DOCSLIB.ORG

Synoikism, Urbanization, and Empire in the Early Hellenistic Period Ryan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Synoikism, Urbanization, and Empire in the Early Hellenistic Period Ryan Synoikism, Urbanization, and Empire in the Early Hellenistic Period by Ryan Anthony Boehm A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Emily Mackil, Chair Professor Erich Gruen Professor Mark Griffith Spring 2011 Copyright © Ryan Anthony Boehm, 2011 ABSTRACT SYNOIKISM, URBANIZATION, AND EMPIRE IN THE EARLY HELLENISTIC PERIOD by Ryan Anthony Boehm Doctor of Philosophy in Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology University of California, Berkeley Professor Emily Mackil, Chair This dissertation, entitled “Synoikism, Urbanization, and Empire in the Early Hellenistic Period,” seeks to present a new approach to understanding the dynamic interaction between imperial powers and cities following the Macedonian conquest of Greece and Asia Minor. Rather than constructing a political narrative of the period, I focus on the role of reshaping urban centers and regional landscapes in the creation of empire in Greece and western Asia Minor. This period was marked by the rapid creation of new cities, major settlement and demographic shifts, and the reorganization, consolidation, or destruction of existing settlements and the urbanization of previously under- exploited regions. I analyze the complexities of this phenomenon across four frameworks: shifting settlement patterns, the regional and royal economy, civic religion, and the articulation of a new order in architectural and urban space. The introduction poses the central problem of the interrelationship between urbanization and imperial control and sets out the methodology of my dissertation. After briefly reviewing and critiquing previous approaches to this topic, which have focused mainly on creating catalogues, I point to the gains that can be made by shifting the focus to social and economic structures and asking more specific interpretive questions. My approach is highly interdisciplinary, making heavy use of new evidence from archaeological surveys, and hundreds of excavations and epigraphic finds. The first chapter maps the changes in settlement patterns across several regions in Greece and Asia Minor. It first establishes that almost all of the foundations of the Hellenistic kings were not actually ex novo creations, but represented either the refoundation of an existing city or the centralization of population scattered in many smaller cities and villages. It then makes the case for the centrality of the process of synoikismos, the merging of multiple cities into a single community, for understanding the urbanization processes of the period. The literary sources for many of the foundations of the Hellenistic kings, principally the historians Strabo and Diodoros, stress the destructive process involved in creating these new settlements, which is often described as involving the razing of ancient cities and forced population transfer into these new sites. This historical topos overshadows what was in reality a much more complicated process. There is good archaeological and epigraphic evidence that many of these sites persisted as urban centers after they were supposedly destroyed. It is only through a detailed treatment of each of these foundations, with close attention to the epigraphic, numismatic, and archaeological material that a more nuanced picture of the process of synoikismos and urban foundation can be achieved. Focusing on a dozen case studies, from Thessaly and Macedonia to the Troad and Ionia, I attempt to reconstruct a picture of the settlement patterns of these regions in the late fourth century and show how these ! 1! changed after the centralization processes of the Hellenistic kings. Accompanying this argument is a series of original maps, which illustrates this process in detail. The second chapter examines the effects of this planned urbanization for the reorganization of economic activity both within and across regions and how this reflects the policies of imperial powers. I argue that there was a conscious strategy of setting up wider economic zones to combat the natural fragmentation of the Greek landscape and ensure greater mobility and access to resources, serving both the interests of the king and the individual cities. After considering some royal letters that hint at the economic concerns of the kings and cities and shed some light on the costs that these foundations entailed, I examine the crucial role of restructuring land tenure and expanding infrastructure in the form of roads, ports, and markets that linked these newly expanded urban centers. I then present the evidence for trade networks from several of these cities, before and after the foundations and refoundations of the kings. Through a careful study of the evidence from transport amphorae (storage jars for long-distance trade), I demonstrate that there is a quantifiable expansion of commerce in this period. Finally, the chapter explores the relationship of foundations and urbanization to the creation of koina, or federal leagues, that united even larger areas in economic cooperation through the creation of a common coinage, a common treasury and other forms of economic, political, and religious interdependence. I conclude by asserting the centrality of economic concerns for the policies of the kings, rescuing this line of inquiry from recent primitivist interpretations of the ancient economy that have sought to minimize the importance of economic behavior in the ancient world. In the third chapter, I explore the role of religion and shared cultic identity in forging these new communities and the degree to which negotiating these ancient traditions established a dialogue between king and city. I begin by tracking the continuity and discontinuity of cults across the destruction and creation of cities, and isolate the importance of ritual, cult, and the manipulation of symbols for creating new polities, as well as the potential of these same factors to undermine political unity. In every new royal foundation in this period there is evidence for the persistence of cults that were transferred to the new urban center from the old polis centers, many of which became the central cult of the foundation. However, there is also evidence for the continuing significance and attachment to cults in their original setting and a lingering importance to the landscape. This religious attachment, I argue, partially explains why so many of these synoikisms ultimately failed, resulting in the breakaway and reconstitution of the original cities. I also point to a number of instances where there is evidence for the complete abandonment of sites of cult after a population transfer, showing that a single rubric for understanding how cults are incorporated into a new foundation is not possible. After considering the mechanisms of cultic transfer, I highlight the central role of religion in creating a new, common polity and the degree to which it was a stage for negotiation and tension between city and king and between the communities themselves. The fourth chapter looks to the interior of the city, attempting to show how the articulation of urban space, city planning, and architecture reflect responses to the new political and social realities of the period. I explore the layout of these cities and the advantages of their design, fortification, and infrastructure. I then examine the means of incorporating ancient sanctuaries in to the new city plan, along with the construction of new, centrally located sanctuaries and the meaning of their architectural order and decoration. I also treat domestic space, and demonstrate how the layout of housing blocks mirrored the concern for equality necessary for integrating diverse populations. Finally, I explore the way the Hellenistic monarchs inserted themselves into the physical fabric of ! 2! the city through palaces, sanctuaries dedicated to ruler cult, monumental statues, and public buildings. This project ultimately seeks to provide a new approach to a period of great transition for the history of the Greek polis and a model for imperial interaction in the ancient Mediterranean. I conclude by stressing the degree to which the power of the kings was filtered and mediated through complex negotiations with cities and the limits traditional ties of ethnicity, religion, and identity placed on the authority and opportunism of the kings, while simultaneously providing a highly elaborated venue for that power. This study also seeks to understand strategies of resilience and adaptation for political communities in times of stress, collapse, and change. ! 3! TO MEG i TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Royal Foundation, Synoikismos, and Settlement: Unifying Communities in the Early Hellenistic Period 1. INTRODUCTION: REGIONS 11 2. MACEDONIA, GREECE, AND THRACE UNDER KASSANDROS 12 3. THRACE AND ASIA MINOR: FROM ACHAEMENID TO HELLENISTIC EMPIRE 21 4. THESSALY AND MAGNESIA 31 5. CONCLUSIONS: PATTERNS AND DIVERGENCES 40 Chapter 2: Urbanization, Centralization, and the Regional and Royal Economies 1. INTRODUCTION 42 2. THE CONCERNS AND COSTS OF SYNOIKISMOS AND URBAN FOUNDATION 44 3. THE CITY AND THE LAND 47 4. ROADS, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONNECTIVITY 52 5. HARBORS, CUSTOMS, ROUTES AND TRADE 56 6. KOINA, REGIONAL ECONOMIES, AND TAXATION 66 7. CONCLUSIONS 70 Chapter 3: Cult, Polis, and Hellenistic Empire 1. INTRODUCTION 72 2. CULT AND SYNOIKISMOS IN
Load more

Recommended publications
  • OBSIDIAN: an INTERDISCIPLINARY Bffiliography
    OBSIDIAN: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY BffiLIOGRAPHY Craig E. Skinner Kim J. Tremaine International Association for Obsidian Studies Occasional Paper No. 1 1993 \ \ Obsidian: An Interdisciplinary Bibliography by Craig E. Skinner Kim J. Tremaine • 1993 by Craig Skinner and Kim Tremaine International Association for Obsidian Studies Department of Anthropology San Jose State University San Jose, CA 95192-0113 International Association for Obsidian Studies Occasional Paper No. 1 1993 Magmas cooled to freezing temperature and crystallized to a solid have to lose heat of crystallization. A glass, since it never crystallizes to form a solid, never changes phase and never has to lose heat of crystallization. Obsidian, supercooled below the crystallization point, remained a liquid. Glasses form when some physical property of a lava restricts ion mobility enough to prevent them from binding together into an ordered crystalline pattern. Aa the viscosity ofthe lava increases, fewer particles arrive at positions of order until no particle arrangement occurs before solidification. In a glaas, the ions must remain randomly arranged; therefore, a magma forming a glass must be extremely viscous yet fluid enough to reach the surface. 1he modem rational explanation for obsidian petrogenesis (Bakken, 1977:88) Some people called a time at the flat named Tok'. They were going to hunt deer. They set snares on the runway at Blood Gap. Adder bad real obsidian. The others made their arrows out of just anything. They did not know about obsidian. When deer were caught in snares, Adder shot and ran as fast as he could to the deer, pulled out the obsidian and hid it in his quiver.
    [Show full text]
  • Abd-Hadad, Priest-King, Abila, , , , Abydos, , Actium, Battle
    INDEX Abd-Hadad, priest-king, Akkaron/Ekron, , Abila, , , , Akko, Ake, , , , Abydos, , see also Ptolemaic-Ake Actium, battle, , Alexander III the Great, Macedonian Adaios, ruler of Kypsela, king, –, , , Adakhalamani, Nubian king, and Syria, –, –, , , , Adulis, , –, Aegean Sea, , , , , , –, and Egypt, , , –, , –, – empire of, , , , , , –, legacy of, – –, –, , , death, burial, – Aemilius Paullus, L., cult of, , , Aeropos, Ptolemaic commander, Alexander IV, , , Alexander I Balas, Seleukid king, Afrin, river, , , –, – Agathokleia, mistress of Ptolemy IV, and eastern policy, , and Demetrios II, Agathokles of Syracuse, , –, and Seventh Syrian War, –, , , Agathokles, son of Lysimachos, – death, , , , Alexander II Zabeinas, , , Agathokles, adviser of Ptolemy IV, –, , , –, Alexander Iannai, Judaean king, Aigai, Macedon, , – Ainos, Thrace, , , , Alexander, son of Krateros, , Aitolian League, Aitolians, , , Alexander, satrap of Persis, , , –, , , – Alexandria-by-Egypt, , , , , , , , , , , , , Aitos, son of Apollonios, , , –, , , Akhaian League, , , , , , , –, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Akhaios, son of Seleukos I, , , –, –, , – , , , , , , –, , , , Akhaios, son of Andromachos, , and Sixth Syrian War, –, adviser of Antiochos III, , – Alexandreia Troas, , conquers Asia Minor, – Alexandros, son of Andromachos, king, –, , , –, , , –, , , Alketas, , , Amanus, mountains, , –, index Amathos, Cyprus, and battle of Andros, , , Amathos, transjordan, , Amestris, wife of Lysimachos, , death, Ammonias, Egypt,
    [Show full text]
  • Hadrian and the Greek East
    HADRIAN AND THE GREEK EAST: IMPERIAL POLICY AND COMMUNICATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Demetrios Kritsotakis, B.A, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Fritz Graf, Adviser Professor Tom Hawkins ____________________________ Professor Anthony Kaldellis Adviser Greek and Latin Graduate Program Copyright by Demetrios Kritsotakis 2008 ABSTRACT The Roman Emperor Hadrian pursued a policy of unification of the vast Empire. After his accession, he abandoned the expansionist policy of his predecessor Trajan and focused on securing the frontiers of the empire and on maintaining its stability. Of the utmost importance was the further integration and participation in his program of the peoples of the Greek East, especially of the Greek mainland and Asia Minor. Hadrian now invited them to become active members of the empire. By his lengthy travels and benefactions to the people of the region and by the creation of the Panhellenion, Hadrian attempted to create a second center of the Empire. Rome, in the West, was the first center; now a second one, in the East, would draw together the Greek people on both sides of the Aegean Sea. Thus he could accelerate the unification of the empire by focusing on its two most important elements, Romans and Greeks. Hadrian channeled his intentions in a number of ways, including the use of specific iconographical types on the coinage of his reign and religious language and themes in his interactions with the Greeks. In both cases it becomes evident that the Greeks not only understood his messages, but they also reacted in a positive way.
    [Show full text]
  • VU Research Portal
    VU Research Portal The impact of empire on market prices in Babylon Pirngruber, R. 2012 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Pirngruber, R. (2012). The impact of empire on market prices in Babylon: in the Late Achaemenid and Seleucid periods, ca. 400 - 140 B.C. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 THE IMPACT OF EMPIRE ON MARKET PRICES IN BABYLON in the Late Achaemenid and Seleucid periods, ca. 400 – 140 B.C. R. Pirngruber VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT THE IMPACT OF EMPIRE ON MARKET PRICES IN BABYLON in the Late Achaemenid and Seleucid periods, ca. 400 – 140 B.C. ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Athens (Piraeus)/Greece Embarkation Onthe Embarkation in Guests Arriveindividually Disembarkation
    Venice CROATIA Rovinj Split Korcula ITALY Adriatic Sea Corfu GREECE Aegean Mediterranean Sea Ithaca Athens Piraeus Sicily SEA CLOUD – CRUISES Sail across the Adriatic Sea in search of mythical heroes, great explorers and a beautiful empress: Athens (Piraeus) – Venice Ithaca: Odysseus’ mythical homeland SEA CLOUD 8 nights It took Odysseus years of sailing before he finally returned 27 Sep. to 05 Oct. 2017 SC-1733 to his homeland Ithaca. Along the way he had outwitted 27 Sep. Athens (Piraeus)/Greece 17.00 Guests arrive individually in Piraeus. giants, withstood the Sirens’ call and fought sea mon- Embarkation on the SEA CLOUD. sters – suffice it to say he was in need of a rest, and 28 Sep. At sea Ithaca, with its unspoilt landscape and quiet way of l 29 Sep. Vathy/Ithaca 13.00 18.00 Panoramic island tour.* ife, offered the perfect haven. It still does. Ithaca is 30 Sep. Kerkyra/Corfu 13.30 24.00 considered an insider tip amongst the rich and famous: Achilleion and Corfu’s old town.* For those who are looking to spend their honeymoon far 01 Oct. At sea away from the glare of the paparazzi and fellow tourists, 02 Oct. Korcula/Croatia 13.30 23.00 Walk through Korcula’s old town and enjoy island this place is ideal. specialities.* Elizabeth’s favourite island – Corfu 03 Oct. Split/Croatia 08.00 13.00 City tour including a Klapa concert.* Corfu found fame as a popular traveller’s destination as 04 Oct. Rovinj/Croatia 14.00 22.00 early as the 19th century.
    [Show full text]
  • The Satrap of Western Anatolia and the Greeks
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Eyal Meyer University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation Meyer, Eyal, "The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2473. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Abstract This dissertation explores the extent to which Persian policies in the western satrapies originated from the provincial capitals in the Anatolian periphery rather than from the royal centers in the Persian heartland in the fifth ec ntury BC. I begin by establishing that the Persian administrative apparatus was a product of a grand reform initiated by Darius I, which was aimed at producing a more uniform and centralized administrative infrastructure. In the following chapter I show that the provincial administration was embedded with chancellors, scribes, secretaries and military personnel of royal status and that the satrapies were periodically inspected by the Persian King or his loyal agents, which allowed to central authorities to monitory the provinces. In chapter three I delineate the extent of satrapal authority, responsibility and resources, and conclude that the satraps were supplied with considerable resources which enabled to fulfill the duties of their office. After the power dynamic between the Great Persian King and his provincial governors and the nature of the office of satrap has been analyzed, I begin a diachronic scrutiny of Greco-Persian interactions in the fifth century BC.
    [Show full text]
  • Kretan Cult and Customs, Especially in the Classical and Hellenistic Periods: a Religious, Social, and Political Study
    i Kretan cult and customs, especially in the Classical and Hellenistic periods: a religious, social, and political study Thesis submitted for degree of MPhil Carolyn Schofield University College London ii Declaration I, Carolyn Schofield, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been acknowledged in the thesis. iii Abstract Ancient Krete perceived itself, and was perceived from outside, as rather different from the rest of Greece, particularly with respect to religion, social structure, and laws. The purpose of the thesis is to explore the bases for these perceptions and their accuracy. Krete’s self-perception is examined in the light of the account of Diodoros Siculus (Book 5, 64-80, allegedly based on Kretan sources), backed up by inscriptions and archaeology, while outside perceptions are derived mainly from other literary sources, including, inter alia, Homer, Strabo, Plato and Aristotle, Herodotos and Polybios; in both cases making reference also to the fragments and testimonia of ancient historians of Krete. While the main cult-epithets of Zeus on Krete – Diktaios, associated with pre-Greek inhabitants of eastern Krete, Idatas, associated with Dorian settlers, and Kretagenes, the symbol of the Hellenistic koinon - are almost unique to the island, those of Apollo are not, but there is good reason to believe that both Delphinios and Pythios originated on Krete, and evidence too that the Eleusinian Mysteries and Orphic and Dionysiac rites had much in common with early Kretan practice. The early institutionalization of pederasty, and the abduction of boys described by Ephoros, are unique to Krete, but the latter is distinct from rites of initiation to manhood, which continued later on Krete than elsewhere, and were associated with different gods.
    [Show full text]
  • Demetrius Poliorcetes and the Hellenic League
    DEMETRIUSPOLIORCETES AND THE HELLENIC LEAGUE (PLATE 33) 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND D JURING the six years, 307/6-302/1 B.C., issues were raised and settled which shaped the course of western history for a long time to come. The epoch was alike critical for Athens, Hellas, and the Macedonians. The Macedonians faced squarely during this period the decision whether their world was to be one world or an aggregate of separate kingdoms with conflicting interests, and ill-defined boundaries, preserved by a precarious balance of power and incapable of common action against uprisings of Greek and oriental subjects and the plundering appetites of surrounding barbarians. The champion of unity was King Antigonus the One- Eyed, and his chief lieutenant his brilliant but unstatesmanlike son, King Demetrius the Taker of Cities, a master of siege operations and of naval construction and tactics, more skilled in organizing the land-instruments of warfare than in using them on the battle field. The final campaign between the champions of Macedonian unity and disunity opened in 307 with the liberation of Athens by Demetrius and ended in 301 B.C. with the Battle of the Kings, when Antigonus died in a hail of javelins and Demetrius' cavalry failed to penetrate a corps of 500 Indian elephants in a vain effort to rescue hinm. Of his four adversaries King Lysimachus and King Kassander left no successors; the other two, Kings Ptolemy of Egypt and Seleucus of Syria, were more fortunate, and they and Demetrius' able son, Antigonus Gonatas, planted the three dynasties with whom the Romans dealt and whom they successively destroyed in wars spread over 44 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Corfu Greece
    CORFU GREECE orfu Island, an area ap prox­­imately 18 Cmiles wide and 36 miles long, is the sec- ond largest of the Ionian Islands and, with 150,000 inhabitants, it is the most densely populated. Situated in the north Ionian Sea, it is both the most north erly and most westerly point of Greece. The greenest of the Greek Is- lands with lush vegetation, it is considered by many to be one of the most beautiful. Over four million olive trees grow on the slopes of the semi-mountainous terrain, and olive oil exportation is one of the Island’s largest indus- tries. Figs, citrus fruits and wine are also pro- HISTORY duced on the Island, which is an international In the 8th century B.C. Corfu became a Corinthian colony. By 229 B.C. tourist center with tourism a large and growing Corfu had come under Roman rule and it was only when the Roman Em- industry. Corfu is thought to be the Island men- pire split in the 4th century A.D., that Corfu fell under the aegis of Byzan- tioned in Homer’s Odyssey where Ulysses was tium. It was then occupied by most of the dominant powers of the Mediter- washed ashore by a storm and met the beau- ranean. The crusaders used it as a staging point and from 1386 to 1797 it tiful Princess Nausicaa. Shakespeare used became a vital part of the Venetian Empire. Corfu as a setting for the play “The Tempest”. In the 19th century the French and Russians occupied the Island in rapid succession and finally, in 1814, the British held power in Corfu.
    [Show full text]
  • Separating Fact from Fiction in the Aiolian Migration
    hesperia yy (2008) SEPARATING FACT Pages399-430 FROM FICTION IN THE AIOLIAN MIGRATION ABSTRACT Iron Age settlementsin the northeastAegean are usuallyattributed to Aioliancolonists who journeyed across the Aegean from mainland Greece. This articlereviews the literary accounts of the migration and presentsthe relevantarchaeological evidence, with a focuson newmaterial from Troy. No onearea played a dominantrole in colonizing Aiolis, nor is sucha widespread colonizationsupported by the archaeologicalrecord. But the aggressive promotionof migrationaccounts after the PersianWars provedmutually beneficialto bothsides of theAegean and justified the composition of the Delian League. Scholarlyassessments of habitation in thenortheast Aegean during the EarlyIron Age are remarkably consistent: most settlements are attributed toAiolian colonists who had journeyed across the Aegean from Thessaly, Boiotia,Akhaia, or a combinationof all three.1There is no uniformityin theancient sources that deal with the migration, although Orestes and his descendantsare named as theleaders in mostaccounts, and are credited withfounding colonies over a broadgeographic area, including Lesbos, Tenedos,the western and southerncoasts of theTroad, and theregion betweenthe bays of Adramyttion and Smyrna(Fig. 1). In otherwords, mainlandGreece has repeatedly been viewed as theagent responsible for 1. TroyIV, pp. 147-148,248-249; appendixgradually developed into a Mountjoy,Holt Parker,Gabe Pizzorno, Berard1959; Cook 1962,pp. 25-29; magisterialstudy that is includedhere Allison Sterrett,John Wallrodt, Mal- 1973,pp. 360-363;Vanschoonwinkel as a companionarticle (Parker 2008). colm Wiener, and the anonymous 1991,pp. 405-421; Tenger 1999, It is our hope that readersinterested in reviewersfor Hesperia. Most of trie pp. 121-126;Boardman 1999, pp. 23- the Aiolian migrationwill read both articlewas writtenin the Burnham 33; Fisher2000, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • The Greek World
    THE GREEK WORLD THE GREEK WORLD Edited by Anton Powell London and New York First published 1995 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. Disclaimer: For copyright reasons, some images in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook. Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 First published in paperback 1997 Selection and editorial matter © 1995 Anton Powell, individual chapters © 1995 the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Greek World I. Powell, Anton 938 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data The Greek world/edited by Anton Powell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Greece—Civilization—To 146 B.C. 2. Mediterranean Region— Civilization. 3. Greece—Social conditions—To 146 B.C. I. Powell, Anton. DF78.G74 1995 938–dc20 94–41576 ISBN 0-203-04216-6 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-16276-5 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-06031-1 (hbk) ISBN 0-415-17042-7 (pbk) CONTENTS List of Illustrations vii Notes on Contributors viii List of Abbreviations xii Introduction 1 Anton Powell PART I: THE GREEK MAJORITY 1 Linear
    [Show full text]
  • Περίληψη : Antigonus Monophthalmus (382-301 BC) Was a General of Alexander the Great, the Most Important of the Successors and Founder of the Antigonid Dynasty
    IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Παναγοπούλου Κατερίνα Μετάφραση : Καλογεροπούλου Γεωργία , Καριώρης Παναγιώτης Για παραπομπή : Παναγοπούλου Κατερίνα , "Antigonus I Monophthalmus (One- Eyed)", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7285> Περίληψη : Antigonus Monophthalmus (382-301 BC) was a general of Alexander the Great, the most important of the successors and founder of the Antigonid dynasty. He was the governor of Phrygia and possibly Lydia in Asia Minor. He was appointed ruler of Asia Minor for a short period of time (311 BC) and he was the first of the Diadochoi to assume the royal title along with his son Demetrius I (306 BC). He was killed in the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC. Τόπος και Χρόνος Γέννησης 382 BC, Macedonia Τόπος και Χρόνος Θανάτου 301 BC, Ipsus Κύρια Ιδιότητα General of Alexander the Great, King 1. Family-Education-Early Years Contemporary to the Macedonian kings Phillip II (359-336 BC) and Alexander the Great (336-323 BC), like all the Diadochoi, Antigonus Monophtphalmus was born in 382 BC and lost his life in the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC.1 His father was called Philip2 and he had three brothers, but only the names of the two are known (Demetrius, Ptolemy).3 His family belonged to the Macedonian aristocracy and he was raised in the wider area of Pella, the capital of Macedonia.4 Hence, he was very well educated and had studied Euripides, Homer, tragic and lyric poetry, rhetoric and philosophy.5 His father lost his life during the defeat of the Macedonian army by the Illyrian invaders, which left Macedonia without a king in 359 BC.
    [Show full text]