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IOANNA KRALLI EARLY HELLENISTIC ATHENS: LEADERSHIP AND DIPLOMACY PhD THESIS UCL ProQuest Number: 10016711 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10016711 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract In my thesis I examine certain aspects of the political history of Athens in the early Hellenistic period, that is after the battle of Chaironeia in 338 B.C. and until the late 260s. For Athens this was a transitional period; she had to face a completely new political reality: she was no longer the great power of the fifth or even the fourth century B.C., Macedonia rose to power, then Alexander created a huge empire and his death triggered endless struggles for power among his Successors, in which Athens found herself involved. Independent foreign policy then on the part of Athens was impossible; on the other hand, diplomacy became more delicate and demanding than ever. I focus on the ways in which the Athenian leadership (the generals and the orators) adjusted to the circumstances. Firstly, I have examined the role of the generals in diplomacy in order to establish that they did assume increased responsibilities. Secondly, I have examined the role of the orators in the formation of relations with the various monarchs, in an attempt to trace the changes that Athenian diplomacy underwent. Finally, I have dealt with an important aspect of the orators’ career and an important instrument in diplomacy: the passing of honours for kings and their officials as well as for Athenian citizens. My purpose was to establish the ways in whicheuergesia (benefaction) was affected by the circumstances as well as the influence it exercised on foreign relations. The aim of my thesis is to demonstrate that the Athenian political system did survive in this period; Athens proved to be quite flexible, capable of responding to the new situation; whatever changes were made, they were due to practical considerations, without affecting the substance of the system. Corrigenda p.ii-iii: Chapter II vil ..... c) Demochares' first period of activity (the fourth century) The alliance with Boiotia d) Diplomacy on a large scale after 287 The recovery o f Eleusis Demochares and Antigonos Gonatas Chapterin a) also: The first case o f the highest honours for an official' Asandros iii..... p. iv: b )... also: Change o f attitude towards diplomacy 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER I: THE ROLE OF THE GENERALS i. The renewed importance of the generals after the battle of Chaironeia 14 ii. General ob'sservations on the generals* political activity 20 a) Activity in the ekklesia b) Political convictions iii. Embassies 28 a)_The fourth century Pbokion in 338 and in 335 The peace negotiations o f 322 Change in practice Olympiodoros* mission to Aitolia b) The third century Phaidros* contact with Egypt The m ilitary men in the Chremonidean War iv. Diplomacy and authority 51 a) Leosthenes* informal contacts b) Phokion.and his friends c) Increased responsibilities of the military men in the 280s The role of Phaidros in the peace negotiations of 286 Kallias and the Athenian generals The abortive attem pt to recover the Peiraieus V. The extraordinary cases of Lachares and Olympiodoros 72 a) Lachares*. tyranny b) The double archonship of Olympiodoros vi. Assignment of command 80 a) Election and assignment on particular posts b) Response to the circumstances after 338 Concentration of duties by the strategos epi ten cboran c) Special appointments in the Four Years War and in the 280s Adeimantos strategos epi ten cboran Phaidros protos strategos The hoplite generalship and the importance of the chora vii. Concluding remarks 96 CHAPTER II: THE RHETORES i. Rhetores in charge of military preparations 100 ii. Diplomacy from 338 to 323 105 a) Before the Lamian War Athenian missions after 335 b) The Harpalos affair and the Lamian War iii. Demades 119 a) Brief survey of views on Demades b) Demades* decrees c) The relationship with Phokion d) Trying to play off one ruler against the other iv. Foreign relations in the period of Demetrios Phalereus 133 a) The embassies of Demetrios Phalereus b) Attempts ot rapprochement with Antigonos V. Stratokles* policy in the^Four Years War: putting all eggs in one basket 137 a) An extreme democrat? an extreme pro-Demetrian? b) Stratokles* activities Stratokles*policy after 303 and the attitude of the Athenians vi. Moderate .political behaviour after 301? The widening of diplomatic horizons 146 a) Formation of relations with Kassandros b) The * coincidental* rapprochement with Lysimachos c) The * reconciliation* of the late 290s vii. Demochares 156 a) The view of G. Marasco on Demochares* policy b) Was Demochares a stratego/L c) Demochares* activities during the Four Years War Ill The alliance with Boiotia d) Diplomacy on a large scale after 287 The diplomatic missions after the revolt The recuperation of Eleusis Demochares and Antigonos Gonatas viii Concluding remarks 169 CHAPTER III: HONOURS AND POLITICS i. The kings 174 Precedents in the classical period b) The divinity of Alexander. c) Honours for Demetrios. Interpretation of the Athenian behaviour The ambivalent status of Demetrios Reaction to the honours d) Honours for the other Diadochoi. The effect of the battle of Ipsos Honours for the kings in the 280s Change in the Athenian attitude towards the kings Athens* changed position in the 280s ii. The officials 201 a) Officials of Philip and Alexander Hephaistion Harpalos b) Officials of Demetrios. Attribution of the highest honours c) The honorands of the 280s Officials of Ptolemy Officials of Lysimachos d)Perception of an official's role. Attitudes towards the philoi From proxeny to citizenship iii. Athenian honorands 225 IV a) Gauthier* s interpretation of the decrees. The law in IG i f 832 b) Contextualising the decrees Attitudes towards the strategoi and the rhetores after 338 The honorific decrees and the circumstances iv. Vocabulary of the decrees 245 a) The attitude and the role of the kings Philip and Alexander The role o f the Antigonids Lysimachos and the Ptolemies in Athenian life b) From eunoia to action: the development in the role of officials Eunoia towards the demos Eunoia towards the Antigonids The pragmatic character of the decrees in the 280s c) Athens and the citizens The form of long narrative The ancestral eunoia The abstract qualities o f the honorand OiXozipia d) Athens and the Hellenes The role o f Athens in the Lamian War Athens and the Hellenes in the period of Demetrios Poliorketes The Chremonidean War e) Athens and the chora V. Concluding remarks 274 CONCLUSION 278 BIBLIOGRAPHY 285 APPENDICES 302 CHAPTER I 1. The causes and the date of the Chremonidean War 2. The problem of the recovery of the Peiraieus CHAPTER II 1. The position of Demetrius Phalereus 2. The office of Lykourgos 3. Philosophers as envoys: Xenokrates and KratÆS CHAPTER III 1. The identity of Bithys 2. The non-democratic honours for Phokion 3. The inconclusive case of Olympiodoros Appendix of documents 321 VI PREFACE Transliteration of Greek names has always been a laborious task for anyone dealing with ancient literature or history. With regard to the names of ancient authors and the titles of their works I have resolved to use their customary latinised forms, i.e Diodorus or Hyperides. On the other hand, with regard to the names of the various individuals and the toponyms that recur in the text I have opted for simple transliteration of their names, with the notable exceptions of ‘Philip’, ‘Alexander’, ‘Corinth’ and ‘Aegean’. Finally, I have used the form ‘Macedonia’, as an intermediary form between ‘Macedon’ and ‘Makedonia’. This latter form would have been problematic since it would have involved the use of the ethnic ‘Makedones’, not customary among historians. As to the Greek texts quoted in my thesis I have used the Oxford series of Greek texts and the Teubner edition of Greek authors. I have translated Greek quotations myself (wherever I deemed it necessary) with the help of the Loeb Classical Library of Greek Authors. All dates are B.C. unless otherwise stated. In the bibliography I have tried to include all relevant recent articles and books with the notable exception of two books that came out too late to take account of them: C. Habicht, Athen. Die Geschichte der Stadt in hellenistischer Zeit, Munich 1995; S. V. Tracy, Athenian Democracy in Transition. Athenian Letter Cutters o f 340 to 290 B.C., University of California Press 1995. Finally, I wish to express my gratitude to my supervisor Professor M. H. Crawford and to Professor J. A. North, who was my second supervisor, for their most valuable guidance. I am indebted to Mr. G. J. Oliver, also a PhD student of early Hellenistic Athenian History, the discussions with whom proved to be most beneficial. vil LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. Ancient authors and works J Ael. Aelian VH Varia Historia Aes. Aeschines Arist. Aristotle Ath. Pol. A thenaion Politeia Pol Politics Rhet. Rhetorica Arr. Arrian Anab. Anabasis Athen. Athenaeus Cic. Cicero De rep. De republica Curt. Quintus Curtius Rufus Din. Dinarchus Dem. Demosthenes D.S.
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