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An Engineer's Guide to Designing with Precision Amplifiers

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An Engineer's Guide to Designing with Precision Amplifiers e-book An Engineer’s Guide to Designing with Precision Amplifiers A collection of technical content on operational and instrumentation amplifier circuit design TI.com/amplifiers Table of contents Introduction 3 Is a decoupling capacitor really necessary? 33 Why you should clean your PCB 34 Common terms 4 Why correct voltage matters for op-amp PowerPAD™ IC packages 36 1. Operational amplifiers (op amps) 5 How to design cost-sensitive battery- Finding the op-amp ground pin 5 monitoring circuits 38 Why op-amp supply limits are critical 5 How to design cost-sensitive DC Operating an op amp when your voltage instrumentation circuits 41 is too low 7 How to reduce noise from active filters 43 What an op-amp shutdown pin is supposed to do 9 How to design high-performance, cost- How to interpret an op amp’s offset voltage sensitive transimpedance op-amp circuits 44 specification and test conditions 10 How to calculate total error caused by initial 2. Instrumentation amplifiers 47 VOS, CMRR, PSRR and VOS drift 12 Offset voltage vs. gain with instrumentation amplifiers 47 Comparing auto-zero correction, package-level trim and laser trim 15 VCM vs. VOUT plots for instrumentation amplifiers 49 Benefits of using a zero-drift, zero-crossover op amp 16 Why CMRR and PSRR specifications of an instrumentation amplifier improve at higher gains 51 The difference between specified and operating conditions 18 Why PSRR and CMRR output-stage offset is worse than the input stage 52 Typical vs. maximum power dissipation 20 Effects of PSRR over frequency 22 Why doesn’t your instrumentation amplifier’s CMRR change with gain? 54 Understanding total harmonic distortion and noise curves 24 How to lay out a PCB for an instrumentation Resistors in the feedback of a buffer: Ask why! 25 amplifier 56 Detecting the missing power supplies 27 Advanced topics 57 The mystery of the depleted coin cell 30 How to lay out a PCB for an op amp 31 Additional resources 59 An Engineer’s Guide to Designing with Precision Amplifiers 2 Texas Instruments Introduction Engineers face many challenges when designing analog Acknowledgments: circuits. This e-book covers common topics related to This e-book would not have been possible without the these products, including operational amplifier (op amp) contributions of current and former TI authors listed below. specifications and printed circuit board layout issues, instrumentation amplifier linear operating regions, and Tamara Alani Thomas Kuehl electrical overstress. Richard Barthel Errol Leon The bulk of this content was originally published between Soufiane Bendaoud Marek Lis 2013 and 2017 on TI’s Precision Hub, which provides John Caldwell Michael Mock a centralized repository of precision amplifier and data converter circuit design lessons. Some chapters have been Tim Claycomb Raphael Puzio updated since their original publication, and all remain Tim Green Peter Semig, editor relevant to the common challenges seen today. The authors Scott Gulas, editor Collin Wells listed in the acknowledgments have decades of experience Arthur Kay Ian Williams solving analog board- and system-level challenges. Their efforts and experience combine to bring a unique level of knowledge about op amps, instrumentation amplifiers and other analog components. Allow this e-book to be your “hub” for some of the toughest amplifier challenges and questions you’ll encounter. This collection of technical articles is not an exhaustive list of all amplifier topics, but it does address many of the more common challenges seen today. If you have any questions about the topics covered here or any other analog design questions, search or submit them to the TI E2E™ design support forums. You can find additional circuit-level resources, including individual circuits and downloadable e-books, by visiting the Analog Circuits page on TI.com. Another great resource is The Signal e-book, which covers additional precision op amp design topics. An Engineer’s Guide to Designing with Precision Amplifiers 3 Texas Instruments Common terms The following is a list of common terms that are used throughout this e-book. ADC analog-to-digital converter AOL open-loop gain CMOS complementary metal-oxide semiconductor CMRR common-mode rejection ratio DAC digital-to-analog converter ESD electrostatic discharge FET field-effect transistor GND ground IC integrated circuit INL integral nonlinearity IQ quiescent current JFET junction field-effect transistor LSB least significant bit MCU microcontroller MOSFET metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor N/C no connect PCB printed circuit board PSRR power-supply rejection ratio Q quality factor RRO rail-to-rail output RSS root-sum-square RTI referred-to-input RTO referred-to-output THD+N total harmonic distortion and noise VCM common-mode voltage VOS offset voltage VOUT output voltage An Engineer’s Guide to Designing with Precision Amplifiers 4 Texas Instruments 1. Operational amplifiers (op amps) Finding the op-amp ground pin A shortcoming of the single-supply op amp is that it can only Originally published March 18, 2016, by Soufiane Bendaoud accept positive voltages (at most a few hundred millivolts below GND) and produce positive voltages at its output. Did you know that there are op amps with a ground pin? If The single-supply label was meant for devices targeted at you’re an experienced analog engineer, you probably know high-volume, low-cost consumer applications. After all, an that, but for those of you who haven’t worked much with additional negative power supply adds additional cost. older op amps, you might be asking yourself, “What’s a ground pin?” Many options exist to get a true zero output without worrying whether there is a pin labeled GND. For a dual-supply Integrated circuit manufacturers used to label the ground pin, design, consider switching regulators with dual outputs, such which is supposed to indicate zero volts, or ground (GND). as the TPS65133 or the TPS65130, which will synthesize Today, manufacturers like Texas Instruments label the pin a dual supply. If your design uses just one positive power on new op amps “V-” (negative supply) or no connect (N/C). supply, consider a more cost-effective solution with the This is because GND is supposed to indicate 0 V, but an LM7705, one of my favorite true-zero-output generators. All op amp never puts out exactly 0 V, making the original label three of these devices will enable you to get a true zero at the confusing. output of the amplifier. The LMV321, LMV324 and LMV358 op amps, which are decades old, are good examples of amplifiers that still use the GND label. You can see the LMV358 and LMV321 Why op-amp supply limits are critical pinouts in Figure 1, including the GND label. The newer, Originally published Oct. 23, 2015, by Thomas Kuehl improved versions of these amplifiers (theLMV321A , A few years ago, a customer asked me a rather surprising LMV324A and LMV358A) no longer use the GND label. question: “I realize I am exceeding the maximum supply- voltage rating, but how long will your OPA373 op amp LMV358...D(SOIC), DDU(VSSOP), LMV321...DBV(SOT-23), DGK(VSSOP), or PW(TSSOP) package or DCK(SC-70) package continue to operate if it is powered by a 12-V supply?” The (top view) (top view) op amp in question has an absolute maximum supply rating of 7 V. 1OUT 1 8 VCC+ 1IN+ 1 5 VCC+ 1IN- 2 7 2OUT GND 2 I told him that it would only be a matter of time before he 1IN+ 3 6 2IN- 1IN- 3 4 OUT would begin to have field failures, and all of the op amps GND 4 5 2IN+ subjected to the overvoltage would eventually fail earlier than he might expect. He assured me that he was in the process Figure 1. Top view of the LMV358 and LMV321 pinout showing the of correcting the error and that future production would use ground pin. an amplifier that could operate safely with 12 V. Besides the rare examples like the ones mentioned Applying a voltage to a circuit that exceeds the op-amp above, it seems that the ground pin label has disappeared supply – or any other component’s maximum rating – is altogether, at least in op amps. The old GND label gave way inviting trouble. A small overvoltage probably won’t trigger to appellations such as “single supply,” which can also be an immediate failure, but as an applied overvoltage becomes misleading. Does “single supply” mean that you cannot use larger, the possibility for spontaneous, catastrophic failure the amplifier in a split-supply fashion? Of course you can, increases dramatically. Integrated circuits (ICs) have some as long as you don’t violate your device’s common-mode supply voltage guard banding to accommodate normal input range. But many engineers who are not accustomed to process variances. However, they are in place to assure that designing with older op amps might not know that. the product always operates when using supplies set within the specified power-supply range. An Engineer’s Guide to Designing with Precision Amplifiers 5 Texas Instruments 1. Operational amplifiers (op amps) Vs+ V + applied voltage Catastrophic failure S >8 + - 8 Product lifetime degradation Guard band - process allowance (unspecified) RI RF 7 Absolute maximum supply limit 6 5.5 - Maximum specified operating voltage 5 OPA + 4 Safe operating supply range Input signal 3 Minimum specified operating voltage + DC level 2.7 CMOS op amp Guard band - process allowance (unspecified) 2 Power up region, no functionality 1 0 Figure 1. CMOS op-amp power-supply regions. Figure 1 illustrates an example of an op-amp power-supply or open circuits. In addition, damage to semiconductor range that includes a region where safe operation is assured, junctions can occur if the current flow through junctions is and unsafe regions where its lifetime may be reduced or excessive.
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