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The Social Condition of the British Community in Bengal, 1757 7 The Social Condition of the British Community in Bengal, 1757 7 1800. Suresh Chandra Ghosh Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of London. July 1966 ProQuest Number: 11015584 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11015584 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 A& s t finer This thesis sets out to examine the way in which the English East India Company recruited servants, civil and military, for service in Bengal, the type of person selected, and the links they forged among themselves and with elements in the home administration. It also studies the growth of an Anglo-Indian community in Bengal. In its second part, it examines the pattern of life created for themselves by the servants of the Company in Bengal from both English and Indian elements. The introduction discusses earlier work in this and the aim of the thesis. The second chapter reviews the changing powers of patronage exercised by the Directors and the uses to which those powers were put. The third chapter notes the formation of families connected with the Company's service, shows their interconnections, and considers the effects which their formation had upon attitudes to India. The fourth chapter is devoted to a reconsideration of the causes leading to the creation of an Anglo-Indian community in Bengal, the numbers and classes of men involved, the development of institutions in Bengal to care for the offspring of mixed unions, and the attitude displayed towards Anglo-Indians by the home government of the Company. The second part of the thesis attempts to relate the foregoing enquiries to the creation of a British social life in Bengal, and to show how elements taken from English and Indian society were fixed in varying proportions in that social life. Chapter five concentrates attention on the physical environment which the British community created around them, noting their adaptations to the Indian climate, while chapter six is concerned with the social life led within that environment. The conclusion briefly reviews the main themes of the thesis and the findings which it is hoped have emerged. 4- List of Contents Abstract Abbreviations. Chapter I: Introduction. Part 1; The Structure of the Society Chapter II: Recruitment of the Writers and Cadets Chapter III: The Development of the British Official Families. Chapter IV: The Development of the Anglo-Indian Community. 5 i. Part 2: The Nature of Social Life. Chapter V: Home Life €> Chapter VT: Social Life Chapter VII: Conclusion. 3 4 ^ Appendices * i I Table of the Thackeray Family* II Ninety-Five <> III Excerpts from Wills showing the testators* provision for their Indian mistresses and natural children*, IV A selection from Bengal Inventories throwing light on British Life in Bengal* 1.1 V Monthly wages of Household Servants as fixed by the Quorum of Zemindars in 1759, 1785-7 ( and 1801* The J&aily Life of an Englishman in Bengal* VII The Daily life of an English lady in Bengal* Bibliography 379 List of Abbreviations. B.B.M.B. Bengal Baptisms Marriages and Burials B.C.S. Bengal Civil Servants B.D. Bengal Despatches B . I. Bengal Inventor ie s B.L.R. Bengal Letters Received B.W. Bengal Wills C.B. Court Books C.P. Cadet Papers C.R. Cadet Register D.B. Despatclies to Bengal (same as Bengal despatches) E.I.B. European Inhabitants in Bengal E.I. Europeans in India F.R.L.I. Factory Records. Letters to India H.M. Home Miscellaneous Series P.H. Parliamentary History (Printed) P.P. Parliamentary Papers ( " ) P.R. Personal Records. S.C.M. Secret Court Minutes W.P. Writers' Petitions INTRODUCTION Chapter I In the middle of the eighteenth century the English East India Company's settlements in Bengal con­ sisted of Calcutta, founded by Job Charnock in 1690, with its fort and three zamindari villages and the up country factories at Kasimbazar, near the provincial capital of Murshidabad, at Dacca, Luckipur, Malda, Rajmahal, Hooghly and at Balasore, the capital of Orissa, and Patna, the capital of Bihar. The subordinate factories each had a chief, a warehousekeeper, an accountant and several writers, and a small contingent of troops, with still smaller out­ lying aurangs or collecting points for goods, in charge of one or more junior servants of the Company. Over the whole provincial chain of factories and outposts there presided, at Calcutta, the Governor and Council of Fort William, with their more elaborate staff of commercial assistants, a small European garrison for Fort William, and a tiny marine establishment. The raison d'etre of all these persons was the management and protection of the trade between Bengal and Europe, and between Bengal and other ports of Asia. The numbers involved were still very small. The total Bengal establishment of civil servants of the Company, on the eve of Plassey, was only seventy-six, ^ and, that of European officers and soldiers 260 at Fort William and approximately another 240 scattered among 2 the up-country factories. The number of British non­ official persons, those outside the direct services of the Company in all probability did not exceed a hundred.-' The picture is then one of tipy knots of Englishmen in the up-country factories, barely noticeable on the fabric of Bengali society, and of one larger settlement at Calcutta, where the Company servants enjoyed extra-terri­ torial rights, the security of a fort, and such European institutions as the Mayor's Court, established in 1726-27• In Calcutta, and at the larger out-stations English society was paternal in character, with the governor or chief - one who "owed his position more to longevity and a fresh h. constitution than to anything else" - presiding over a 1. M.E. Monckton-Jones, Warren Hastings in Benghl, p. 34. 2. S.C. Hill, editor, Bengal in 1756-7* vol. 1, pp. XXXIX - XL. 3. This impression is formed by comparing the above figures of military and civil servants with Hill's List of Europeans in Bengal in 1756 as well as with the later manuscript list of European inhabitants in Bengal. 4. T.G.P. Spear, The Nabobs, p. 6. group of senior and junior merchants, factors and writers, chaplains and surgeons. These men worked together in the offices and warehouses of their factory, took their meals at a common table, seated according to their rank, and at night, when the gates of the for or factory shut upon them, slept on the premises. The Company which sent these men to Bengal was a prosperous one, an important element in the growing overseas trade of Britain, and in the financial arrangements which linked the city of London with the government. Its stock was widely held, but its management, the Court of Directors, was still mainly in the hands of leading London merchants and of the shipowners who provided the shipping between Europe and Asia. The Company required Government support, since it held a monopoly which was jealously regarded by outsiders, but it was not subject to any great measure of control, though the ministry of the day was always glad to call upon the patronage wielded by the Company to extend its own management of political 'interests1 By 1803 the Company of the mid-eighteenth century had been transformed. In Bengal there had been a considerab] increase in the number of its civil servants, and a dramatic increase in the number and quality of its military servants* It still managed a large and expanding trade, and the commercial branch, with its headquarters at the Board of Trade in Calcutta and its commercial residents up-country, still sorted and haled cottons,and silks, and shipped out saltpetre from Patna as before* But the commercial branch was now overshadowed by a civil service responsible, as collectors and magistrates, or as judges of the district courts, for the administration of an empire which stretched from Chittagonj and Cuttack as far as Delhi, for it was from the revenues of these territories, and the profits of the China trade that the commerce between India- and England was sustained. The handful of European troops, maintained as guards up-country and as garrison of Port William had also grown to an army of perhaps five thousand men, with a further considerable army of European-officered native battalions, and a number of royal regiments on a tour of duty in India* The prospects of all these Europeans had also changed vastly. The writers, factors and merchants who in the 1750's had drawn from £10 to £40 a year, in salary, with free board and lodging from the Company, and who had looked to the profits of private trade to supplement this modest provision, were now members of a civil service which since 1795 had provided for annual salaries of up to £500 after three years service in India, £1,500 after six and £4,000 after twelve, with the possibility of rising to £10,000 as a member of Council, or £25>000 as Governor-General. The army was much more modestly paid, with a Lieutenant drawing about £250 a year, and a Lt.
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