gentleman’s Magazine. India Calendar. Indian Appeals: Being Cases in the Privy Council on Appeal from the East Indies. Indian Law Reports: Allahabad, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras Series. Journal Asiatique. Journal des Savans. Journal of Science and the Arts. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Journal of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. List of the Society of Antiquaries of London. London Evening Post. Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society. Monthly Review. New Annual Bengal Directory and Calcutta Kalendar. Oriental Herald. Public Advertiser. Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and the Arts. Quarterly Review. The Nation. The Times. Transactions of the Geological Society. Transactions of the Linnean Society. Transactions of the Literary Society of Bombay. Transactions of the Medico-Botanical Society. Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society. Zoological Journal.

Published works of H. T. Colebrooke

— (1795) ‘On the Duties of a Faithful Hindu Widow’, AR 4: 209–19; repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 1: 114–22; 1858: 70–5; Essays, 1: 133–40. — (trans.) (1798a) A Digest of Hindu Law on Contracts and Successions, 4 vols, Calcutta: Honourable Company’s Press; 2nd edn, 3 vols, London: Debrett, 1801; 3rd edn, 2 vols, Madras: Higginbotham 1864–5; 4th edn, 2 vols, Madras: Higginbotham, 1874; Preface, repr. in Essays, 1: 461–75. 210 Bibliography — (1798b) ‘Enumeration of Indian Classes’, AR 5: 53–67; repr. in AAR for 1800, Miscellaneous tracts, 50–7; Colebrooke 1837, 2: 177–90; 1858: 270–9; Essays,2: 157–70. — (1798c) ‘On Indian Weights and Measures’, AR 5: 91–109; repr. in Essays, 1: 528–43. — (1798d) ‘On the Religious Ceremonies of the Hindus, and of the Bráhmens Especially: Essay I’, AR 5: 345–68; repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 1: 123–47; 1858: 76–91; Essays,1: 141–65. — (1801a) ‘Translation of One of the Inscriptions on the Pillar at Dehlee, Called the Lat¯ of Feeroz Shah’, AR 7: 175–82, 13 pls; repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 2: 232–6; Essays,2: 208–11 (without pls). — (1801b) ‘On the Sanscrit and Prácrit Languages’, AR 7: 199–231; repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 2: 1–34; Essays, 2: 1–32; Sanskrit and Prakrit Poetry: An Introduction,Delhi: Cosmo, 2004, 1–47. — (1801c) ‘On the Religious Ceremonies of the Hindus, and of the Brámens Especially: Essay II’, AR 7: 232–85; repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 1: 148–202; 1858: 92–127; Essays, 1: 166–216. — (1801d) ‘Note to Volume 5th, Page 108’, AR 7: 286–7. — (1801e) ‘On the Religious Ceremonies of the Hindus, and of the Brámens Especially: Essay III’, AR 7: 288–311; repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 1: 203–26; 1858: 128–42; Essays, 1: 217–38. — (1801f) ‘On the Origin and Peculiar Tenets of Certain Muhammedan Sects’, AR 7: 338–44; repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 2: 225–31; 1858: 302–6; Essays, 2: 202–7. — (1801g) ‘Note Referred to in Page 490, and Corrections of Previous Papers in this Volume’, AR 7: 511–12. [—] (1803a) ‘On the Population of Bengal’, AAR for 1802, Miscellaneous tracts, 41–46. [—] (1803b) ‘On the Present State of Husbandry in Bengal’, AAR for 1802, Miscellaneous tracts, 47–53. [—] (1803c) ‘Observations on Property in the Soil – Rents and Duties – Tenures of Free Lands, and of Lands Liable for Revenue, in the Province of Bengal’, AAR for 1802, Miscellaneous tracts, 53–71. [—] (1803d) ‘On the Profits of Husbandry in Bengal’, AAR for 1802, Miscellaneous tracts, 71–83. [—] (1803e) Notifications in Persian, Bengali, Sanskrit, and Hindi on the benefits of cowpox vaccination, CG 6 Jan. 1803, supp., 1–3. [—] (1804a) Remarks on the Husbandry and Internal Commerce of Bengal, Calcutta: n.p.; repr. London: The Author, 1806; Calcutta: ‘Statesman’ Steam Printing Works, 1884 (with Colebrooke’s name); French trans.: Nantes: Mellinet-Malassis, 1819. — (1804b) ‘Introductory Remarks’, in W. Carey (ed.) Hitópadé´sa, or Salutary Instruction, in the Original Sanscrit; Dasa Cumara Charita, Abridged by Apayya; Three Satacas, or Centuries of Verses, by Bhartri Hari, Serampore: Mission Press, iii–xv; repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 2: 166–76; Essays, 2: 147–56. — (1804c) A Grammar of the Sanscrit Language, vol. 1, Calcutta: Honorable Company Press (pre-publication copy of Colebrooke 1805a, without preface, with annotations in Colebrooke’s hand; BL: ORW.1986.b.165). — (1805a) A Grammar of the Sanscrit Language, vol. 1, Calcutta: Honorable Company Press; Preface, repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 2: 35–49; Essays, 2: 33–45. — (1805b) ‘Remarks on the Foregoing Essay [Paterson 1805]’, AR 8: 82–7. — (1805c) ‘On the Védas or Sacred Writings of the Hindus’, AR 8: 369–476; repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 1: 9–113; 1858: 1–75; Essays, 1: 8–102; German trans.: Poley 1847; French abridgment: Pauthier 1840: 307–32. — (1805d) ‘Description of a Species of Ox named Gayál’, AR 8: 487–501. — (1807a) ‘Observations on the Sect of Jains’, AR 9: 287–322; repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 2: 191–224; 1858: 280–301; Essays, 2: 171–201. Bibliography 211 — (1807b) ‘On the Indian and Arabian Divisions of the Zodiack’, AR 9: 323–76; repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 2: 321–73; Essays, 2: 281–328. — (1807c) ‘On Olibanum or Frankincense’, AR 9: 377–82. — (1807d) ‘On Ancient Monuments, Containing Sanscrit Inscriptions’, AR 9: 398–444; repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 2: 238–88; Essays, 2: 213–55. — (1807e) ‘Note to Vol. 7, Page 180’, AR 9: 445; repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 2: 236–7; Essays, 2: 211–12. — (ed. and trans.) (1808a) Cósa, or Dictionary of the Sanscrit Language, by Amarasinha, Serampore: Mission Press; 2nd edn, Serampore: Mission Press, 1825; 3rd edn, Calcutta: Rakshit, 1883; repr. Delhi: Nag, 1989; Preface, repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 2: 50–61; Essays, 2: 46–56. — (1808b) ‘On Sanscrˇıt and Prácrˇıt Poetry’, AR 10: 389–474; repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 2: 62–165; Essays, 2: 57–146; Sanskrit and Prakrit Poetry: An Introduction, Delhi: Cosmo, 2004, 49–144. [—] (1809a) ‘Narrative of a Journey from Mirzapur to Nagpur, by a Route Never Before Travelled by any European, in 1798–9’, AAR for 1806, Miscellaneous tracts, 1–43; repr. in Life, 403–71. — (trans.) (1810a) Two Treatises on the Hindu Law of Inheritance, Calcutta: Hindoosta- nee Press; repr. Madras: College Press, 1822; 1825; Madras: Graves, Cookson, 1864; in Hindú Lawbooks, ed. W. Stokes, Madras: Higginbotham, 1865; 1867; Calcutta: Baner- jee 1868; 1883; in A Complete Collection of Hindu Law Books on Inheritance, ed. S. S. Setlur, Madras: Lawrence Asylum Press, 1911; Calcutta: Parimal 1984; Preface, repr. in Essays, 1: 476–89; also separate reprints of the two treatises’ translations. — (1810b) ‘On the Sources of the Ganges, in the Himádri or Emodus’, AR 11: 429–45. — (1816a) ‘On the Notions of the Hindu Astronomers, Concerning the Precession of the Equinoxes and Motions of the Planets’, AR 12: 209–50, 414; repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 2: 374–416; Essays, 2: 329–65. — (1816b) ‘On the Height of the Himálaya Mountains’, AR 12: 251–85. — (ed.) (1816c) ‘A Journey to Lake Mánasaróvara in Ún-dés, a Province of Little Tibet, by W. Moorcroft’, AR 12: 375–534. — (1816d) ‘On the Dryobalanops Camphora or Camphor-Tree of Sumatra’, AR 12: 535–41; repr. in AJ 1818, 6: 262–4; Annual Register 1818: 565–9. — (1816e) ‘Additions [to Colebrooke 1816a; 1816d]’, AR 12: additions 1–4. — (trans.) (1817) Algebra, with Arithmetic and Mensuration, from the Sanscrit of Brah- megupta and Bhàscara, London: Murray; repr. Walluf: Sändig, 1973; Delhi: Sharada, 2005; ed. H. C. Banerji, Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, 1893 (without the Introductory Dis- sertation); as Hindu Algebra, Delhi: Cosmo, 2004; Introductory Dissertation, repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 2: 417–531; Essays, 2: 375–480. — (1818a) On the Import of Colonial Corn, London: Murray. — (1818b) A Treatise on Obligations and Contracts, vol. 1, London: The Author. — (1819a) ‘Height of the Himálaya Mountains’, JSA 6: 51–65. — (1819b) ‘Description of Two Micrometers, Designed and Used as Pyrometers’, JSA 6: 230–6. — (1819c) ‘An Hypothesis to Account for the Variable Depth of the Ocean’, JSA 6: 236–42. [—] (1819d) ‘A Brief Memoir of the Services and Proceedings of Captain Webb, Surveyor of Kumaon, Collected from his Familiar Correspondence’, QJSLA 7: 30–8. — (1819e) ‘On the Limit of Constant Congelation in the Himálaya Mountains’, QJSLA 7: 38–43. — (1819f) ‘On Useful Projects,’ QJSLA 7: 48–55. [—] (ed.) (1819g) ‘Letter from a Gentleman Proceeding on a Public Mission into Tartary’, QJSLA 7: 63–68. — (1819h) ‘Description of Select Indian Plants’, TLS 12/2: 351–61. 212 Bibliography — (1820a) ‘On Fluidity; And an Hypothesis Concerning the Structure of the Earth’, QJSLA 9: 52–61. — (ed.) (1820b) ‘Extract from a letter from Captain William Spencer Webb, 29th March, 1819’, QJSLA 9: 61–9. — (1821a) ‘Account of the Method of Preparing a Black Resinous Varnish, Used at Silhet, in Bengal’, QJSLA 10: 315–16. — (1821b) ‘Geology of the Himáláyá Mountains’, QJSLA 10: 470–2. — (ed.) (1821c) ‘On the Height of the Dhawalagiri, the White Mountain of Himálaya’, QJSLA 11: 240–7. — (1821d) ‘On the Indian Species of Menispermum’, TLS 13/1: 44–68. — (1822a) ‘On the Valley of the Sutluj River in the Himálaya Mountains’, TGS 2nd ser. 1/1: 124–31. — (1822b) ‘On the Geology of the North-Eastern Border of Bengal’, TGS 2nd ser. 1/1: 132–7. — (ed.) (1823a) State of the Cape of Good Hope in 1822, London: John Murray; repr. Cape Town: Struik, 1966. — (1823b) ‘Meteorological Observations in a Voyage across the Atlantic’, QJSLA 14: 115–41. — (1823c) ‘On the Climate of South Africa’, QJSLA 14: 241–54. — (1823d) ‘Discourse’ (read at the first general meeting of the Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland), AJ 15: 498–500; TRAS 1/1 (1824): xvii–xxiii; repr. London: Cox, 1829; in Colebrooke 1837, 1: 1–8; Essays, 1: 1–7; Life, 389–95. — (1824a) ‘On the Philosophy of the Hindus: Part I’, TRAS 1/1: 19–43, repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 1: 227–60; 1858: 143–64; Essays, 1: 239–71; French trans.: Pauthier 1833: 21–46; Latin trans.: Bangalore: Apostolic Mission Press, 1868, 1–20. — (1824b) ‘Essay on the Philosophy of the Hindus: Part II’, TRAS 1/1: 92–118; repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 1: 261–94; 1858: 165–87; Essays, 1: 280–318; French trans.: Pauthier 1833: 47–100; Latin trans.: Bangalore: Apostolic Mission Press, 1868, 21–49. — (1824c) ‘On Presenting the Gold Medal to Charles Babbage’, MRAS 1: 509–12; repr. in Life, 396–9. — (1824d) ‘On Presenting the Gold Medal to Professor Encke, and the Silver Medal to Dr. P. K. [sic] Rumker’, MRAS 1: 512–13; repr. in Life, 400–1. — (1824e) ‘On Presenting the Silver Medal to M. Pons’, MRAS 1: 513–14; repr. in Life, 401–2. — (1826a) ‘Inscriptions upon Rocks, in South Bihár, Described by Dr. Buchanan Hamil- ton, Explained’, TRAS 1/2: 201–6; repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 2: 289–96; Essays,2: 256–62. — (1826b) ‘Notes [to Tod 1826]’, TRAS 1/2: 227–9. — (1826c) ‘Hindu Astronomy: Reply to the Attack of Mr. Bentley’, AJ 21: 360–6; emended and repr. as ‘Appendix to Essays on Hindu Astronomy’, in Essays, 2: 366–74. —(1826–7) ‘Three Grants of Land, Inscribed on Copper, Found at Ujjayaní, and Presented by Major James Tod, to the Royal Asiatic Society, Translated’, TRAS 1/2: 230–9, 1/3: 462–6; repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 2: 297–314; Essays, 2: 263–75. — (ed.) (1827a) ‘On the Valley of the Setlej River, in the Himalaya Mountains, from the Journal of Captain A. Gerard, with Remarks’, TRAS 1/3: 343–80. — (1827b) ‘On the Philosophy of the Hindus: Part III’, TRAS 1/3: 439–60; repr. in Cole- brooke 1837, 1: 295–324; 1858: 188–207; Essays, 1: 319–49; French trans.: Pauthier 1833: 117–48; Latin trans.: Bangalore: Apostolic Mission Press, 1868, 50–63. — (1827c) ‘Notes to the Foregoing and Some Preceding Essays’, TRAS 1/3: 460–6. — (1827d) ‘On Inscriptions at Temples of the Jaina Sect in South Bihár’, TRAS 1/3: 520–3; repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 2: 315–20; Essays, 2: 276–80. — (1827e) ‘On the Philosophy of the Hindus: Part IV’, TRAS 1/3: 549–79; repr. in Cole- brooke 1837, 1: 378–419; 1858: 243–69; Essays, 1: 402–43; French trans.: Pauthier Bibliography 213 1833: 207–54; Latin trans.: Bangalore: Apostolic Mission Press, 1868, 83–111. — (1827f) ‘On Boswellia and Certain Indian Terebinthaceae’, TLS 15/2: 355–70. — (1828) ‘On Dichotomous and Quinary Arrangements in Natural History’, Zoological Journal 4: 43–6. — (1829a) ‘Essay on the Philosophy of the Hindus: Part V’, TRAS 2/1: 1–39; repr. in Colebrooke 1837, 1: 325–77; 1858: 208–42; Essays, 1: 350–401; French trans.: Pauthier 1833: 149–206; Latin trans.: Bangalore: Apostolic Mission Press, 1868, 64–82. — (1829b) ‘On Hindu Courts of Justice’, TRAS 2/1: 166–96; repr. in Essays, 1: 490–527. — (1837) Miscellaneous Essays, 2 vols, London: W. H. Allen; repr. as Essays on History Literature and Religions of Ancient India, Delhi: Cosmo, 1977. — (1858) Essays on the Religion and Philosophy of the Hindus, new edn (of some of the Miscellaneous Essays), London: Williams and Norgate; repr. Delhi: Ashok, 1967 (with- out index); Delhi: Indological Bookhouse, 1972; ed. M. J. Franklin, London: Ganesha, 2001. — (1873) Miscellaneous Essays, ed. E. B. Cowell, 2 vols, London: Trübner. [— and A. Lambert] (1795) Remarks on the Present State of the Husbandry and Commerce of Bengal, Calcutta: privately printed. — and H. H. Wilson (ed. and trans.) (1837) The Sánkhya Káriká, or Memorial Verses on the Sánkhya Philosophy, by Íswara Krishna; Also the Bháshya or Commentary of Gaurapáda, London: Oriental Translation Fund. Roxburgh, W., and H. T. Colebrooke (1829) ‘On the Specific Differences Existing between Melaleuca cajuputi, and Melaleuca leucadendron’, TMBS 1/2: 27–32; repr. in Journal of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy 1/3 (1829): 193–9 + 2pls. — (1854) ‘On the Genus Aquilaria’, TLS 21/3: 199–206.

Other publications

Adam, W. (1840) Law and Custom of Slavery in British India, in a Series of Letters to Thomas Fowell Buxton, Boston: Weeks, Jordan. Adelung, F. (1832) Historical Sketch of the Sanscrit Literature, Oxford: Talboys. Aimé-Martin, L. (ed.) (1838–43) Lettres édifiantes et curieuses concernant l’Asie, l’Afrique et l’Amérique, 4 vols, Paris: Desrez, 1840. Album Studiosorum Academiae Lugduno Batavae 1575–1875 (1875) The Hague: Nijhoff. Allen, D. E. (1976) The Naturalist in Britain: A Social History, London: Lane. Allibone, T. E. (1976) The Royal Society and its Dining Clubs, Oxford: Pergamon. Arberry, A. J. (1967) The India Office Library: A Historical Sketch, London: Common- wealth Office. Archer, M. (1962) Natural History Drawings in the India Office Library, London: HMSO. — (1979) India and British Portraiture 1770–1825, London: Sotheby Parke Bernet. Athenaeum Club (1882) Copy of the First Published List of Members (1824), London: Athenaeum Club. Babbage, C. (1830) Reflections on the Decline of Science in England, and on Some of its Causes, London: Fellowes. — (1864) Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, London: Longman, Green. Babinger, F. (1959) ‘Die Pflege morgenländischer Studien an der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften unter König Max I. Joseph’, in Geist und Gestalt: Biographische Beiträge zur Geschichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften vornehmlich im zweiten Jahrhundert ihres Bestehens, Munich: Beck, 1: 80–102. Bab¯ ur¯ ama¯ (ed.) (1807a) Amarakos. a, Trik¯an. d. a´ses. a, Har¯aval¯ıand Medin¯ı, Calcutta: San- skrit Press. — (1807b) Hemacandrakos. a, Calcutta: Sanskrit Press. — (1809) P¯an. ini’s S¯utras, with commentaries, 2 vols, Calcutta: Sanskrit Press. — (1811) Siddh¯antakaumud¯ı, Calcutta: Sanskrit Press. 214 Bibliography

— (1812) Mit¯aks. ar¯a, Calcutta: Sanskrit Press. — (1813a) M¯anavadharma´s¯astra with the commentary of Kull¯ukabhat..ta, Calcutta: Sanskrit Press. — (1813b) D¯ayabh¯aga, with the commentary of Sr¯´ ıkr.s. n. atark¯alam. k¯ara, Calcutta: Sanskrit Press. — (1815) V¯ıramitrodaya, Calcutta: Sanskrit Press. Baillie, A. F. (1901) The Oriental Club and Hanover Square, London: Longmans Green. Bailly, J. S. (1787) Traité de l’astronomie indienne et orientale, Paris: Debure. Balbir, N., et al. (2006) Catalogue of the Jain Manuscripts of the British Library,3vols, London: British Library & Institute of Jainology. Balderston, K. C. (ed.) (1951) Thraliana: The Diary of Mrs. Hester Lynch Thrale (Later Mrs. Piozzi) 1776–1809, 2nd edn, 2 vols, Oxford: Clarendon. Banerjee, T. (1972) History of Internal Trade Barriers in British India, Calcutta: Asiatic Society. — (ed.) (1976) Report upon the Inland Customs and Town Duties of the Bengal Presidency, by C.E. Trevelyan, Calcutta: Academic Publishers. Bangorey (ed.) (1977) Prosody of the Telugu and Sanscrit Languages Explained by C. P. Brown, Tirupati: Sri Venkateswara University. Bannerman, W. B. (ed.) (1908) The Parish Registers of Gatton, Co. Surrey, London: Surrey Parish Register Society. Barnes, D. G. (1930) History of the English Corn Laws from 1660–1846, London: Routledge, 1930. Baron, J. (1838) Life of Edward Jenner, M.D., 2 vols, London: Colburn. Barth, A. (1917) Oeuvres, 3 vols, Paris: Leroux. Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire, J. (1841) ‘Mémoire sur la philosophie sanscrite: le Nyáya’, Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences Morales et Politiques de l’Institut de France 3: 147–250. — (1847) ‘Philosophie des Indiens’, in Dictionnaire des sciences philosophiques,Paris: Hachette, 3: 233–52. — (1852) Premier mémoire sur le Sânkhya, Paris: Didot. Basu, A. N. (ed.) (1952) Indian Education in Parliamentary Papers: Part I (1832), Bombay: Asia Publishing House. Bayly, C. A. (1988) Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. — (1989) Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780–1830, London: Longman. — (ed.) (1990) The Raj: India and the British 1600–1947, London: National Portrait Gallery. Beckingham, C. P. (1979) ‘A History of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1823–1973’, in S. Sim- monds and S. Digby (eds) The Royal Asiatic Society: Its History and Treasures, Leiden: Brill, 1–77. Benfey, T. (1869) Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft und orientalischen Philologie in Deutschland, Munich: Cotta. Bentley, J. (1799) ‘On the Antiquity of the Surya Siddhánta, and the Formation of the Astronomical Cycles Therein Contained’, AR 6: 537–88. — (1805) ‘On the Hindu Systems of Astronomy, and their Connexion with History in Ancient and Modern Times’, AR 8: 193–244. — (1825) Historical View of the Hindu Astronomy: From the Earliest Dawn of that Science in India to the Present Time, London: Smith, Elder. Betham, W. (1801–5) The Baronetage of England, 5 vols, London: Miller. Bibliotheca Colebrookiana: A Catalogue of the Large, Valuable, and Very Elegant Library of Books, and Books of Prints, of Sir George Colebrooke, Bart. Brought from his House in Soho Square (1777), London: Christie and Ansell. Bibliography 215 [Biddulph, J. (ed.)] (1821) Descriptive Catalogue of a Few Asiatic Subjects, Illustrative of the Agriculture, Arts, and Manufactures of Hindoostan; Being Part of a More Extensive Work Painted by A. W. Devis, Westminster: Smeeton. Binney, M. (1984) Sir Robert Taylor: From Rococo to Neoclassicism, London: Allen & Unwin. Blumhardt, J. F., and A. Master (1954) Catalogue of the Gujarati & Rajasthani Manuscripts in the India Office Library, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Böcking, E. (ed.) (1846) Œuvres de M. Auguste-Guillaume de Schlegel, écrites en français, 3 vols, Leipzig: Weidmann. Bohlen, P. von (1830) Das alte Indien, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Aegypten,2vols, Königsberg: Bornträger. Böhtlingk, O. (ed.) (1839–40) Pânini’s acht Bücher grammatischer Regeln, 2 vols, Bonn: König. — (ed. and trans.) (1887) Pân. ini’s Grammatik, Leipzig: Haessel; repr. Hildesheim: Olms, 1964. — and C. Rieu (ed. and trans.) (1847) Hemak’andra’s Abhidhânak’intâman. i, St Petersburg: Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften. — and R. Roth (1855–75) Sanskrit-Wörterbuch, 7 vols, St Petersburg: Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften. Bopp, F. (1816) Über das Conjugationssystem der Sanskritsprache in Vergleichung mit jenem der griechischen, lateinischen, persischen und germanischen Sprachen, Frankfurt: Andreae. — (1834) Kritische Grammatik der Sanskrita-Sprache in kürzerer Fassung, Berlin: Nicolai. Bowen, H. V. (1986) ‘British Politics and the East India Company, 1766–1773’, PhD thesis, University of Wales. — (1991) Revenue and Reform: The Indian Problem in British Politics 1757–1773, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 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(1872) The Law of Partition and Succession from the MS Sanskrit Text of Varadar¯aja’s Vyavah¯aranirn. aya, Mangalore: Stolz. — (trans.) (1884) The Ordinances of Manu, London: Trübner. Burnouf, E. (ed. and trans.) (1840–7) Le Bhâgavata Purâna: ou histoire poétique de Krichna, 3 vols, Paris: Imprimerie Royale. — (1891) Choixdelettres, Paris: Champion. Burrow, R. (1790) ‘A Proof that the Hindoos had the Binomial Theorem’, AR 2: 487–97. — (1792) ‘A Demonstration of One of the Hindu Rules of Arithmetic’, AR 3: 145–7. Caland, W. (1918) ‘Ontdekkingsgeschiedenis van den Veda’, Verslagen en Mededeelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Letterkunde 5th ser. 3: 261– 334. Campbell, P. (ed.) (1984) A House in Town: 22 Arlington Street, its Owners and Builders, London: Batsford. 216 Bibliography Cannon, G. (ed.) (1970) Letters of Sir William Jones, 2 vols, Oxford: Clarendon. — (1990) The Life and Mind of Oriental Jones, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. — (ed.) 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