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DICOTYLEDONAE Froelichia Moench. Cottonweed. ♦ ACANTHACEAE. The Acanthus Family. F. floridana (Nutt.) Moq. Common c. F. gracilis (Hook.) Moq. Slender c. Dicliptera Juss. D. brachiata (Pursh) Spreng. Branched foldwing. Iresine P.Browne. I. rhizomatosa Standl. Bloodleaf. Justicia L. Water-willow. J. americana (L.) Vahl. American w.-w. ♦ ANACARDIACEAE. The Sumac Family J. ovata (Walter) Lindau. Coastal plain w.-w. Cotinus Mill. C. obovatus Raf. Smoke-tree. Ruellia L. Wild petunia. R. caroliniensis (J.F.Gmel.) Steud. Carolina w. p. Rhus L. Sumac. R. humilis Nutt. Fringeleaf w. p. R. aromatica Aiton. Fragrant s. R. strepens L. Limestone w. p. R. copallina L. Winged s. R. glabra L. Smooth s. ♦ ACERACEAE. The Maple family. R. typhina L. Staghorn s.

Acer L. Maple. Toxicodendron Mill. A. floridanum (Chapm.) ex Pax. Southern sugar m. T. radicans (L.)Kuntze. Poison-ivy. A. drummondii Hook. & H.J.Arn. ex Nutt. Drummond’s red m. !T. vernix (L.)Kuntze. Poison-sumac. A. negundo L. Boxelder m. A. nigrum F.Michx. Black m. ♦ ANNONACEAE. The Pawpaw Family. A. pensylvanicum L. Striped m. Asimina Adans. †A. platanoides L. Norway m. A. triloba (L.) Dunal. Pawpaw. A. rubrum L. Red m. var. rubrum ♦ APIACEAE. The Carrot Family. var. trilobum Torr. & A.Gray ex K.Koch. A. saccharinum L. Silver m. Aegopodium L. A. saccharum Marshall. Sugar m. *A. podagraria L. Goutweed. !A. spicatum Lam. Mountain m. Ae thusa L. ♦ AMARANTHACEAE. The Amaranth Family. *A. cynapium L. Fool’s-parsley.

Achyranthes L. Anethum L. *A. japonica (Miq.) Nakai. Japanese chaff-flower. *A. graveolens L. Dill.

Alternanthera Forskal. Angelica L. Angelica *A. philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. Alligator-weed. A. atropurpurea L. Purple-stem a. !A. triquinata Michx. Mountain a. Amaranthus L. Amaranth, pigweed. A. venenosa (Greenway) Fernald. Hairy a. A. albus L. Tumbleweed. ?A. blitoides S.Watson Bupleurum L. *A. arenicola I.M.Johnst. Sandhill a. *B rotundifolium L. Thoroughwax. *A. hybridus L. Smooth p. *A. palmeri S.Watson. Careless weed. Carum L. ?A. powellii S.Watson *C. carvi L. Caraway. *A. retroflexus L. Rough p. *A. rudis J.D.Sauer. Water-hemp. Chaerophyllum L. Chervil. *A. spinosus L. Spiny a. C. procumbens (L.) Crantz . Spreading c. A. tuberculatus (Moq.) J.D.Sauer. Tall water-hemp. var. procumbens var. shortii Torr. & A.Gray. Celosia L. C. tainturieri Hook. Southern c. †C. argentea L. Silver cockscomb. var. cristata. Cicuta L.

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C. maculata L. Common water-hemlock. S. canadensis L. Canada s. S. marilandica L. Black s. Conium L. S. odorata (Raf.) Pryer & Phillippe. Cluster sanicle. *C. maculatum L. Poison-hemlock. S. smallii E.P.Bicknell. Southern s. S. trifoliata E.P.Bicknell. Beaked s. Cryptotaenia DC. C. canadensis (L.) DC. Honewort. Sium L. S. suave Walter. Water-parsnip. Daucus L. *D. carota L. Wild carrot, Queen Anne’s lace. Spermolepis Raf. S. echinata (Nutt.) A.Heller. Hooked spermolepis. Erigenia Nutt. E. bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. Harbinger-of-spring. Taenidia (T. & G.) Drude T. integerrima (L.) Drude. Yellow pimpernel. Eryngium L. Eryngo. !E. integrifolium Walter. Blueflower e. Thaspium Nutt. Meadow-parsnip. E. prostratum Nutt. Creeping e. T. barbinode (Michx.) Nutt. Bearded m.-p. E. yuccifolium Michx. Rattlesnake-master. T. chapmannii (Coult. & Rose) Small !T. pinnatifidum (Buckley) A.Gray. Mountain m.-p. Foeniculum Adans. T. trifoliatum (L.) A.Gray. Smooth m.-p. *F. vulgare Mill. Fennel. var. flavum S.F.Blake var. trifoliatum Heracleum L. !H. lanatum Michx. Cow-parsnip. Torilus. Adanson. Hedge-parsley. *T. arvensis (Huds.) Link. Field h.-p. Hydrocotyle L. Pennywort. *T. japonica (Houtt.) DC. Japanese h.-p. !H. americana L. Marsh p. !H. ranunculoides L.f. Buttercup p. Trepocarpus. Nutt. *H. sibthorpioides Lam. Lawn p. !T. aethusae Nutt. ex DC. White nymph.

Ligusticum L. Zizia W.D.J.Koch. Golden Alexander. L. canadense (L.) Britton. Nondo, angelico. Z. aptera (A.Gray) Fernald. Heart-leaved g. a. Z. aurea (L.) W.D.J.Koch. Common g. a. Osmorhiza Raf. Sweet cicely. Z. trifoliata (Michx.) Fernald. Mountain g. a. O. claytonii (Michx.) C.B.Clarke. Bland s. c. O. longistylis (Torr.) DC. Long-styled s. c. ♦ APOCYNACEAE. The Dogbane Family.

Oxypolis Raf. Amsonia. Walter. O. rigidior (L.) Raf. Common water-dropwort. !A. tabernaemontana Walter. Bluestar. var. tabernaemontana Pastinaca L. var. gattingeri Woodson. *P. sativa L. Parsnip. Apocynum L. Dogbane. Perideridia Rchb. A. androsaemifolium L. Spreading d. !P. americana (Nutt. ex DC.) Rchb. Eastern eulophus. A. cannabinum L. Hemp d.

Polytaenia DC. Trachelospermum Lem. P. nuttallii DC. Prairie-parsley. T. difforme (Walter) A.Gray. Climbing-dogbane.

Ptilimnium Raf. Mock bishop-weed. Vinca L. Periwinkle. !P. capillaceum (Michx.) Raf. Atlantic m. b.-w. *V. major L. Greater p. !P. costatum (Elliott) Raf. Big m. b.-w. *V. minor L. Common p. !P. nuttallii (DC.) Britton. Nuttall’s m. b.-w. ♦ AQUIFOLIACEAE. The Holly Family. Sanicula L. Snakeroot.

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Ilex L. Holly. A. incarnata L. Swamp m. I. ambigua (Michx.) Torr. Mountain h. A. perennis Walter. Smoothseed m. var. ambigua A. purpurascens L. Purple m. var. montana (Torr. & A.Gray) H.E.Ahles. A. quadrifolia Jacq. Four-leaved m. *I. cornuta Lindl. & Paxton. Chinese h. A. syriaca L. Common m. I. decidua Walter. Swamp h. A. tuberosa L. Butterfly m. var. decidua A. variegata L. White m. I. opaca Aiton. American h. A. verticillata L. Whorled m. I. verticillata (L.) A.Gray. Common winterberry. A. viridiflora Raf. Green m. A. viridis Walter. Ozark m. ♦ ARALIACEAE. The Ginseng Family Matelea Aubl. Milkvine. Acanthopanax !M. carolinensis (Jacq.) Woodson. Carolina m. *A. sieboldianus Makino. Fiveleaf aralia. M. gonocarpos (Walter) Shinners. Anglepod m. M. obliqua (Jacq.) Woodson. Climbing m. Aralia L. A. nudicaulis L. Wild sarsaparilla. ♦ ASTERACEAE The Aster Family. A. racemosa L. Spikenard. A. spinosa L. Hercules-club. Achillea L. A. millefolium L. Common yarrow. Hedera L. *H. helix L. English Ivy. Ageratina Spach. Snakeroot. A. altissima (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. White s. Panax L. Ginseng. A. aromatica (L.) Spach. Small-leaved white s. P. quinquefolius L. American g. !A. luciae-brauniae (Fernald) R.M.King & H.Rob. P. trifolius L. Dwarf g. Rockhouse white s.

♦ ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. The Birthwort Family. Ambrosia L. Ragweed. A. artemisiifolia L. Common r. Aristolochia L. A. bidentata Michx. Lanceleaf r. A. macrophylla Lam. Dutchman's pipe. A. trifida L. Giant r. A. serpentaria L. Virginia snakeroot. A. tomentosa Sims. Pipe-vine. Amphiachyris (A.DC.) Nutt. *A. dracunculoides (DC.) Nutt. Broomweed. Asarum L. A. canadense L. Wild Ginger. Antennaria Gaertn. Pussytoes. A. howellii Greene. Smaller p. Hexastylis Raf. Heartleaf, Little brown jugs. A. neglecta Greene. Field p. H. arifolia (Michx.) Small. Little brown jugs. A. parlinii Fernald. Parlin’s p. var. ruthii (Ashe) H.L.Blomq. subsp. fallax (Greene) Bayer & Stebbins. !H. contracta H.L.Blomq. subsp. parlinii !H. heterophylla (Ashe) Small. A. plantaginifolia (L.) Richardson. Plantain p. H. virginica (L.) Small. Heartleaf. A. solitaria Rydb. Single-headed p.

♦ ASCLEPIADACEAE. The Milkweed Family. Anthemis L. Chamomile. *A. arvensis L. Corn c. Ampelamus Raf. *A. cotula L. Dog-fennel. A. albidus (Nutt.) Britton. Sandvine Arctium L. Asclepias L. Milkweed. *A. minus Bernh. Common burdock. A. amplexicaulis Sm. Clasping m. A. exaltata L. Tall m. Arnoglossum Raf. Indian-plantain. A. hirtella (Pennell) Woodson. Prairie m. A. atriplicifolium (L.) H.Rob. Pale I.-p.

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A. muhlenbergii (Sch.Bip.) H.Rob. Great I.-p. Chrysanthemum L. Artemisia L. Wormwood, sage. *C. leucanthemum L. Ox-eye daisy. *A. absinthium L. Common w. *A. annua L. Sweet Annie. Chrysogonum L. *A. ludoviciana Nutt. White s. !C. virginianum L. Gold-star. *A. vulgaris L. Mugwort. var. brevistolon G.L.Nesom.

Aster L. Chrysopsis (Nutt.) Elliott. Golden-aster. †A. tataricus L. f. Tatarian aster. C. mariana (L.) Elliot. Shaggy g.-a. C. pilosa (Nutt.) Shinners. Woolly-headed g.-a. Astranthium Nutt. A. integrifolium (Michx.) Nutt. Cichorium L. subsp. integrifolium. Daisy. *C. intybus L. Chicory.

Bellis L. Cirsium Mill. Thistle. *B. perennis L. English daisy. C. altissimum (L.) Spreng. Tall t. *C. arvense (L.) Scop. Bidens L. Beggar-ticks, Tickseed-sunflower. var. arvense. Canada t. B. aristosa (Michx.) Britton. Midwestern t.-s. C. carolinianum (Walter) Fernald. & B.G.Schub. Spring t. B. bipinnata L. Spanish-needles. C. discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng. Field t. B. cernua L. Bur-marigold. C. muticum Michx. Swamp t. B. comosa (A.Gray) Wieg. *C. vulgare (Savi) Ten. Bull t. B. connata Muhl. ex Willd. B. coronata (L.) Britton. Northern t.-s. Cnicus L. B. discoidea (Torr. & A.Gray) Britton. Few-bracted b.-t. *C. benedictus L. Blessed thistle. B. frondosa L. Devil’s b.-t. B. polylepis S.F.Blake. Ozark t.-s. Conoclinum DC. *B. tripartita L. European b.-t. C. coelestinum (L.) DC. Mist-flower. B. vulgata Greene. Tall b.-t. Conyza Less. Boltonia L’Hér. Doll’s daisy. C. canadensis (L.) Cronquist. Horseweed. B. asteroides (L.) L’Hér. var. canadensis var. recognita (Fernald & Griscom) Cronquist. var. pusillus (Nutt.) Cronquist. White d. d. C. ramosissima Cronquist. Dwarf fleabane. B. diffusa Elliott var. interior Fernald & Griscom. Smallhead d. d. Coreopsis L. Tickseed. C. auriculata L. Lobed t. Brickellia Elliott. C. grandiflora Hogg. Bigleaf t. B. eupatorioides (L.) Shinners False boneset. *C. lanceolata L. Longstalk t. var. corymbulosa (Rorr. & A.Gray) Shinners. C. major Walter. Forest t. var. eupatorioides !C. pubescens Elliott. Hairy t. *C. tinctoria Nutt. Carduus L. Thistle. var. tinctoria. Plains t. *C. acanthoides L. Plumeless t. C. tripteris L. Tall t. *C. nutans L. subsp. nutans. Musk t. *C. verticillata L. Threadleaf t.

Centaurea L. Star-thistle, Knapweed. Cosmos Cav. *C. cyanus L. Cornflower, bachelor’s-buttons. †C. bipinnatus Cav. Common cosmos. *C. diffusa Lam. Tumble k. *C. jacea L. Brown k. Crepis L. Hawk’s-Beard. *C. maculosa Lam. Spotted k. *C. capillaris (L.) Wallr. Smooth h. b. *C. nigra L. Black k. *C. pulchra L. Smallflower h. b. *C. repens L. Russian k. *C. solstitialis L. Yellow s.-t. Doellingeria Nees. Flat-topped white aster. *C. transalpina Schleich. ex DC. Short-fringed k. D. infirma (Michx.) Nees. Appalachian f.-t. w. a.

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D. umbellata (Mill.) Nees. Tall f.-t. w. a. a. E. schreberi (Nees.) Nees. Schreber’s a. Dyssodia Cav. E. surculosa (Michx.) G.L.Nesom. Creeping a. *D. papposa (Vent.) Hitchc. Stinking-marigold. Euthamia Nutt. Flat-topped goldenrod. Echinacea Moench. Coneflower. E. graminifolia (L.) Nutt. ex Cass. Common f.-t. g. E. pallida (Nutt.) Prairie c. E. leptocephala (Torr. & A.Gray) Greene. Mississippi Valley f.-t. g. var. simulata (MacGregor) Binns, B.R.Baum, & Arnason. E. purpurea (L.) Moench. Purple c. Fleischmannia Sch.Bip. F. incarnata (Walter) R.M.King & H.Rob. Pink eupatorium. Eclipta L. E. prostrata (L.) L. Yerba-de-tajo. Galinsoga Ruiz & Pav. Quickweed. *G. parviflora Cav. Lesser q. Elephantopus L. Elephant’s-foot. *G. quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav. Common q. E. carolinianus Raeusch. Carolina e.-f. E. tomentosus L. Devil’s grandmother. Gamochaeta Wedd. G. purpurea (L.) Cabrera. Purple cudweed. Erechtites Raf. E. hieraciifolia (L.) Raf. Fireweed. Gnaphalium L. *G. uliginosum L. Low cudweed. Erigeron L. Daisy, fleabane. E. annuus (L.) Pers. Annual f. Grindelia Willd. Gumweed. E. philadelphicus L. Philadelphia d. G. lanceolata Nutt. Spiny-tooth g. E. pulchellus Michx. Robin’s-plantain. *G. squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal. Curly-top g. var. pulchellus var. brauniae Fernald Hasteola Raf. E. strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. Rough f. H. suaveolens (L.) Pojark. Hastate Indian-plantain.

Eupatorium L. Snakeroot, eupatorium. Helenium L. Sneezeweed E. album L. White-bracted e. *H. amarum (Raf.) H. Rock var. album var. amarum. Narrow-leaved s. var. vaseyi (Porter) Cronquist. H. autumnale L. Common s. E. altissimum L. Tall e. H. flexuosum Raf. Southern s. E. capillifolium (Lam.) Small. Dog-fennel. *E. compositifolium Walter. Yankeeweed. Helianthus L. Sunflower. E. fistulosum Barratt. Hollow-stemmed joe-pye weed. H. angustifolius L. Narrow-leaved s. E. hyssopifolium L. Hyssopleaf. *H. annuus L. Common s. var. laciniatum A.Gray. H. atrorubens L. Appalachian s. !E. maculatum L. Spotted joe-pye weed. H. decapetalus L. Forest s. E. perfoliatum L. Boneset. H. divaricatus L. Divaricate s. E. pilosum Walter. Ragged e. !H. eggertii Small. Eggert’s s. E. purpureum L. Purple-node joe-pye weed. H. giganteus L. Swamp s. E. rotundifolium L. Round-leaved e. *H. grosseserratus M.Martens. Sawtooth s. var. ovatum (Bigelow) Torr. H. hirsutus Raf. Hairy s. var. rotundifolium *H. maximilianii Schrad. Maximilian s. !E. semiserratum DC. Smallflower e. H. microcephalus Torr. & A.Gray. Small-headed s. E. serotinum Michx. Late e. H. mollis Lam. Ashy s. E. sessilifolium L. Sessile-leaved e. H. occidentalis Riddell. Naked-stemmed s. !E. steelei E.E.Lamont. Steel’s joe-pye-weed. H. pauciflorus Nutt. Stiff s. !H. silphioides Nutt. Ozark s. Eurybia (Cass.) S.F.Gray. Aster. H. strumosus L. Rough-leaved s. E. divaricata (L.) G.L.Nesom. Common white heart-leaved a. H. tuberosus L. Jerusalem-artichoke. !E. hemispherica (Alexander) G.L.Nesom. Southern prairie a. E. macrophylla (L.) Cass. Big-leaved a. !E. radula (Aiton.) G.L.Nesom. Low rough a. Heliopsis Pers. !E. saxicastellii (J.J.N.Campb. & Medley.) G.L.Nesom. Rockcastle H. helianthoides (L.) Sweet. Sunflower-everlasting.

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*M. recutita L. Chamomile. Heterotheca Cass. *H. camporum (Greene) Shinners. Prairie golden-aster. Melanthera Rohrbach. !H. subaxillaris (Lam.) Britton & Rusby. Camphorweed. !M. nivea (L.) Small. Snow squarestem.

Hieracium L. Hawkweed. Mikania Willd. *H. caespitosum Dumort. Yellow king-devil. M. scandens (L.) Willd. Climbing hempweed. H. gronovii L. Beaked h. !H. longipilum Torr. Long-haired h. Oclemena E. Greene H. paniculatum L. Panicled h. !O. acuminata Michx. Whorled aster. H. scabrum Michx. Sticky h. H. venosum L. Veiny h. Oligoneuron Small. O. rigidum (L.) Small. Stiff g. Hypochoeris L. var. rigidum *H. radicata L. Spotted cat’s-ear. var. glabratum (E.L.Braun) G.L.Nesom

Ionactis Greene. Onopordum L. I. linariifolius (L.) Greene. Stiff aster. *O. acanthium L. Scotch-thistle.

Iva L. Packera Á.Löve & D.Löve. Groundsel. *I. annua L. Rough marsh-elder. P. anonyma (Alph.Wood) W.A.Weber & Á.Löve. Appalachian g. P. aurea (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve. Heart-leaved g. Krigia Schreb. Dwarf-dandelion. P. glabella (Poir.) C.Jeffrey. Yellowtop. K. biflora (Walter) S.F.Blake. Orange d.-d. P. obovata (Muhl. ex Willd.) W.A.Weber & Á.Löve. Running g. K. caespitosa (Raf.) K.L.Chambers. Opposite-leaved d.-d. P. paupercula (Michx.) W.A.Weber & Á.Löve. Northern meadow g. K. dandelion (L.) Nutt. Colonial d.-d. P. plattensis (Nutt.) W.A.Weber & Á.Löve. Prairie g. !K. occidentalis Nutt. Western d.-d. K. virginica (L.) Willd. Virginia d.-d. Parthenium L. P. integrifolium L. Eastern parthenium. Lactuca L. Lettuce. L. biennis (Moench) Fernald. Tall blue l. Picris L. L. canadensis L. Tall l. *P. hieracioides L. Hawkweed-oxtongue. L. floridana (L.) Gaertn. Woodland l. L. hirsuta Muhl. Hairy tall l. Pityopsis Nutt. L. ludoviciana (Nutt.) Riddell. Prairie l. P. graminifolia (Michx.) Nutt. Grass-leaved golden-aster. *L. saligna L. Willowleaf l. *L. serriola L. Prickly l. Pluchea Cass. P. camphorata (L.) DC. Marsh-fleabane. Lapsana L. *L. communis L. Nipplewort. Polymnia L. Leaf-cup. P. canadensis L. Pale-flowered l.-c. Liatris Schreb. Blazing-star. !P. laevigata Beadle. Tennessee l.-c. L. aspera Michx. Lacerate b.-s. !L. cylindracea Michx. Few-headed b.-s. Prenanthes L. Rattlesnake-root; White-lettuce. L. microcephala (Small) K.Schum. Small-headed b.-s. !P. alba L. Common r.-r. ?L.pycnostachya Michx.. P. altissima L. Tall w.-l. L. spicata (L.) Willd. Sessile b.-s. !P. aspera Michx. Rough w.-l. L. squarrosa (L.) Michx. Plains b.-s. !P. barbata (Torr. & A.Gray) Milstead. Barbed r.-r. L. squarrulosa Michx. Southern b.-s. !P. crepidinea Michx. Nodding r.-r. P. racemosa Michx. Purple r.-r. Marshallia Schreb. P. serpentaria Pursh. Lion’s foot. !M. grandiflora Beadle & F. E. Boynt. Appalachian Barbara’s- buttons. Pseudognaphalium Kirp. Cudweed. !P. helleri (Britton) A.Anderb. Matricaria L. var. micradenium (Weath.) Kartesz. Heller’s c. *M. discoidea DC. Pineapple-weed. P. obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & B.L.Burtt. Fragrant c., rabbit-

10 tobacco. !S. buckleyi Torr. & A.Gray. Buckley’s g. S. caesia L. Axillary g. Pyrrhopappus DC. S. canadensis L. Common g. P. carolinianus (Walter) DC. Carolina desert-chicory. !S. curtisii Torr. & A.Gray. Curtis’ g. S. faucibus Wieboldt. Gorge g. Ratibida Raf. S. flaccidifolia Small. Mountain g. R. pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart. Yellow coneflower. S. flexicaulis L. Zigzag g. S. gigantea Aiton. Smooth g. Rudbeckia L. Coneflower. !S. gracillima Torr. & A.Gray. Southern bog g. R. fulgida Aiton. Eastern c. S. harrisii Steele. Harris’ g. var. umbrosa (C.L.Boynt. & Beadle) Cronquist. S. hispida Muhl. ex Willd. Hairy g. var. fulgida S. juncea Ait. Early g. *R. grandiflora (D.Don) J.F.Gmel. ex DC. Large-headed c. S. missouriensis Nutt. R. hirta L. Black-eyed Susan. var. fasciculata Holz. Missouri g. var. hirta S. nemoralis Aiton. Gray g. var. pulcherimma Farw. S. odora L. Licorice g. R. laciniata L. Cutleaf c. S. patula Muhl. Rough-leaved g. var. laciniata !S. puberula Nutt. Dusty g. !R. subtomentosa Pursh. Sweet c. S. radula Nutt. Rough g. R. triloba L. Three-lobed c. !S. randii (Porter) Britton. Rand’s g. var. triloba !S. roanensis Porter. Roan mountain g. S. rugosa P. Mill. Wrinkle-leaved g. Senecio L. subsp. rugosa *S. vulgaris L. Common groundsel. subsp. aspera (Aiton) Fernald S. rupestris Raf. Riverbank g. Sericocarpus Nees. White-topped aster. !S. shortii Torr. & A.Gray. Short’s g. S. asteroides (L.) BSP. Toothed w.-t. a. S. speciosa Nutt. Showy g. S. linifolius (L.) BSP. Narrow-leaved w.-t. a. var. speciosa var. rigidiuscula Torr. & A.Gray Silphium L. Rosinweed. var. erecta (Pursh) McMillan S. integrifolium Michx. Prairie r. S. sphacelata Raf. Short-pappus g. var. integrifolium !S. squarrosa Nutt. Squarrose g. var. laeve Torr. & A.Gray. S. uliginosa Nutt. Northern bog g. !S. laciniatum L. Compass-plant. S. ulmifolia Muhl. Elm-leaved g. var. laciniatum var. robinsonii Perry Sonchus L. Sow-thistle. S. perfoliatum L. Cup-plant. *S. asper (L.) Hill. Prickly s.-t. subsp. perfoliatum *S. oleraceus L. Common s.-t. !S. pinnatifidum Elliot. Cut-leaf r.. S. terebinthinaceum Jacq. Basal-leaved r. Symphiotrichum Nees. Aster var. lucy-brauniae Steyermark. !S. concolor (L.) G.L.Nesom. Eastern silvery a. var. terebinthinaceum S. cordifolium (L.) G.L.Nesom. Common blue heart-leaved a. S. trifoliatum L. Whorled r. S. divaricatum (Nutt.) G.L. Nesom. Annual salt marsh a. var. latifolium A.Gray. !S. drummondii (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom. Hairy heart-leaved aster. var. trifoliatum var. drummondii !S. wasiotense Medley. Appalachian r. var. texanum (E.S.Burgess) G.L.Nesom. S. dumosum (L.) G.L.Nesom. Long-stalked a. Smallanthus Mack. S. laeve (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve. Smooth A. S. uvedalius (L.) MacKenzie Yellow-flowered leaf-cup. var. laeve. var. concinnum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom. Solidago L. Goldenrod. S. lanceolatum (Willd.) G.L.Nesom. Eastern lined a. !S. albopilosa E.L.Braun. White-haired g. S. lateriflorum (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve. Goblet a. S. arguta Aiton. Forest g. S. lowrieanum (Porter.) G.L.Nesom. Lowrie’s blue wood a. var. arguta S. novae-angliae (L.) G.L.Nesom. New England a. var. caroliniana A.Gray S. oblongifolium (Nutt.) G.L.Nesom. Aromatic a. S. bicolor L. Silver-rod. S. ontarione (Wiegand) G.L.Nesom. Bottomland a.

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S. oolentangiense (Riddell) G.L.Nesom. Prairie heart-leaved a. S. patens (Aiton.) G.L.Nesom. ♦ BERBERIDACEAE. The Barberry Family. var. patens. Clasping a. S. phlogifolium (Muhl. ex Willd.) G.L.Nesom. Phlox-leaved a. Berberis L. Barberry. S. pilosum (Willd.) G.L.Nesom. Old-field a. !B. canadensis Mill. American b. S. praealtum (Poir.) G.L.Nesom. Veiny-line a. *B. thunbergii DC. Japan. Japanese b. !S. pratense (Raf.) G.L.Nesom. Silky a. S. prenanthoides (Muhl. ex Willd.) G.L.Nesom. Zigzag a. Caulophyllum Michx. Blue cohosh. !S. priceae (Britton) G.L.Nesom. Price’s a. C. giganteum (Farw.) Loconte & W.H.Blackw. Giant b. c. S. puniceum (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve. Bristly a. C. thalictroides (L.) Michx. Common b. c. S. racemosum (Elliott.) G.L.Nesom. Small-headed a. S. shortii (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom. Midwestern blue heart-leaved a. Jeffersonia W.Bartram S. undulatum (L.) G.L.Nesom. Clasping heart-leaved a. J. diphylla (L.) Pers. Twin-leaf. S. urophyllum (DC.) G.L.Nesom. Arrow-leaved a. Podophyllum L. Tanacetum L. P. peltatum L. May-apple. *T. parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip. Feverfew. *T. vulgare L. Tansy. ♦ BETULACEAE. The Birch Family.

Taraxacum F.H.Wigg. Alnus Ehrh. Alder. *T. officinale Weber. Common dandelion. *A. glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Black a. A. serrulata (Aiton.) Willd. Tag a. Tragopogon L. Goat’s Beard. *T. dubius Scop. Fistulose g. b. Betula L. Birch. *T. porrifolius L. Salsify. B. alleghaniensis Britton. Yellow b. *T. pratensis L. Showy g. b. B. lenta L. Sweet b. B. nigra L. River b. Tussilago L. *T. farfara L. Coltsfoot. Carpinus L. C. caroliniana Walter. American hornbeam, ironwood. Verbesina L. Wingstem, flat-seed-sunflower. V. alternifolia (L.) Britton. Wingstem. Corylus L. V. helianthoides Michx. Ozark f.-s.-s. C. americana Walter. American hazelnut. V. occidentalis (L.) Walter. Southern f.-s.-s. V. virginica L. Frostweed. Ostrya Scop. O. virginiana (Mill.) K.Koch. Hop-hornbeam, ironwood. Vernonia Schreb. Ironweed. V. gigantea (Walter.) Trel. Tall i. ♦ BIGNONIACEAE. The Catalpa Family. V. missourica Raf. Missouri i. !V. noveboracensis (L.) Michx. New York i. Bignonia L. B. capreolata L. Crossvine. Xanthium L. Cocklebur. *X. spinosum L. Spiny c. Campsis Lour. X. strumarium L. Common c. C. radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau. Trumpet creeper. var. canadense (Mill.) Torr. & A.Gray. var. glabratum (DC.) Cronquist. Catalpa Scop. Catalpa. *C. bignonioides Walter. Southern c. Youngia Cass. C. speciosa Warder ex Engelm. Northern c. *Y. japonica (L.) DC. Asiatic hawk’s beard. Paulownia Siebold & Zucc. ♦ BALSAMINACEAE. The Touch-me-not Family. P. tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. Princess-tree.

Impatiens L. Touch-me-not ♦ BORAGINACEAE. The Borage Family. *I. balsamina L. Balsam. I. capensis Meerb. Orange t.-m.-n. Buglossoides Moench. I. pallida Nutt. Yellow t.-m.-n. *B. arvensis (L.) I.M.Johnston. Corn-gromwell.

10

var. pycnocarpa (M.Hopkins) Rollins. Cynoglossum L. Comfrey. A. laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. Smooth sickle-pod r.-c. *C. officinale L. Hound’s tongue. var. burkii Porter. C. virginianum L. Wild c. var. laevigata A. lyrata L. Lyrate r.-c. Echium L. !A. missouriensis Greene. Spreading r.-c. *E. vulgare L. Blue-weed. !A. perstellata E.L.Braun. Braun’s r.-c. A. shortii (Fernald) Gleason. Short’s r.-c. Hackelia Opiz. H. virginiana (L.) I.M.Johnst. Stickseed. Armoracia Gaertn., B.Mey., & Scherb. !A. lacustris (A.Gray) Al-Shehbaz & V.M.Bates. Lake cress. Heliotropium L. Heliotrope. †A. rusticana (Lam.) Gaertn., B.Mey., & Scherb. Horse-radish. *H. indicum L. Indian h. H. tenellum (Nutt.) Torr. Pasture h. Barbarea R.Br. Winter cress. *B. verna (Mill.) Asch. Early w. c. Lappula Moench. *B. vulgaris R.Br. Yellow rocket. *L. squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort. Two-row stickseed. Berteroa DC. Lithospermum L. *B. incana (L.) DC. Hoary alyssum. L. canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Hoary puccoon. L. latifolium Michx. American gromwell. Brassica L. Mustard. L. tuberosum Rugel ex DC. Southern stoneseed. *B. juncea (L.) Czern. Brown m. *B. napus L. Rape, rutabaga. Mertensia Roth. *B. nigra (L.) W.D.J.Koch. Black m. M. virginica (L.) Pers. ex Link. Virginia bluebells. *B. rapa L. Turnip, bird’s rape.

Myosotis L. Forget-me-not, scorpion-grass. Camelina Crantz. False flax. M. laxa Lehm. Smaller f.-m.-n. *C. microcarpa Andrz. ex DC. Small-seeded f. f. M. macrosperma Engelm. Big-seed s.-g. *C. sativa (L.) Crantz *M. scorpioides L. Water s.-g. subsp. sativa. Large-seeded f. f. *M. stricta Link. Blue s.-g. M. verna Nutt. Early s.-g. Capsella Medik. *C. bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Shepherd’s purse. Onosmodium Michx. False gromwell. !O. hispidissimum Mack. Cardamine L. Bitter-cress, spring-cress. !O. molle Michx.. C. douglassii (Torr.) Britton. Pink s.-c. !O. occidentale Mack. *C. flexuosa With. Wood b.-c. *C. hirsuta L. Hoary b.-c. Symphytum L. *C. impatiens L. Narrow-leaved b.-c. *S. officinale L. Common comfrey. C. parviflora L. Dry-land b.-c. var. arenicola (Britton.) O.E.Schulz. ♦ BRASSICACEAE. The Mustard Family. C. pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. Pennsylvania b.-c. C. rhomboidea (Pers.)DC. Spring-cress. Alliaria Heister ex Fabr. C. rotundifolia Michx. Trailing b.-c. *A. petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande. Garlic-mustard Cardaria Desv. Alyssum L. *C. draba (L.) Desv. Heart-podded hoary cress. *A. alyssoides (L.) L. Pale madwort. Coincya Rouy. Arabidopsis Heynh. *C. monensis (L.) W.Greuter & Burdet. Wallflower cabbage. *A. thaliana (L.) Heynh. Mouse-ear cress. Conringia Adans. Arabis L. Rock-cress. *C. orientalis (L.) Dumort. Hare’s-ear mustard. A. canadensis L. Sickle-pod. A. hirsuta (L.) Scop. Hairy r.-c. Dentaria L. Toothwort. var. adpressipilis (M.Hopkins) Rollins. D. diphylla Michx. Broad-leaved t.

D. heterophylla Nutt. Appalachian t. Rorippa Scop. Yellow cress. D. laciniata Muhl. ex Willd. Five-parted t. *R. austriaca (Crantz) Besser. Field y. c. D. multifida Muhl. Dissected t. R. palustris (L.) Besser. subsp. fernaldiana (Butters & Abbe) Jonsell. Common y.c. Descurainia Webb & Berth. R. sessiliflora (Nutt.) Hitchc. Southern y. c. D. pinnata (Walter) Britton. Tansy-mustard. R. sinuata (Nutt.) Hitchc. Western y. c. subsp. pinnata *R. sylvestris (L.) Besser. Creeping y. c. subsp. brachycarpa (Richardson) Detling. *D. sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl. Herb-sophia. Sibara Greene. S. virginica (L.) Rollins. Draba L. Whitlow-grass. D. brachycarpa Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray. Short-fruited w.-g. Sinapis L. !D. cuneifolia Nutt. ex Torr.& A.Gray. Wedge-leaved w.-g. *S. arvensis L. Charlock. D. ramosissima Desv. Branching w.-g. *D. verna L. Vernal w.-g. Sisymbrium L. Hedge-mustard. *S. altissimum L. Tumbling h.-m. Erucastrum C. Presl. *S. loeselii L. Tall h-m. *E. gallicum (Willd.) O.E.Schulz. Dog-mustard. *S. officinale L. Hedge-mustard.

Erysimum L. Thlaspi L. Penny-cress. *E. cheiranthoides L. Wormseed wallflower. *T. alliaceum L. Garlic p.-c. *E. hieraciifolium L. Tall wormseed-mustard. *T. arvense L. Field p.-c. *E. repandum L. Treacle-mustard. *T. perfoliatum L. Thoroughwort p.-c.

Hesperis L. ♦ BUDDLEJACEAE. Butterfly-bush Family *H. matronalis L. Dame’s rocket. Polypremum L. Iodanthus Torr. & A.Gray. P. procumbens L. Juniper leaf. I. pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. Purple-rocket. ♦ BUXACEAE. The Boxwood Family. Leavenworthia Torr. Glade cress. !L. exigua Rollins. Tennessee g. c. Pachysandra Michx. var. laciniata Rollins. P. procumbens Michx. Allegheny-spurge. !L. torulosa A.Gray. Necklace g. c. L. uniflora (Michx.) Britton. Michaux’s g. c. ♦ CABOMBACEAE. Water-Shield Family

Lepidium L. Peppergrass. Brasenia Schreber. *L. campestre (L.) R.Br. Field cress. B. schreberi J.F.Gmel. Water-shield. L. densiflorum Schrad. Prairie p. *L. perfoliatum L. Clasping p. Cabomba Aublet. L. virginicum L. Poor-man’s pepper. C. caroliniana A.Gray. Fanwort. var. virginicum ♦ CACTACEAE. Cactus Family. Lesquerella Wats. Bladderpod. ! L. globosa (Desv.) S.Watson. Globe b. Opuntia Miller. !L. lescurii (A.Gray) S.Watson. Lescur’s b. O. humifusa (Raf.) Raf. Eastern prickly-pear.

Lunaria L. ♦ CALLITRICHACEAE. Water Starwort Family *L. annua L. Honesty. Callitriche L. Water Startwort Nasturtium R.Br. C. heterophylla Pursh. Two-leaved w. s. *N. officinale R.Br. Water-cress. C. terrestris Raf. Terrestrial w. s.

Raphanus L. ♦ CALYCANTHACEAE. The Calycanthus Family. *R. raphanistrum L. Jointed charlock. Calycanthus L.

C. floridus L. var. orientalis Gleason. var. glaucus (Willd.) Torr. & A.Gray. Carolina allspice. *L. fragrantissima Lindl. & Paxton. Fragrant h. *L. japonica Thunb. Japanese h. ♦ CAMPANULACEAE. Bellflower Family. *L. maackii (Rupr.) Herder. Amur h. *L. minutiflora Zabel. Small-flowered h. Campanula L. Bellflower. *L. morrowi A.Gray. Morrow’s h. C. divaricata Michx. Appalachian b. !L. prolifera (G.Kirchn.) Rehder. Grape h. *C. rapunculoides L. Rover b. L. sempervirens L. Trumpet h. *L. standishii Jacques. Sandfish’s h. Campanulastrum Small. *L. tartarica L. Tartarian h. C. americana (L.) Small Tall b. *L. xylosteum L. European fly-h.

Lobelia L. Lobelia. Sambucus L. Elderberry. L. cardinalis L. Cardinal-flower. S. canadensis L. Common e. !L. gattingeri A.Gray. Gattinger’s l. !S. racemosa L. L. inflata L. Indian-tobacco. subsp. pubens (Michx.) House. Red-berried e. !L. nuttallii Roem. & Schult. Nuttall’s l. L. puberula Michx. Downy l. Symphoricarpos Duhamel. Snowberry. L. siphilitica L. Great blue l. !S. albus (L.) Blake. Common s. L. spicata Lam. Spiked l. S. orbiculatus Moench. Coralberry.

Triodanis Raf. Venus-looking-glass. T. perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. Clasping-leaved v.-l.-g. Triosteum L. Horse-gentian. var. perfoliata T. angustifolium L. Yellowfruit h.-g. var. biflora (Ruiz & Pav.) T . aurantiacum E.P.Bicknell. Orangefruit h.-g. T. perfoliatum L. Feverwort. ♦ CANNABACEAE. Hemp Family. Viburnum L. Viburnum. Cannabis L. V. acerifolium L. Mapleleaf v. *C. sativa L. Marijuana, hemp. var. opulus subsp. sativa. Hemp. V. cassinoides L. Withe-rod. subsp. indica (Lam.) E.Small & Conquist. Marijuana. var. cassinoides (L.) Torr. & Gray. V. dentatum L. Arrow-wood. Humulus L. !V. lantanoides Michx. Witch hobble. *H. japonicus Siebold & Zucc. Japanese hops. !V. molle Michx. Kentucky v. H. lupulus L. Hops. !V. nudum L. Possumhaw. var. lupuloides E.Small. *V. opulus L. European cranberry v. var. lupulus var. opulus var. pubescens E.Small. V. prunifolium L. Plumleaf v. !V. rafinesquianum Schult. Rafinesque’s v. ♦ CAPPARACEAE. The Caper Family. var. affine (Bush ex. C.K.Schneid.)House. var. rafinesquianum Cleome L. Spider flower. V. rufidulum Raf. Rusty blackhaw. *C. hassleriana Chodat. Pink queen. †C. iberica DC. Birdfoot s. f. ♦ CARYOPHYLLACEAE. The Pink Family.

Polanisia Raf. Agrostemma L. *P. dodecandra (L.)DC. Clammy-weed. *A. githago L. Corn-cockle.

♦ CAPRIFOLIACEAE. Honeysuckle Family Arenaria L. *A. serpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved sandwort. Lonicera L. Honeysuckle. *L. xbella Zabel. Bell’s h. Cerastium L. Mouse-ear chickweed. !L. dioica L. Wild h. C. arvense L. Field m.-e. c. var. dioica *C. brachypetalum Pers. Gray m.-e. c. var. glaucescens (Rydb.) *C. dubium (Bastard) O.Schwarz. Doubtful m.-e. c.

*C. glomeratum Thuill. Clammy m.-e. c. ?S. dichotoma Ehrhart C. nutans Raf. Nodding m.-e. c. *S. latifolia Poir. White campion. var. brachyopodum Engelm. Ex Gray. S. nivea (Nutt.) Muhl. ex DC. White campion. var. nutans *S. noctiflora L. Sticky c. *C. pumilum W. Curtis. European m.-e. c. !S. ovata Pursh. Blue Ridge c. *C. semidecandrum L. Fivestamen m.-e. c. !S. regia Sims. Royal c. ?C. velutinum Raf. S. rotundifolia Nutt. Round-leaved c. *C. vulgatum L. Common m.-e. c. S. stellata (L.) Aiton. Starry campion. S. virginica L. Fire-pink. Dianthus L. Pink. *S. vulgaris (Moench) Garcke. Bladder campion. *D. armeria L. Deptford p. *D. barbatus L. Sweet-William. Spergula L. S. arvensis L. Sand-spurrey. Holosteum L. *H. umbellatum L. Jagged-chickweed. Spergularia (Pers.) J.Presl & C.Presl. S. rubra (L.) J.Presl. & C.Presl. Sand-spurry. Lychnis L. ?S. salina J.Presl & C.Presl. *L. coronaria (L.) Desr. Mullein-pink. Stellaria L. Chickweed, stitchwort. Minuartia L. Stitchwort. S. corei Shinners. Tennessee c. !M. cumberlandensis (Wofford & Kral) McNeill. Cumberland s. *S. graminea L. Grass-like s. !M. glabra (Michx.) Mattf. Appalachian s. !S. longifolia Muhl. ex Willd. Long-leaved s. ?M. michauxii (Fenzl)Farwell *S. media (L.) Vill. Common c. M. patula (Michx.) Mattf. Pitcher’s s. ?Stellaria neglecta Weihe var. patula S. pallida (Dumort.) Piré. Lesser c. var. robusta (Steyerm.) S. pubera Michx. Great c.

Myosoton Moench. Vaccaria Wolf. M. aquaticum (L.) Moench. Giant chickweed. *V. hispanica (Mill.) Raushert. Cowherb.

Paronychia Miller. Whitlow-wort. ♦ CELASTRACEAE. The Bittersweet Family. !P. argyrocoma (Michx.) Nutt. Silver w.-w. P. canadensis (L.) Alph.Wood. Forked-chickweed. Celastrus L. Bittersweet P. fastigiata (Raf.) Fernald. Hairy forked-chickweed. C. orbiculatus Thunb. Asian b. var. fastigiata C. scandens L. American b. var. paleacea Fernald. Euonymus L. Petrorhagia (Seringe) Link. *E. alatus (Thunb.) Siebold. Winged burningbush. *P. prolifera (L.) P.W.Ball & Heywood. Childing pink. E. americanus L. Strawberry-bush, Hearts-a-bursting-with-love. E. atropurpureus Jacq. Wahoo. Sagina L. Pearlwort. *E. europaeus L. European euonymus. *S. decumbens (Elliott) Torr. & A.Gray. Trailing p. *E. fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. Climbing euonymus. !S. fontinalis Short & R.Peter. Kentucky p. *E. kiautschovicus Loes. Spreading euonymus. E. obovatus Nutt. Running strawberry-bush. Saponaria L. Soapwort. *S. officinalis L. Bouncing-bet soapwort. Paxistima Raf. !P. canbyi Gray. Mountain-lover. Scleranthus L. *S. annuus L. Annual knotgrass. ♦ CERATOPHYLLACEAE. The Hornwort Family.

Silene L. Catchfly. Ceratophyllum L. S. antirrhina L. Sleeping silene. C. demersum L. Hornwort. ?S. armeria L. C. echinatum A.Gray. Hornwort. S. caroliniana Walter. Pink c. subsp. wherryi (Small) Clausen. ♦ CHENOPODIACEAE. The Goosefoot Family. *S. cserei Baumg. Balkan c.

Atriplex L. H. frondosum Michx. Cedarglade St. J.-w. *A. patula L. Spearscale. H. gentianoides (L.) BSP. Orange-grass. ?A. prostrata Boucher H. hypericoides (L.) Crantz. subsp. hypericoides. St. Andrew’s cross. Chenopodium L. Goosefoot. H. lobocarpum Gatt. Fivelobe St. J.-w. *C. album L. Lamb’s-quarters. H. mutilum L. Small-flowered St. J.-w. *C. ambrosioides L. Mexican-tea, wormseed. !H. nudiflorum Michx. Early St. J.-w. C. berlandieri Moq. Pitseed g. *H. perforatum L. Common St. J.-w. ?C. bonus-henricus L. H. prolificum L. Shrubby St. J.-w. *C. botrys L. Jerusalem-oak. H. pseudomaculatum Bush. Large Spotted St. J.-w. ?C. glaucum L. H. punctatum Lam. Spotted St. J.-w. C. pratericola Rydb. H. sphaerocarpon Michx. Round-fruited St. J.-w. ?C. pumilio R.Br. H. stragulum W.P.Adams & N.Robson. St. Andrew’s Cross. C. simplex (Torr.) Raf. Maple-leaved g. C. standleyanum Aellen. Woodland-g. Triadenum Raf. Marsh St. John’s-wort T. tubulosum (Walter) Gleason. Lesser m. St. J.-w. Corispermum L. T. virginicum (L.) Raf. Virginia m. St. J.-w. C. americanum (Nutt.) Nutt. Bugseed. T. walteri (J.G.Gmel.) Gleason. Greater m. St. J.-w.

Cycloloma Moq. C. atriplicifolium (Spreng.) J.M.Coult. Winged pigweed.

Kochia Roth. *K. scoparia (L.) Schrad. Summer-cypress.

Salsola L. Russian-thistle. *S. collina Pall. Slender R.-t. *S. tragus L. Prickly R.-t.

♦ CISTACEAE. The Rockrose Family.

Helianthemum Mill. Frostweed. !H. bicknellii Fernald. Bicknell’s f. H. canadense (L.) Michx. Canada f.

Lechea. L. Pinweed. L. minor L. Thymeleaf p. L. mucronata Raf. Hairy p. L. racemulosa Michx. Illinois p. L. tenuifolia Michx. Narrowleaf p.

♦ CLETHRACEAE. The Clethra Family.

Clethra L. C. acuminata Michx. Sweet pepperbush.

♦ CLUSIACEAE. The Mangosteen Family.

Hypericum L. St. John’s-Wort H. adpressum Barton. Creeping St. J.-w. H. canadense L. Canadian St. J.-w. !H. crux-andreae (L.) Crantz. St. Peter’s wort. H. denticulatum Walter. Coppery St. J.-w. H. densiflorum Pursh. Bushy St. J.-w. H. dolabriformae Vent. Straggling St. J.-w. H. drummondii (Grev. & Hook.) Torr. & A.Gray. Nits-and-lice.