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Pers Hâkimiyeti Altinda Bati Anadolu

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Pers Hâkimiyeti Altinda Bati Anadolu T.C. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Eskiçağ Tarihi Bilim Dalı Doktora Tezi PERS HÂKİMİYETİ ALTINDA BATI ANADOLU SERAP ÖZKAN KILIÇ 2502030219 TEZ DANIŞMANI PROF. DR. MUSTAFA H. SAYAR İSTANBUL 2011 T.C. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dalı Eskiçağ Tarihi Bilim Dalı Doktora Tezi PERS HÂKİMİYETİ ALTINDA BATI ANADOLU SERAP ÖZKAN KILIÇ 2502030219 TEZ DANIŞMANI PROF. DR. MUSTAFA H. SAYAR Düzeltilmiş Tez İSTANBUL 2011 DÜZELTME BİLGİLERİ 1. Tezin “Pers Yönetim Sistemi ve Batı Anadolu’daki Pers Varlığı” başlıklı VII. Bölümüne bazı ekler ve yeni düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. 2. Tezin sonuç kısmı yeniden düzenlenmiştir. 3. Tez metnindeki yazım yanlışları ve bazı imla hataları düzeltilmiştir. 4. İç kapakta tez danışmanı ile ilgili bilgilerden sonra “Düzeltilmiş Tez” ibaresi eklenmiştir. ÖZ “Pers hâkimiyeti altında Batı Anadolu” başlığı altında ele aldığımız konumuzun kapsamında kuzeyde Troas Bölgesi’nden başlamak üzere güneye doğru Bithynia, Mysia, Aiolis, Ionia, Lydia, Karia ve Lykia bölgeleri yer almaktadır. İ. Ö. 547/46 yılında Perslerin Lydia Krallığı’nın başkenti Sardeis’i ele geçirmesiyle başlayan ve İ. Ö. 334 yılında yapılan Granikos Savaşı sonucunda Büyük İskender’in Anadolu’daki Pers hâkimiyetine son vermesiyle noktalanan yaklaşık iki yüz yıllık süreçte Batı Anadolu kentlerinin durumu politik, ekonomik ve kültürel açılardan değerlendirilmiştir. Pers hâkimiyeti öncesinde ekonomik açıdan önemli bir refah düzeyine ulaşmış olan Batı Anadolu kentleri bu duruma paralel olarak bilim ve sanat dallarında da önemli merkezler haline gelmişlerdi. Pers işgalinden sonra, Pers-Yunan Savaşları ve Atina ile Sparta arasındaki çekişmenin doğurduğu Peloponnesos Savaşları nedeniyle sürekli savaş durumunda kalmaktan ve sözünü ettiğimiz egemen güçlere ödedikleri vergiler yüzünden ekonomik açıdan oldukça hırpalanmışlardır. Bu olumsuzluklar kentlerin mimari ve sanatsal faaliyetlerine de yansımış ve bu faaliyetleri neredeyse durma noktasına getirmiştir. Sanatsal açıdan her iki kültürün de birbirlerinden etkilenmiş olmaları beklenen bir durumdur. Ancak bölgede Pers etkisi taşıdığı düşünülen eser sayısı oldukça sınırlıdır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Pers İmparatorluğu, Batı Anadolu, Satraplık. I ABSTRACT “Western Anatolia under the Persian rule”, which is the main subject our the thesis, covers Bithynia, Mysia, Aiolis, Ionia, Lydia, Caria and Lycia to the south starting from the Troad. The 200 years that began with the capture of the Lydian capital Sardeis by the Persians in 547/6 BC closed in 334 BC by Alexander the Great Battle of Granicus, which brought an end to the Persian rule, was evaluated from political, economical and cultural perspectives. Anatolian cities, which had flourished before the pre-Persian period, had also become centres of culture and science. After the Persian invasion, the Persian Wars, the Peloponnesian Wars broke out due to the struggle between Athens and Sparta, and heavy taxes imposed by the dominant powers, the cities were economically declined. This negative developments were reflected in the cities’ architectural and artistic activities, which came to a halt. Mutual influences in art is expected, but the number of Persian-influenced works in the region are small. Keywords: Persian Empire, Western Anatolia, Satrapy. II ÖNSÖZ Anadolu konumu nedeniyle tarih boyunca sayısız önemli olaya tanıklık eden bir coğrafi alan olmuştur. Perslerin Anadolu’yu işgali ve sonrasında cereyan eden siyasi olaylar Eskiçağ Tarihi’nde önemli yere sahiptir. Doktora tez konumu belirlemek üzere olduğum sıralarda, Sayın Hocam Prof. Dr. Mustafa H. SAYAR, Yüksek Lisans araştırmamın da Batı Anadolu üzerine olması ve bir devamlılık sağlaması açısından bu konuyu bana önerdiğinde memnuniyetle kabul edip hemen araştırmalarıma başladım. Tezimin her aşamasında görüş ve değerlendirmeleriyle beni yakından yönlendiren, bir bilimsel çalışmanın nasıl oluşturulması gerektiği konusunda çok değerli bilgi ve deneyimlerini her yönüyle benimle paylaşan Danışman Hocam Sayın Prof. Dr. Mustafa H. SAYAR’a; çok değerli önerileri, yardımları, desteği ve yakın ilgisi için Prof. Dr. Oğuz TEKİN’e; çalışmamın her aşamasında değerli vaktini çalmamızı hoşgörüyle karşılayan ve yardımlarını esirgemeyen Prof. Dr. Vedat ÇELGİN’e; kaynak bulmamdaki yardımları, fikirleri ve dostluğu için Dr. Derya ÇIĞIR DİKYOL ve Evren ŞAR’a; çalışmalarım sırasında kendisine yeterince zaman ayıramayışıma gösterdiği olgunluktan dolayı sevgili kızıma ve zaman zaman konuyla ilgili tartışmalar yaptığım tüm çalışma arkadaşlarıma yürekten teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Bu çalışmayı, her zaman en büyük destekçim olan, maalesef kısa bir süre önce kaybettiğim Sevgili Babam’a ithaf ediyorum. İstanbul, Mayıs 2011 Serap ÖZKAN KILIÇ III İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZ……………………………………………………………………………………..ı ÖNSÖZ………………………………………………………………………………ııı HARİTALARIN LİSTESİ……………………………………………………...……vı RESİMLERİN LİSTESİ…………………………………………………………….vıı KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ………………………………………………………...vııı GİRİŞ…………………………………………………………………........................1 I. KONUYA İLİŞKİN ANTİK KAYNAKLARIN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ…………………………………………………………….7 II. ARAŞTIRMA TARİHÇESİ……………………………………………………...13 III. BATI ANADOLU’NUN PERS EGEMENLİĞİNE GİRMESİ………………....20 IV. PERS EGEMENLİĞİNE KARŞI BATI ANADOLU KENTLERİNİN İLK BAŞKALDIRISI A. Ionia İsyanı (İ. Ö. 499)……………………………………............................35 B. Lade Deniz Savaşı (İ. Ö. 494)………………………………….....................46 V. ATİNA-SPARTA-PERS GÜÇLERİNİN EGEMENLİK MÜCADELESİ VE BATI ANADOLU A. Pers Savaşları ve Peloponnesos Savaşları Sırasında Batı Anadolu…………..….51 B. Genç Kyros’un Batı Anadolu’ya Gelişi ve İsyanı (Kunaksa Savaşı İ. Ö. 401)….89 C. Sparta’nın Anadolu Üzerine Seferleri (İ. Ö. 400-392/391)………………..……..92 VI. PERS İMPARATORLUĞUNUN ÇÖKÜŞ SÜRECİ VE BÜYÜK İSKENDER’İN BATI ANADOLU’YU ELE GEÇİRMESİ A. Satrap İsyanları (İ. Ö. 366-360)……………………………………………...99 B. Granikos Savaşı ile Batı Anadolu’da Pers Varlığının Sonu………………...102 VII. PERS YÖNETİM SİSTEMİ VE BATI ANADOLU’DAKİ PERS VARLIĞI A. Satraplıklar…………………………………………………………………109 1. Toprak Sahipliği………………………………………………………..…..117 2. Vergi Sistemi……..…………...…………………………………………...122 3. Din………………………………………………………………………….133 B. Batı Anadolu’da Bulunan Satraplıklar IV 1. Daskyleion…………………………………………………………….…...136 2. Sparda (Sardeis)……………………………………………………………143 VIII. BATI ANADOLU’DAKİ PERS EGEMENLİĞİNİN KALINTILARI……..148 SONUÇ………………………………………………………………………….....155 BİBLİOGRAFYA A-Antik Yazarlar………………………………………………………………….164 B-Modern Eserler…………………………………………………………………166 HARİTALAR RESİMLER Özgeçmiş V HARİTALAR LİSTESİ Harita 1: Pers İmparatorluğu’nun Yayılım Alanı Harita 2: Batı Anadolu’da Bulunmuş Pers Defineleri Harita 3: Pers-Yunan Savaşları Harita 4: Peloponnesos Savaşları’nda Batı Anadolu Harita 5: Büyük İskender’in Rotası VI RESİMLER LİSTESİ Resim 1. Sardeis Piramit Mezar Anıtı, C. Ratte, Ist.Mitt. 42, 1992, 133-161 Resim 2. Sardeis’teki Piramit Mezar Kalıntıları Resim 3. Pazargat’taki Kyros’un Mezarı Resim 4. Phokaia Taş Kule Mezarı Resim 5. Ksanthos Harpyler Anıtı Resim 6. Harpyler Anıtı’nın British Museum’da sergilenen orijinal frizleri Resim 7. British Museum’da sergilenen Nereidler Anıtı Resim 8. Payava Lahti (British Museum) Resim 9. Çanakkale Müzesi’nde sergilenen Polyksene Lahti Resim 10. Polyksena Lahti detay Resim 11. Çan Lahti Resim 12. Karaburun II Mezarı duvar resimleri Resim 13. Tatarlı Tümülüsü ahşap mezar odası VII KISALTMALAR AchHist I Achaemenid History I. Sources, Structures and Syntheses, (ed. H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg), Leiden, 1987 AchHist II Achaemenid History II. The Greek Sources, (ed H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg- A. Kuhrt), Leiden, 1987 AchHist III Achaemenid History III. Method and Theory (ed. A. Kuhrt- H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg), Leiden, 1988 AchHist VI Achaemenid History VI. Asia Minor and Egypt: Old cultures in a New Empire, (ed H. Sancisi- Weerdenburg- A. Kuhrt), Leiden 1991 AchHist VII Achaemenid History VII. Through Travellers' Eyes, (ed. H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg- J.W. Drijvers), Leiden, 1991 AchHist VIII Achaemenid History VIII. Continuity and Change, (ed. H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg- A. Kuhrt- M.C. Root), Leiden, 1994 ADerg Arkeoloji dergisi. Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi AHR American Historical Review AJA American Journal of Archaeology AJPh American Journal of Philology VIII AJSL American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures AMI Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran AMS Asia Minor Studien AnadoluKonf Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi konferansları Anatolia Anatolia (Anadolu). Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Arkeoloji Enstitüsü. Ankara AncWestEast Ancient West and East AnSt Anatolian Studies ARepLond Archaeological Reports ArsOr Ars Orientalis ASOR American Schools of Oriental Research AST Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı. T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı Anıtlar ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü ATL B. D. Meritt vd. The Athenian Tribute Lists, Cambridge, Mass./ Princeton, 1939-1953 BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research BCH Bulletin de correspondance hellénique IX BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (London) CHI Cambridge History of Iran CollAn Colloquium Anatolicum CPh Classical Philology CQ Classical Quarterly CSSH Comparative Studies in Society and History DB Dareios’un Bisutun Yazıtı DHA Dialogues d'histoire ancienne DNa Dareios’un Nakş-i Rüstem Mezarının Üst Yazıtı DPd Dareios’un Persepolis Teras Duvarı Yazıtı EA Epigraphica Anatolica: Zeitschrift für Epigraphik und historische Geographie Anatoliens EHR The English Historical Review EncIr Encyclopedia Iranica FGrHist F. Jakoby, Die
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