IINTRANTRY, AIRBORNE, and AIR ASSAULT DIVISION OPERATIONS •PREFACE the Division Is the Largest U.S

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*FM 71-101 Field l\tanual HEADQUARTERS No. 71- 01 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Washington, DC, 26 March 1980

IINTRANTRY, AIRBORNE, AND AIR ASSAULT DIVISION OPERATIONS •PREFACE The division is the largest U.S. Army organization that trains and fights as a team. A division is organized with varying numberk and types of combat, combat support, and combat service support units. Five types of divisions exist in the force structure: armored, mechanized, infantry, airborne, and air assault. The division ik a self-sustaining force capable of independent operations, even for long periods of time. A division usually fights as part of a larger force, most often a corps. Divisions, however, are\he backbone of the Army, and the land battle is won or lost by their battalions. This manual is organized in two parts. Part One describes how the infantry division is organized and employed. It also discusses those aspects of division combat which are generally common to infantry, airborne, and air assault division operations. Part Two. is devoted to the organization and employment of the airbmsne and air assault divisions and the aspects of combat operations which apply specifically to these divisions. Because theNmaneuver battalions of the infantry, airborne, and air assault divisions normally fight as part of a brigade, the way brigades fight is described in sufficient detail to understand, division operations. A detailed description of how infantry\brigades fight is contained in FM 7—30, Infantry, Airborne, and Air Assault Brigade Operations. FM 71—100, Armored and Mechanized Division Operations, describes how armored and mechanised divisions fight.

*This puljMcation, together with FM 71-100, 29 September 1978, supersedes FM 61-100( 15 November 1968. The Army Library (ANRAL) ATTN : Military Documents Room 1A518, Pentagon Washington, D.C. 20310 FM 71-101

Provisions of this publication are the subject of international standardization agreements (see Appendix B for listing). When amendment, revision, or cancellation of this publication is proposed which will affect or violate the international agreement concerned, the preparing activity will take appropriate reconciliation action through international standardization channels. Throughout this manual the word “he” is intended to include both the masculine and feminine genders. Users of this manual are encouraged to submit comments and recommended changes on DA Form 2028 to: Com- mander, U.S. Army Combined Arma Center, Attn: ATZLCA- DL, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 66027. * I. FM 71-101

INFANTRY, AIRBORNE, AND AIR ASSAULT DIVISION OPERATIONS

Table of Contents

PART I

ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYMENT OF THE INFANTRY DIVISION CHAPTER: i. The Division 1—1 2. Threat 2—1 3. Preparation for Combat 3—1 4. Offensive Operations 4—1 5. Defensive Operations 5—1 6. Combat Service Support 6—1

PART II

ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYMENT OF THE AIRBORNE AND AIR ASSAULT DIVISION CHAPTER: 7. Airborne Division Operations 7—1 8. Air Assault Division Operations 8—1

APPENDIX: A. References A—1 B. Implemented and Relevant International Standardization Agreements B—1 Index Index—1 y

in » ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYMENT (Part OF THE INFANTRY DIVISION I HtlO

CHAPTER 1 The Division

The mission of the United States Army is to win the land battle. To do this, the Army is organized into divisions. These divisions fight the land battle.

GENERAL Before World War I, the regiment was During World War II, armored, the Army’s largest tactical and ad- cavalry, airborne, and motorized divisions ministrative command. were formed in addition to infantry divisions. Divisions were streamlined by During World War I, infantry eliminating the brigade headquarters. This divisions were formed by combining meant that the division commander directly regiments into two brigades subordinate to commanded three infantry regiments. These the division. Each brigade had two were supported by four field artillery bat- regiments and was supported by field ar- talions, engineer battalions, and service tillery and service units. units. Regiments were still responsible for their logistical and administrative support. In armored divisions, regiments were later replaced by three combat commands which were similar to brigades. Each combat CONTENTS command had assigned tank and armored General 1—1 infantry battalions. Combat commands were control headquarters only—they con- Organization of trolled tactical operations. The logistics and the Infantry Division 1—2 administration chains extended directly Concept of Employment 1—3 from division to battalion. Strengths 1 —4 Vulnerabilities 1—5 The Korean War was fought by infantry divisions organized generally as they had been in World War II.

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In the late 1950’s, the Army prepared division base. The war in Vietnam was for tactical nuclear war by reorganizing its fought primarily with air assault, infantry, divisions into five battle groups in each and airborne divisions and separate infantry division. These battle groups were, brigades. in effect, large battalions, each with five rifle companies, a combat support company, Since the Vietnam War, infantry, and appropriate field artillery and service airborne, and air assault divisions have support. Battle groups were self-sustaining been provided additional antitank and could be employed singly or in com- weapons—antitank guided missiles binations. (ATGMs). In the early 1960’s, the “pentomic” division, a battle group organization, was Today US infantry, airborne, and air abandoned. At this time, the combat assault divisions have five times the command concept traditional to armored capability, in terms of firepower and division organization was adopted for all mobility, of infantry divisions of the early divisions. Combat commands were called 1950’s. New equipment to be introduced over brigades. Each division had three brigades the next five to seven years will again into which various numbers of battalions dramatically increase divisional could be grouped. All divisions were capabilities. similarly organized except that some were light (infantry and airborne) and some were Long-range trends for US Army in- heavy (armored and mechanized), fantry, airborne, and air assault divisions depending on the types of battalions and for similar divisions in armies of major assigned. A new division, the airmobile foreign powers are generally toward better division, now called an air assault division, survivability and more lethal firepower, was organized. Differences between especially antiarmor firepower. For a dis- divisions were in types of battalions cussion of trends in combat capability, see assigned and in the composition of the chapter 2 of FM 100—5, Operations.

ORGANIZATION OF THE INFANTRY DIVISION

Infantry divisions are organized with brigades; however, additional brigades (up varying numbers and types of maneuver to 5) may be assigned based on operational battalions; however, the basic organizations requirements. are alike and each has: • Infantry, mechanized, and tank bat- • A division headquarters and head- talions to destroy the enemy and to seize quarters company and three brigade head- and hold terrain. quarters and headquarters companies which provide command control for units • An air cavalry squadron for recon- assigned or attached to the division. The naissance, security, and economy of force division normally controls its three organic operations.

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• A division artillery consisting of three • A military police company to provide light artillery battalions and a mixed traffic control, security of enemy prisoners medium/heavy artillery battalion to provide of war, and assistance in area security in indirect fire support, a target-acquisition the division rear. battery to assist in target acquisition, and a headquarters and headquarters battery for • A combat aviation battalion to command control. provide command and control aircraft to the division, attack helicopter support, and air • An air defense artillery battalion to transport with a single lift capability of two help protect the division from air attack. rifle companies. • An engineer battalion for combat • A division support command to engineer support. provide combat service support to all • A signal battabon to provide com- assigned units of the division. munications between divisional command control installations such as division CPs Since the number and types of (tactical, main, and rear), brigades, division maneuver battalions organic to infantry artillery, and support command. divisions vary, the discussions in this manual address the employment of a • A combat electronic warfare in- division comprised of eight infantry bat- telligence battalion which collects, talions, one mechanized battalion, and one processes, and disseminates intelligence. tank battalion. • A nuclear, biological, and chemical To increase its combat power, field and defense company to provide for decon- air defense artillery, attack helicopter, and tamination and to reconnoiter areas engineer units may be attached to or placed believed to be contaminated. in support of the division.

CONCEPT OF EMPLOYMENT

The infantry division is a combined dismounted operations, such as large urban arms force of maneuver, combat support, areas, mountains, and jungles. Unique and combat service support units. As the characteristics of the infantry division are: division meets and destroys enemy forces, it operates in accordance with the principles • The infantry division is soldier- and concepts set forth in FM 100—5, centered as opposed to equipment-centered. Operations. • When engaged in combat, the in- The infantry division does not have the fantry division is predominantly footmobile. mechanized assets to close with the enemy’s heavy forces in terrain suitable for The organization and equipment of the mechanized operations; rather, it is more infantry division create a combat unit with effectively employed in terrain favoring specific strengths and vulnerabilities.

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Strengths • The infantry division operates in virtually ^ all terrain and weather conditions and enemy situations. The division’s combat power is only slightly degraded by extremes of weather or terrain, thus causing it to be a formidable opponent where armored and mechanized divisions cannot exercise their full battlefield mobility and firepower. Forests, mountains, swamps, and THE INFANTRYMAN, urban areas are examples of terrain that AND THE DIVISION favors employment of the infantry division. BUILT AROUND THE INFANTRYMAN, Footmobile infantry forces carry the fight to the enemy over mountainous or broken CAN FIGHT EFFECTIVELY terrain and through densely forested and IN ANY CLIMATE built-up areas. THAT MAN CAN ENDURE. • The infantry division requires less logistical support than equivalent mechanized/armored units. The infantry division’s characteristically light equipment and less complex weapon systems require correspondingly less maintenance support and less favorable conditions in which to operate. • Infantry enters a battle using varied modes of strategic or tactical transport. The limited amount of organic heavy equipment allows the infantry division to be more easily transported by land, air (airland, airmobile, and airborne operations), and naval vessel (amphibious operations). Available transport can be devoted to moving combat troops without necessitating the movement of large amounts of heavy equipment and maintenance installations. Once employed, the infantry division is relatively easy to resupply and sustain, and it can be readily repositioned for subsequent employment in critical areas. • Divisional artillery is light, easily set up and employed, less complex, and matches the mobility and fighting characteristics of the supported infantry. Although some limitations in tracked mobility, throw weight, and sophisticated weaponry are apparent when compared with mechanized or armored divisions, the infantry division realizes a commensurate gain in agility and responsiveness.

1-4 FM 71-101 " Vulnerabilities • Eight of ten maneuver battalions of • While moving, infantry combat troops the infantry division are footmobile. The are especially vulnerable to enemy fires. The vehicles of the supply and transport (S&T) tank battalion and the mechanized bat- battalion are used to move supplies; when talion are the only units with vehicles which used for troop movement, they are not provide protection from the effects of NBC, available for supply transport. artillery, and direct fire.

Airmobility assets are similarly limited. The Vulnerability can be greatly reduced by combat support aviation companies of the skillful use of terrain and by construction of combat aviation battalion can provide field fortifications. Although infantry must airlift for only two rifle companies in a be prepared to fight on foot from expedient single lift. The attack helicopter company shelters found on the battlefield, deliberate and the air cavalry squadron provide defensive positions should be constructed transport exclusively for organic elements. whenever possible to provide adequate protection against enemy fires. The proper The footmobility of the division increases application of countersurveillance reaction time, thereby limiting battlefield measures, to include camouflage, reduces maneuverability. Enemy mechanized forces the vulnerability of infantry units by may be able to apply decisive combat power deceiving, defeating, or degrading the before the infantry division can concentrate enemy’s target-acquisition systems. to alter unfavorable combat ratios. When required to operate alongside the more mobile armored or mechanized divisions, In certain offensive or defensive operations, care must be taken to insure that the more infantry may be forced to abandon its mobile divisions do not unnecessarily protection to move in the presence of the expose the infantry division’s flank. This is enemy. The maneuver of unprotected foot- especially critical during the conduct of the mobile forces may subject the force to the defense. effects of heavy fires or NBC agents. Since the infantry division’s battlefield maneuverability is limited, timely and ac- • The infantry division has less organic curate intelligence of the enemy’s firepower—both direct and indirect—than capabilities and intentions becomes critical armored and mechanized divisions. It has to the division’s disposition for combat. The three light artillery direct support battalions mobility differential between footmobile and one medium/heavy artillery battalion. infantry and opposing motorized or The armored and mechanized divisions mechanized forces requires the infantry have three medium artillery direct support commander to exercise extreme caution in battalions and a heavy battalion. By com- his efforts to concentrate forces on the parison, the infantry division artillery has battlefield. He must deploy his division on less throw weight in a single volley, range, terrain that will lessen the mobility and bursting radius than the heavy differential. Most infantry concentrations of divisions. The numbers of direct fire weapon maneuver combat power will occur prior to systems of the armored and mechanized the start of the battle, although foot moves divisions exceed those of the infantry in rugged terrain are possible during con- divisions. The armored and mechanized ditions of reduced visibility after the battle divisions have six and four times, respec- begins. tively, the number of tank systems.

1-5 •> CHAPTER 2 Threat

For the most part, potential enemies of the United States are organized, equipped, trained, and tactically schooled in either Soviet or Chinese military concepts.

INTRODUCTION

Fundamental to the tactical concepts of CONTINUOUS COMBAT-By apply- both the Soviet and Chinese armies are ing mass continuously—day or night, and several cardinal ideas. These are: in bad weather with limited visibility—one achieves and sustains momentum, thus MASS—Victory is most easily and, in overwhelming enemy forces and destroying the end, economically achieved by their ability to defend as well as their will to overwhelming the enemy with numbers. do so. MOMENTUM—Numbers combined with speed destroy an enemy quickly; and OFFENSE—Threat forces defend although losses may be high at the outset, primarily to permit an attack somewhere quick collapse of the enemy makes the else, to regroup forces, or as an interlude mass-speed combination more economical in between offensive operations. As a general the long run. rule, however, it is necessary to take combat initiative to achieve decisive results. In world areas of most concern to the United States, Threat forces are primarily CONTENTS armored. They feature a comprehensive combined arms team of tanks; armored Introduction 2—1 infantry fighting vehicles; antitank guided missiles (ATGMs); self-propelled field and Threat Soldiers and their Leaders 2—2 air defense artillery; tactical fighter bomber Threat Tactics 2—2 aircraft and armed helicopters; self- Infantry-Heavy Threat 2—4 propelled, rapid-launch tactical bridging; and supporting mobile equipment. Organization 2—4 Threat Infantry Operations 2—6 Threat forces train extensively for Mechanized Threat 2—12 operations on a battlefield where nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) weapons are Organization 2—12 used. They carry a complete array of in- Threat Mechanized Operations 2—14 dividual and vehicular NBC protective gear. Most Threat armored vehicles provide pressurized protection for crews.

2-1 FM 71-101

The Threat electronic warfare capa- dense with air defense and artillery fires, bility is substantial and impressive. It in- meaning successful employment of fighter cludes radio intercept, direction finding, bombers and attack helicopters will be jamming, and deception. Threat forces use highly dependent on successful electronic warfare together with fire support counterfire—suppression of enemy air to deny the enemy use of his electronic defenses. Command control will be difficult systems and to protect Threat electronic not only because of the density of systems systems. These operations are called radio- and the intensity of the fight, but also electronic combat. because of extensive electronic warfare aimed at disrupting operations. Mobility Consequently, the battlefield will be will be difficult to achieve because of considerable numbers of countermobility dense with high-quality complementary factors such as natural and man-made weapons of all types, and there will be an obstacles, destroyed equipment and units, intense fight in which large numbers on artificially created smoke, the smoke and both sides are likely to be destroyed very dust of battle, and disrupted command quickly. The air over the battlefield will be control systems.

■Threat Soldiers and their Leaders The Threat soldier is first a field soldier. when they believe they are righteously He spends most of each training day defending their country against aggression. learning to live and fight in the field. For him, theory is no substitute for practice in Threat leaders demand instant and field living and operations. unquestioned obedience from their subordinates. Regimental and battalion commanders do not allow subordinate leaders to exercise initiative. Therefore, an unexpected Most Threat soldiers are highly situation on the battlefield can place the motivated, sometimes through fear of their small unit leader at a momentary loss. If leaders or as a result of political indoc- unforeseen successes occur, for example, trination. They believe in the rightness of small unit commanders will likely await their system—they know no other. In battle, new orders or respond in a stereotyped Threat soldiers are tough, callous fighters. fashion rather than use initiative to take They are indifferent to hardship, especially immediate advantage of the situation.

Threat Tactics In the offense, following closely the tacks, enveloping maneuvers, holding at- concepts of mass, momentum, and con- tacks, and deep thrusts into the enemy rear tinuous operations, the Threat employs by armor-heavy combined arms forces. tactics that focus clearly on concentrating Threat commanders believe they must build numerically superior forces and firepower to up an offensive momentum which will allow accomplish a combination of frontal at- their forces to advance 30 to 50 kilometers a

2-2 day during nonnuclear operations, and 60 to employment in both offensive and defensive i 100 kilometers a day during nuclear operations as the basis of all fire planning. operations. Momentum of the attack is Nuclear and chemical fires may be com- Representative features of Threat tactics, which sustained by echelonment of forces in depth bined and coordinated with non- are emphasized repeatedly in his literature and so that succeeding echelons can pass nuclear/chemical fires and air attacks, and which the division commander can expect to through or around the first echelon, join the exploited rapidly by ground and air assault encounter frequently, include the following: fight with fresh forces, and press on to forces. Nuclear and chemical weapons may achieve and maintain continuous opera- be employed together or separately. Either ! Seek surprise at all timçs. Prevent the enemy tions. may be employed in conjunction with from reacting quickly and effectively, and paralyze biological agents. When nuclear and the enemy's will to resist. The defense is seen as a temporary chemical weapons are used, Threat force Mass forces in decisive areas by rapidly con- condition. Threat forces defend while tactics are similar to those employed on the j centrating men, materiel, and firepower for the seeking an opportunity to attack, or as an nonnuclear battlefield except that greater minimum time needed to rupture enemy defenses. economy of force measure to support an dispersion of forces takes place; that is, ! attack elsewhere. frontages and attack zones are usually Breach enemy defenses at weakly defended doubled. positions and rapidly advance deep into rear areas. Combined arms operations and units Bypass strongly defended areas, leaving them are important considerations in Threat In the attack, the enemy attempts to to be destroyed by following echelons. tactics. Motorized rifle troops and tanks overwhelm the defense with the weight and consistently operate together; ground speed of his attack, both day and night. The Advance quickly to build up momentum operations are always supported by exten- which, together with mass and continuous attack is conducted on a broad front, with operations, will gain victory quickly. sively planned artillery fires. Units are formations moving on independent axes organized to adapt easily to changing and accepting the risk of open flanks. To Operate continuously during day and night, combat requirements by attaching required minimize this danger, the enemy may use fair weather and foul, good visability or poor, in numbers of supporting units. nuclear or chemical weapons to neutralize order to keep maximum pressure on the enemy and ground dominating his axis of advance and destroy him. Echelonment of forces is an important to protect his flanks. Use massive artillery support including Threat concept during both offensive and mortars, multiple rocket launchers, and antitank defensive operations. Commanders at all To avoid presenting nuclear targets, the guns. levels down to battalion determine the enemy normally concentrates forces for only number of echelons required for an short periods of time. He may close with the Deploy and sustain a dense and redundant air operation. It is normal to have two echelons. defense, and conduct airstrikes into the enemy's defender either to destroy him or to insure rear. Commanders are permitted to retain that the defender cannot use nuclear reserves. These may include motorized rifle weapons without endangering his own Achieve flank security by aggressive advance. and tank units, antitank assets, and other forces. Primary nuclear targets are nuclear units as required. The size of the reserve and chemical weapons delivery systems, Destroy nuclear delivery means early. varies, but it is normally small. The reserve command control systems, logistic is the commander’s contingency force. He systems, and large concentrations of troops. , Use radio-electronic combat to help destroy uses it to replace destroyed units, repel enemy command control. counterattacks, provide local security i against airborne/helibome and partisan In the defense, Threat forces fight on i Use combined arms forces echeloned in depth operations, and to act as an exploitation the nuclear battlefield in much the same in both the attack and the defense. force to influence the outcome of the manner as they do on the conventional operation. battlefield except that defending forces may Breach obstacles—both natural and man- be more widely dispersed. Primary nuclear made—quickly. Threat forces that possess nuclear and targets are the same as when they are chemical weapons consider their attacking.

2-3 2-3 Foldin FM 71—101 INFANTRY-HEAVY THREAT Organization ■

The Threat infantry-heavy organi- and engineer units; but the majority of its zation is most likely to be encountered in maneuver forces are infantry. The Asia. This organization has armored, organization of an infantry army-corps is mechanized, artillery, antitank, antiaircraft, shown here.

THREAT INFANTRY-HEAVY ARMY-CORPS

ARMY CORPS _i 1 HQ * INFANTRY (INFANTRYn LIGHT MORTAR ELEMENT DIVISION BDE INFANTRY REGIMENT T BDE

MOTORIZED ARTY ANTITANK TANK AAA RECONNAIS RIFLE REGIMENT BN REGIMENT! REGIMENT SANCE REGIMENT BN T.

ENGINEER CHEMICAL SIGNAL REAR** REGIMENT BN BN SERVICES ELEMENTS

'Headquarters elements will include the staff, artillery, and political sections. Some of the elements included are: operations, reconnaissance, political training, personnel, documents, cryptographic, and propaganda.

'Transportation, medical, and maintenance elements are included.

2-4 Foldout 2-4 FM 71-101

Threat infantry-heavy divisions have spare parts, and the lack of a well-organized fixed organizations. There are very few logistics system to support these divisions armored divisions in the infantry-heavy limit their effectiveness. force since shortages of equipment and

THREAT INFANTRY DIVISION

■ i “T" JAL LLL J-LL u HQS

_I_L FLAME MEDIUM GUARD ROCKET THROWER 7C LAUNCHER Key Equipment 32 Mdm Tk 373 Trk Cgo 18 107 mm MRL 10 Assault Gun 12 122 mm How 12 120/160 mm Mort 18 37/57 mm A/A Gun INFANTRY-HEAVY THREAT ARMORED DIVISION

XX CD T y _ui , - ill .. LU- -LI- HQ \M\

Il 7C GUARD Key Equipment: 301 Mdm Tk 22 Armd Recon Veh 10 120/160 mm Mort 85 ARC 535 Trk Cgo 20 100 mm Fid Gun 12 122 mm How 15 37/57 mm A/A Gun

2-5 FM 71—101

¡ Threat Infantry Operations

Three factors guide Threat infantry • Infiltration is used to reduce enemy forces: morale and block routes of withdrawal. • In offensive operations, attempts are made to get as close to the enemy as • Most movement and operations are possible to deter his use of superior conducted at night or in limited visibility to firepower to offset numerical inferiority. lessen the effects of enemy air operations.

OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

Normally, an attack is conducted only engage the enemy while the advance guard with a superior force. Attacks are intended proper (one regiment .minus) attacks on one primarily to destroy the enemy, not to seize or both flanks to encircle and destroy the or retain terrain. However, in a limited enemy or force his retirement. conflict, terrain objectives are important to attacking forces. The advance guard commander deploys his force on a wide front to seek the best Threat infantry recognizes three avenues of approach to the enemy’s flanks. different types of attack that affect tactics The advance guard action is often a at division level and below: piecemeal operation in which units are allotted tasks and launched into action as The meeting engagement, logically they become available. These rapid attacks following the advance, is a collision between are part of the reconnaissance effort to opposing forces on the move. It usually define the enemy’s FEBA and to locate takes place before either force is fully weapon and gun positions. These attacks deployed. are also used to maintain the initiative, confuse the enemy, prevent him from The hasty attack is conducted when organizing a counterattack, and keep him possible from the march. Its purpose is to off balance until the main body arrives. penetrate thinly occupied and hastily prepared defensive positions by rapid, deep The division commander, with infor- thrusts to disrupt the entire defensive mation gained by the advance guard, will system. deploy the main body as soon as possible to carry out an enveloping attack to annihilate The deliberate attack requires careful the enemy. If the enemy withdraws before planning and a relatively long period of encirclement is complete, he will be pursued. preparation. It is mounted against a well- prepared defense. Rapid and bold offensive action is considered the key to success. Even against a MEETING ENGAGEMENT. On stronger enemy, an envelopment is con- contact, the point—consisting of a rein- sidered the best method of isolating and forced company—engages the enemy and annihilating portions of the enemy column. attempts to destroy or contain him. If the The division commander, having allotted point and advance party cannot overcome his commanders their tasks, places greater the resistance, they will quickly dig in and reliance on their initiative and judgment in

2-6 the meeting engagement—and in the tactical technique (a main attack with pursuit that may follow a quick success— simultaneous diversionary attacks) is nor- than on more deliberate combat operations. mally used. During movement, tanks are normally One point, two sides is a variation of allocated to the advance guard to support the envelopment in which the enemy’s weak the infantry in its operations. The com- spot is attacked simultaneously with feints mander employs his armor carefully and is and enveloping movements. “One point” unlikely to commit his tanks until the means the concentration of overwhelmingly enemy tank strength has been reduced by superior strength and attack at a selected artillery and antitank fire. Then, tanks are weak point. “Two sides” means the massed in the main attack to destroy the launching of an attack where two or more remaining enemy tanks and strongpoints supporting attacks are necessary to insure and to pursue the withdrawing forces. that the enemy can be enveloped and an- nihilated. This does not mean that the Artillery units are deployed well attack is limited to only two sides. When forward in the advance to exploit the strength permits, attacks on three or more maximum range of the guns. On contact sides may be launched. with the enemy, artillery units with the advance guard go into action as quickly as Divide and destroy is another prin- possible. Direct fire, including tank fire, ciple applicable at all levels and is an constitutes a considerable portion of the alternative to the “one point, two sides” initial support until artillery with the main tactic. As the words imply, an attempt is body is able to reinforce the fire of the made to penetrate the enemy position, split advance guard. the defenders successively into smaller groups, and then attack to annihilate them Engineers organic to the division and by overwhelming force. regiment clear or supervise the clearing or breaching of obstacles and minefields on A hasty attack by an infantry division the scale of three lanes per attacking rifle with two regiments in the first echelon and company. Mines are neutralized and one regiment in the second may be launched removed for use elsewhere, although on a frontage of about 6-7 kilometers. At attempts may be made to detonate antiper- times, three regiments may be deployed in sonnel mines on the spot using long bamboo line for the attack. The first-echelon poles with hooks or bangalore torpedoes. regiment usually consists of two reinforced battalions, and the second, one battalion. THE HASTY ATTACK. The hasty The attack frontage is about 3 kilometers. attack is made against an enemy occupying The battalion attacks on a frontage of about a hastily prepared defensive position. 700 meters with two reinforced companies in Threat infantry considers that such a the first echelon and one company in the position is unlikely to have a fully coor- second. dinated defensive plan and that its fire support will be relatively poor. THE DELIBERATE ATTACK. The deliberate attack against a well-organized Threat infantry emphasizes speed in the defensive position is characterized by planning, preparation, and execution of the careful planning, increased reconnaissance attack consistent with an adequately coor- activities, and the deployment of dinated fire plan. The “one point, two sides” numerically superior forces against specific

2-7 FM 71-101 » positions. In fact, an infantry division may Listed below is a guide to the frontages be employed against a battalion position or for various units conducting a deliberate a battalion against a platoon. attack on the main axis:

DELIBERATE ATTACK FRONTAGES • Army-Corps 4—8 kilometers • Battalion 500—700 meters

• Division 2—4 kilometers • Company 250—350 meters

• Regiment 1—2 kilometers O Platoon 100—150 meters

THREAT INFANTRY-HEAVY OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

■XXX XX Supporting Attack 8-12 km£

XX Ui

3 2—4 km Main XX Attack XX

N 2-4 km CD XX to XX

2-4 km

XXX 1st Echelon 2d Echelon NOT TO SCALE Army-Corps Army-Corps "Light infantry brigade which infiltrates enemy defenses and conducts sapper operations. *The Army-Corps sector may be 16—40 km wide; however, divisional forces may concentrate on a front of 2—4 km.

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The division, usually controlled by infantry-heavy, motorized if possible, com- army, attacks on a 4-kilometer front, nor- bined arms force. mally in two echelons. Initial objectives are 3 or 4 kilometers behind the enemy FEBA, Tanks, when available, are normally and final objectives may be as far behind placed under the operational control of the the enemy FEBA as 10 to 15 kilometers. regiment which in turn allocates them to the Depicted on the preceding page is an army- leading battalions in the first echelon of the corps and its divisions in a deliberate attack. Tanks are massed to assist the attack. infantry’s advance into the depths of the enemy’s defense. The division commander may use one or more of his infantry regiments to try to At least one of the division’s organic outflank and encircle the enemy. The artillery battalions, consisting of three regiment attacks in two echelons. The first echelon consists of two reinforced bat- batteries, will normally be placed in direct talions; the second echelon consists of one support of each of the first-echelon battalion on a frontage of up to 2 kilometers. regiments. Artillery from army resources Objectives are allocated to the first-echelon will give additional fire support to the battalions only. The second echelon follows attacking regiments. Artillery is usually in the first echelon and is usually given the position at least 24 hours before an attack. mission of mopping up bypassed centers of resistance. Both echelons are considered to The pursuit will start when an enemy be committed. is either routed or attempts to break contact and withdraw. When it becomes apparent The Reserve. Threat infantry does not that the enemy is planning a withdrawal or categorize the reserve as an echelon in the has just begun to withdraw, an attack is offense. The second or support echelon is immediately launched to confuse him and tasked to follow and support the assault disrupt his plans. Once it is clearly deter- echelon in the attack and is thus committed. mined that a withdrawal is in progress, This echelon is not a proper reserve pursuit is begun. All units are committed although it may be assigned missions such immediately, even piecemeal, to insure that as repelling counterattacks which are nor- contact is maintained with the retreating mally given to a reserve. The reserve proper enemy. Once pursuit is initiated, it can be varies in strength according to each combat terminated only on orders by higher situation. Normally, the reserve is an echelons.

DEFENSIVE Defense is regarded as a temporary • Economize forces to allow an offense expedient adopted in order to: to be mounted in another area. • Consolidate captured objectives. • Preserve friendly forces while weakening those of the enemy. • Cover a withdrawal. The Threat uses a position defense to • Gain time to concentrate forces for the retain terrain and a mobile defense when offense or counteroffense. terrain is not important.

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The infantry division normally par- • Security position—occupied by a ticipates in defensive operations as a part of screening force, reconnaissance units, and a a larger force. The army-corps commander security force. prescribes the area to be defended by the division and coordinates the employment of • Main defensive position—occupied artillery, armor, and barrier and denial and defended by the first echelon. operations. • Position in depth—occupied and At all levels, commanders divide their defended by the second echelon. forces into two echelons. The area to be defended by a unit is divided into three The following chart shows frontages and positions: depths of the main defensive position:

DEFENSIVE FRONTAGES AND DEPTHS Mobile Defense Position Defense Frontage Frontage Depth

Division 16—24 km 8—12 km 9—18 km

Regiment 6—8 km 3—4 km 3—6 km

Battalion 2—4 km 1—2 km 1.5—3 km

Company 1—1.5 km 500—700 m 500—700 m

Platoon 500—700 m 250—350 m 250—350 m

The position defense (next page) is characterized by surprise, limited counterat- organized in great depth and is designed to tacks, and ambushes carried out in strength deny vital areas to the attacker, to halt the aimed at inflicting maximum casualties on attack, or to inflict significant losses on the the enemy. attacker. Forward units decisively engage the attacker and hold at all costs. No The Threat concept of a mobile defense thought is given to withdrawal to successive is a “hit and run” type operation based on a defensive positions. At the opportune time, war of movement and conducted as a series forces mass to counterattack. of defensive actions followed by withdrawals. Its aim is to inflict casualties The ability of Threat infantry-heavy on the enemy without sustaining unaccep- forces to conduct a mobile defense is limited. table losses. As an enemy attacks, a series When conditions permit, the mobile defense of withdrawals designed to draw the attack enables the Threat to deploy his forces to deep into Threat-controlled territory are attack the attacker. The mobile defense is conducted; then an overwhelming force conducted as a series of defensive battles attacks from all sides to annihilate overex- fought at previously designated lines tended, fragmented, or temporarily isolated forward of a final interception line. It is attacking forces.

2-10 FM 71—101

THREAT INFANTRY-HEAVY POSITIONAL DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS

Second Security Zone I Main Defensive Belt 4-5 Defensive Belt Up to 15 km »4«* 5—8 km > km—*» i—4—6 km—i (8) xxxx 1-2 km

1-2 km co 1-2 km C= XX 1—2 km C= --(8)-XX (8) 1—2 km

1—2 km co 0 -0-1" C= 3—4 km c= eg X XX c= 1S1 0 0 1—2 km (if avail) 1—2 km 0-XX oo I §

XXXX -J-® Regt 0- 1st I 2d Divisions NOT TO SCALE 1 st I 2d Infantry-Heavy Army .Corps 1st 2d

The aim of retrograde operations is to retrograde operation by day, smoke is used create a more favorable situation for the to screen troop movement. Retrograde initiation or resumption of the offense. operations are covered by intense artillery When possible, retrograde operations take fires and airstrikes and may be preceded by place at night. When conducting a local counterattacks.

2-11 FM 71 —101* » MECHANIZED THREAT

■Organization- Threat motorized forces are organized operations. Mechanized forces are organized into units that contain all the elements into combined arms or tank armies necessary to conduct combined arms generally as shown.

TANK OR COMBINED ARMS ARMY

XX XX

TYPE ARMY

ARMY ARTILLERY SSM-SCUD DIVISIONS HEADQUARTERS REGIMENT BRIGADE

SAM SAM PONTOON ASSAULT CHEMICAL BRIGADE REGIMENT BRIDGE CROSSING DEFENSE (SA-4) (SA-5) REGIMENT BATTALION BATTALION

SIGNAL ENGINEER MOTOR INTELLIGENCE SIGNAL REGIMENT REGIMENT TRANSPORT UNITS INTERCEPT BDE OR REGT

REAR SERVICES

2-12 FM 71—101

Armies are composed of a variable tank divisions with necessary combat number of motorized rifle divisions and support and combat service support units.

MOTORIZED RIFLE DIVISION r xx

T" m i _LU_ _1U_ HQ O CD nr _u_ _u_ I L MEDIUM ROCKET MR LAUNCHER

_LL _Li_ COMBAT FROG SERVICE >—c 7T SUPPORT Key Equipment: 255 Mdm Tk 4 FROG Lehr 36 122-mm How 18 100 mm AT Gun 18 Rkt Lehrs 18 152 mm H TANK DIVISION xx CD

HQ CD

-U MEDIUM ROCKET n FROG LAUNCHER SECC]

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT Key Equipment: 325 Mdm Tk 4 FROG Lehr 54 122 mm How 18 Rkt Lehrs

2-13 Threat Mechanized Operations—:

OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

In the offense, Threat armor concen- much as a reinforced regiment from the trates numerically superior forces and army second echelon; otherwise, the ad- firepower to carry out a combination of vance guard is provided by one reinforced frontal attacks, enveloping maneuvers, and battalion from each first-echelon regiment. deep offensive thrusts into the enemy rear. Generally, the Threat will be willing to Mobile air defense, automatic weapons, suffer considerable losses to accomplish the and low-altitude surface-to-air missiles mission. (SAMs) are integrated by individual piece into march columns. High-altitude SAM Threat forces feature large numbers of units normally move as a battery and may tanks, infantry and armored fighting be integrated into march columns or move vehicles, self-propelled artillery, self- along separate routes to insure adequate propelled and rapidly launched tactical coverage. Towed AA guns also move as a bridging, and supporting mobile equipment. battery integrated into march columns. They are also equipped with a comprehensive arsenal of air defense weapons When contact is made, the advance including tactical aircraft, missiles, antiair- guard attempts to destroy the enemy force. craft artillery, and vehicle-mounted If not immediately successful, the advance machineguns. guard attempts to locate enemy flanks, gaps, and weak points while the main body Threat armor offensive operations nor- deploys. Supported by available artillery mally include: and air, the main body then conducts a hasty attack from march column against • Meeting engagement. the enemy flanks and rear.

• Breakthrough attack or deliberate If this proves unsuccessful, the Threat attack. division commander may attempt additional hasty attacks from new directions. • Pursuit (exploitation). If still unsuccessful, he will probably halt and prepare to conduct a breakthrough MEETING ENGAGEMENT. The army attack. attack begins with first-echelon divisions moving to contact, often during periods of BREAKTHROUGH. One first-echelon reduced visibility. division is normally designated to conduct the main attack (breakthrough) while other division(s) conduct supporting attacks. Attacking divisions move over multiple routes until forced to deploy. Each first- echelon division employs a tank-heavy The Threat prefers to conduct the advance guard up to 30 kilometers ahead of operation from the line of march, using the the main body. Its purpose is to roll back the division previously designated for the Ar- defender’s covering force and locate the my’s main effort as the breakthrough main battle area. The advance guard for the division. Under these circumstances, little division making the main effort may be as lateral movement of units is necessary. If a

2-14 FM 71-101

division other than that reinforced for the Once the artillery is in position, a main effort is selected for the breakthrough, massive preparation is fired lasting from 30 repositioning of artillery and logistical units minutes to an hour or more. In order to fire to support the operation can be time con- the preparation, it is necessary to move suming. considerable ammunition to firing positions.

Although there is little lateral During the preparation, maneuver units movement, there may be considerable deploy into battalion and company forward and rearward movement of artillery columns, gradually narrowing the width of and ammunition vehicles as artillery is advance. The rate of advance is carefully repositioned and organized into regimental and divisional artillery groups. Each group controlled. When preparatory fires have consists of from two to four battalions. An ceased or have been shifted into the depth of army artillery group consisting of two to the enemy defense, the assault begins. At four battalions of 122-mm, 130-mm, and 152- this point, the breakthrough division front mm guns may be formed to provide ad- has narrowed to approximately 4 ditional support and counterbattery fires. kilometers.

THREAT MECHANIZED/ARMOR-HEAVY OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS ■xxxx

Supporting + Attack 10-16 km CD-

xx XX + 10—16 km E JC CDI- to T XX o Main Attack 10—16 km - CD - xxxx NOT TO SCALE Army 1st Echelon Army 2d Echelon The attack zone may be 10—16 km wide; however, at the point of breakthrough, divisional forces may be concentrated on a front of 4—8 km.

2-15 FM 71-101

First-echelon regiments try to rupture If the breakthrough successfully dis- initial defensive positions, thereby creating rupts the defense, front second-echelon tank a gap in the defense. Tanks normally lead or combined arms armies are committed the attack. Motorized rifle troops remain through gaps to exploit initial successes. mounted in infantry fighting vehicles and Once into the enemy’s rear, divisions move follow immediately behind tanks. If the in column or multiple routes as in a defense, particularly the antitank defense, is movement to contact. too strong, motorized rifle troops dismount and assault on foot with the BMP providing The Pursuit. The threat considers the fire support from the rear. pursuit an offensive operation designed to complete the destruction of the enemy. Second-echelon regiments of the Rather than follow a retreating enemy, breakthrough division pass through gaps pursuing units move along routes parallel to created by the first echelon, thus widening the enemy’s retreat, attempting to out- the initial breach. If the breakthrough has distance elements of the enemy force, cut been successful, a gap of approximately 20 withdrawing columns into segments, and kilometers in the defense should exist. destroy them. Helicopters are employed to locate and engage retreating units and Second-echelon divisions then move guide pursuing forces. Airborne, airlanded, forward and pass through the first echelon and airmobile forces are used to control in order to strike deep into the defender’s critical terrain and block or slow enemy rear, defeat whatever forces are there, and withdrawal. destroy or capture command posts, depots, and communications facilities. Listed below is a guide to the frontages for various units conducting a deliberate If the breakthrough division is not attack on the main axis: successful, the front commander may:

• Continue the attack, using second- DELIBERATE ATTACK FRONTAGES echelon divisions. • Army 30 kilometers • Transfer the main effort to a sector that is enjoying more success. • Division 10—16 kilometers • Regiment 5—8 kilometers • Order a halt to the attack, establish a defense, withdraw breakthrough divisions, • Battalion 1—1.5 kilometers and conduct a reassessment of Front • Company 400—600 meters capabilities.

DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS

Threat doctrine identifies motorized ri- and then only temporarily. A defending fle units as best suited for the conduct of first-echelon tank unit is replaced by a defensive operations. Armored units defend motorized rifle division at the earliest in the first echelon only when necessary possible time.

2-16 FM 71—101

The Threat conducts either a hasty or TANK MECHANIZED/ARMOR-HEAVY deliberate defense. The hasty defense is DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS conducted for short durations, and it is the Second most common form of defense. This form of Security Zone Main Defense Belt the defense provides for rapid transition to Defense Belt the offense or to a well-prepared deliberate Up to 30 km Up to 15 km 8-10 km 10 km defense. The hasty defense is normally &-XXXX employed by units on the move that are 5-7.5 km forced to stop in place. o M The deliberate defense is used when the 5-7.5 km O advance is halted for more than a few o hours. When a deliberate defense is con- 0 5-7.5 km 0= ducted, the Threat normally establishes a ? security zone and defensive belts heavily supported by artillery, air defense systems, 5-7.5 km X antitank weapons, engineer units, and X aviation units. Each of the defensive belts -(gV-XX.0 Cf o XX 5-7.5 km ‘ ' o contains a series of well-fortified strongpoints located to cover the most likely k o avenues of approach. Alternate positions 5-7.5 km ‘ E o are prepared along other less likely avenues JÉ 0 of approach. Some armor units are assigned o 0““0— reserve missions for conducting the o 15-22.5 km counterattack. 3 in o X •Q o XX X Listed below are the frontages and < C3 depths for various size units in the main defensive position: o z> 0 5-7.5 km DEFENSIVE FRONTAGES (If available) AND DEPTHS o 5-7.5 km;, Frontage Depth o o Army 100 km 100—120 km (X)—XX Threat is organized on the basis of Division 20—30 km 15 km battalion defense areas located on terrain features covering important o Regiment 10—15 km 8—10 km coi avenues of approach and oriented to o Battalion 5—7.5 km 5—7.5 km deliver fire into adjacent battalion CM defense areas. Company 1000—1500 m 500 m -(g) (%)■ XXXX- Platoon 300—400 m 200—300 m Divisions NOT TO SCALE 1st 2d Combined Arms Army 1st I „

2-27 2-27 Foldin

CHAPTER 3 Preparation for Combat

The commander and his staff prepare for combat by analyzing missions and setting forth tasks to be accomplished, preparing and issuing plans and orders, and executing and supervising the execution of orders.

THE COMMANDER AND HIS STAFF

The Commander

It is the division commander who priorities for fire support, air defense, allocates maneuver battalions and assigns engineer support, and electronic warfare missions to brigades in order to apply operations. He also sets priorities for combat power at the right time and place. combat service support (ammunition, fuel, He establishes intelligence-collection re- and maintenance) which must be concen- quirements to obtain information as to trated to support the combat operations. He where and when to mass units. He sets organizes the division for combat.

CONTENTS The Commander and his Staff 3—1 The Air Cavalry Squadron 3—16 The Commander 3—1 Attack Helicopter Units 3—16 The Commander's Staff 3—2 Field Artillery 3—18 The Decisionmaking Process 3—2 Tactical Air Support 3—20 Plans and Orders 3—6 Naval Gunfire Support x.. 3—26 Orders Group 3—6 Air Defense Artillery 3—26 Staff Operations 3—6 Engineers 3—29 Reports 3—7 Combat Service Support 3—30 Displays 3—8 Command Post Operations 3—31 Combat Information and Intelligence... 3—8 Division Tactical Command Post 3—31 Division Main Command Post 3—32 Organization for Combat 3—14 Operations Security 3—34 Infantry, Tank, and Mechanized Battalions 3—14 Division Support Area 3—34 Effective Use of Fighting Elements 3—14 Communications 3—34

3-1 FM 71-101 The Commander’s Staff

To assist him, the division commander The general staff assists the com- has two assistant division commanders mander in the broad areas of personnel (ADCs); a chief of staff; and a general, (Gl), intelligence (G2), operations (G3), special, and personal staff. While the ADCs logistics (G4), and civil/military operations may be employed as the division com- (CMO) (G5). These are areas in which the mander directs, it is normal to find one division will normally receive missions, assistant assigned to operational and tasks, or other requirements. The staff training activities and the other assigned to groups assist the commander by providing support activities. The chief of staff is the him with information, analyses, and es- principal staff coordinator for the com- timates which facilitate decisionmaking. mander and is responsible for the activities The staff prepares and disseminates the of the general and special staffs. The per- plans and orders necessary to transmit the sonal staff works under the direct super- commander’s decisions to subordinate com- vision of the commander and provides for mands. his needs. Often, the situation will require the The special staff provides technical commander to transmit his decisions to his expertise for the commander in a number of subordinate commanders face to face. He areas, for example: communications and will update the staff as time permits. The electronics, engineer, transportation, staff assists the subordinate commands in chemical, and finance. In some cases, unit the execution of their orders. It is incumbent commanders in the division also function as on the staff to understand the commander’s special staff officers, for example: the air concept throughout a situation, to be defense artillery, engineer, and signal bat- flexible, and to be technically and tactically talion commanders. proficient.

The Decisionmaking Process

When a mission is received, decision- decision. The estimate is normally mental making begins. Decisionmaking is that and is done as quickly as possible. It is process used by the commander to identify based on: his tasks, develop his plan, and issue his instructions to subordinates in order to O Mission analysis. accomplish the mission. The lower the echelon, the more simple, direct, and rapid Q Information available about the enemy the process will be. Once the operation situation. starts, subsequent orders must be issued O Terrain over which the division must rapidly, under the pressure of battle. This operate. means they must be simple. Any decisionmaking process resulting in complex orders O Probable weather conditions during will not work in modem battle. the operation. O Forces available to the division. For any operation, the commander, with assistance from his staff, must first es- O Time available to prepare for the timate the situation and then reach a operation.

3-2 FM 71-101

Mission analysis is a matter of has a thorough understanding of enemy determining what must be done, and when organization, tactics, and intelligence con- and where it is to be done, by analyzing cerning dispositions, strengths, and specified and implied tasks contained in the weaknesses, he can determine, with a mission assigned by higher headquarters. reasonable degree of certainty, enemy capabilities, probable best courses of action, The enemy situation is analyzed to and their influence on his operation. Any determine the enemy’s probable influence additional information required to complete on the division’s operations. To analyze the the estimate must be made known to the G2 enemy situation, the commander must put so that he can begin obtaining it. himself in the enemy’s position. Although the commander will seldom have all the Terrain often has a decisive in- information about the enemy he would like, fluence on an estimate and on the he uses the best information available. If he development of a tactical plan.

Terrain is evaluated in terms of:

■ Observation. Observation . of the munication permit the rapid concen- battlefield is necessary in order to bring tration of combat, combat support, and effective fire to bear upon the enemy and combat service support elements during to prevent surprise of the defending both offensive and defensive operations. force. ■ Cover and concealment. The division Brigades move their battalions or task uses cover to reduce unit vulnerability forces from one covered and concealed to enemy fires, and concealment to position to the next using covered routes achieve surprise. as much as possible. Divisions use lines of communication to support the ■ Fields of fire. Fields of fire are important maneuver of all the combined arms and to the defender. The attacker seeks to supporting services. When defending, make his main effort where the defender movement of supplies and forward or does not have the advantage of good lateral movement of combat and combat fields of fire. The attacker seeks terrain support units may be most important. In providing good cover and concealment the attack, rapid advance of combat throughout his advance. formations and supply trains is essential. ■ Obstacles. Obstacles are natural or manmade features which impede Although much can be learned from movement. The defender uses obstacles studying maps, the division commander to slow or canalize the enemy advance. and key members of his staff should The attacker seeks to avoid them. personally reconnoiter as much of the operational area as possible. The area ■ Routes of movement and com- where the main effort is planned or munication. Analysis of friendly and expected to occur is particularly im- enemy routes of movement and com- portant.

3-3 FM 71-101

Land battle takes place amid natural • Increase the engagement time and manmade variations in terrain. How to available to their weapon systems. best accomplish the mission is frequently influenced by terrain in terms of obser- • Multiply combat power. vation, cover and concealment, fields of fire, obstacles, and routes of movement and V Weather affects trafficability and communication, as well as by trafficability visibility. It can influence the ability to and key terrain. For example, when rapidly concentrate the force and sustain it. defending, it is often necessary either to Good weather and trafficability can occupy ground dominating the battlefield or facilitate rapid movement. Bad weather can to deny that ground to the enemy. inhibit movement, reduce the ability of both enemy and friendly forces to acquire targets During offensive operations, ground at long ranges, and limit use of aviation dominating the battlefield may become the units and USAF aircraft. Estimates are immediate objective of the attack. based on weather conditions that will When properly used, terrain not only probably occur rather than on those that maximizes the effectiveness of the division’s one might desire. weapons, it also minimizes their vulnerability to enemy weapons as well. Forces available can influence the battle. To organize for combat, it is Terrain reinforcement is a combat necessary to know the status of the division. power element consisting of degradation of The status of battalions should be defined in enemy mobility and enhancement of terms of the number and proficiency of friendly survivability. The enemy’s mobility individual soldiers, leaders, crewmen, and is degraded by using existing terrain subunits, and the operational equipment obstacles to advantage and enhancing their that can enter or support the battle. effect on the enemy with the emplacement of reinforcing obstacles. The survivability of Combat service support at division friendly forces is improved by the con- should be defined in terms of the ability of combat service support units to sustain the struction of fighting positions. By reinforce throughout the operation. The ability forcing terrain, commanders: to evacuate, repair, arm, refuel, and man • Maximize cover and concealment of critical weapons in forward areas, and to their force. treat and evacuate wounded from forward areas is very important to successful • Canalize the enemy away from cover mission accomplishment. The ability of the and concealment and into fields of fire of corps to replace critical weapon systems and friendly weapons. crews lost in battle must be known.

• Break up the continuity of enemy Therefore, the staff must maintain the formations. necessary information for the commander that indicates the status of training, per- • Distract enemy attention from sonnel, and equipment, and the availability friendly positions. of supplies in comparison to what is re-

3-4 FM 71-101

quired. This comparison will reflect the Time influences every action of the ability of the division to sustain the division. Time available to prepare for operation as well as determine any ad- combat operations must be used judiciously. ditional support that may be required from It is always necessary to consider how long corps. it takes subordinate units to prepare and to move into position ready to fight or support. Morale is an intangible factor that can Commanders should not use time needed by greatly affect the condition of a unit. subordinates to prepare their part of the Historically, there are many examples of operation. A reasonable guide is to use no smaller forces defeating larger forces more than one-third of the planning time because the larger force, though fully armed available, leaving the remainder for subor- and manned, did not have the will to win. dinate commanders.

STAFF ESTIMATE Much of the information required by the officer. The G4, for example, may provide a commander to complete his estimate comes combat service support estimate in from the staff. Each staff officer provides cooperation with the Gl. Normally, the G2 his estimate of the situation to the extent provides an estimate of the weather, terrain, the division commander may require. A and enemy situation. The G3 may provide staff officer’s estimate highlights an estimate of courses of action. Special significant aspects of the situation and how staff officers may also be called upon for best to use the means available to ac- their estimates. The chief of staff insures complish the mission as viewed by the staff that their activities are coordinated.

THE COMMANDER'S CONCEPT

As part of his estimate, the commander concept of the operation. Subordinate com- considers the courses of action open to him manders may also be present. to conduct his operation. He compares courses of action, considering the mission, The concept of the operation is the enemy, terrain, weather, friendly forces, and commander’s description of how he sees the time available. The commander often does battle being fought. It is described in suf- this together with his assistant division ficient detail to enable staff officers and commanders, the chief of staff, the G2, the subordinate commanders to understand ex- G3, the division artillery commander, and actly what they are to do so that, if other staff officers. After considering the necessary, they can fight the battle in the advantages and disadvantages of each course of action, the commander decides on absence of further instructions. The the course of action most likely to succeed. decisionmaking process is described in This decision is normally issued to key detail in FM 101—5, Staff Organization and members of the staff as the commander’s Operation.

3-5 FM 71-101

Plans and Orders—:

Plans and orders are the expression of operation, and the time and place the entire the commander’s concept. Plans and orders order is to be issued. must be simple, concise, and clear. Plans are normally prepared in writing for future operations which may or may not occur. An operations order details the coor- Orders are issued when new instructions are dinated action necessary to execute the necessary. commander’s concept. The order follows a five paragraph standard format and is Although orders may sometimes be usually issued orally by the commander. A issued in writing, they are most often issued written operations order may be prepared orally. In any case, the best way to issue orders to subordinate commanders is face to before the operation if time permits. One is face. usually prepared after the operation for historical purposes. A warning order is issued by the division commander immediately following A fragmentary order is issued to modify receipt of a mission. Its purposé is to alert an operations order, or to replace an subordinate commanders to an impending operations order if time does not permit operation so that they can begin to prepare. preparation of a new one. It includes any A warning order is normally issued orally. items of critical importance that have It contains as much information as may be changed since the last order. Fragmentary available at the time; but it should contain orders are normally issued orally, although at least the nature and time of the they may be issued in writing.

— Orders Group ■' '■ ■ It is useful to have a standing list of key orders group. Such a group normally in- personnel whom the commander desires to cludes assistant division commanders, the be present when he issues his concept of the chief of staff, principal staff officers, and operation and his order. This is called an key subordinate commanders.

Staff Operations 1

The staff assists the commander by The commander must remember that providing information and counsel; by staffs have some real and ever-present preparing such estimates, plans, and limitations. Staffs do routine things; an orders as the commander may direct; and by efficient, well organized, and highly exercising' such supervision over the ex- motivated staff can do routine things very ecution of his orders as he may prescribe. It well. But as a general rule, the long-term goals of the organization, the deciding—the is important for staff officers to rèmember cutting off of debate to get something that they are not in the chain of command, moving—and the good initiatives will not that their role is one of only providing automatically result from staff work as a assistance to their commander. matter of course.

3-6 FM 71-101

The commander identifies goals, decides bureaucratic, lethargic, inactive, indecisive, where his outfit is going, announces those unresponsive, and thus ineffective. The goals and directions, and takes the in- commander may receive good ideas from a itiative. The commander may rely on a staff to some extent for these matters, but he small handful of staff or other officers in his must take the initiative himself. If he does organization, but he is the one who must not, his headquarters may become ultimately translate these ideas into action.

Reports

Critical information of immediate im- As the pace of battle quickens, it will be portance to the commander is reported necessary for the commander to take ex- expeditiously. Less critical information is traordinary measures to obtain good, timely provided to the staff through periodic, spot, information about where his units are, what or summary reports. The commander must they are doing, and what the enemy is specify what information can be reported to doing. In the heat of battle, information is the staff through these reports. As a general often difficult to obtain. The best infor- rule, they should receive the following: mation comes from units in contact. However, commanders of these units are • Enemy location, size, activity, or usually the busiest and have little time to direction of movement, and type of unit. report information to a superior headquarters other than through requests for • Composition, location, and activity of additional support. Nonetheless, the friendly battalion-size maneuver and fire division commander must establish a support elements. system to get the necessary information to • Availability and status of attack direct the battle. helicopter units and offensive air support. The fastest way to get information is by monitoring command nets of leading or • Status of fuel and ammunition of engaged battalion task forces and fire battalion task forces in contact, and of their control nets of direct support field artillery. fire support elements. Division command posts are seldom able to do this because of range limitations of the • Combat vehicle losses of battalion FM radios used by battalions for command task forces and their fire support elements. control. Thus, information from leading task forces is reported sequentially from The commander and his staff use platoon to company, to battalion, to brigade, reports to obtain and distribute information and then to division. about the command to subordinate, higher, and adjacent headquarters. Only those With this system, there will always be a reports required to meet essential needs for considerable loss of time in reporting and information and those requested by higher loss of accuracy of content. This is true of headquarters should be required of subor- reports from subordinate elements, from dinate commands. Continued review of the higher headquarters, and from agencies content and validity of recurring reports outside the division on which the com- eliminates unnecessary items and mander depends for vital combat infor- duplications. mation.

3-7 FM 71—101

Every echelon, every node, every ter- ways to limit its effect on operations. minal, or other link through which infor- Certain mobile ground and air units, for mation passes slows its transmission and example, could be task organized under distorts its content. Commanders must be division control and thus reduce reporting aware of this problem and constantly seek lag time.

■■ Displays Staff sections should maintain only the tegrated posting of clearly identified infor- minimum number of informational displays mation elements on a central situational required to keep members of their sections display. A battle information report is an and the commander informed. ideal vehicle for focusing staff attention on what must be posted on this central display. The operations element in the tactical Staff elements may maintain separate, more command post normally maintains a detailed displays for the conduct of the staff situation map. The intelligence officer is operations, but their primary responsibility responsible for insuring that the enemy is to the commander’s need for information situation and other related information is and the displays that provide it to him. correctly posted on this map. The main Staff journals are normally maintained to command post also maintains a situation record significant events. map that graphically portrays information passed from the tactical command post and Simple displays that show the status of information received from other sources. combat units are also useful tools for the commander and staff. Such displays should These situational displays must be in- be designed to reflect the status of major tegrated. It is not possible to operate if weapon systems, personnel, crews, and the intelligence, operations, logistics, and other amounts of fuel and ammunition available staff elements do not contribute to an in- throughout the division.

COMBAT INFORMATION AND INTELLIGENCE

In order to adequately prepare for information and intelligence about the combat operations, the division commander enemy within the zone be provided so that must have information about the enemy combat operations may be conducted. and the area of operations. Zones of interest for each level of command have been iden- Some of this information will be fairly tified to guide intelligence collection and constant—for example, terrain, weather distribution. The division commander’s zone patterns and expectations, enemy of interest extends to a depth of ap- organization, equipment, and general proximately 150 kilometers, an area in- capabilities. This kind of information cluding the first-echelon divisions of the provides the general backdrop against second-echelon armies. The zone of interest which all operations are conducted. is not intended to imply that the commander must have organic resources to The most important information the either see or fight to the full depth of the commander must have is the relatively zone, but rather that necessary combat perishable knowledge of how things are

3-8 going—what events are in progress as his feed combat information to all who need it command pursues its mission. The closer to as rapidly as possible. Such information real time a commander knows this kind of must be routinely sent to higher, lower, and information, the greater are his chances of adjacent commands for fusion—that is, for influencing the battle. Intelligence sum- processing into the broader, general infor- maries, periodic intelligence reports, and mational data base called intelligence. scheduled briefings, while appropriate under some circumstances, cannot serve com- The first step to be taken by the commanders who must have immediate infor- mander and his staff in preparing for battle mation about situations that will change is to gather information about the enemy, very rapidly. weather, and terrain. The process by which this is done is called intelligence Therefore, it is necessary to consider the preparation of the battlefield (IPB). IPB is a difference between intelligence and combat systematic and comprehensive way to look information. If raw data can be used as at the battlefield which explores every received to make decisions about fire or aspect of terrain, weather, and the enemy. maneuver, with little or no interpretation However, since it is primarily done before or integration with other data, it is con- the battle starts, analysis of the weather sidered combat information. If the raw data and terrain takes place concurrently with requires validation, integration, com- the collection of information about the parison, or any other form of analysis potential enemy. A detailed study of the beyond an almost perfunctory check, it terrain and weather serves as a backdrop becomes intelligence. In other words, the against which the potential enemy is definition depends on how the information viewed. In initial analysis, a series of is handled and how it is used. overlays can be prepared to depict characteristics of the terrain and the effects Once an operation begins, most in- of weather. IPB analytical overlays may telligence acquired by the division is a include: byproduct of combat operations. Combat • Obstacles (manmade, natural, information, even though used, may still be hydrographic, potential, easily eliminated, of vital importance as intelligence. In such a easily improved). case, the same data satisfies both definitions, but in turn—combat infor- • Avenues of approach (good, poor, mation first, then intelligence. best, by means of movement—foot troops, wheeled or tracked vehicles). Intelligence-collection systems acquire a great deal of combat information. These • Trafficability (by type of soil and systems must be designed to search out and degree of slope, by type of vehicle, under focus on the perishable data the commander different weather conditions—rain, snow, needs to direct the battle. The commander drought, freezing, melting). must specify what he needs to know, then insure that his intelligence systems are • Visibility and intervisibility (limited focused on that information, and that a by vegetation, season, weather—fog, rain, system exists for bringing it to him quickly, clear). wherever he is on the field of battle. The commander must also insure that linkages Templates can be developed that permit exist in the intelligence-collection systems to the division commander to acquire and pass

3-9 FM 71—101

to his brigade commanders combat infor- may act. However, care must be taken to mation before it has been analyzed and avoid being deceived by ruse or converted to intelligence. For example, the demonstration. division area of interest can be templated so that when actual conditions (events there) The division commander may use reach a predetermined threshold—number templates in two forms—doctrinal and event of emitters, tanks, and vehicles—in a (or situational). A doctrinal template of a certain area, the commander will quickly combined arms army in the attack showing know and take action. Or, he can quickly frontages, depth, echelon spacing, com- inform his brigade commanders so that they position and disposition, and strength of

DOCTRINAL TEMPLATE OF MOTORIZED RIFLE DIVISION IN THE BREAKTHROUGH V) X LEi \ 424im 4X1 a V,

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3-10 FM 71—101

subordinate elements can be prepared to template to the effects of terrain, weather, scale in graphic form on acetate and dis- time, and a specific avenue of approach. played on a map. Doctrinal templates can be prepared for any enemy operational An event template is a model of enemy scheme—attack, defend, withdraw, activity related to time. An enemy force reinforce—and for each specific capability preparing for a course of action usually does of the enemy or course of action available to certain things, normally in sequence or him within the constraints of terrain and concurrently. As an example, the enemy weather. The figure on preceding page normally conducts reconnaissance and shows an example of such a template moves to assembly areas before an attack. depicting a motorized rifle division in He pre-positions supplies, POL, and am- breakthrough. Actual deployment on the munition. He also moves command posts ground will be modified by terrain, weather, and displaces his artillery forward. These time, and other factors. events are indicators of his intentions; they The event template relates the enemy can be related to time and to a possible disposition developed in the doctrinal course of action.

EVENT INDICATORS

(ENEMY EVENTS IN REVERSE ORDER) INDICATORS TIME*

1. Artillery Well Forward and Massed (Abnormally Increased Transport) (LOG) H-4 2. Movement of Maneuver Forces in Pre-Assault Formations—Compact Columns—Along Converging Axis for Concentration at Point of Breakthrough (From Assembly Areas 15-20 kms Rear of FEBA) H-3

3. Increased Communications H-3 4. Air Defense Units Deployed Well Forward in Pre-Assault Formations,. - H-3 5. Engineer Operations—Clearing Routes of Advance and Stabilizing Flank Security through Emplacement of Mines and Obstacles H-2 6. Intense Artillery Preparations H-1 7. Maneuver Force Deployment into Final Attack Formation H-1

8. Increased Communication H-1 9. Assault—Simultaneously with Lifting of Artillery Preparatory Fires... .H-hour 10. Deployment of Airmobile Forces to Block Advancing Reserves H-hour

'Timing does not necessarily reflect Threat doctrine.

3-11 3-11 Foldout FM 71—101

Overlays can be prepared identifying critical terrain locations that can serve as EVENT TEMPLATE windows through which the commander DEPICTING ENEMY ACTIVITY may view enemy activities. When enemy mæULWËÏBESZWg activity coincides with a series of events expected for a particular template, the commander is alerted. Intelligence requirements are refined, and collection is focused with 7' more precision on certain areas at specific times. The following example illustrates how doctrinal and event templates help focus the , commander’s attention and resources on i determining what to expect from the enemy. ] Doctrinal templates applied to the , terrain indicate that about five battalions 1 4 can be positioned to attack through either avenue of approach. % O* Thus, by properly directing information- gathering operations, the commander can gain the perishable information he needs to make decisions. The commander can orient the efforts of his collection agencies by , í using templates. They can provide him with » continuous surveillance of enemy activities and key locales which will indicate enemy intentions—where, when, and how he will m attack, defend, or take some other course of 1 7 F A action. I I Electronic means continuously monitor . enemy command and control nets, search , for radars, and monitor logistics activity to ; identify and locate major weapon systems Í and troop concentrations. When they are | identified and located, the commander can | r begin to assess enemy intentions. Imagery | a can locate tank and artillery buildup. Im- j A Reports have idenfitied movement of regulating points, and other indicators agery from overhead platforms can search : several major enemy units. should be detected in the windows. Collection activities are intensified and re- deeply into the enemy area of operations to , The commander identified three look for succeeding echelons of enemy quirements are precisely defined. As enemy windows at A. B and C; he then directed his units are detected, event templates help forces. Prisoners of war, refugees, and other G2 to concentrate the collection effort on indicate where the main attack will most human sources can also provide infor- those areas. If the enemy is prepared for an probably occur. mation about enemy intentions. attack, reconnaissance elements, traffic

3-12 Foldin 3-12 1 t

¡ FM 71-101 I f

Defending divisions fight first-echelon These measures and electronic counter- regiments of the first-echelon divisions, and countermeasures (ECCM) taken to insure the second-echelon regiments of those effective friendly use of radiated elec- divisions as they close to join the fight. tromagnetic energy are described as elec- Therefore, it is important for brigade and tronic warfare operations. Although ECM division commanders to know where those are used to attack enemy emitters, ECM and second-echelon regiments are and what they ECCM are described together here because are doing. This is so the brigade and of their interrelationship. division commanders can move battalions to engage second-echelon regiments as they The division commander’s guidance enter the fight. During the offense, it is establishes target priorities for electronic necessary for those same commanders to warfare based on the threat to the division know where second-echelon enemy or on vulnerabilities of enemy emitters. regiments are and how they are disposed to Enemy regimental command and control fight. Thus, battalions can be applied to the nets are particularly important and should fight in the best way to destroy the integrity be suppressed or exploited. of enemy first-echelon division defenses and The intelligence value derived from an be prepared to fight second-echelon enemy emitter versus the tactical value of divisions as well. denying the enemy use of the emitter must The divisional combat electronic be carefully considered. The commander warfare intelligence battalion is organized may reserve the decision to attack or exploit to analyze and produce intelligence, in- electronic emitters which have intelligence terrogate prisoners of war, and interpret value. Other emitters that have no in- imagery. The G2 and G3 work together to telligence value may be routinely attacked provide for operations security (OPSEC), by fire or suppressed by jamming. The G2 although the latter has staff responsibility should determine the risks and benefits of for OPSEC. Operations to neutralize enemy employing electronic countermeasures intelligence are the staff responsibility of against certain targets, and should so the G2. The G2 also assesses friendly inform the commander. vulnerabilities, and the G3 plans to deceive, Jamming must complement the defeat, or confuse the enemy and enhance operation. The G3 is responsible for in- friendly survivability. The combat elec- tegrating electronic countermeasures with tronic warfare and intelligence battalion maneuver. The communications-electronics also provides: officer (who is the signal battalion com- • Electronic warfare support measures mander), the G3, and the G2 work together (ESM). ESM collect information through to avoid or minimize interference with search, intercept, identification, and friendly emitters. location of enemy electronic emitters. Jamming can only be effective for short • Electronic countermeasures (ECM). periods of time because the enemy will take ECM are used to suppress enemy com- evasive action or use countermeasures. munications, electronic surveillance, Thus, the best way to suppress an enemy weapon systems, and target-acquisition emitter interfering with friendly operations devices (jamming). Electronic is to destroy it by fire. countermeasures can also be used to deceive the enemy so that he reacts to the division’s It is to be expected that the enemy will best advantage. use electronic means to locate friendly

3-13 fi

FM 71-101

emitters. ECCM must be used to protect If the enemy system is located and is divisional electronic surveillance and tar- beyond the division’s capability to monitor get-acquisition equipment from enemy in- or suppress, assistance can be obtained terception, deception, jamming, and from corps electronic warfare units. destruction. ORGANIZATION FOR COMBAT

Divisions are organized to destroy the Tables of organization and equipment enemy. To do this, the division has a variety (TOE) detail manpower and equipment re- of weapon systems—tanks, antitank quirements for divisional units. However, weapons, field and air defense artillery, and all Army units are organized under modified attack helicopters. Close air support is tables of organization and equipment provided by the US Air Force. (MTOE). In order to determine manpower and equipment authorizations for a specific The division must close with the enemy in order to destroy him. To close with the unit, it is necessary to refer to the enemy requires suppression of his direct and authorization document (MTOE) for that indirect fire weapons, his target acquisition, unit. Therefore, the following pages describe and his electronic warfare systems. In order organization and equipment in general to move, to suppress the enemy, and to terms, relying on the reader to apply prin- destroy the enemy, the division must work ciples to the specific situation in which he together as a combined arms team. finds himself.

Infantry, Tank, and Mechanized Battalions Infantry is best used to destroy enemy obscure the enemy’s view of the battle with infantry and to ambush enemy tanks in smoke. places where freedom of maneuver is A variety of weapons are found in restricted by terrain. Infantry also protects infantry, mechanized, and tank battalions. tanks at night, under other conditions of In infantry and mechanized battalions, limited visibility, and in areas of restricted infantrymen are armed with rifles; ma- mobility. Tanks and antitank weapons are chineguns; light, medium, and heavy anti- best used to canalize and destroy enemy tank weapons; mortars; and shoulder-fired tanks and other armored vehicles. Mortars air defense weapons. The tank battalion is are used to suppress and destroy enemy organized with main battle tanks, mortars, gunners with high explosive rounds and to and shoulder-fired air defense weapons.

Effective Use of Fighting Elements Rifle units operate at times and places Heavy antitank weapons are most where fields of fire are relatively short. effective at long ranges. They are used to Antiarmor systems are located where deliver long-range, highly lethal point fire fields of fire allow use at maximum ranges. against armored vehicles and sometimes against field fortifications. Tanks are most effective where they can move rapidly and fields of fire are Combat battalions are grouped by the relatively long. division commander to fight under brigade

3-14 FM 71—101

MAJOR WEAPON SYSTEMS OF THE INFANTRY DIVISION r

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8 inch Howitzer, M110

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3-15 FM 71-101

headquarters. The brigade commander in FM 7—20, The Infantry Battalion (In- organizes for combat by grouping com- fantry, Airborne, Air Assault, Ranger); and panies under battalion headquarters. This tank and mechanized battalion task force organization is called a battalion task force. operations are described in FM 71—2, The Infantry battalion operations are described Tank and Mechanized Battalion Task Force.

~ The Air Cavalry Squadron- Cavalry is a combat maneuver force of • The need to provide reaction time and combined arms mounted in aerial and maneuver space with a force tailored to ground vehicles, uniquely organized and leave the bulk of combat power in the main equipped for its mission. It is trained to find body available for employment at the time the enemy in order to prevent the friendly and place of decision. main body from being engaged under adverse circumstances and, within its The air cavalry squadron is organized capability, to provide security for the main with three air cavalry troops and an ar- body. Cavalry organization and mored cavalry troop. The squadron often employment exemplify two requisites for conducts offensive, defensive, and delay battle: operations. It is particularly suited for • The need to find the enemy and economy of force missions. Cavalry develop the situation with the least force operations are described in FM 17—95, possible. Cavalry.

1 " Attack Helicopter Units—

Attack helicopter companies are air necessary to attach an attack helicopter maneuver units. They employ highly company to a brigade, combat service mobile, responsive aerial combat vehicles support must be provided. that operate as part of the combined arms team. They can destroy tanks and other Normally, attack helicopter companies armored vehicles with heavy antitank should not be parcelled out by platoon. An weapons; they can destroy dismounted in- attack helicopter, company normally fights fantry and attack area targets with rockets. by applying continuous pressure, with one Attack helicopter units live in the ground platoon engaging, one platoon arming and environment. They maneuver like ground refueling, and one platoon enroute to or units to engage the enemy from the front, from a forward arming and refueling point flanks, and rear. (FARP). A second, though less frequently used, method of employment is one in which Because of their heavy requirements for an entire company might be employed in fuel and ordnance, attack helicopter com- the same area, at the same time, against the panies should not be attached to brigades. same target. How attack helicopter units They are, however, often placed under fight is described in FM 17—50, Attack operational control of brigades. When it is Helicopter Operations.

3-16 FM 71-101

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3-17 FM 71-101

- Field Artillery — - - — ■

Field artillery is the division com- future, field artillery will be able to lay down mander’s principal and most responsive minefields with scatterable mine munitions indirect fire weapon system. Division field and to destroy armored vehicles with artillery is organized with three light precision-guided munitions. howitzer battalions and one composite medium and heavy howitzer battalion. One Division field artillery can acquire or more field artillery brigades may be targets from several sources (figure below). attached to or placed in support of the It has a target-acquisition battery that ac- division by the corps. quires targets by radar and sound and flash ranging. Field artillery fire support teams Field artillery can deliver a variety of (FISTs) operating with company teams munitions. It is most often used to suppress acquire targets and adjust fires in support of or neutralize enemy direct and indirect fire maneuver. Aerial observers assigned to the weapon systems with a combination of high division artillery headquarters battery are explosives and improved conventional used either in general support or in direct munitions; smoke munitions are used to support of committed units. obscure the enemy view of divisional units. Field artillery is also used to neutralize or Field artillery is organized for combat render ineffective enemy command and by assigning standard missions to its units. control installations or facilities, and Normally, one light field artillery battalion logistics and assembly areas. In the near is placed in direct support of each com-

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3-18 FM 71-101

mitted brigade; additional field artillery PRIOR TO ATTACK units may reinforce direct support battalions, while some field artillery is usually kept in general support of the force as a -t*. whole. When organizing field artillery for OB3 combat, the following fundamentals should ,S be kept in mind: • In offensive operations, the main PRERAR effort is provided with additional support, while in defensive operations the most DURING AN ATTACK vulnerable sector is given the additional support. V ' • Some field artillery should be kept in OBJ general support so that the division commander can concentrate fires when and where necessary.

Fire support planning is done at each SING FIRE echelon in the division by fire support elements operating with maneuver bat- IN THE DEFENSE talions, brigades, and in the division tactical and main command posts. Fire support planning may be formal or informal. Formal planning usually results in a written fire support plan. u Prior to an attack, a preparation may COUNTER PR RPR^PARATIO !• \ be fired. Preparatory fires are usually 'll delivered in a prearranged sequence to degrade enemy defenses prior to the arrival of attacking forces. The decision to fire a potential effect of the enemy preparation, fully automated tactical fire direction preparation is normally made by the break up the momentum of his attack, and system (TACFIRE) will soon link together division commander. destroy his command control. It is fired on battalion fire direction centers, the division During an attack, fires are planned order of the division commander. artillery tactical operations center, and fire short of the objective to suppress enemy A planned counterfire program is nor- support elements. This system will provide gunners and deny the enemy the ability to mally prepared for both offensive and for more rapid response to the division’s fire interfere with maneuver. Fires are also defensive operations. Counterfire is also support requirements. planned on the objective to suppress the fired on targets of opportunity. enemy and to support assaulting forces, and The corps prepares plans for beyond and to the flank of the objective to The division commander’s fire support employment of nuclear packages. The protect the force while it prepares to con- coordinator is the division artillery com- division often will be required to plan sub- tinue operations. mander. He coordinates delivery of field packages for the corps. In a similar fashion, artillery fires through the division artillery chemical fires are planned for when it is In the defense, fires are planned on tactical operations center and field artillery appropriate to do so. Nuclear and chemical likely avenues of approach. A counter- battalion fire direction centers, and coor- fire planning is fully described in FM 6—20, preparation may be fired to offset the dinates other fire support through FSEs. A Fire Support in Combined Arms Operations.

3-19 3-19 Foldin FM 71-101

Tactical Air Support The USAF conducts the following tac- Air interdiction is conducted to tical air operations in support of the destroy, isolate, neutralize, or delay the division: enemy’s military potential before it can be brought to bear effectively against friendly forces, at such a distance from friendly • Counterair operations are directed forces that detailed integration of each air against the enemy’s air capability in order mission with the fire and maneuver of to attain air superiority over the battlefield. friendly forces is not required.

• Tactical airlift operations provide the Air interdiction missions are part of air movement of forces and supplies within offensive air support only when flown a theater. against specific targets which may have a direct bearing or influence on operations of • Tactical air reconnaissance, air inter- land forces. This category of air interdiction diction, and close air support operations |s flown in the battlefield area and can have conducted in direct support of land forces á“ direct effect on the enemy’s ability to are known as offensive air support (OAS) continue operations. It is referred to as battlefield air interdiction. Battlefield air operations. Close air support is always in interdiction requires joint planning and direct support of land forces. However, there coordination between air and land forces. may be tactical air reconnaissance and air interdiction missions flown which are not in direct support of land forces and therefore Close air support (CAS) is air action against targets which are in close proximity i are not a part of offensive air support to division forces and which require detailed ! operations. integration of each air mission with the fire i and maneuver of these forces. The 1 Tactical air reconnaissance application of CAS sorties enables the com- operations, when conducted in support of mander to concentrate firepower rapidly at ground operations, are directed toward a decisive point. satisfying the information requirements of the division. They are conducted to provide In order to facilitate joint planning for timely information on the disposition, com- the use of air, at least two control lines are position, location, activities, movements, required: installations, lines of communication, and electronic and communication emissions of the enemy. All information acquired by • Forward Line of Own Troops (FLOT). tactical air reconnaissance should ideally be The FLOT is a line which indicates the most interpreted, evaluated, and transmitted in forward positions of friendly ground forces near real time. Effective use of near real- at a specific time. time target information permits timely response with appropriate forces. Tactical • Fire Support Coordination Line air reconnaissance operations also provide (FSCL). A line established by the ap- poststrike coverage as well as propriate ground commander to insure coor- meteorological, hydrographic, and dination of fires short of the FSCL which geographic data of a particular area. are not under his control but which may

3-20 Foldout 3-20 FM 71—101

TACTICAL AIR SUPPORT OPERATIONS

COUNIERAI R V

( TACTICAL AIR RECONNAISSANCE

TACTICAL AIRLIFT

CLOSE AIR AIR INTERDICTION SUPPORT

3-21 3-21 Foldout FM 71-101

affect current tactical operations. Tactical force commander. Attacks against surface The relationship of close air support, air air support aircraft may attack targets targets short of this line must be coor- interdiction, battlefield air interdiction, and beyond the fire support coordination line dinated with the appropriate ground force tactical air reconnaissance activities is without prior coordination with the ground commander. shown in the following illustration. APPLICATION OF ALLIED AIR POWER VS. THREAT DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS LEGEND

THE SECOND DEFENSE BELT CLOSE AIR SUPPORT. Close air THE MAIN DEFENSE BELT MAY BE 10 KILOMETERS IN MAY BE UP TO 15 DEPTH AND LOCATED 8-10 support operations provide responsive, KILOMETERS IN DEPTH KILOMETERS TO THE REAR AND MAY CONSIST OF OF THE MAIN DEFENSE sustained, and concentrated firepower MOTORIZED RIFLE BELT IN THIS BELT A TANK IN DEFENSE. THREAT DIVISIONS IN FIRST AND DIVISION IS HELD IN support to surface forces. These FORCES ESTABLISH A SECOND ECHELON ASSEMBLY AREAS NEAR SECURITY ZONE UP TO DEFENSIVE POSTURES. PROBABLE AVENUES OF operations are closely integrated with 30 KILOMETERS FOR- AS THE ENEMY AP- ENEMY PENETRATION THIS the fire and maneuver of friendly WARD OF THE FEBA PROACHES THE MAIN DIVISION IS PREPARED TO UNITS IN THE SECURITY DEFENSE BELT. HE IS COUNTERATTACK FROM surface forces. ZONE EMPLOY DELAY- SUBJECTED TO CON- THESE ASSEMBLY AREAS ING ACTIONS. FOL- TINUOUS FIRES FROM TO DESTROY ENEMY BATTLEFIELD AIR INTERDICTION. LOWED BY A WITH- ALL AVAILABLE PENETRATIONS OF THE DRAWAL SOURCES MAIN DEFENSE BELT Battlefield air interdiction may have a 1 SECURITY ZONE MAIN DEFENSE direct effect on surface operations and ; BELT DEFEMSC BELT must be coordinated but not integrated UP TO 30 KM -UP TO 15 KM- B-10 KM 10 10 0-XXXX with surface forces fire and movement. AIR INTERDICTION. Air interdiction I operations are conducted to destroy, ' 0 ID, 0-XX \ THREAT FORCES NORMALLY ORGANIZE neutralize, or delay the enemy's military ; ID' INTO BATTALION SIZE 0 potential before it can be brought to DÉFENSIVE POSITIONS. LOCATED ON TERRAIN M 0 bear against friendly forces. These OVERLOOKING LIKELY to AVENÜEé OF APPROACH 1 ! operations restrict the combat ; AND ÖRIENTED TO DELIVER COORDINATED “> i0* xx ! capability of enemy forces by dis- FIRES WITH ADJACENT CD BATTALIONS' OFFENSIVE 0 rupting their lines of communication POSITIONS. \ 0= and destroying the supplies that sustain (öhä—<8>r ¡ an effective level of enemy activity. MAIN (IF AVAILABLE) ATTACK ID ID. While air interdiction operations are not 0 ; normally integrated with the detailed ID ?G », ®rXX fire and movement of ground forces, ID 0- they are planned and conducted as part CD CD I of a unified effort to achieve a common ¡ <8>-¡ñ ~0r" objective. ! TACTICAL AIR RECONNAISSANCE. ID Tactical air reconnaissance provides ;

ID' 0 information on the disposition, com- ffi-XXXX 0- position, location, activities, i CLOSE BATTLEFIELD AIR TACTICAL ! movements, installations, lines of com- AIR SUPPORT AIR INTERDICTION AIR munication, and electronic and com- j INTERDICTION RECONNAISSANCE munication emissions of the enemy.

3-22 Foldin 3-22 FM 71—101

APPLICATION OF ALLIED AIR POWER VS. ^ THREAT OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

FIRST ECHELON. SECOND FIRST STRATEGIC ECHELON ECHELON. AND RESERVE FRONT THREAT COMBAT FORCES ARE 1ST ECH NORMALLY DIVIDED INTO SUCCESSIVE GROUPINGS OR COMBINED ARMS ARMY «- * ECHELONS IN DEPTH TO PERFORM 1ST ECH *4-< 2ND ECH PREDETERMINED MISSIONS IN THE DIVISION oo 95 OFFENSE, THE FIRST ECHELON CO r- (TWO-THIRDS OF THE FORCE) 1ST ECH oS USUALLY MAKES THE PENETRATION. REGT n x THE SECOND ECHELON (ONE-THIRD 1ST ECH 2ND ECH 2ND ECH OF THE FORCE) EXPANDS THE K)S PENETRATION AND EXPLOITS THE >- ¡e SUCCESS x-x-x-x THE SECOND ECHELON DIFFERS 1 FROM THE TRADITIONAL RESERVE IN THAT IT IS GIVEN A SPECIFIC MISSION PRIOR TO THE ATTACK. Aj X SMALL ANTITANK RESERVE IS ALScf X û X CONSTITUTED- IT USUALLY 'S BOLm ONE-NINTH OF THE FORCE

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3-23 FM 71—101

The basic differences between close air support. The TACP consists of experienced support and battlefield air interdiction tactical pilots; radio operators-maintainers operations lie in the immediacy of the and drivers; airborne and ground vehicles; enemy threat to the fire, movement, and and the communications equipment re- security of friendly forces, and on how far quired to obtain, coordinate, and control the enemy threat is from the friendly forces. tactical air support for ground forces. Battlefield air interdiction operations are TACPs are located at division, brigade, and conducted against targets that are a less battalion levels. At the battalion and immediate threat and not in the proximity brigade level, the TACPs are located with of friendly forces. Although battlefield air the maneuver unit’s fire support element interdiction operations may not require (FSE) and operations center or command detailed integration of each air mission with post during all tactical operations. Forward the fire and movement of the division, air controllers (FACs) are qualified tactical continuous coordination is essential to the fighter pilots assigned to battalion-level success of specific land operations. TACPs. One FAC performs air liaison officer (ALO) functions with the battalion- level operations center or command post. The Air-Ground Operations System (AGOS) provides the division commander Their primary mission is control of close with the organization and means to process, air support missions and integration of air evaluate, and coordinate requests for support with the fire and maneuver of the offensive air support and tactical airlift, and division. These functions are performed for rapid and continuous exchange of from either ground or airborne positions to combat information and intelligence with monitor and direct air attacks against the Air Force Command. The Air-Ground designated targets. Additional tasks of an Operations System extends through all airborne FAC include visual recon- Army echelons down to maneuver battalion. naissance, convoy escort of surface or air- Through this system, the division com- borne vehicles, air-ground adjustment of mander integrates surface fires with the artillery, antimortar surveillance, and es- fires of supporting tactical aircraft, and tablishment of an air-ground com- coordinates the reconnaissance and sur- munications relay. veillance efforts of Army aviation with supporting tactical Air Force elements. The See FM 100—26, The Army Air-Ground system is operated by staff personnel who Operations System, for further details con- have received specific training in air-ground cerning the Air-Ground Operations System. operations. The G3 is responsible for general staff supervision of all air-ground operations except combat service support Close air support must be integrated airlift and reconnaissance and surveillance. with the fires of tanks, artillery, mortars, Combat service support airlift is the respon- ATGMs, and attack helicopters available to sibility of the G4. Air reconnaissance and the division commander. For CAS to be surveillance is the responsibility of the G2. effective, special procedures are required. One such procedure incorporates planned fires on predesignated target zones (PTZs). The division commander relies The PTZ identifies approaches into and primarily on the tactical air control parties exits from these target zones, designates (TACPs) to assist in planning and coor- attack profiles, and lists the initial, release, dinating his requirements for tactical air and pop-up reference points.

3-24 FM 71-101

Predesignated target zones are then continue inbound to the PTZ where the are marginal, the FAC can relay essential preplanned; in defense, they are generally aircrew would attempt to visually acquire target information or simply give clearance near battle positions or areas in which the predesignated target, release ordnance, to attack. ground forces fight. In the offense, they are and return to base. If radio contact can be generally against enemy defensive made at the division contact point, the Airspace management is accomplished positions, assembly areas, and along major aircrew will be given clearance to attack the by the Division Airspace Management avenues of approach. Time permitting, predesignated target, or may be given a Element (DAME), which consists of air target folders should be prepared for each brigade IP for attack of a high-priority defense, field artillery, Army aviation, and PTZ and be available to each TAC fighter target, either preplanned or immediate CAS. wing and reconnaissance wing, to airborne Air Force representatives. The DAME coor- and ground FACs, and to maneuver unit dinates the immediate requirements of air- The fighter departs the division contact space users with the commander’s plan in commanders of brigade and battalion. point to the specific brigade IP servicing the Target folders, prepared jointly by the Air order to use the division’s airspace most PTZ to be attacked. If communications effectively. The DAME is located in the Force and Army commanders, show low- permit, the airstrike will be conducted using level routes from air bases to PTZs and tactical operations center of the division designated points along those routes. normal FAC procedures. If communications main command post.

The location, composition, activities, and movements of enemy forces and their arrival in PTZs are required to attack them PREDESIGNATED TARGET at the proper time. • In the offense, tactical air reconnaissance must identify, locate, and track Air Base major opposing force reserves in order to •'S.- target them for attack in the PTZ. PTZs will be planned along routes which the enemy could use or in areas where he would BDE IP logically establish defensive positions to Tactical Unit counter our attack. Operations Center FRAGGED BDE > k ^ • In the defense, tactical air recon- MISSION - naissance must ascertain as soon as O possible the location and direction of the BDE enemy’s main effort. It will have to provide timely combat intelligence in order to target O the enemy’s first- and second-echelon forces Tactical Air DIVISION D VERT CONTACT MISSION of the first-echelon divisions as they enter Control PTZs. Center XXX POINT O BDE IP The illustration following shows an aircraft inbound to the division contact point with a predesignated target. At the division contact point, if no radio contact Tactical Air can be made with any of the various con- Coordination Missions Directed By TAC Element Fragged Missions - — trolling/relay agencies, the mission would Divert Missions proceed to the brigade Initial Point (IP), and

3-25 3-25 Foldin FM 71-101

Suppression of enemy air defenses preplanned air defense targets. These are • Immediate SEAD Fires. Since the (SEAD) is an essential part of all allocated on a first-priority basis for a exact location of every enemy air defense operations employing airpower. SEAD re- limited duration. Suppression fires should weapon cannot be known, some suppression quires an integrated air/land force effort to be routinely planned against known and assets should be immediately available to locate and suppress enemy surface air suspected SA—6 and SA—8 air defense the pilot or observers. Units to support this defenses. The location and detection effort is sites. effort must be designated before the continuous, with increased emphasis during operation. First priority of fires for these the actual attacks on a critical portion of the predesignated units will change to im- enemy’s air defense systems. Prior to sub- Planned targets may be scheduled (i.e., mediate SEAD fires when OAS aircraft are mitting a CAS request, the benefits of the fire is delivered in accordance with a time being used in the area. support must be weighed against the schedule), or they may be on-call. Planned necessary SEAD effort. enemy air defense targets may be engaged • Targets of Opportunity. Normal fire as part of normal offensive or defensive request channels are used for the When OAS operations take place close fires such as preparations, counter- engagement of targets of opportunity. The to the FLOT, suppression is achieved preparations, groups of targets, and series mobility and small size of most air defense primarily by fires from division direct and of targets, or they may be engaged as a targets make it most desirable to use indirect fire systems. The Threat is program in support of a coordinated air- observed fire techniques and engage im- characterized by a high density of first- ground operation. In the latter case, ar- mediately upon detection. Fire may be ad- echelon units and short-range surface-to-air tillery fires are planned and scheduled by justed on these targets by forward defense systems. Although not located near observers, aerial observers, attack or scout the FLOT, longer range surface-to-air the fire support coordinator in close coor- helicopter pilots, and Air Force pilots either missile (SAM) systems will normally be able dination with the supported aerial element. directly or through the forward air con- to cover this area, and they are a threat to Consideration is given to the type of troller. Consideration should be given to friendly aircraft that must climb to higher mission to be flown, the tactics to be used by having the forward observer concentrate on altitudes in order to deliver their ordnance. the aircraft, the locations of enemy air locating and bringing under attack the defense systems, suppression of the SA—9 and ZSU—23/4 air defense systems • Planned SEAD Fires. Specific fire capabilities of our weapons, and the terrain in the target vicinity just prior to the arrival support units are designated to engage and weather. of the OAS aircraft. — Naval Gunfire Support Sometimes US Navy ships may be in taches an air/naval gunfire liaison Fire support operations are described in position to support division operations. company to the division. It provides liaison detail in FM 6—20, Fire Support in Com- They are used essentially the same as long- parties to the division command post and bined Arms Operations, and FM 6—20—2, range field artillery and may be employed in brigades, and shore fire control parties to Division Artillery, Field Artillery Brigade, and direct or general support. When operating in maneuver battalion task forces to plan and Field Artillery Section (Corps). support of the division, the US Navy at control naval gunfire support. Air Defense Artillery1 Divisional air defense artillery protects systems. Shoulder-fired air defense weapon Hawk) battalion is usually placed in direct the division from enemy air attack and, (Redeye) teams are also found in infantry, support of the division. FM 44—1. US Army with USAF fighter interceptors, allows the mechanized, tank, and field artillery bat- Air Defense Artillery Employment, describes division to operate with minimum in- talions and with the air cavalry squadron. air defense artillery operations. terference from enemy aircraft. The division The division normally operates under the has an air defense battalion organized with umbrella of theater medium- to high-altitude two batteries of Chaparral weapon systems (Nike-Hercules) air defense weapon systems. As a general rule, sufficient air defense and two batteries of Vulcan weapon A corps low- to medium-altitude (Improved artillery is not available to adequately

3-26 Foldout 3-26 FM 71-101

defend all divisional units and installations. usually employed in general support, Therefore, air defense priorities are es- defending critical fixed installations. tablished by the division commander. The division G3 and air defense battalion com- In a movement to contact, Vulcan mander work together to develop priorities platoons may be employed with leading to recommend to the division commander. battalion task forces and sometimes with leading company teams. As with field artillery, air defense units are normally assigned missions of direct In an attack, air defense weapons must support, reinforcing, or general support. be sited to provide maximum density of air Vulcan batteries are often placed in support defense over the area where the main attack of brigades, while Chaparral batteries are is to take place.

SITING OF AIR DEFENSE WEAPONS IN AN ATTACK XX

Li Ü U 3 ov

CHAPARRAL OV OV

X x m CD u ov

CHAPARRAL OV BE*] OV

3-27 FM 71-101=—

In the defense, once battle is joined, air In both offensive and defensive defense weapons must move to concentrate operations, air defense for command and maximum density of air defenses over the control and combat service support in- area where the enemy main effort is being stallations should be provided. To the extent made. SITING OF AIR DEFENSE WEAPONS IN THE DEFENSE XX ! u IXI

ov X

X X X ov F0_ov m

I'CZ5!

CHAPARRAL

OV OV XU

3-28 FM 71—101

possible, critical points along lines of and procedures established by the Area Air communications—for example, bridges and Defense Commander (AADC) and are nor- sometimes intersections—should be mally provided to the division by corps. protected. This is particularly true during delay, security force, and covering The division commander has authority force operations. Chaparral/Vulcan to impose more restrictive controls on air operations are further described in FM 44— defense weapons if the situation so requires. 3, Air Defense Artillery Employment, The division commander may not reduce the Chaparral/Vulcan. level of control on his own authority without the approval of the AADC. The air defense battalion commander is the division air Air defense artillery fires, including defense officer and serves as the point of fires from small arms and crew-served contact for all air defense forces supporting weapons, are controlled by air defense rules the division.

Engineers

The divisional engineer battalion is Operations, further describes these organized with a headquarters company, operations. three engineer companies, and a bridge company. Engineers remove and emplace Divisional engineers operate forward mines and obstacles, build or repair roads, with fighting units. Engineer platoons emplace bridges, and help tank and operate with battalions and task forces. mechanized battalion task forces and field This is particularly true in an advance to and air defense artillery battalions con- contact during a deliberate attack against struct fighting positions. Engineers fortified positions, or when preparing for sometimes fight as infantry, but not rou- defensive operations. tinely. Their employment as infantry is more probable in defensive operations than The division commander establishes in offensive operations. engineer work priorities. The G3 and division engineer battalion commander A divisional engineer company is work together to develop work priority usually placed in direct support of each recommendations for the commander to brigade. The bridge company has an ar- consider. In offensive operations, obstacle mored vehicle launched bridge (AVLB) reduction, bridging, and maintenance of platoon. AVLBs are used to span short gaps supply routes are most important. In less than 18 meters wide. For river crossing defensive operations, obstacle construction, operations, the bridge company also has a minefield emplacement, and fighting rafting platoon equipped with either mobile position coiistruction are most important. assault bridges or float bridges. There is During defensive operations, maintenance insufficient divisionál bridging to support of supply routes must also be accomplished. large-scale river crossing operations; thus, FM 90—7, Obstacles, describes in detail when these operations are necessary, ad- obstacle reduction and construction. Other ditional bridging is required from corps engineer operations are described in FM 5— engineer units. FM 90—13, River Crossing 100, Engineer Combat Operations.

3-29 FM 71-101

" Combat Service Support — The division support command command units most often found in the bri- (DISCOM) provides personnel replacements, gade support area are a forward support fuel, ammunition, and maintenance; maintenance company, a forward supply replaces crews and equipment lost in battle; section from the supply and transport bat- and treats and evacuates wqunded. talion, a medical company, and maintenance support teams. The division commander establishes priorities for combat service support. The Division support command operations Gl, G4, and DISCOM commander work in the brigade support area are controlled by together to provide combat service support a forward area support coordinator recommendations to the division com- (FASCO). He works with the brigade ex- mander. ecutive officer and S4 to see that the needs Much of the division support command of the brigade are met. Combat service operates in brigade support areas since support operations are described in detail in brigades have no combat service support chapter 6, Combat Service Support units of their own. Division support Operations.

/ \ FAST MOVING OPERATIONS

O G

r COMBAT ^ ■U i Lû: ■V'îJèî. SERVICE M. SUPPORT Y û RECOMMEN- J V ’W, ; DATIONS

ATTACK s\° AGAINST FORTIFIED POSITIONS OR DEFENSE OPERATIONS

3-30 FM 71-101

COMMAND POST OPERATIONS Division Tactical Command Post

Commanders generally organize may also operate from the tactical command posts to suit themselves. The command post. Staff officers operating from tactical command post should be very small. the tactical command post should bring Its size and electronic signature should be with them only the minimum number of no larger than that of a brigade command helpers necessary for the support of the post. Ideally it would look more like a commander in the forward area. battalion headquarters. It is generally organized with the G3, a USAF air liaison There will always be a tendency to officer, and the division artillery com- expand the functions as well as the size of mander or his assistant fire support coor- any command post. This is particularly so dinator. From time to time, the G2 or his in the case of the tactical command post assistant, the G4 or his assistant, and the since the commander normally takes his air defense artillery battalion commander station there. Therefore, it is necessary to

DIVISION TACTICAL COMMAND POST CONFIGURATION COVERED AND CONCEALED FROM THE AIR

ANTENNAS

RADIO CONTROL V 'KP A r\ I »

£ 4 P-' £ X

T i 2. <3 -P

MULTICHANNEL

3-31 FM 71-101

guard against expansion lest the command edge of a built-up area for good cover and post become cumbersome, less mobile, and concealment. Essential communication more identifiable by enemy information- equipment must be located some distance gathering agencies. away with remote links to operational vehicles. These remote connections should The tactical command post site is nor- be wire/cable to the maximum extent mally located in an area near the point of possible in order to help reduce the emission decision and is selected by the commander signature of the tactical CP. or his G3 with advice from the signal battalion commander. The location should Two dedicated FM secure voice nets provide for good communication with provide the primary communication link brigade command posts; the division main between the tactical command post and command post; the division materiel brigade command posts. Communication management center; the corps tactical support for the tactical command post is command post; and, if possible, leading provided by an element from the divisional battalion task forces. But the tactical CP signal battalion command operations itself should not be located atop the highest company. Division communication nets are hill just so communication will work well. It described later in this chapter. should be located near routes to the division main command post and the brigade As the battle unfolds, it is to be expected command posts. Care should be taken not to that the tactical CP will move frequently. It site it near prominent landmarks which must be capable of doing so both day and could identify the location. night. Once a new site has been selected, the signal battalion should establish essential It is best to locate command post communications prior to arrival of the com- operational vehicles in buildings near the mander and the tactical CP.

Division Main Command Post Normally, the division Main CP is Additionally, the signal battalion’s located in or near the division support area, system control element also locates at the out of range of enemy artillery. Most of the Main. Communication support is provided division staff, normally supervised by the to the Main by the command signal center chief of staff, operates from the Main CP. platoon. Although the division commander In addition to the chief of staff section, will seldom have sufficient forces to elements of the Gl, G3, and G4, and the air dedicate combat forces to command post defense artillery, aviation, fire support, and chemical, biological, and radiological security, the military police company warfare sections will be there. The G2 security platoon can provide some security. section, a tactical air control party element, and a combat electronic warfare and in- The Main CP is primarily a coor- telligence battalion element which dination, information, and communication organizes the main command post in- center. Planning for future operations is telligence center will also be present. also done here.

3-32 FM 71—101

The primary functions of the Main CP are to coordinate those activities that are AERIAL VIEW OF MAIN COMMAND POST not coordinated by the tactical CP, to provide necessary reports and information IN A CONCEALED HARDENED SITE (TOWN) to the tactical CP and to corps, and to integrate and disseminate intelligence from ¿.SECUR all sources. - v- If the tactical CP is knocked out or \ disrupted for some reason, the Main CP will control combat operations. The division /■J- artillery command post or a brigade 1C ANN — SECURITY command post may also be used to control AND operations. The Main CP should be dispersed and well dug-in. A hardened site of ft any kind is ideal. Towns, villages, cities, SIG PLT C0MMCEIV and factory complexes are all suitable. ©SL CR Emitters must be remoted as is done at the VIAININ?^ : tactical CP. Electronic, infrared, and other & EN compromising signatures should be reduced to a minimum. V SECURITY A TACTICAL OPERATIONS CENTER Ti RW 1 ' 1 Q □ MESS € ADMIN Gl, G4 rn TACP, R'& S >• ■9 INTELLIGENCE ŒD L /»/ CENTER

/'S fr P CENTER -r G2, G3 «<■ Q V ^0 CSCE vV AOA-, in DISTR -\ fJÀTI _J. i. - Qinr ysA □n . et a ^ MEDICS sso FA RATT w FSE NT DAME ¥ MSG CEN NBCE V . V VV RATT SECURITY ,Èmm. 0227

3-33 3-33 Foldin FM 71-101

Operations Security

Internal to all command posts are the It is both possible and necessary to normal routine procedures by which conduct an organized operations security messages, letters, memorandums, and other (OPSEC) effort at the Main CP to reduce the information traffic flow into, out of, and probability of detection and disruption of within the headquarters. Normally, routing operations by enemy elements. The Main runs through nodes—the nodes are the CP will be-, à principal target of enemy message centers. Because these message surveillance systems—electronic, infrared, centers are deluged with more information from more sources than ever before, and photo, human—directed from all sorts of because they are administrative instead of platforms. Therefore, the Main CP must operational activities, operational com- always have an operations security plan munications must be transmitted through under way. Both active and passive more responsive means. The commander measures will have to be used in cleverly normally charges his chief of staff with the devised and constantly changing patterns responsibility to define nonroutine means which are in themselves deceptive but also by which combat information is transmitted represent normal command post operation. to insure timely receipt.

Division Support Area

The DISCOM headquarters, some staff, tronic warfare and intelligence battalion, and other elements are located in the military police and provost marshal division support area. These may include G1 elements, and a tactical airlift element from elements, counterintelligence and in- the USAF Tactical Air Control Party. terrogation elements from the combat elec-

Communications

The division communicates by using an post electronic signatures are reduced as integrated system of secure and nonsecure previously described. equipment consisting of FM and AM voice, As in the case of electronic surveillance multichannel systems, messenger, radio and target-acquisition equipment, electronic teletypewriter (RATT), and radio wire in- counter-countermeasures are used to protect tegration (RWI). The system is used to divisional communications equipment from transmit information, distribute in- enemy interception and jamming. telligence, and control fire and maneuver. Secure FM voice is the primary elec- The division signal battalion, as well as tronic means used by the division com- divisional units, has a variety of commander to command. Two secure FM nets, a munications equipment. Divisional com- command/operations net, and an intelli- munication equipment, however, is ex- gence net, are used to communicate from the tremely vulnerable to enemy tactical command post to brigade and countermeasures. Communications security division artillery command posts, to the air discipline and command and control alter- cavalry squadron, and to other elements as natives are practiced routinely. Command indicated in the illustration on page 3—35.

3-34 Foldout 3-34 FM 71—101

DIVISION COMMAND/OPE RATION S NET (FM)

ADC BDE TOC ADC M S G3 CDR

DIV ARTY TOC CG G3 OP CDR (DTOC)

AVN FLT OP CAV SQD TOC CDR CDR

DISÇOM TOC EIMGR BN TOC CDR CDR

MP CO ADA BIM TOC PM CDR

CSCE DIV TAC CP CEWI BN TOC SIG BIM CDR (NCS) CDR

DIVISION INTELLIGENCE NET (FM)

AVN FLT OP G2 AC FT

BDE TOC G2 CM&D S2 (DTOC)

ENGR BN TOC DIV ARTY S2 TOC

ADA BN TOC CAV SQD TOC S2 S2

CEWI BN TOC DISCOM TOC CDR S2 DIV TAC CP (NCS)

3-35 FM 71—101

A multichannel network is also cellent means of communication, but it available for command control. Corps in- takes time to set up and take down. When stalls a multichannel network to the possible, multichannel teletypewriter division main command post and support systems should be used for lengthy, secure area. The multichannel network is an ex- message traffic. DIVISION OPERATIONS NET (RATT) 1

DTOC G3 DISCOM OP (NCS) ADA BN

AVN UNIT ENGR BN

BDE CAV SQDN

DIV D V ARTY TAC CP

DIVISION INTELLIGENCE NET (RATT)

DTOC G2 CM&D (NCS) AVN UNIT ADA BN

BDE ENGR BN

DIV CAV SQDN TAC CP

DIV ARTY

3-36 FM 71—101

Secure radio teletypewriter nets AM voice radio, although not secure, is augment FM nets and the multichannel used to communicate over extended dis- teletypewriter system. Radio teletypewriter tances between the tactical command post, nets are used for short, high precedence main command post, brigades, division secure message traffic and as an alternate artillery, and the air cavalry squadron. means to the multichannel teletypewriter Short, secure traffic can be transmitted on system. The preceding illustration depicts AM voice radio using operation codes and the division RATT nets for operations and authentication devices. intelligence. DIVISION TACTICAL OPERATIONS CENTER NET (SSB)

G3 OP (DTOC) (NCS) BDE TOC CAV TOC S3 S3

DIV DIV ARTY TAC CP TOC

Air and ground messengers are used as traffic. FM 11—50, Combat Com- required throughout the division area. munications within the Division, details Scheduled ground messenger service is used divisional communications nets and elec- for bulk traffic and low-priority record tronic counter-countermeasures.

3-37

CHAPTER 4 Offensive Operations

Decisive results are achieved through offensive actions. The attacker seizes the initiative and imposes his will on the enemy, forcing the defender to fight and react in places and at times of the attacker’s choosing.

CONCEPT OF THE OFFENSE

Since the defender cannot be equally The primary emphasis of terrain rein- strong everywhere, it is usually possible to forcement during offensive operations is in concentrate sufficient combat power to out- enemy mobility degradation along weigh him at a place of the attacking counterattack routes and along flanks. In commander’s choosing. Even during addition, covered and concealed weapon defensive operations, the commander should positions should be prepared for never miss an opportunity to attack. overwatching elements to the maximum

CONTENTS

Concept of the Offense 4—1 River Crossings 4—13 Countermobility Operations 4—15 Fundamentals of Offensive Operations.. 4—3 Smoke Operations 4—16 See the Battlefield 4—3 Limited-Visibility Operations 4—17 Concentrate Overwhelming Combat Power.. 4—4 Limited-Objective Operations 4—19 Suppress Enemy Defensive Fires 4—5 Tactical Deception Operations 4—20 Overwhelm and Destroy the Enemy 4—5 Passage of Lines 4—21 Provide Continuous Support 4—5 Types of Offensive Operations 4—6 Preparing for Offensive Operations ... 4—21 Movement to Contact 4—6 Time and Place of Attack 4—22 Attack 4—10 Scheme of Maneuver 4—22 Exploitation and Pursuit 4—12 Task Organization 4—25 Mobility Operations 4—12 Control Measures 4—26

4-1 FM 71-101

possible extent. The attacking elements night or under concealment of smoke, must also be concealed as much as possible reduce the time of exposure and the for- to increase their survivability on the mation of large lucrative targets. If possible, battlefield. Terrain reinforcement planning forces are infiltrated through enemy must be totally integrated with the tactical defenses and assembled in rallying areas planning process to insure that all tactical close to attack objectives. Short-range objec- advantages of the terrain are used. tives are selected to reduce movement time, ease command and control difficulties, and Infantry can move across rugged enable full use of supporting fires in the terrain or through dense foliage to surprise assault. Enemy gunners and forward an unsuspecting defender at any time under observers are suppressed. Initiative is any weather conditions. Small units can retained by attacking when and where the infiltrate enemy lines, slip past strong enemy is unprepared. The ability of infantry defensive positions, and reassemble to seize to slip through enemy defenses, avoid critical installations or occupy key terrain. strongpoints and heavily defended areas, Stealth, cover and concealment, and and concentrate on the battlefield is ex- deception enable infantry attackers to hide ploited to defeat the enemy where he is their movements and close with the enemy weak. before he is fully prepared. Such activities are difficult to control and coordinate. Detailed planning at higher levels, followed Infantry attacks require careful by decentralized execution by units of planning and aggressive execution. Patrols, battalion and smaller size, minimizes these reconnaissance units, and other intelligence difficulties and increases the probability of means are used to provide accurate and success. timely information on gaps or weak spots in the enemy defenses. When a weakness is The division commander assigns mis- identified, the commander chooses a time of sions and objectives and allocates forces attack to surprise the enemy and increase while allowing subordinate commanders the destructive effects of his attack. Units freedom of action in deciding how to fight. are prepositioned as close to the attack zone Combat support and combat service support as possible, and supporting fires are massed units adjust support plans and resupply to assist the infantry assault. efforts as brigade and battalion commanders develop their concepts of At the critical time, the attacking force operation. The division attack thus becomes masses its maneuver elements and conducts a blending and coordinating of small-unit intensive suppressive fires. Artillery smoke operations, each furthering the ac- and high-explosive fires, tactical air strikes, complishment of the division mission. and scatterable mines isolate the critical battle from effective enemy fires and rein- The division reduces its vulnerabilities forcement. The actions of small units are by limiting the exposure of infantry directed so that the success of the attack troops to enemy fires. Rolling trafficable does not depend on the success or failure of terrain, with good observation and fields of any one of its elements. Thus, the com- fire, is avoided as an avenue of approach for mander chooses the decisive time and place dismounted infantry attacks. Small units to mass maneuver forces, supporting fires, moving on multiple routes of advance, and other elements of the division while using cover afforded by terrain, perhaps at minimizing the effects of enemy fires.

4-2 FM 71-101

Rugged terrain will normally force both attack continues to take advantage of the the attacker and the defender to employ enemy’s confusion to thwart his attempts to infantry units for combat operations. In- reestablish a coherent defense. Every effort fantry can be used to ferret out defenders is made to destroy enemy combat support, from towns and cities or participate in combat service support, and command and airmobile or counterguerrilla operations. control facilities. In sum, attacking in- Attacks against mechanized or armored fantry: forces are undertaken only when the mobility and firepower of the defender are • Operates as small units—decentralize or can be substantially reduced by rugged execution on difficult terrain during periods terrain, foliage, obscuration, deception, of reduced visibility. weather, suppression, or surprise. Such attacks are rare and should be avoided. • Selects short-range objectives. Once initiated, the attack is carried to a • Infiltrates where possible. successful conclusion. The enemy’s ability to reposition forces or redirect fires is • Attacks from an unexpected direction reduced as the attacking infantry closes at an unexpected time against enemy with the enemy. Enemy positions are weaknesses, avoiding enemy strengths. rapidly engaged as infantry concentrates to reduce the enemy defensive system. • Limits massing of troops—con- Positions that are too large for immediate centrating more firepower. destruction or which hamper progress of the attack are bypassed and engaged with • Uses deception operations in order to follow-on forces and supporting fires. The surprise.

FUNDAMENTALS OF OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS There are five fundamentals that guide may vary from time to time, depending on commanders in the conduct of offensive op- resources available to the commander, they erations. Although the application of each are the same for any offensive operation.

See the Battlefield

To be successful in offensive operations, series of strongpoints organized in depth, it is first necessary to know the enemy, his attempting to draw the attacker into organization for defense, the capabilities of firetraps. his weapon systems, and how he customarily disposes his forces on the The division commander and his staff ground. must know much more. They must understand how enemy field and air defense Battalion and smaller unit commanders artillery supports the defense; how enemy must understand how the enemy normally divisions, regiments, and battalions are defends. The enemy does this by using a controlled; how combat service support is

4-3 FM 71-101

provided; and where reserves of an enemy necessary to conduct separate operations division or army are likely to be located. (for example, a reconnaissance in force) to These are the elements the division must obtain this information. The division com- suppress or destroy so that battalions can mander and his subordinate commanders maneuver to bypass or destroy the enemy’s should also know, to the maximum extent system of strongpoints and break through possible, the terrain over which the division or flank his defenses. will fight. The. battalion commander can seldom While much of the information he needs see the terrain or the enemy beyond the may be immediately available, the division terrain feature to his immediate front, either commander must tell his information- before or during an attack. The division gathering agencies what else he needs to commander, however, through available know. Most important in offensive collection means, can see the terrain and operations is to know where the enemy is enemy farther away and can provide this weak or can be weakened. Sometimes it is information to brigades and battalions.

Concentrate Overwhelming Combat Power While enemy weaknesses may be known When concentrating, forces must be from the outset, most attacks begin with an thinned out elsewhere, which involves some advance to contact. Once contact is made risk. Thus, it is necessary to deceive the and an area where the enemy is weak or can enemy as to the division’s intentions, the be weakened is found, it is necessary to location of its main effort, and the strength move to concentrate superior forces in that of its units. The enemy’s ability to collect area. Often it is necessary for the division information can be degraded by skillful use commander to concentrate his battalions on of terrain and camouflage and by restricting a narrow front to break through enemy movement to periods of reduced visibility. forward defenses. Field and air defense Skillful use of electronic countermeasures artillery concentrate their fires to protect and electronic counter-countermeasures advancing battalions at the point of the (ECCM) also degrades enemy collection ef- main effort. Engineers assist in breaching forts. and clearing minefields and other obstacles, such as barriers or fortifications, which can Early identification of the critical point slow or stop advancing battalions. Elec- of the enemy defenses allows a tronic warfare support measures (ESM) are prepositioning of maneuver forces and sup- concentrated to locate enemy emitters so they can be attacked by fire or jammed by porting forces in advance of the attack. electronic countermeasures (ECM). These Units may move by infiltration and stealth actions will disrupt enemy weapon and to attack positions which maximize terrain command control systems. concealment and protection.

4-4 FM 71-101

Suppress Enemy Defensive Fires Concentrated forces are vulnerable to trated to degrade the enemy’s capability to enemy fires. So, it is necessary to suppress interfere with the main effort. enemy weapons and to obscure the vision of enemy gunners who can interfere with For attack helicopters and USAF air- advancing ground forces and with attack craft to operate, enemy air defense systems helicopter and offensive air support must be suppressed. Electronic support operations. measures and other target-acquisition means can be used to locate enemy air defense weapons. Field artillery and elec- While suppression of enemy direct fires tronic countermeasures can be used to sup- is important to the division commander, press or disrupt those air defenses. Attack gunners of direct fire weapons are usually helicopters and offensive air support air- suppressed by battalion weapons and direct craft can also be used, although this is a support field artillery. More important to the less desirable solution. division commander is the suppression of Of equal importance to suppression of enemy field artillery which can slow or stop FA and ADA is the suppression of enemy the division attack through interference electronic warfare systems which can with or destruction of maneuver units, disrupt divisional command and control. command posts, or combat service support Therefore, the division commander must units and operations. Field artillery provide for the suppression of enemy counterfire (and sometimes USAF offensive equipment that can locate and jam áir support sorties) is sufficiently concen- divisional emitters.

Overwhelm and Destroy the Enemy Once an enemy weak spot has been by fresh units. Forces are shifted as found or one has •. been created by the necessary to exploit enemy weaknesses as massing of fires, the division attacks with they are revealed. Hasty attacks are con- maximum speed, surprise, and violence. ducted to overcome enemy resistance. Prepared positions are bypassed when possible and cleared only when necessary. Deliberate attacks are conducted only when The advance of the entire division must not necessary. Too much time spent planning be halted when leading battalions are tem- and organizing a deliberate attack can porarily stopped. Attacking units that result in attacking under more difficult become stalled or disorganized are bypassed circumstances or in loss of initiative.

——Provide Continuous Support

Continuous support is necessary for movement to keep pace with maneuver maneuver forces to advance. Field and air units. Sustaining the. battle becomes a defense artillery, engineers, signal, supply, critically important concern of all com- and maintenance units must carefully plan manders. Ammunition expenditures are apt

4-5 FM 71-101

to be high, but lack of ammunition must not The farther the division advances, the be allowed to slow or stop the advance. more difficult it becomes to provide support Inoperable weapons and combat vehicles and keep lines of communication open. must be repaired as far forward as possible Combat service support commanders must and quickly returned to battle. Those that be as aggressive in supporting as combat cànnot be repaired forward must be im- commanders are in destroying—and they mediately replaced. must work together to get the job done.

TYPES OF OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

Offensive operations are conducted un- Other types of operations which may der a variety of circumstances. Opposing occur as part of the offense are mobility forces, terrain and weather conditions, and countermobility operations, smoke amount of preparation, intent of the com- operations, and limited visibility mander, and the purpose of the operation operations. There are also other offensive are variables which characterize a par- operations which may be described as ticular type of offensive operation. limited objective operations (reconnaissance in force and raid) or as tactical TYPES OF OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS deception operations (feint, demonstration, ruse, and display). • Movement to Contact. At any one time, the division may be • Attack (Hasty and Deliberate). conducting one type of operation while the brigades are conducting another. For ex- • Exploitation. ample, the division may be exploiting early successes while the lead brigade (or units • Pursuit. within the brigade) may be conducting a hasty attack.

Movement to Contact A movement to contact (NATO term: the enemy prior to decisive combat. approach/advance to contact) is conducted Organization for the movement depends on to gain or reestablish contact with the the mission, terrain, available intelligence, enemy. It is used when the enemy situation probable order of commitment of units, and is vague and the division commander is not certain of enemy dispositions or strengths. relative mobility of units. The following Its purpose is the early development of the figure illustrates the overall organization of situation in order to gain an advantage over the division for movement to contact.

4-6 FM 71-101

MOVEMENT TO CONTACT

ÀNK GUARP^s^

co , G à~DVM^ i sr? FORCtF c MAIN BODY GUARD-/^l_^ ARD

All-around security is maintained as the to prevent unnecessary delay of the main main body advances with a relatively body. Its operations may include destruction strong force forward and the bulk of the of enemy resistance, securing key terrain, or force uncommitted. This formation avoids unnecessary interference with movement of containment of enemy forces. the main body and allows the situation to be developed by the smallest possible force. The covering force normally operates The main body prepares for rapid well forward of the front of the main body. employment as the enemy is met by the A highly mobile force, such as the air covering force and the situation is developed by the advance guard. Decentralized cavalry squadron or a mobile battalion task control, rapid commitment of leading forces force, usually provides the basic element of when contact is made, and responsive field the covering force. It is reinforced with artillery support provide the flexibility artillery and engineers; and in the case of which is the key to a successful movement the air cavalry squadron, with other combat to contact. elements. The covering force is provided The mission assigned the covering tactical air support for long-range recon- m force is to develop the enemy situation and naissance and close air support. 4-7 FM 71-101

The covering force, shown below, nor- Forces assigned to the advance guard may mally operates under division control. include cavalry, tank, mechanized, or in- However, when the division advances on fantry units in the proper proportion to multiple routes, terrain and distance may accomplish the mission. Necessary combat require subordinate commanders to control support, such as engineers and artillery, is their own covering forces. integrated into the advance guard. Emphasis is placed on the use of air cavalry When the division marches as part of a to detect enemy activity in advance of largèr force, the covering force may be actual contact. The advance guard normally provided and controlled by the higher head- operates under the control of the leading quarters. The division advance guard is element of the main body. then the contact force between the division and the covering forces. Flank and rear guards protect the main body from ground observation and The advance guard is normally fur- surprise attack. These forces must be strong nished by the leading element of the main enough to defeat minor enemy forces or to body: It is organized to insure the un- delay a strong enemy attack until the main interrupted movement of the main body. body can deploy.

DIVISION COVERING FORCE FOR MOVEMENT TO CONTACT

Li 105 OO 2 ATK c3 (OPCON)

VULCAN css m

4-8 FM 71—101

The flank guard travels on routes The main body contains the bulk of the parallel to the route of the main body. It division’s combat power. It is organized for moves by continuous marching or by immediate commitment against major successive or alternate bounds and occupies enemy forces or for exploitation of dis- key positions on the flanks of the main organized, surprised, or weakened enemy body. The rear guard follows the main body. forces. The main body normally moves to contact in multiple columns to take advantage of the available roadnet and to The rear and flank guards are similar to prevent a smaller enemy force from con- the advance guard in strength and com- ducting an effective delay. position. Infantry battalions, supported by combat aviation battalion elements, are When enemy resistance is encountered capable of conducting flank and rear guard which is beyond the capability of the missions. If the flanks or rear of the division covering force and the advance guard to are secured by adjacent or following units, overcome, the division commander commits the size of the divisional security forces can forces from the main body to maintain the be reduced. Flank and rear guards operate momentum of advance. When units from the under the control of either the division or main body are committed, the movement to the adjacent element of the main body. contact ceases and an attack begins.

SECURITY OF DIVISION MAIN BODY 0

LU ELS MAIN BODY X » X O m

ÍXV c-'C*'

A X X

4-9 FM 71-101

Attack The division attacks under a variety of and supporting field and air defense ar- circumstances. Most often, it attacks: tillery can become equally important.

• from defensive positions after an It is necessary to determine as quickly enemy attack has been slowed or stopped; as possible if the enemy can be bypassed or must be attacked and destroyed. Bypassed • as an extension of a movement to enemy forces must be reported to the next contact; or superior headquarters which then assumes responsibility for their destruction, sup- • following a passage of lines through pression, or containment. an attacking or defending force. As a general rule, if leading battalions Once contact is made, information cannot quickly defeat, bypass, or fight about the situation must be reported to through the enemy, the division commander superior headquarters as quickly as must decide whether to conduct a hasty possible. Of immediate importance is the attack, or, if necessary, develop the size of the enemy force and the com- situation and conduct a deliberate attack. In mander’s assessment of his chances for any event, a hasty attack may be conducted success. As the battle develops, status of to insure that the division is not being held fuel and ammunition of the force in contact up by inferior forces conducting a delay.

HASTY ATTACK

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XX 0 TAC REAR o £ □ o OK) o

FLANK : V S IRITY.-FORCE

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4-10 FM 71-101

If a hasty attack is to be conducted, time to prepare for and conduct a deliberate fragmentary orders are issued immediately. attack. However, only that amount of time Those orders set in motion maneuver bat- absolutely necessary should be taken to talions, supporting field artillery, attack prepare for the attack. If too much time is helicopter, and offensive air support in spent in preparation, the enemy could rein- sufficient strength to fix the enemy forward force his positions or even launch an attack elements in place, penetrate weak spots, or against the division. Thus, the initiative open flanks and move friendly forces could be lost. quickly through. Speed is most important. If momentum is lost, the hasty attack can fail. It is unlikely that terrain more than 4 or 5 kilometers into enemy territory can be When good information is available seen or reconnoitered in detail. Therefore, about the enemy, the attack may be detailed planning of maneuver and fires will deliberate from the outset. Such an attack usually be limited to this area. Planning for actions beyond this limit must be more often starts with a passage through a force general, with maneuver of forces and fires in contact. In any case, when the division sketched out in broader terms. Units must encounters a strong enemy force in well- be prepared to exploit any opportunity prepared positions that cannot be overcome presented by terrain and enemy by a hasty attack, it must take sufficient weaknesses.

DELIBERATE ATTACK FROM A DEFENSIVE POSTURE

OBJ X

x— j •V o X a OBJ

J OBJ XX

4-11 FM 71-101

Two broad options will normally exist Successful infantry attacks rely on iden- when a deliberate attack has successfully tification of an enemy weakness, surprise breached enemy defenses. The first is to gained through infiltration or tactical press forward with committed forces toward deception operations, effective suppression the next echelon of enemy defenses or the enemy rear area. The second is to turn left of enemy fires, and vigorous execution by or right to roll up more enemy positions, one small units. Success can often be followed after another, from the flank, while another by deeper attacks or by a smooth transition force exploits the breach. to the exploitation or pursuit.

Exploitation and Pursuit

Exploitation is initiated when the withdrawing enemy and by intercepting enemy cannot maintain the continuity of and destroying the main enemy force. his defenses. The objective is to strike The infantry division is not equipped swiftly and deeply into the heart of the for rapid exploitation; however, the infantry enemy’s defenses and destroy his ability to division has the capability to exploit and conduct an orderly withdrawal. Constant pursue enemy infantry. In terrain more pressure by highly mobile forces denies the suited to mounted operations, the infantry enemy the opportunity to reconstitute a division may be assigned a follow and strong defense. support mission behind a pursuing heavy division. The infantry division may be Pursuit follows a successful attack and tasked to destroy remaining enemy forces, exploitation. Its purpose is to cut off and thus freeing mechanized and armored divisions to maintain continuous pressure annihilate a retreating enemy and destroy on the withdrawing enemy. Infantry bat- his will to fight. It is accomplished by talions attack and destroy pockets of maintaining direct pressure on the resistance or enemy strongpoints.

Mobility Operations During an attack, particularly against a obstacles, they are most often discovered by deliberate defense, the division should leading task forces. Most common rein- expect to encounter obstacles to movement. forcing obstacles are: Existing obstacles—forests, large bodies of water, canals, or rivers—can normally be • Minefields. identified in advance from map or ground reconnaissance. Operations are planned either to bypass these obstacles or to breach • Log obstacles such as abatis, log or cross them with the assistance of cribs, stumps, and posts. engineer equipment located well forward with leading elements of the attack. • Wire obstacles. While aerial reconnaissance can sometimes reveal the location of reinforcing • Tank ditches and craters.

4-12 FM 71-101

As in the case of existing obstacles, vance planning. An assault breach is often reinforcing obstacles should be bypassed conducted under fire and may be preferred whenever possible. A battalion commander in order to maintain the momentum of the encountering an obstacle which will slow or advance. When possible, combat engineers stop his advance. should immediately moving with leading companies perform the determine if it can be readily' bypassed. If he breach while overwatched by tanks and cannot bypass Quickly, breaching infantry. In an . assault breach, rapid operations are started. Even while breaching devices are used to clear lanes breaching operations are underway, other wide enough to allow combat forces to battalions, or air cavalry should continue to continue the advance. search for a way to bypass the obstacle.. Since obstacles are often covered by enemy • A deliberate breach may be con- fire, it is important to bypass or breach ducted by combat engineers if there is time quickly to avoid delaying ' the advance or for detailed reconnaissance and planning. exposing divisional units to fire longer than The primary difference between an assault necessary. breach and a deliberate breach is time. In a There are two methods commonly used deliberáte breách, necessary time is taken to to breach an obstacle. do a thorough job. Generally, obstacles are completely cleared, particularly in the case • An assault breach is accomplished of minefields. Breaching operations are rapidly with little reconnaissance or ad- described in detail in FM 90—7, Obstacles.

" 1 River Crossings The objective of river crossings is to resort will the division pause to build up project combat power across a water combat power and equipment. obstacle while maintaining the integrity and momentum of the division. Therefore, Commanders should not surrender the when possible, rivers must be crossed as a initiative by letting water obstacles continuation of the offense. needlessly affect their scheme of manéuvér. When possible, obstacles are crossed in A river crossing is a special operation in stride, using local materials and organic that it requires additional planning and equipment. This is referred to as a hasty support. The obstacle may be a river, a lake, crossing. There are times, however, when or a canal. Size and composition of the this is hot possible and a build-up of forces obstacle and the enemy situation will and equipment is required in order to insure dictate how the crossing is made. It is a successful crossing. When this ' is normally conducted by a division; however, necessary, momentum may be sacrificed. battalions and brigades may cross in- This operation, called a deliberate dependently or as elements of a larger force. crossing, is discussèd in detail in FM SO- IS, River Crossing Operations. Regardless of the type of obstacle, the enemy force, or the size of the crossing force, A hasty river crossing is a decentralized all efforts must be directed toward crossing operation using organic, existing, or ex- without loss of momentum. Only as a last pedient crossing means. It is conducted as a

4-13 FM 71-101

continuation of the attack with little or no hasty crossing should result in the rapid loss of momentum by the attacking force. A seizure of sufficient area to insure that the hasty crossing is preferred over a deliberate crossing sites are relatively secure from crossing. enemy ground action and direct fire.

A hasty crossing must be anticipated River crossing operations, whether has- and planned in advance. Routine ty or deliberate, are generally planned by procedures, such as command control and dividing the operation into distinct and location of bridging equipment and AVLBs manageable segments: in the column, are specified in SOPs. When possible, crossing sites are seized intact and • The assault is conducted from the line in advance of leading elements. of march using amphibious vehicles and assault boats. The purpose of the assault is CHARACTERISTICS OF HASTY RIVER to move as many troops and weapons as CROSSINGS possible across the river quickly in order to secure the exit bank. When possible, • Speed, surprise, and minimum mechanized forces lead since personnel loss of momentum. carriers can “swim.” Infantry battalions may be moved across the obstacles by • Decentralized operations with helicopter or assault boat to clear the exit organic, existing, or expedient bank. During this part of the operation, resources. smoke operations may be especially helpful.

• Weak enemy defenses on both • Rafting begins as soon as the assault banks. is underway in order to move vehicles and, later, field artillery across the river. • Minimum concentration of force.

• A quick continuation of the attack. • Bridges are usually installed once assault forces have penetrated the exit bank of the river deep enough to preclude enemy When enemy resistance on both banks small arms or direct fires on bridge sites. is negligible or light, a hasty crossing does Bridges are generally not used during the not require that all enemy forces be cleared assault because they take time to erect and from the river line. It capitalizes on the emplace and are vulnerable to enemy fire. enemy’s confusion and lack of sufficient combat power to oppose the crossing. Artillery supports the operation by occupying forward positions and supporting To maintain the momentum of the the crossing by fires. As soon as the bulk of attack and to get maximum combat power the maneuver battalions of each brigade across quickly, the division crosses the have crossed the river, supporting artillery water obstacle on a broad front. Therefore, battalions are echeloned across with whenever the force reaches the obstacle, day priority to the direct support battalions. or night, the crossing is made. As the bulk of the assault units cross the obstacle, Priority for ADA is to protect crossing minimum forces are left to secure the sites. After the DS artillery battalions cross crossing sites. The initial assault in the the river, ADA units cross by echelon. In

4-14 FM 71 — 101

this manner ADA supports both banks of operations, helicopters airlift supplies the river. Combat service support units forward. cross after the combat and combat support units. Priority is to crossing the battalion The infantry division has the following combat trains, then brigade trains. After the organic equipment available for conduct of infantry battalions complete air assault a hasty river crossing:

RIVER CROSSING EQUIPMENT OF THE INFANTRY DIVISION

EQUIPMENT CAPABILITY UNIT

ARC Transport for Mech Bn Mech Inf Bn

Helicopters Lift for Combat Ele- Combat Avn ments of 2 Rifle Bn Companies

Assault Boats Ability to cross 1 Rifle Engr Bridge Company (15 to 18 Co men rafts)

MAB 1-144 meters of bridge Engr Bridge or 4 CL 60 rafts Co

AVLB 4 launchers/6 bridges Engr Bridge Co 2 launchers/2 bridges Tank Bn

Countermobility Operations Although obstacles are used by the extended period. The family of scatterable division most often during defensive mines (FASCAM), soon to be introduced operations, they may also be used from time into the US Army, will give the division the to time during an attack. When necessary, mines or craters can be used to protect a capability to emplace mines in the enemy vulnerable flank or a unit reorganizing on rear to block enemy reinforcements, routes an objective if the unit is to be there for an of withdrawal, and counterattacking forces.

4-15 FM 71-101

Smoke Operations During offensive operations, smoke battlefield while divisional units attack on delivered by field artillery and mortars is another. used to degrade enemy observation of divisional units. Obscuration smoke is In the attack, when smoked by the placed on or near enemy positions to blind enemy, divisional units should move rapidly gunners and observers while screening out of smoked areas to regain good obser- smoke is placed between divisional and vation and fields of fire and continue to enemy forces to conceal divisional units. advance. Care must be exercised to avoid being silhouetted against smoke. Movement Smoke may also be used to deceive the techniques, good use of natural cover and enemy as to the division’s intentions; for concealment, and qverwatch are as im- example, smoke may be used to attract the portant in a smoke environment as in enemy’s attention on one part of the operations during normal visibility.

SMOKE OPERATIONS IN THE OFFENSE

OBSCURATION SMOKE

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Sifl Kil ENING » S C R E E NI

4-16 FM 71-101

Limited-Visibility Operations The division will often attack during battle to be fought using daylight tactics. night and other periods of limited visibility. However, detection and engagement ranges, Offensive operations during such periods length of bounds, and the ability to move on provide the advantage of striking a defender covered and concealed routes all may be when the range of his observation and reduced. When ambient light levels are very weapons is reduced and mutual support low or when the defender has an advantage between positions is limited. Such in night vision devices, artificial il- operations may be conducted to: lumination may be necessary.

• Achieve surprise. Visibility limited by snow, rain, fog, or smoke presents special problems in both • Exploit earlier success. navigation and maneuver of forces. Target acquisition is complicated by the difficulty • Maintain momentum. of identifying friend and foe.

• Rupture strong enemy defenses. Human efficiency is reduced by the inability to see. Many tasks that are simple Modern devices for night vision provide in warm dry weather become difficult to the division with the capability of fighting perform in snow or rain. Encumbered by parkas, raincoats or ponchos, mittens, or at night much as it fights in daylight. This other special clothing, soldiers take longer capability is modified by somewhat reduced to accomplish basic tasks and tire more engagement ranges. White light artificial quickly. The effectiveness of some radar illumination should be used only when systems may be reduced by dense patterns night vision devices are not available in of snow, rain, fog, or smoke; and night sufficient quantities, when ambient light vision devices are of little help. levels are very low, or when the use of night vision equipment affords the enemy an The extra problems created by ex- advantage. Flares do not discriminate tremely limited visibility should not dis- courage planners, for each can be overcome. between friend and foe and may illuminate The enemy has the same problems and both. Changes in wind direction can expose more. He does not know when and where àttackers while defenders hide in the the attack will come, and any factor which shadows. Searchlights and other active limits the range of weapons favors the illumination means disclose their sources. attacker. Additionally, it will take him The side equipped with passive devices has longer to concentrate reinforcements a distinct advantage over the side that is against the attack. Limited visibility will not. often create the conditions necessary for a successful attack. The degree of advantage that may be gained by using illumination depends on Fire support is planned and fires are the extent to which visibility is limited and available even though the attack may be on the availability of night vision devices to unsupported initially. Suppression re- both attacker and defender. During periods quirements are normally less because of darkness with high ambient light levels, enemy direct fire weapons and indirect fire passive night vision devices will allow the observers will already be restricted.

4-17 FM 71-101

Reconnaissance should be conducted by • Occupy positions from which the leaders at all levels. Plans should be main effort can be supported. detailed and coordinated; but above all else, they must be simple. • Secure key terrain. During limited visibility operations, the • Conduct operations in the enemy rear division may direct subordinate units to area. conduct: Ideally, infiltrations are made during • Movement to a more favorable periods of reduced visibility, over rough or position for a daylight attack. difficult terrain, or through areas which the enemy does not occupy or cover by sur- • Infiltration by dismounted elements. veillance. • Attack of an occupied objective. Fire support is available throughout the operation. Targets should be engaged first MOVEMENT TO A MORE with indirect fire to avoid disclosing the FAVORABLE POSITION. When at- exact location of the infiltrating elements. tacking an enemy disposed in positions affording good long-range fields of fire, the ATTACK OF AN OCCUPIED OB- last 3000 meters of the approach may JECTIVE. Techniques used to attack an produce unacceptable losses. Under these occupied objective during periods of limited circumstances, it may be better to wait for a visibility are similar to those used in a short period of time to take advantage of deliberate attack during daylight. Detailed darkness or the arrival of bad weather or knowledge of enemy dispositions on each fog. Terrain objectives that are believed to position to be assaulted must be available to be unoccupied are selected. Forces are make this type attack successful. The maneuvered up to or between enemy maneuver force can often get closer to an positions onto terrain which facilitates enemy position by capitalizing on the destruction of the enemy when visibility enemy’s inability to acquire and engage improves or which forces him to react long-range targets and. on reduced mutual because he has been outflanked. support between enemy positions because of lack of visibility. Although the principle of INFILTRATION is the movement of attacking enemy weaknesses holds true, all or part of a unit to a more favorable attacks during periods of limited visibility position to accomplish its mission. The can be used to rupture strong enemy prime consideration during the movement is positions when no weaknesses can be found. to avoid detection and engagement. While it may be made in conjunction with defensive Distances to be covered should be operations, it is primarily an offensive relatively shallow (1 to 2 kilometers from maneuver. The commander may order an the line of departure to the objective). infiltration to move through gaps in the Leaders at all levels should have the oppor- enemy’s defenses to: tunity to observe the terrain all the way to the objective during good visibility. • Attack lightly held positions. Command control will be primarily by • Attack strongpoints from the flank or radio once the attack begins. Insofar as they rear. can be seen, visual aids for recognition may

4-18 FM 71-101

assist in control of forces. Color panels, arm ground than is normally the case and must bands, luminous strips, or patterns may be sufficiently prominent so that they can help. Objectives will usually cover less be easily found.

Limited-Objective Operations A reconnaissance in force is a advantages with the risks such operations limited-objective attack to obtain infor- entail. It may be possible to use other mation and to discover and test enemy intelligence-collection means and avoid the dispositions and strength. The recon- possibility of premature engagement under naissance in force is also conducted to cause unfavorable conditions. the enemy to react and thereby reveal plans or vulnerabilities in his defensive system. Raids are limited-objective attacks with Such vulnerabilities, when promptly ex- specific objectives and are followed by a ploited, could lead to important tactical withdrawal or extraction of the raiding successes. force. Raids are conducted to: A reconnaissance in force is conducted • Capture prisoners or enemy materiel. in much the same manner as a deliberate attack. However, there are major • Destroy enemy materiel or in- differences. First, the purpose of the recon- stallations. naissance in force is to gain information about the enemy. Objectives are selected • Obtain specific information of a that are of such importance to the enemy hostile unit (its dispositions, location, that his response will generate information strength, capabilities, or methods of regarding location of reserves and second- defense). echelon forces, available artillery fires, and antitank positions. If possible, the objective • Temporarily seize and hold terrain in is selected for its contribution to penetration support of other operations. or envelopment of enemy defenses and to facilitate future operations. • Deceive or harass enemy forces. Second, reserves for a reconnaissance in force are stronger than those required for Infantry forces may infiltrate between an attack. The division may need to exploit enemy strongpoints and conduct raids of rapidly an enemy weakness, when found, or limited depth. Airmobile raids may be con- reinforce a reconnoitering unit that meets ducted using division or corps aviation an unexpectedly strong enemy response. assets. Employment requires detailed coor- The division may conduct two or more such dination for force extraction since the operations simultaneously or in rapid raiding force does not possess the firepower succession. Normally, battalions are used, or mobility to deal with major enemy reac- but brigades may be used if necessary. tions. Reconnaissance in force develops infor- Unlike the reconnaissance in force, the mation more rapidly and in more detail raid depends on precise, timely intelligence. than other reconnaissance methods. The The commander must structure the raiding commander must compare these intelligence force to overcome anticipated problems.

4-19 FM 71-101

Although initial planning is detailed and or limit counterattacks, and assist the highly centralized, control during the withdrawal of the raiding force. When sur- conduct of the operation is decentralized. prise is desired, fires are planned but are held “on call” for later use. When possible, the force rehearses the raid on ground similar to that over which it The raiding force must accomplish its will move and under conditions similar to mission and withdraw before the enemy can those anticipated during the actual raid. react effectively. The withdrawal is planned and executed with the same precision and As in any offensive action, preparatory thoroughness as the attack phase. Plans are and supporting fires are employed. Sup- also made for emergency extraction if the pressive fires isolate the objective, prevent withdrawal is blocked.

Tactical Deception Operations Feints are diversionary supporting at- feint, some force maneuver may be required, tacks. They are usually limited-objective but no contact with the enemy is intended. attacks varying in size from company team The nature of a demonstration permits use to brigade. They contribute to the enemy’s of simulations, decoys, dummies, and in- defeat by drawing his attention away from operative equipment to deceive the enemy. the main attack. Few forces are required and maximum flexibility of design and execution are Feints assist friendly offensive allowed the demonstration commander. operations by causing the enemy to: • Commit reserves prematurely. Ruses are preplanned or impromptu single actions designed to deceive the enemy • Shift supporting fires from the area of as to the actual time, place, and nature of concentration. friendly operations. Ruses may be employed by tactical units to cause the enemy to • Reveal enemy defensive positions and disclose his intentions, state of morale, or fires. combat readiness. • Become confused and indecisive. Displays are actions taken to deceive the enemy through the use of static devices. The timing and location of the feint are Simulations, disguises, portrayals, or a com- critical to the success of the division’s main bination of means are used to present a attack. Units conducting a feint execute the false picture to the enemy. Objects such as attack violently to convince the enemy that field artillery emplacements or field for- the feint is the division main effort. If the tifications can be simulated. Targets of low feint is successful in penetrating the tactical value, such as unserviceable trucks, defensive system, exploitation of the success can be disguised as ones of high tactical may be ordered by the division commander. value, such as tanks. Units may portray other types of units using mockups of tanks A demonstration is a show of force in or air defense weapons. Tactical deception an area where a decision is not sought. operations are further described in FM 90— Although the demonstration is similar to a 2. Tactical Deception.

4-20 FM 71—101

Passage Of Lines

A forward passage of lines is an manders. For example, a unit manning operation in which one friendly unit moves contact and passage points must provide forward through positions held by another information concerning minefields in the friendly unit. When possible, passage area, safe lanes, and, if necessary, guides. should be through elements not in contact, Once started, the passage is completed as or in an area lightly held by friendly forces. quickly as possible to minimize the This technique helps prevent congestion. vulnerability of the two forces. The moving force must assume control of the battle as Normally, the moving division assigns boundaries to designate those areas through soon as its lead elements have passed which subordinate elements will pass. These through the stationary force. Artillery in boundaries usually correspond to those of support of units manning passage and the stationary force. Specific details of the contact points is usually integrated into the passage are coordinated between the fire support plan of the unit passing respective division subordinate unit com- through.

PASSAGE OF LINES

FEBA XX

SP PR RP ROUTE BLUE

ASSEMBLY ZOn AREA re pp WHIT FOR RP PASSING DIVISION

PP ROUTE RED SP RP XX FEBA PREPARING FOR OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

The division prepares for offensive what he desires accomplished. As a operations generally as described in chapter minimum, he should provide: 3. That is, as information about the enemy and terrain is gathered, the commander • Time and place of attack. estimates the situation and the staff provides estimates. Having considered his • Scheme of maneuver. staffs estimates, the commander then develops his concept of the operation and • Task organization. announces it to his staff. He provides them with sufficient detail to understand exactly • Control measures.

4-21 FM 71-101

Time and Place of Attack The time of attack may be provided by a The place to attack is the location which higher headquarters, or the commander offers the best chance of success. An attack may be free to choose the time. In the latter is aimed at a weaknéss in the enemy’s instance, he must consider the time needed defenses. If a weakness cannot be detected, for reconnaissance, for gathering additional one must be created. This can be ac- information about the enemy, and for subor- complished through the use of fires, fire and dinate units to prepare for the operation. maneuver, or deception to cause the enemy to shift his forces. Often, when faced with an enemy in strength, it may be best to attack under cover of darkness or during other periods of Terrain also influences place of attack. limited visibility (fog, snow, or rain) even Battalions and companies advance from though control may be more difficult. one covered and concealed position to the next. The division moves along lines of It must be remembered that the time used by the division to prepare to attack is communication that provide for rapid ad- also time provided to the enemy to prepare vance of all combat and support units. It is to defend or even to attack the division. If most desirable for the commander to recon- too much time is taken in preparation, the noiter terrain personally, particularly where opportunity to attack may be lost. the main effort will occur.

Scheme of Maneuver

The scheme of maneuver will depend on Enemy positions can be approached the type of offensive operation being con- from the front, flank, or rear. Distinctions ducted, the guidance from higher head- between forms of maneuver exist primarily quarters, and the intent of the commander. in the intent of the commander. There are An offensive operation is normally intended two basic forms of maneuver used by the to accomplish one of the following: division: • ENVELOPMENT. • Overrun and destroy a weaker enemy in position. • PENETRATION.

• Fix or hold an enemy force in position Corps and division seldom dictate the by suppression. form of maneuver to be used by the next lower echelon. Mission-type orders are issued that allow the subordinate com- • Rupture and pass through enemy mander to select the appropriate form ôf defenses to secure a deep objective. maneuver. Therefore, each echelon analyzes the mission, the characteristics of the area • Bypass enemy main defenses to strike of operation, the disposition of friendly and him from the flanks and rear thereby enemy forces, and the relative combat power causing him to fight in an unexpected to determine the form of maneuver best direction or directions. suited to mission accomplishment.

4-22 FM 71—101

DIVISION CONDUCTING AN ENVELOPMENT

X EU X

ENVELOPMENT. The envelopment division conducting a ground envelopment directs a major portion of the attacking will often move through rough terrain unit’s combat power against the flank or which minimizes the vehicular movement of rear of the enemy’s defensive forces. It the defender and capitalizes on the foot- avoids the enemy’s main defensive strength mobility of the infantry. Small infantry by attacking an unprotected or lightly units may be infiltrated into attack guarded flank, or by passing over it with positions close to secondary objectives to fix the enemy in place and assist the airmobile or airborne forces (vertical enveloping force. Air cavalry is used to slow envelopment). The attacker secures terrain enemy reaction and to augment the in the enemy’s rear that cuts escape routes, firepower of enveloping forces. If augmented disrupts communications and support, and by helicopters, the division may rapidly causes the enemy to fight in two directions. bypass ënemy forces to strike against unprotected rear area facilities. Limited- The infantry division commander must objective or tactical deception operations carefully weigh his relative firepower and may be conducted to divert the enemy’s mobility. Once the decision to attack is attention and delay reaction against the made, the enemy force must be fixed in enveloping force. The enemy can also be place and prevented from redisposing forces fixed by fires, by scatterable mines, or by a to counter the envelopment. The infantry combination of measures.

4-23 FM 71-101

PENETRATION. A penetration • Time is critical. breaks through prepared enemy defensive positions by concentrating overwhelming • The enemy is overextended. combat power on a narrow front. The penetration can be more costly in men and materiel than an envelopment but may be • The enemy does not have an exposed the preferred maneuver when: flank.

PENETRATION

*****

C\ V-

JiM

\ \ \ \ \

BRIGAD^RE» / TO1 PASS- / THROUGH

4-24 FM 71-101

The purpose of a penetration is to cluding smoke, are delivered on defensive rupture enemy defensive positions quickly, positions to isolate forces at the point of hold the shoulders of the gap created, move concentration and to deprive the enemy of forces through the gap, and seize objectives mutual support. deep in the enemy’s rear. The intent is to destroy the continuity of the enemy’s The initial stages of the penetration defense. often favor employment of tactical deception and small-unit operations by the The penetration requires a massing of - division. Infantry forces remain under cover forces and fires against a narrow portion of and small-unit control until concentrating the enemy’s defenses before the enemy is immediately prior to the attack. Suppression able to reposition forces to defeat the attack. of the enemy is particularly critical at this If terrain permits, the tank and mechanized stage since moving infantry is especially battalions should be used to maximize their vulnerable to enemy fires. The infantry firepower and shock action to rupture the rapidly closes with the enemy and ruptures enemy’s positions at the point of his defenses at the weak point. Attacking penetration. Once the defender is forces pour through the gap and widen the overwhelmed at the point of attack, suf- shoulders of the penetration. The infantry ficient forces must pass through the gap secures the gap and assists the passage of quickly to secure the objective. Fires, in- additional forces.

— Task Organization

As described in chapter 3, the than the resulting loss of surprise, or if organization of the division for combat will sufficient targets have been located to depend on the mission, the enemy, the justify the expenditure of ammunition. terrain and weather, and forces available. Air defense artillery protects leading Terrain permitting, the tank and maneuver forces, the division’s command mechanized battalions should be task posts, reserves, nuclear delivery systems, organized into the lead elements of the and combat service support elements. attacking force to take advantage of their firepower and armor protection. Priority for engineer support is to the main effort. As impediments to mobility The priority of supporting fires is nor- (minefields, unfordable rivers, and craters) mally assigned to the main effort. Field are encountered, engineer elements move to artillery preparations may be fired if the assist the maneuver force in overcoming the destructive or suppressive effects are greater obstacles and continuing the attack.

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Control Measures Control measures are necessary during Phase lines extend across the zone or the conduct of offensive operations. Those likely area of action and are located on most frequently used are listed below and easily recognized terrain features such as shown on the following page. ^/-ridgelines, streams, and roads. Phase lines are used to control the forward movement of Assembly areas are necessary for the units. issuance of orders, organization for combat, maintenance, supply, and rest. The Axes of advance indicate the general command assembles in the assembly area to. ^ direction of movement of an attacking unit. prepare for operations. Boundaries are used to delineate zones Routes of advance show the assigned of action of units in the attack and to assist route of march and are labeled with a in controlling the fires and maneuver of number, letter, or name. The start point those units. (SP) and release point (RP) may also be shown on routes of advance. O Limits of advance are set by the commander to keep control and prevent his Contact points are designated places assaulting elements from being hit by where two or more units are required to friendly fires. ^/make physical contact. O Objectives are usually assigned in an attack. They may be the only control Passage points are designated where measures assigned and are used to focus the the unit being passed is located, and they efforts of attacking units. ^ show where the commanders agree that the passing unit should physically move Coordinated fire lines (CFL) show through. the points beyond which field artillery, y mortars, and naval gunfire ships may fire Lines of departure (LDs) are at any time within the zone of the es- designated to coordinate the departure of tablishing headquarters without additional attack elements. The LD should be easily coordination. ./ recognized on the ground and on the map; and it should be generally perpendicular to O Fire support coordination lines the direction of attack. The line of departure (FSCL) are those lines forward of which all may be the existing line of contact (LC). / targets may be attacked by any weapon system without danger to or additional Coordinating points indicate specific coordination with the establishing head- locations for coordinating fires and quarters. maneuver. They are indicated where a ^ boundary crosses the FEBA and should be • Zone of attack (NATO term: zone of indicated where a boundary crosses phase action) is an area delineated by boundaries or report lines. extending forward into enemy territory. Units may fire and maneuver anywhere / Checkpoints are reference points used within their assigned böimdaries but may to facilitate control. They may be selected not do so in adjacent zones without first throughout the zone of action or along an coordinating with the unit occupying the axis of advance or direction of attack. zone.

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CHAPTER 5 Defensive Operations

Infantry normally defends where terrain restricts mobility, forces the attacker to move along narrow avenues of approach, and generally requires the attacker to fight dismounted. While armored and mechanized units fight an active defense—occupying, vacating, and reoccupying positions as necessary—the infantry fights a position defense.

CONCEPT OF THE DEFENSE

A position defense is organized around movement between positions occurs. In- the infantryman and his weapons. fantry rarely defends along avenues of Relatively fixed positions, suitable for oc- approach which favor mounted forces. Such cupation by infantrymen, are selected based avenues of approach are defended by heavy on good fields of fire and natural cover and forces fighting an active defense that max- concealment, and are occupied prior to an imizes their mobility and firepower. Active enemy attack. Positions may be arranged defense operations are described in FM 71 — linearly or in depth as described later in this 100, Armored and Mechanized Division chapter. Once battle is joined, little Operations. If, for some reason, it is

CONTENTS

Concept of the Defense 5—1 Air Defense 5—11 Engineer 5—11 Fundamentals of Defensive Operations 5—3 Combat Electronic Warfare Intelligence Understand the Enemy 5—3 Battalion 5—11 See the Battlefield 5—3 Control Measures 5—12 Concentrate at Critical Time and Place 5—4 Mobility, Countermobility, Smoke, and Fight as a Combined Arms Team 5—4 Limited Visibility Operations 5—14 Exploit the Advantages of the Defender ... 5—4 Mobility Operations 5—14 Organization of the Defensive Countermobility Operations 5—14 Battlefield 5—5 Smoke Operations 5—15 Organizing the Defense 5—5 Limited-Visibility Operations 5—16 Preparing for Defensive Operations 5—7 Other Defensive Operations 5—17 Organizing Covering Forces 5—8 Relief in Place 5—17 Organizing Main Battle Area Forces 5—9 Delay Operations 5—18 Field Artillery 5-11 Withdrawal Operation 5—19

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necessary to employ infantry against defending unit’s tactical plan. Reinforcing mounted forces, the defense should be obstacles should be sited where they organized on terrain which severely enhance existing obstacles or other rein- restricts mobility, forcing the enemy to fight forcing obstacles. As obstacles are only dismounted. marginally effective when not covered by direct fire, obstacle and tactical planners Since defenders have the advantage of must insure that overwatching positions are selecting the ground on which to fight, they available for all obstacles. This integrated should take the opportunity to prepare the planning process is accomplished by the battlefield by reinforcing the terrain. tactical commander, his engineer, and his fire support and air support coordinators Terrain reinforcement must begin with jointly developing the tactical plan with its an analysis of the operational area to supporting obstacle plan. Because time, identify avenues of approach and existing manpower, and material will be critical on obstacles. The terrain is evaluated to the battlefield, commanders must insure determine its natural canalizing effects in that each reinforcing obstacle is fully in- order to make maximum use of available tegrated into and complements the tactical manmade obstacles. Emphasis is placed on plan. impeding enemy mobility by canalizing Fighting positions must be prepared for enemy forces away from cover and con- the major weapon systems to increase their cealment and into open areas covered by survivability on the battlefield. Multiple multiple overwatching weapons. positions must be prepared to allow the weapons to move after firing to reduce the Obstacle planning must be conducted suppressive effects of enemy fire. concurrently with the organization of the Camouflage must also be stressed in ground to insure that each reinforcing defensive operations to hide the location of obstacle is fully integrated into the the defending elements.

The division conducts defensive operations atone or as a part of a corps to:

• Cause an Enemy Attack to Fail. • Gain Time.

• Control Essential Terrain. • Concentrate Forces Elsewhere.

• Preserve Forces, Facilities, In- • Wear Down Enemy Forces as a stallations, and Activities. Prelude to Offensive Operations.

• Retain Tactical, Strategic, or • Force the Enemy to Mass so That Political Objectives. he is More Vulnerable to Firepower.

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FUNDAMENTALS OF DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS Regardless of why the defense is un- sive operations. These fundamentals dertaken or how the defense is organized, are common to all levels of command there are certain fundamentals that guide though their application may vary at each commanders in preparing for defen- level.

Understand the Enemy Commanders must be thoroughly army second-echelon forces, because these familiar with the capabilities and forces provide the indications of where the limitations of enemy weapons and main effort is being made. equipment. They must know how enemy units are organized, how the enemy As in offensive operations, the division organizes for combat and deploys, and how commander and his staff must also have a the enemy fights—in other words, the sound understanding of where enemy field echelonment and tactics of enemy units. and air defense artillery, combat service For maneuver battalion and company support, and critical command control commanders, the battle is oriented around facilities can be found. These are the their direct fire weapon systems and support systems the division must destroy so that by other members of the combined arms maneuver and artillery battalions, attack team. While this is important to the division helicopter units, and offensive air support commander, he must also concern himself can operate successfully against enemy with how the enemy employs divisional and tactical formations.

See the Battlefield Prior to the battle, the defending com- division commander normally has collection mander must organize to defeat different means available that can locate the enemy types of likely attack from several feasible farther away. Radio nets can be monitored, directions. He must then undertake electronic emitters can be identified, and aggressive operations to learn where the often enemy movements can be followed. enemy is, how he is organized, which way Once acquired, the critical combat infor- he is moving, what his intentions are, and mation must be passed directly to commanders who are in the best position to what his strength is. As the battle unfolds, make use of the information. However, he must seek to establish a continuous flow despite his best efforts to collect infor- of information and must deny the enemy mation, the division commander will almost similar information about his own forces always have to make decisions based on while preparing to counter the enemy. incomplete information. Therefore, the more he knows about enemy weapons and sup- One must remember that battalion com- porting systems, tactics, and psychology, manders can seldom see beyond terrain and the more he has studied the terrain, the features to their immediate front. The better his decision will be.

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Concentrate at Critical Time and Place The division commander must decide units to cover ground where it is necessary when and where he will concentrate his to economize forces. Such forces can be forces. He must also decide how much force rapidly reinforced by attack helicopter units will be required to defeat the enemy within and shifting fires of field artillery should the terrain and space limitations of the the need arise. Field artillery fires can often defensive area. He must do this based on the be concentrated without moving batteries. results of his combat information and As a general rule, mechanized and intelligence-gathering operations. For in- armored forces operate initially in front of fantry, this information is particularly im- the main body to provide security for the portant. It must be timely, and, most of all, deployment of the division. When these it must be accurate since infantry is concen- covering force operations are terminated, trated before battle is joined and cannot some mechanized and tank platoons join move about the battlefield like mounted forward brigades if the terrain permits. forces do to rectify mistakes or to concen- However, some mechanized and tank-heavy trate elsewhere. forces are generally withheld until the location of the enemy’s effort is known. When forces are concentrated, others These forces can then move as rapidly as must be economized, often on the flanks. Air terrain will permit to reinforce the most cavalry and ground cavalry are excellent threatened brigade.

Fight as a Combined Arms Team The commander must see that the right bridges to increase friendly mobility. Field weapon systems are in the right part of the artillery and mortars extend the destructive battlefield at the right time. He must tailor range of the infantry defender through the his forces to optimize the effectiveness of delivery of massive fires to confuse, each weapon system by complementing its separate, and destroy the attacking force. special capabilities with those of other weapon systems. This brings the maximum Air defense weapons destroy attacking amount of force to bear on the enemy at the enemy aircraft. Tactical aircraft attack right place while simultaneously degrading targets which are difficult to destroy, con- the enemy’s capability to effectively use his centrations of enemy forces, and targets weapon systems. Engineers support by con- beyond the range of ground weapons. They, structing obstacles and minefields to slow too, operate to protect defending forces from the enemy and by improving roads and enemy airstrikes. Exploit the Advantages of the Defender

When given time, the defender has a attacker must feel his way over the terrain, number of advantages which allow him to seeing each new compartment for the first defeat an attacking force much larger than his own. The defender analyzes the terrain time. The defender can prepare positions, in detail from all perspectives and is in- construct obstacles, plan fires, and conceal timately familiar with every feature which his efforts in advance. The attacker must could increase his chance of success. The guess where the defender is located. The

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defender initiates the fight from stationary and logistics to fit any predictable situation. units. The purpose of counterattacking is to positions which are difficult to detect and The attacker must adhere to a predeter- regain critical terrain or to destroy at- which provide cover from enemy fire. The mined scheme which risks destruction, or he tacking units. Counterattacks are initiated attacker must react to the defender and only when the probability of success is high must either fire while moving or lose must alter his plan and risk an uncoor- dinated effort. and the defender is not exposed to unaccep- momentum by seeking covered positions. table losses. Care must be exercised to avoid The defender develops flexible plans for When the time is right, the defender a maneuver which increases the defender’s control of fire, movement, communication, counterattacks against attacking enemy vulnerability.

ORGANIZATION OF THE DEFENSIVE BATTLEFIELD

Organizing the Defense The division commander is usually told by the corps commander where and when he will defend. He is given an area in which to INFANTRY BATTLEFIELD operate. The defense should be planned in as much detail as time and resources permit. The battlefield is normally organized into three areas: COVERING • Covering force area. FORCE AREA • Main battle area. £3^ • Rear Area.

COVERING FORCE AREA. The FERA covering force area (CFA) begins at the line of contact and extends rearward to the 3 forward edge of the main battle area. ÍBATTLE -^ Divisional forces operate in this area to X provide early warning of enemy attack; furnish information about the enemy’s dis- * position; gain time for the division to prepare its defense; and delay, disorganize, and deceive the enemy as to the location of * REAR AREA the main battle area (MBA). Brigades may employ security forces 2—4 kilometers forward of the MBA in the CFA.

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As the enemy attacks, the covering force operations are further described in FM force engages him with long-range direct 71—100, Armored and Mechanized Division and indirect fires to slow his advance. As Operations. the enemy advances, the covering force disengages, moves to positions located to MAIN BATTLE AREA. The decisive the rear, and engages the enemy again battle is fought in the MBA. The MBA is while retaining its freedom to maneuver. bounded by the forward edge of the main Because of their limited mobility, firepower, battle area (FEBA) and rear boundaries of and armor protection, covering forces forward brigades. The commander concen- provided by infantry divisions delay in the trates his forces along the avenue of ap- CFA, rather than fight a major defensive proach where he believes the enemy’s main battle. effort will be made. Minefields and other obstacles are employed forward of the MBA Once in the MBA, units previously and are covered by fire. assigned to the covering force may be attached to brigades or continue to operate Whether the enemy is mounted or dis- under division control as the division mounted, sufficient fires must be concen- reserve. Brigade security forces then pick up trated to cause enough enemy casualties the enemy, engage him as necessary to and destroy enough of the enemy’s continue to slow his progress while main- equipment to convince him that con- taining visual contact and retaining tinuation of the attack will be too costly and freedom to maneuver. When the battle is that he must break it off. As the enemy joined by forces in the MBA, brigade closes on the MBA, he is first engaged by security forces pass into the MBA. Here field artillery, attack helicopters, and close they rejoin their battalions or operate under air support aircraft. Mortars are next to join brigade control as the brigade reserve. the fight; then the machineguns and small arms are employed by infantry from dug-in, A corps organized primarily with ar- well-prepared foxholes. mored and mechanized divisions will generally deploy a covering force forward of An attacker mounted in tanks or in- the main battle area. A covering force is fantry fighting vehicles may first be organized with sufficient combat and engaged by attack helicopters armed with combat support units to fight a major battle. antitank guided missiles (ATGM’s), and It must engage the enemy with such in- sometimes by close air support aircraft. tensity as to cause him to deploy and reveal Field artillery is used to keep tanks buttoned the location of the main attack. An infantry up, and field artillery-delivered family of division operating with such a corps may be scatterable mines (FASCAM) is fired to required to provide tank or mechanized force infantry to dismount from their forces or sometimes air cavalry for the corps fighting vehicles. As the enemy moves covering force. Infrequently, and under cir- toward the MBA, tanks engage with main cumstances just described, the division may guns, and infantry engages with TOWs and be instructed by the corps to deploy a Dragons. At close ranges, LAW is used. divisional covering force for the purpose of If forward defenses are penetrated, forcing the enemy to reveal the location of counterattacks are conducted using intense his main attack. In such instances, the fires and limited maneuver to destroy division should expect to receive additional enemy forces in the penetration, to regain mounted force from the corps. Covering terrain, or to eject the enemy. The infantry

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division normally keeps the preponderance Combat units are not normally of its forces forward, retaining a small available for rear area security. In- reserve of one or two battalions. The reserve stallations are concealed, dispersed, and is normally employed by attaching it to the readied for rapid displacement to avoid brigade whose sector is most threatened. enemy attacks. Should enemy forces move Often the reserve is tank and mechanized into the division rear area, combat service heavy since mounted forces can normally be support units may have to fight to protect moved more quickly to the point where they their installations. The division commander are needed. However, in very close terrain, may use the divisional military police the reserve may be infantry heavy or even company to assist in combat operations in infantry pure. the rear area. Should enemy forces operating in the division rear area become Under some circumstances, when the strong enough to threaten the integrity of division is spread across a wide front, it the defense, severed actions can be taken. may not be wise to withhold a reserve. In this event, a brigade or brigades may be told • Divisional air cavalry and attack to commit a certain unit (or units) only with helicopters can move rapidly to reinforce the approval of the division commander. military police or other units fighting in the This unit (or units) then becomes, in effect, rear area. the division reserve. • Close air support aircraft can be REAR AREA. The division rear area called upon to attack rear area targets. begins at the brigade rear boundaries. It extends rearward to the division rear • Reinforcement, most often air cavalry boundary, normally designated by corps. or attack helicopter units, can be requested The division main command post and some from corps. combat service support units are usually located here. Division and sometimes corps • Least committed or uncommitted reserves, when organized, may also locate units can be moved to operate in the rear here. Divisional reserves, however, are area. This should only be done under un- usually positioned in brigade sectors along usual circumstances since forward defenses the avenue of approach where they are most could be weakened to such an extent that likely to be employed. the defense would crumble.

PREPARING FOR DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS.

The division prepares for defensive can slow or block lateral and forward operations generally as described in chapter movement is also identified. Once avenues 3. The commander estimates the situation, of approach have been determined, it is and appropriate estimates are provided by necessary to determine the number of bat- the staff. Terrain over which the battle is talions required to defeat enemy forces that expected to be fought must be thoroughly can be employed along each avenue of studied. Personal reconnaissance is es- approach. If insufficient forces are available sential. All avenues of approach into the for each avenue of approach, it will be division area are identified. Terrain which necessary to economize in some areas as

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previously described. Thus, the commander • Covering forces to be deployed describes what is to be done and sets forth forward of the main body, what they are to his concept of the operation. do, when they are to be in position, and how they are to be controlled. When it is necessary to hold the enemy forward of the The commander should describe his main battle area for a specific time to concept of the operation in the detail provide for preparation of the main battle necessary for his staff and subordinate area, the division commander must specify commanders to understand precisely what how much time he needs. he intends with regard to fighting the battle. As a minimum, it is necessary to • Task organization of the main battle prescribe: area forces, where they are to fight, when they are to be in position, and how they are • Where the defense is to be conducted. to be controlled.

Organizing Covering Forces

Allocation of forces to the covering force employed with the covering force. Once is based on the commander’s intent. If he in- covering forces have no further need for tends to begin his defense in the covering bridges, combat engineers can destroy them force area or delay the enemy, the force is strong and may include the tank and mech- with demolitions. Combat engineers may anized battalions. If the intent is to provide also be used to emplace mines along only security and early warning of the avenues of approach in the covering force enemy approach, the force is lighter. On area since combat forces may have little close terrain the force is dismounted; on time to do this. mixed terrain the tank and mechanized battalions are employed and cross-attached to The covering force may be employed form task forces and teams. A divisional either in depth or linearly. They are covering force operates up to 10—15 employed in depth when tank and kilometers forward of the main battle area. mechanized forces are used and provide for It is most often controlled by an assistant continuous security as the enemy ap- division commander operating from a small proaches the MBA. When dismounted, the mobile command post. The divisional covering force normally is disposed linearly. security force should include representative As the covering force moves within 2—4 calibers of field artillery; for example, a kilometers of the MBA, the brigades assume battalion of light artillery, and perhaps one control of the forces forward of their sectors battery of medium and a platoon of heavy and continue to perform the mission. As artillery. Some air defense gun units should forces enter the MBA, they conduct a operate with units in the covering force, passage of lines and may be used to rein- particularly where bridges must be force MBA forces as a reserve, or in rear protected. Where there are bridges across area combat operations if such operations water obstacles, engineers should be are necessary.

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Organizing Main Battle Area Forces

If strong defensive terrain is located such approaches are usually narrow and not When it is necessary to defend along a well forward in the MBA, or the mission suitable for large forces, these approaches mounted avenue of approach, it is best to does not permit acceptance of a penetration, can pose a threat to the continuity of the use the division tank battalion and the division commander organizes his forces defense. If mounted forces penetrate, ad- mechanized battalion as depicted. They are linearly along the forward edge of the main jacent units of the division and adjacent normally organized into two cross-attached battle area. The bulk of his forces are divisions become vulnerable to attacks from battalion task forces placed under the located forward in positions selected to the flank or rear. These approaches cannot control of a brigade headquarters. It would maximize weapon effectiveness and to be be defended by infantry forces in a linear be normal to find the battalion task forces, mutually supportive. Such a defense reduces array. Such an array can be easily bypassed in turn, organized into tank and the possibility of enemy penetration and by mounted forces. The mounted attacker mechanized company teams. The battalion favors retention or control of terrain. The can also mass his forces against one point task forces may fight an active defense as most likely avenue of enemy approach is of the linear defense, moving his attacking described in FM 71—2, The Tank and weighted with maneuver forces and with elements past the defender faster than foot- Mechanized Infantry Battalion Task Force, or fire support. A linear deployment is ap- mobile infantry can react. Here the division in FM 71—3, Armored and Mechanized propriate when: must array its forces in depth. Brigade Operations.

• Specific terrain along the FEBA must be retained. POSITION DEFENSE • Avenues of enemy approach favor attack by dismounted forces. MOUNTED DISMOUNTED DISMOUNTED AVENUE OF • The terrain accommodates a defense AVENUE OF AVENUE OF APPROACH well forward. 3 APPROACH APPROACH • The defensive sector is relatively wide. -im ll Battalions deployed linearly are in- -r <3 fantry heavy or infantry pure. Some tank !» and mechanized platoons, or even a n company, may be provided to a brigade X v>- deployed linearly. When there is no threat of mounted attack, the reserve also is generally infantry heavy or infantry pure. % When this is the case, the reserve may move J by helicopters to reinforce forward bat- & talions.

Except in jungles, extremely dense X forests, or mountains, infantry division sectors will often contain some avenues of a approach usable by mounted forces. While xx

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If, for some reason, sufficient tank and to the enemy. It is the cork in a bottleneck mechanized forces are not available, or the formed by terrain, obstacles, and units. avenue of approach is so narrow as to support a battalion or less, then infantry A strongpoint position should be for- battalions may be used. ' When this is the tified as extensively as time and materials case, infantry battalions are positioned in permit. All weapons should be dug in with depth in mutually supporting battle overhead cover in primary and alternate positions which offer good cover and con- positions. Communications trenches and cealment and long-range fields of fire. If wire lines should be installed to permit mounted forces attack, they are brought control of forces and some movement of under increasing fire from artillery, CAS, weapons under fire. Indirect supporting TOWs, Dragons, and then from LAWs. As a fires should be planned in detail. general rule, the number of defending battalions is determined by the avenue of A strongpoint is not routinely es- approach and the size force that can use it. tablished. It is established only after the commander determines that a strongpoint is In any case, particular attention should absolutely necessary to slow the enemy or be paid to the flanks of infantry forces prevent a penetration of his defensive defending adjacent to mounted avenues of system. The decision to do so must be approach. Since forces defending against a carefully weighed. mounted attack fight the battle in depth, cavalry—air or ground—or perhaps battalion scouts should be used to screen the flanks of the infantry defender. Their DECISION CONSIDERATIONS purpose is to provide early warning if mounted forces should threaten from the • Considerable time, barrier material, flank. If it is necessary to block, infantry and engineer support are necessary to forces can conduct an airmobile operation in develop an effective strongpoint. the area to occupy blocking positions.

STRONGPOINTS. In a particular • The force that establishes the case, the division commander may direct strongpoint may become isolated or lost. that a strongpoint be prepared, usually by a battalion. • The force that establishes the The strongpoint is essentially an anti- strongpoint loses its freedom to tank “nest” which cannot be quickly maneuver outside the strongpoint. overrun or bypassed by tanks, and which can be reduced by enemy infantry only with • The force that establishes the the expenditure of much time and strongpoint must be given sufficient overwhelming forces. A strongpoint is time and support to build the position. located on a terrain feature which is critical to the defense, or one which must be denied

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Field Artillery

A light divisional field artillery bat- general rule, there will be insufficient field talion is placed in direct support of each artillery to respond immediately to all bat- brigade. The composite medium-heavy battalion task force requirements and meet talion is normally kept in general support of counterfire requirements at the same time. the division. Any field artillery units Therefore, the division commander sets provided by corps may be used to reinforce priorities for distribution of field artillery direct support artillery, employed as general fires to guide the division artillery com- support reinforcing artillery, or retained in general support. mander. Offensive air support aircraft are also effective counterfire weapon systems Counterfire operations are controlled by and should be integrated into counterfire the division artillery commander. As a operations to the extent of their availability.

Air Defense Generally, the division has insufficient should be provided to critical installations air defense artillery to cover the entire such as command posts, combat service division. Air defense units must therefore be support areas, reserves, and field artillery allocated in accordance with the division commander’s priorities. Dedicated support battalions.

Engineer Divisional engineer units concentrate movement by the defender and to close their efforts forward in support of brigades. routes that are no longer needed. Reinforcing obstacles are emplaced to reinforce existing terrain, thus strengthening Some corps engineer units operate in the defense. Slowing the enemy’s rate of support of the division. Corps engineers advance in order to engage him is par- should be used to maintain lines of com- ticularly important. Engineers also assist munication and to provide other necessary combat units in the preparation of fighting engineer support throughout the division positions and routes to provide for lateral area.

Combat Electronic Warfare Intelligence Battalion The combat electronic warfare in- monitors stand off farther to the rear. Elec- telligence battalion (CEWI) operates to tronic support means are concentrated to locate enemy electronic command and locate enemy field artillery and regimental weapon control systems. Collection and jamming platoons, prisoner of war (PW) headquarters. Location of enemy air defense interrogation sections, remote sensor weapons is also important so that they can squads, and ground surveillance radars be suppressed to allow attack helicopters operate forward with brigades. Airborne and close air support aircraft to operate.

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Control Measures In order to control the forces involved in Phase line. A line used for the O Coordinating point. A control tactical operations, it will be necessary for control and coordination of military measure that indicates a specific location the commander to use operational terms operations, especially forward or rearward for coordinating fires and maneuver and graphics to show his subordinate com- progress within a zone or sector. It extends between adjacent units. Coordinating points manders what he wants them to do. Some of across the zone or sector from boundary to are indicated where a boundary crosses the the more frequently used control measures boundary and should be located on easily FEBA and should be indicated where a which are found in defensive operations are recognizable terrain. A phase line may boundary crosses report lines or phase lines described below. FM 101—5—1, Operational sometimes be designated as a report line. used to control security forces. Terms and Graphics, contains additional information about control measures. Contact point. A designated, easily Battle position. A battle position Assembly area. An area in which a identified point on the terrain where two or (BP) is a defensive location from which a force prepares for or regroups for further more units are required to make physical unit will fight. Assigned missions could action. contact. include defend or attack. Commanders of brigades and lower units normally assign Release point. A release point (RP) battle positions to subordinate commanders. is a clearly defined control point on a route Boundary. A control measure used to A unit assigned a battle position is located on which specified elements of a column of delineate areas of tactical responsibility for within the general outline of the position. ground vehicles or flight of aircraft revert to subordinate units. Within their boundaries, Some security forces may operate outside their respective commanders, with each units may fire and maneuver in accordance battle position boundaries for early element continuing movement toward its with the overall plan without close coor- detection of the enemy and for all-around own appropriate destination. dination with neighboring units, unless security. otherwise restricted. Direct fire may be placed across boundaries on clearly iden- Route of march. A route of march is tified enemy targets without prior coor- O Restrictive fire area. A restrictive the prescribed course to be traveled from a dination as long as friendly forces are not fire area (RFA) is an area in which specific specific point of origin to a specific endangered. Lateral boundaries are destination. A route of march is usually restrictions are imposed and into which generally used to control tactical operations fires in excess of those restrictions will not designated with a start point (SP) and a at division and corps. Below division level, be delivered without prior coordination with release point, and is labeled with a route lateral boundaries may be used when re- the establishing headquarters. A restrictive name. quired to control fires and assign respon- fire area may be established at battalion sibility for areas. Rear boundaries may be and higher headquarters. It is generally Start point. A clearly defined initial established in the defense to facilitate located on identifiable terrain to facilitate control point on a route at which specified command and control. A battle area con- recognition from the air and is normally elements of a column of ground vehicles or stitutes a boundary and may be the only shown in red on overlays. flight of aircraft come under the control of boundary delineated at brigade level, with the commander having responsibility for brigade support areas and division support the movement. areas designated in or to the rear of brigade O Coordinated fire line (NATO term: battle areas. no fire line). A coordinated fire line (CFL) is Checkpoint. A predetermined point a line beyond which all surface-to-surface used as a means of controlling movement. Forward edge of the battle area fire support means (mortars, field artillery, Checkpoints are not used as reference (FEBA). The forward limit of the main and naval gunfire) may fire at any time points in reporting enemy locations. battle area. It excludes the covering force within the zone of the establishing head- area/security force area and is designated quarters without additional coordination. Sector. A defensive area designated to coordinate fire support, the positioning of by boundaries within which a unit operates The purpose of the CFL is to expedite attack and for which it is responsible. forces, or the maneuver of units. of targets beyond it.

5-12 Foldin 5-12 FM 71-101

9 Pi.s LIMA FEBA PL JACK XX 20 ROUTE RED RP "N SP ■N © s 10 \l|><|20

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5-13 5-13 Foldin MOBILITY, COUNTERMOBILITY, SMOKE, AND LIMITED VISIBILITY OPERATIONS Mobility Operations In the defense, the majority of engineer expend as much effort as time and resources one battle position to another, and to effort is devoted to countermobility permit to open and maintain routes for provide for supply, maintenance, recovery, operations. However, it is necessary to rapid movement by divisional forces from and evacuation operations.

Countermobility Operations

Obstacles are used to decrease enemy • Snow more than 1 meter deep. • Obstacles should be employed in mobility without hindering friendly depth, one behind the other, along and maneuver. Obstacles can divert enemy • Built-up areas. astride avenues of approach every 200 to forces from covered avenues into open areas 500 meters. Obstacles must be far enough where direct fire weapons can be employed. Reinforcing obstacles consist of: apart that each requires the enemy to In open areas, obstacles can extend the redeploy his breaching equipment. amount of time enemy units are exposed to • Antitank obstacles. Log obstacles— friendly fire. hurdles, cribs, posts and abatis, concrete • Reinforcing obstacles are sited to tie and steel obstacles, tetrahedrons, hedgehogs together, strengthen, and extend existing Existing antitank obstacles consist of: and falling block obstacles, and ditches are obstacles. Reinforcing and existing effective antitank obstacles. They should be obstacles, when tied together, should be • Mountains, terrain, and slopes with a sited to take advantage of trees, brush, or more difficult to bypass than to breach. gradient of more than 60 percent. folds in the ground. • Obstacles should be covered by obser- • Wire obstacles. Wire entanglements vation, direct fire, indirect fire, and remote • Escarpments (for example, railroad sensors when possible. tracks or highways on a steep fill more than are designed to impede the movement of foot IV2 meters high). troops and, in some cases, tracked and • Reinforcing obstacles should be wheeled vehicles. camouflaged and concealed from the enemy • Ravines, gullies, or ditches more than when practicable, or employed in such a 5 meters wide. • Minefields. There are several types of way as to surprise the enemy. minefields such as hasty protective, • Rivers, streams, or canals more than deliberate protective, tactical, and phony. • Concealed lanes and gaps through FM 90—7, Obstacles, contains additional 150 meters wide and V/2 meters deep. obstacles are provided when required so information concerning minefields. that friendly units may move through the system. It is necessary to insure that lanes • Swamps and marshes more than 1 The following principles guide or gaps can be blocked quickly. They should meter deep. employment of obstacles during defensive be covered by fire to preclude the possibility operations: of the enemy rushing through before they • Forests or jungles with trees 8 inches can be closed. in diameter, or 20 percent slopes with trees • Obstacles are sited to increase the as small as 4 inches in diameter. (Tree time enemy weapon systems will be exposed Employment of obstacles is described in stumps 18 inches high are obstacles.) to fire from divisional weapon systems. detail in FM 90—7, Obstacles.

5-14 Foldout 5-14 FM 71-101

Smoke Operations During defensive operations, echelon battalions to conceal engagements obscuration smoke placed on or very near of first-echelon forces by divisional units. enemy positions is used primarily to obscure Care must be taken not to degrade friendly enemy overwatch positions and avenues of long-range fires. approach advantageous to the enemy, and to canalize or slow the enemy advance. This Screening smoke is also used to aid provides more time for engagement of disengagement and to conceal friendly enemy combat vehicles as they appear. movements from enemy forces and aircraft. Obscuration smoke is often used by the Defenders can move in relative security and division between enemy first- and second- engage an enemy who cannot see them.

SMOKE OPERATIONS IN THE DEFENSE

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1st ECHELON BATTALION

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5-15 /

FM 71-101

Limited-Visibility Operations

In a daylight engagement, the enemy guarding. Sensors may still be of value will usually return fire within seconds of during rain or snow; also, radar can being engaged. At night, the defender can sometimes penetrate such precipitation. I . 1 ’ r . fire for a much longer period before the enemy can identify the source and return- effective, fire. Threat forces routinely continue daylight attacks into the night to maintain momentum. If a hasty attack is stopped, the As a general rule, defense at night is enemy will conduct a deliberate attack. conducted as in the day by units equipped Threat forces normally move and engage with modern night equipment. When not targets using artificial illumination such as fully equipped with night sights and flares, searchlights, and infrared goggles for vehicle commanders, friendly equipment. Enemy dependence on active units may have to rely on artificial il- illumination and active infrared systems lumination to see the enemy well enough to can be an advantage to a defending force destroy him. Initial use of artificial il- equipped with passive night vision lumination should be controlled at the equipment. With a full suit of passive gear, highest practicable level to avoid premature the defender must take every advantage of disclosure of the defender’s position. his enormous potential. This means light discipline must be strictly imposed. During daylight hours, intervisibility is influenced by changing battlefield con- Enemy dependence on active infrared ditions. Weapons sited to take advantage of night driving equipment results in slower long-range fields of fire and observation movement and permits rapid acquisition by during periods of good visibility may friendly night observation devices. Ad- become ineffective when foggy, cloudy, justment of artificial illumination causes hazy, or smoggy conditions exist. It is maneuvering forces to pause. Either way, therefore necessary to be prepared to move defenders Have more time to react, concen- weapons to higher or lower ground to escape trate, and engage. the effects of limited visibility conditions. Ambush sites along roads in valley floors may be very effective under such conditions. ' Enemy infrared (IR) equipment is effective up to about 900 meters. Defenders can identify and engage targets well beyond Since snow or heavy rain will degrade this range, even in poor ambient light. most optical aids to vision, it will generally Defenders can move from position to be necessary for defenders to move closer to position in relative security and engage the avenues of approach that they are enemy targets which cannot see them.

5-16 FM 71-101

OTHER DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS

Relief in Place

A relief in place is a combat operation effort is made to conceal the operation from in which all or part of a unit is replaced in a the enemy. This may mean that the combat area by another unit. Normally, it is operation is conducted during reduced ordered when the unit to be relieved is visibility. To deceive the enemy, normal defending. The relieving unit usually activity should be continued. Particular assumes the same responsibilities and attention should be paid to patterns of generally deploys in the same configuration indirect fires, communications traffic, as the outgoing unit. patrols, or aerial reconnaissance by the outgoing unit and any other activities As soon as the commander receives the which, if changed, might indicate to the mission to relieve another division, he enemy that relief is occurring. should move with members of his staff and key subordinate commanders to coordinate It is desirable for incoming leaders at significant details of the operation with the each level of command to reconnoiter new outgoing division commander and his staff. positions. However, it is usually necessary If they have not already been specified in to limit the size of incoming unit recon- the order, the following details are of im- naissance parties to conceal the operation mediate concern to the commanders of both from the enemy. divisions: Smooth transition can be assisted by • Concept of the integrated tactical such measures as: cover and deception plan. • Guides for incoming units. • Timing and movement of subordinate units to include route priorities. • Exchange of. equipment to include crew-served weapons when authorized and • Sequence of relief, both laterally and appropriate. in depth. • Transfer of fire support plans, target • Time or circumstances under which data, and barrier plans. the incoming commander assumes full responsibility for the mission and sector. • Separate routes for movement in op- • Traffic control. posite directions.

Since both units are particularly • Common use of cargo-carrying vulnerable once the operation begins, every vehicles.

5-17 FM 71-101

Delay Operations

Delay operations are normally con- The infantry division rarely delays ducted when there are insufficient forces to against enemy mechanized or motorized attack or defend, making it necessary to formations in terrain which favors mounted trade space for time. The purpose of the operations. If a delay is attempted and the delay is to slow the enemy, often for a mobility and firepower advantages of the specified time. If forced to hold the enemy enemy cannot be overcome, the commander for extended periods, the commander risks should establish a defense on terrain most decisive commitment and grave damage to favorable to his own forces and discontinue his force. At each stage of the division’s the delay. delay, there is an optimal combination of unit risk and delay time. The commander When deployed independently in rugged must seek this optimal condition in order to terrain, the infantry division normally accomplish the delay mission without un- delays only when forced to move to the rear acceptable losses of men and equipment. as a result of enemy pressure.

FACTORS INFLUENCING SELECTION OF DELAY POSITIONS

Contain enemy tanks K

Force ene to dismount XX

Deny enemy accès del area

Dominât 1 / se terrain ^ehemy' * to\adyantage approach ✓

❖ Allow long-range fires

5-18 FM 71-101

The delay trades maximum time for • Avoid destruction by attempting to minimum terrain. The division may delay defend against a vastly superior force. to: • Realign forces on the battlefield while • Cause the enemy to deploy and reveal slowing the enemy advance and inflicting his main attack objectives. casualties.

• Gain time for the concentration of • Draw the enemy into areas where he forces elsewhere. can be destroyed.

Withdrawal Operations A withdrawal is an operation in which power. The repositioning of combat power all or part of the force disengages from the from front to rear is accomplished in the enemy. Its purpose is to move a force out of following sequence: an area in order to employ it elsewhere for another mission in another area. The com- • Infiltration of reconnaissance and mander disengages his force as quickly as work parties to the new area or position. possible with minimal casualties. Within the division, one or more brigades may • Preparation of bridges for destruction withdraw while the remainder of the and obstacles for impeding the advance of division delays or defends, or the whole the enemy. division may withdraw. A withdrawal may be conducted to: • Evacuation of casualties and un- needed equipment. • Draw the enemy into an unfavorable position by extending his lines of com- • Relocation of logistic support munication or by forcing him to fight on facilities. unfavorable terrain. • Positioning of traffic control elements • Redeploy the division to another area. along routes of withdrawal. • Refit the division for another mission. • Designation and positioning of a • Conform to adjacent unit movements. covering force. • Avoid battle under unfavorable cir- • Disengagement of the main body. cumstances. • Occupation of new or intermediate The withdrawal is an orderly movement positions by the main body. of the bulk of the division to new rearward positions without severe loss of combat • Delay by the covering force.

5-19 FM 71-101

• Demolition of bridges and other provide assistance, if necessary. All obstacle-creating structures. available transportation assets are used to speed infantry movement. • Occupation of new or intermediate positions by covering forces. The covering force contains the more mobile elements of the withdrawing force. • Preparation for subsequent missions. Its mission is to cover the movement of the main body as it disengages from the enemy. The withdrawing division is organized The covering force may be provided by into a main body and a covering force. corps or by the withdrawing division.

When the covering force is organized When corps provides the covering force, around units in contact, the withdrawing a division employs its mechanized, tank, force disengages and moves away from the and attack helicopter units to help forward covering force. When the covering force is units disengage from the enemy. Control of organized around units not in contact, the the covering force will generally remain withdrawing force disengages and conducts with corps. a rearward passage of lines through the When the division covers its own covering force. This must be done rapidly so withdrawal, tank and mechanized units can that the covering force can take up the fight be part of the covering force, while attack as quickly as possible. helicopters assist disengagement of forward forces. When the forward brigades provide The main body contains the bulk of the the covering force, the division commander division’s combat, combat support, and designates an appropriate command and combat service support units. It must dis- control headquarters to control the division engage quickly from the enemy, without covering force before the main body has incurring heavy losses or impairing unit disengaged. integrity, and move rapidly to its new position. The exact size and composition of the covering force varies with terrain, enemy Infantry units should withdraw during activity, and friendly forces. In addition to periods of reduced visibility. This permits armor and mechanized forces, the covering the withdrawal to be initiated by stealth if force should contain infantry, engineers, units are not engaged when the withdrawal artillery, aviation, air cavalry, and combat commences. Once the withdrawal is dis- service support units to assist in covering covered, or if enemy pressure precludes the withdrawal of the main body. disengagement by stealth, maximum use is made of smoke, suppressive fires, and The covering force controls critical terrain to obscure movement. chokepoints necessary for the withdrawal of the main body; occupies terrain that Elements of the main body move dominates enemy high-speed approaches; rapidly along multiple routes to new and counters enemy patrol activity, probes, positions to the rear. These positions may be or limited-objective attacks. the final defensive positions of the division or may constitute interim positions in the Elements of the covering force may be division’s withdrawal. Close contact is organized into a deception screen to con- maintained with the covering force to vince the enemy that the division is still

5-20 FM 71-101

occupying its positions. The screen ac- screen is normally constituted from bat- complishes this by simulating the current talions and companies in contact, reinforced strength, disposition, composition, activity, with the more mobile covering elements of and communications system of the division. the covering force. i To minimize movement, the deception

WITHDRAWAL

OLD FEBA OLD FEBA

PL RE DIVISI COVERINGJÏÔftlÆÂâ PL RED

SP \

MAIN BODY MOVES TO NEW DEFENSIVE POSITION

VRP RP NEW "T NEW FEBA

5-21 FM 71—101

The covering force provides a buffer • Launch a limited counterattack with between the enemy and the main body in the covering force, augmented by portions of the event of an enemy attack during the the main body, to throw the enemy off withdrawal. If the. covering force is to balance and to allow the bulk of the division remain in position to provide time for the to disengage. main body to prepare and improve the rearward position, it will need substantial • Delay to an intermediate position combat power to counter enemy attacks. If before starting a withdrawal. In this case, the covering force is to be withdrawn as the division commander will organize his soon as the main body has occupied new force to execute the delay as previously positions, it will normally be smaller and described. less able to defeat an enemy attack. These time considerations will be clearly • If moré mobile forces threaten the transmitted in the commander’s guidance to survivability of the division, discontinue the covering force. the withdrawal and establish a division defense to preserve the force.

If the enemy attacks during the ~ Timing the withdrawal is par- withdrawal, the commander can exercise ticularly important. Contact must be broken one of several options: and the division redeployed before the enemy reacts to the division’s movement.

• Order the covering force to defend When the division is participating in a until enemy pressure subsides to a level withdrawal as part of a larger force, the which allows the covering force to resume corps will decide when to initiate the the delay. This presupposes that the withdrawal or when it must occupy the division has not been told to continue to rearward position. If the division is ex- disengage to allow its rapid employment in ecuting the withdrawal, the. division com- another sector. mander will decide.

5-22 m CHAPTER 6 Combat Service Support

The division support command (DISCOM) is organized to provide a variety of combat service support to divisional units.

ORGANIZATION FOR COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT OPERATIONS Division Support Command The most important functions of the • A Materiel Management Center to DISCOM áre to arm, fuel, fix, and man the provide supply and maintenance weapon systems. It does this as far forward management. as the tactical situation permits in order to • A Supply and Transport (S&T) return inoperable weapon systems to the Battalion to provide and move supplies for battle as quickly as possible. Before the division. describing how these functions are ac- • A Maintenance Battalion for » complished, it is first necessary to describe recovery, repair, and evacuation of the how the DISCOM organizes for combat division’s equipment. service support. • A Medical Battalion to treat and evacuate wounded. The DISCOM is organized with: • An Adjutant General Company to provide personnel services—except financial • A Headquarters and Head- services. quarters Company to provide command • A Finance Company to provide and control. financial services for the division.

CONTENTS Organization for Combat Weapon System Service Support Operations 6—1 Replacement Operations 6—11 Other Combat Service Division Support Command 6—1 Support Operations 6—12 Brigade Trains 6—2 Arming the Systems.... 6—3 Supply 6—12 Transportation 6—13 Planning 6—3 Medical 6—14 Resupply 6—4 Services Provided by the Division 6—15 Sustaining the Battle 6—5 Services Provided by COSCOM 6—15 Fueling the Systems 6—6 Graves Registration 6—15 Planning 6—6 Command and Control of Combat Plan Development 6—7 Aviation Fuel 6—8 Service Support Operations 6—16 Fixing the Systems 6—8 Rear Area Security 6—17

6-1 FM 71—101 m

A divisional brigade does not have from the corps support command combat service support units of its own, (COSCOM). although it does have a personnel staff Combat, combat support, and combat officer (Si) and logistics officer (S4) to plan service support units have some organic and coordinate combat, service support combat service support means of their own. operations in support of the brigade. The conduct of combat service support Combat service support is provided to the operations by these units is described in the brigade by DISCOM units and by units appropriate unit manuals.

Brigade Trains Any grouping of personnel, vehicles, brigade. Although the specific organization and equipment put together to provide of each forward support element may vary combat service support tö a unit is called the with the supported brigade’s mission, each unit trains. Brigade trains are organized element generally has: around forward support elements provided by the DISCOM. The DISCOM commander, • A forward support maintenance working with brigade S4s, forward area company. support coordinators, the division G4, and • A forward supply section from the the DISCOM battalion commanders, tailors supply and transport battalion. DISCOM forward support elements based on the operational requirements of each • A medical company.

A TYPICAL BRIGADE TRAINS

SUPPLY AND TRANSPORT BATTALION TRANSPORTATION MOTOR TRANSPORT v-C-.V/COMPANY ELEMENTS

AMMUNITION TRANSFER POINT

FORWARD SUPPORT HSU MAINTENANCE MEDICAL COMPANY FORWARD SUPPLY SECTION ^ COMPANY Â-T7Î -J. LUI : 7.UI MAINTENANCE SUPPORT TEAMS FROM THE GRAVES MAINTENANCE BATTALION REGISTRATION n HEAVY MAINTENANCE TEAM COMPANY. MISSILE SUPPORT rT, COMPANY, AND TRANSPOR- /7'%i TATION AIRCRAFT BATH AND CLOTHING MAINTENANCE COMPANY 3 S, EXCHANGE TEAM "(.rr ¿ci A

6-2 FM 71-101

Other units which may operate with a talion combat trains and forward com- forward element are: panies, other DISCOM units are normally located in the division support area. • Maintenance support teams from the maintenance battalion heavy maintenance A forward area support coordinator company, missile support company, and (FASCO) located in each brigade support transportation aircraft maintenance area supervises the operations of DISCOM company. forward support elements. He works with the brigade and battalion executive officers • Elements of the supply and transport and S4s and DISCOM battalion com- battalion transportation motor transport manders to see that brigade combat service company. support needs are met. DISCOM forward • Graves registration and bath and support elements may be placed under the clothing exchange teams when provided by operational control of the forward area a nondivisional field service company. support coordinator. • Ammunition transfer point from the The remainder of this chapter describes supply and transport battalion. division combat service support operations in general terms. FM 54—2, The Division Forward support elements operate from Support Command and Separate Brigade brigade support areas. Although some Support Battalion, provides a detailed elements—for example, maintenance description of DISCOM organization and support teams—frequently operate with bat- operations.

ARMING THE SYSTEMS

Weapon systems will be ineffective if ammunition as far forward as possible to they are not provided with enough am- relieve the burden on the using units since munition to engage the required number of they themselves will be limited in their targets. The objective must be to provide ability to conduct normal resupply.

Planning

Planning is the key to successful am- A unit’s basic load is that quantity of munition resupply. Planning must include: ammunition that must be on hand in a unit to sustain it until resupply can be ac- • Basic loads. complished. • Required supply rate. The basic load is determined by corps or the major overseas commander. However, com- • Controlled supply rate. manders at all levels must carefully analyze the directed basic load and recommend • Movement capabilities. changes as required. Whenever possible, the basic load should be uploaded on organic • Shortfall solutions. transportation and ready for immediate

6-3 FM 71-101

movement. When uploading is not possible, quirements with ammunition availability the basic load is stored in an area as close to that is provided by corps. The corps es- the user as possible and under user control. tablishes the controlled supply rate Units that are not uploaded must establish (CSR) for those munitions in short supply. and frequently exercise loading plans to The CSR is the number of rounds per reduce deployment time. Upload plans weapon per day that will be available to the should be continually reviewed and revised. tactical commander. After the G4 has compared requirements with availability, he The next planning step is the identifies shortfalls and coordinates with development of the required supply rate the G3. A division CSR is then published to (RSR). RSR development is the respon- provide brigade and battalion commanders sibility of the G3. Early in the planning with their unit’s allocation of short supply process, a gross requirement may be ammunition. Commanders at all levels necessary. Using the best information carefully review the CSR as it may be available, the G3 considers the concept of necessary to alter tactical plans because of operation and the number and type of ammunition shortage. The CSR is con- weapons to be armed. Ammunition tinually reviewed and revised to keep pace planning factors in FM 101—10—1, Staff with changes in ammunition availability. Officers' Field Manual—Organizational, Technical, and Logistic Data, or the In the next planning step, the G4 must Department of the Army-published expen- determine how the ammunition will be diture rates are used as guidelines in moved to the using unit. He coordinates developing gross requirements. Recent ex- with the COSCOM on the location of the penditure experience or studies are often ammunition supply point (ASP) and on the used to validate or modify the gross re- volume of ammunition that will be moved quirements. by COSCOM transportation assets. When As planning progresses, the G3 issues possible, corps vehicles move ammunition directives to the brigade, battalion, and directly to an ammunition transfer point in company for the development of required the brigade trains area. A comprehensive supply rates. These rates are determined at movement plan must be developed and the fighting position for each weapon and exercised to insure that the combat forces include a detailed analysis of the re- can be adequately supported. quirements for the weapon. Leaders determine the number of targets that may During the planning phase, shortfalls appear and the number that can be engaged in ammunition availability and movement in a given period of time. Requirements are capability are identified. The G4 and G3 consolidated at each level, reviewed, and analyze the shortfalls and take correction passed to the next higher level—company to action internally or request additional battalion to brigade to division. The RSR is assistance from corps. Unresolved shortfalls provided to the G4, who compares re- may cause modification of the tactical plan. Resupply Resupply must be provided in the right resupply are the COSCOM-operated am- quantities, at the right time, and as far munition supply point (ASP) which is forward as the combat situation permits. placed in support of the division and the The key operating elements in ammunition ammunition transfer points in each brigade

6-4 FM 71-101

AMMUNITION SUPPLY

DIVISION COSCOM SUPPORT AREA BRIGADE TRAINS BN AREA

XXX XX 3 i X CD X support area. The COSCOM and the time-consuming physical handling. For this division G4 coordinate to locate the ASP. reason, throughput shipments are used The ASP is normally located near the whenever possible from the corps storage division rear boundary, but may be located area to the ammunition transfer points well forward in the division rear area. It which the supply" and transport battalion should be located where it can provide the operates. Combat units pick up ammunition best support to the division. Management of from the nearest ammunition transfer point. ammunition resupply is the responsibility of If the ammunition transfer point does not the ammunition supply officer (ASO) who is have the requested quantities, the combat a member of the DISCOM materiel unit goes to the ammunition supply point. management center. The ASO manages Other techniques to reduce handling, con- ammunition requirements and availability serve transportation, and streamline the for the division. Ammunition requests from resupply system include: units must be approved by the ASO or the • Preconfiguring loads for high-demand office of the division ammunition officer consumers. (DAO) before the ammunition can be issued • Prepositioning of high-demand am- by the ASP or ammunition transfer point. munition. DAO members are frequently collocated • Establishing type loads for each type with the ASP and ammunition transfer of combat unit. point to expedite resupply operations. They • Establishing trailer transfer points. may also locate on the main supply route or • Using throughput delivery to the con- on one or more access routes that are easily sumer. reached by the committed brigades. • Positioning small stocks near unit Handling and storing ammunition requires battle positions.

Sustaining the Battle An adequate supply of ammunition quirements will continually change, thereby must be sustained if the weapon systems are requiring the G4, ASO, and other DISCOM to continue in the battle. Ammunition units to closely monitor ammunition availability, handling and movement operations and adjust assets as required. capability, and unit location and re-

6-5 FM 71-101

FUELING THE SYSTEMS

Because its capability to receive, store, support. As with ammunition support, the and distribute bulk fuel is limited, the key to successful combat operations is to division depends on the COSCOM for fuel provide fuel to using units.

Planning An efficient fuel system cannot be es- can then be used to estimate requirements. tablished without prebattle planning. The The planner insures that: G4 and division support command/division materiel management center (DISCOM/ DMMC) work together to plan for fueling • All fuel consumers are considered, operations. In developing the plan, they: e.g., generators, aircraft, vehicles, and heating/cooking equipment. • Analyze the tactical plan. • A reserve of fuel is maintained. • Establish fuel requirements. • A capability exists to meet surges in the system. • Determine handling, storage, and movement capability. • Battle losses are considered. The first step in planning is to analyze the commander’s concept of operations and the After the fuel requirements are verified enemy threat. Planners must also consider at division, they are forwarded to corps. the terrain and weather which could Handling, storage, and movement significantly affect the support plan and the capability of the division must be deter- enemy’s capability to interdict supply mined by the planner. An infantry battalion routes. Close coordination with the G2 and has only one fuel transporter and trailer the G3 is necessary. available to distribute fuel, and no storage capability is available. The division’s Establishing fuel requirements is the capability is in the S&T battalion which next planning step. Requirements must be uses 5,000-gallon semitrailers for dis- based on the actual type and quantity of tribution and fuel bags for storage. The equipment on hand and is best developed at planner must estimate the total storage and company and battalion levels. Re- distribution capabilities and compare them quirements are consolidated, reviewed, and with established requirements. Coor- refined by the brigade S4 and forwarded dination with the COSCOM is then required through the Class III section of the DMMC to obtain the assets to overcome shortfalls. to the G4. If time does not allow this, the G4 All available COSCOM assets should be can obtain consolidated equipment densities used to move fuel as far forward as possible, from the property book section of the with S&T battalion assets as a backup DMMC. Fuel consumption factors in FM capability. Host country fuel movement and 101—10—1, Staff Officers' Field Manual- storage capability should also be used Organizational, Technical, and Logistic Data, whenever possible.

6-6 FM 71-101

Plan Development

After requirements and capabilities The fuel distribution plan is dis- have been determined, the G4, with the seminated to all division units. To insure assistance of the DISCOM Class III officer, that the plan is complete and workable, it develops a detailed plan to provide fuel to must be exercised frequently when the all elements of the division. Priority of division is not in combat. The plan should support must be given to weapon systems. be reviewed and revised as necessary based Maximum use is made of COSCOM on new experience. Throughout fuel transportation to deliver fuel directly to the planning, the following considerations brigade support areas and to the maneuver should be observed: 1 battalions whenever possible'. Direct shipment of COSCOM assets to artillery ■ • Anticipate unusual fuel requirements. and engineer battalions and the division support area provides forward support for • Throughput shipments as far forward all division units. S&T battalion vehicles as possible. are used to overcome shortfalls in COSCOM • Establish fuel reserves at the division support and, in emergencies, to move fuel support area (DSA). from the division or COSCOM fuel storage area to either the brigade support area or • Use COSCOM transportation to the the forward units. The brigade support .area maximum. will have a Class III section from the S&T Battalion’s Supply & Service (S&S) • Alternate and backup distribution company to provide limited storage and systems. dispersal of fuel. When unit distribution is • Emergency procedures. not possible, units pick up fuel from the Class III section and transport it to the • Dispersement and vulnerability of weapon systems. facilities.

FUEL SUPPLY

DIVISION COSCOM BRIGADE TRAINS BN/TF AREA SUPPORT AREA m CD H m Y Y x Y CD m CD

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Aviation Fuel When using fixed positions, the aviation transport aviation fuel. It is also necessary battalion and air cavalry squadron receive to provide for emergency air movement of aviation fuel directly from COSCOM aviation fuel from either the DSA or the tankers. Each unit has a storage capability COSCOM fuel storage facilities. Because of in 500-gallon bags, and a distribution the quality control requirements for capability using vehicle-mounted tank and aviation fuel, the S&T battalion, aviation pump units. Each unit also has the capability to establish forward arming and battalion, and air cavalry squadron con- refueling points (FARPs) to support air tinually check fuel movement and dis- operations. pensing equipment to prevent fuel con- tamination. Aviation fuel is tested prior to The S&T battalion should maintain at its use to detect and identify any con- least one petroleum semitrailer that can tamination.

FIXING THE SYSTEMS

The keystone of maintenance is the operable equipment includes the preventive maintenance (PM) performed by replacement of parts and components, and operators and crew members to extend the the required services to return the life of the weapon system. Effective PM equipment to an operable condition. When a includes repair and replacement action to weapon system is nonrepayable or cannot achieve the highest possible number of be repaired in a timely manner, a new or operable weapon systems. Repair of in- rebuilt weapon system is provided.

REPAIR PARTS SUPPLY r DIVISION I I COSCOM SUPPORT AREA BRIGADE TRAINS ' BN/TF AREA m CD

XXX X■ XX m X X CD D CD CD

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The division usually has an operational • The vehicle or weapon may be moved readiness float which may include tanks, farther to the rear to await parts or more armored personnel carriers, radios, small highly skilled maintenance support teams arms, wheeled vehicles, and aircraft. from COSCOM. Whenever possible, replacements for readily repairable equipment come from an It may be necessary to cannibalize—to operational readiness float. remove parts from damaged vehicles and weapons which cannot be immediately Each forward support maintenance repaired—in order to prepare others for company operating in the brigade support return to combat. area is tailored to the requirements of the supported brigade. Maintenance support It is desirable to allow cannibalization teams are organized to work directly with decisions to be made as close to the site of maneuver battalions and field and air damaged equipment as possible, preferably defense artillery battalions. by battalion maintenance officers working with forward support maintenance The missile support company is usually company personnel. However, guidelines located in the division support area. should be established by the division com- However, maintenance support teams often mander to preclude uncontrolled can- operate with forward area support teams, nibalization of damaged vehicles and and are sometimes attached to battalions weapons. Sorting points can be established and Chaparral batteries when their special where designated forward support skills are required. maintenance company personnel determine which of the more seriously damaged The transportation aircraft equipment should be cannibalized and maintenance company is located at the which should be repaired and returned to division airfield. Maintenance support action. teams from this company should locate at forward arming and refueling points. Procedures for repair and recovery of damaged combat aircraft are similar to Repair and recovery are accomplished those used for damaged vehicles. The as far forward as possible at the lowest transportation aircraft maintenance capable echelon. When equipment cannot be company is located at the division airfield. repaired on site, it is moved only as far as Maintenance support teams from this necessary for repair. When a combat vehicle company should locate at FARPs. Repairs or weapon is disabled, the unit maintenance are made as far forward as practicable to section moves it to a location where the return combat aircraft to combat quickly. extent of repairs can be determined. If unit As with combat vehicles, some aircraft may maintenance personnel cannot make the be cannibalized; but, here again, controls repairs— should be established. It may be necessary to use other aircraft to recover downed • Maintenance support teams, if not aircraft. These operations are described in already on site, are sent forward with parts FM 17—50, Attack Helicopter Operations. to assist in repair. When equipment cannot be repaired • Additional parts or major assemblies immediately in the forward area, it is moved are sent forward as required. to a collection point established by the

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maintenance battalion commander to await engineer equipment, tentage, and clothing repair or evacuation to COSCOM general to direct support units is the responsibility support maintenance units. Collection of the using unit. Direct support points can also serve as sorting points maintenance únits further evacuate unserv- previously described. When it is necessary iceable equipment to COSCOM general to evacuate equipment to a COSCOM support maintenance units when it is general support unit, it is important to necessary to do so. This is usually done by provide a replacement as quickly as back-haul on DISCOM or COSCOM cargo- possible. carrying vehicles enroute or returning to COSCOM units. Maintenance collection This section has described repair and points are established throughout the recovery operations primarily for major division for collection of unserviceable or weapon systems. Evacuation of other unser- abandoned materiel where disposition is viceable items such as signal equipment, determined.

EQUIPMENT EVACUATION

ÊÏS- >—( BSA >—c 0 SPT DSA 3—( CD

XX y—c OLL COLL

DISABLED VEHICLES ARE EVACUATED TO UNIT MAINT PERSON- COLLECTION POINTS FOR PARTS, REPAIR, OR j EVACUATION TO COSCOM GENERAL SUPPORT ! NEL ATTEMPT REPAIR. MAINTENANCE UNITS. REPLACEMENTS ARRIVE Í MAINT SUPPORT TEAMS AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE. I WITH PARTS ASSIST.

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WEAPON SYSTEM REPLACEMENT OPERATIONS The division Gl, adjutant general, and support area, or sometimes in the division G4 work together and with their corps support area. Replacement weapons are counterparts to develop a replacement armed, fueled, test fired, and moved to the system. The object of the system is to obtain unit. and distribute fully crewed, ready-to-fight weapon systems as rapidly as possible. • When personnel losses are high and weapon losses are low, replacement crews The same general considerations apply should be transported directly to battalion to replacing personnel other than crew combat trains. members. Because of the importance of a crew replacement system, it is described • When both personnel and weapon here in some detail. losses are high, replacement crews join replacement weapons in the division or Before combat operations are con- brigade support area. The weapons are ducted, casualty and weapon system loss armed, fueled, test fired, and moved to the estimates are normally prepared and battalion combat trains area. provided to corps. As with ammunition and fuel, the data must be modified based on The Gl or adjutant’ general works with experience and best military judgment. FM the G4 to insure that individual crewmen or 101—10—1, Staff Officers' Field Manual- crew replacements can be moved rapidly to Organizational, Technical, and Logistic Data, forward areas, joined with a weapon if provides some data upon which estimates required, and then provided to the unit. A can be based. useful tool for the Gl is a division reception point located in the division support area or To determine weapon system in the COSCOM area where personnel replacement requirements during combat assignments are made, crews are organized, operations, accurate and timely personnel and necessary orientation is accomplished. strength accounting and casualty reporting and weapon system status reporting are When there are insufficient weapon necessary. Information can also be obtained system replacements to meet requirements, from an effective battlefield information the division commander or G3 establishes reporting system. assignment priorities based on recommendations of the Gl. Some steps can be taken Weapon system replacements can be to reconstitute crews from within the required under different circumstances such division. For example: as the following: • Soldiers in noncombat units with • When both personnel and weapon secondary crewman Military Occupational losses are low, it is preferable to transport Specialties (MOSs) can be used. individual replacements directly to the unit. •^Soldiers with related skills, such as Replacement weapons may be picked up in drivers, can be used. the division or brigade support areas by units. • Lightly wounded soldiers can be returned to duty as quickly as possible. • When personnel losses are low and weapon losses are high, individual ’ In any event, crewmen should not be replacements join unit crews and required to perform noncrew duties when replacement weapons at the nearest brigade crew vacancies exist.

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OTHER COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT OPERATIONS Supply

Supply operations include determining of resupply, called unit distribution, is a requirements and requesting, processing, process in which the supplier always storing, and distributing items to fulfill delivers directly to the unit. Another those requirements. Divisional units stock method, called supply point distribution, is some combat-essential supplies of their own. a process in which the user must go to a Minimum stockage levels for divisional distribution point to pick up supplies. units are prescribed by the division or, in some cases, by corps or by Department of The division generally obtains its the Army publications. Supply distribution is managed by the division materiel supplies from corps through unit dis- management center. tribution. The division, in turn, uses a combination of supply point and unit dis- Supplies are delivered to forward units tribution to supply subordinate units. by division whenever possible. This method Critical items in short supply may be

CLASSES OF SUPPLY

To facilitate supply management, supplies • Class V*—Ammunition. are grouped into 10 major classes as follows: • Class VI—Personal demand items.

• Class I —Subsistence, including • Class VM*—Major end items such as gratuitous health and welfare items. tanks, armored personnel carriers, and attack helicopters. • Class II—Clothing, individual equipment, tentage, tool sets, kits, hand tool sets, • Class VIII*—Medical. administrative and housekeeping supplies, and equipment. • Class IX*—Repair parts.

• Class III*—Petroleum, oil, and lubricants. • Class X—Nonstandard items to support nonmilitary programs such as agriculture • Class IV—Construction materials. and economic development.

*C/ass ///, V, VII, and IX supply procedures have been previously described in this chapter. Medical supply procedures (Class VIII) will be described under medical operations later in this chapter.

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delivered directly (called throughput) to the OTHER SUPPLIES. These are issued user by corps or theater support units. This by the lowest echelon having the item. method is most frequently used to provide Normally, supply point distribution is used. major assemblies, ammunition, and fuel. Units submit requirements to forward area Warning levels should be established to support team supply elements. Requests are indicate when an item or commodity is in forwarded to the division materiel critical supply and exceptional action is management center for items not stocked required to correct the situation. by forward support elements, then to COSCOM for items not stocked by the CLASS I—SUBSISTENCE. Frontline division. The supply and transport battalion units carry enough combat rations on board or COSCOM will deliver supplies to forward combat vehicles to last 3 to 5 days. When supply points in the brigade support area. the situation permits, hot meals may be Class IV and X supplies are handled prepared. It is normal, however, for generally the same, although their issue divisional units to use combat rations usually requires command approval. during combat operations. Rations are delivered by COSCOM to Water is produced at water points es- Class I supply points in the division or tablished by the division engineer bat- brigade support area based on strength talion. Water points are sited where they figures provided by the division Gl or can best support combat operations. Supply adjutant general. Within the division, point distribution is the normal method supply point distribution is used. Usually, used to distribute water. When this method Class VI is delivered with Class I, and is not practicable, the supply and transport requirements are based on strength figures. battalion delivers water to using units.

Transportation

The transportation motor transport Utility helicopters from the division company of the supply and transport bat- aviation battalion can be used for this talion has light and medium cargo and fuel purpose, but their capabilities are limited. vehicles to support combat service support When additional utility helicopters or operations. Division transportation is con- assault support helicopters are required to trolled by the division transportation officer support combat operations, they must be through the DISCOM movement control obtained from corps. officer. When thére is insufficient transportation to meet division requirements, ad- USAF tactical airlift (Military Airlift ditional transportation, air or ground, is Command) can be used to transport troops requested from corps. If transportation is in and supplies rapidly. Preplanned requests are processed through logistics staff short supply, the division commander or G3 channels to the corps movement control must establish transportation priorities. center. Immediate requests are processed through operations and tactical air control Helicopters can he used to move troops party channels to the corps direct air and supplies rapidly about the battlefield. support center.

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—Medical The division medical battalion remain there only as long as it takes to treat evacuates casualties and provides limited and return them to duty or prepare them for treatment to include emergency dental further evacuation. From the division service, psychiatric treatment, and op- clearing station, casualties may be tometry services. The battalion is composed evacuated to a corps combat support of four medical companies. One company hospital or to a corps evacuation hospital normally operates a clearing station in each for further evacuation to a general hospital brigade support area, and one company in Continental United States (CONUS). operates in the division area. Casualties are evacuated no farther to For a number of reasons, it is important the rear than their condition requires. to clear the combat area of casualties Depending on the seriousness of the wound, quickly. Evacuation should be by air am- they may be moved directly to a division bulance whenever possible. Ground am- clearing station or to corps combat support bulances are used when air evacuation is or evacuation hospitals. Casualties impracticable or when insufficient numbers evacuated to a division clearing station of air ambulances are available.

A MEDICAL EVACUATION r m

COMBAT EVACUATION CLEARING AID SUPPORT UNIT HOSPITAL STATION STATION HOSPITAL TTT; TT JH

FIELD AMBULANCE ■ FIELD AMBULANCE ■ WALKING LITTER [Î AiR AMBULANCE AIR AMBULANCE ■ AMBULANCE ji AIRCRAFT ■ AIR AMBULANCE ¡ ■ AMBULANCE TRAIN

NOTE: ANY MEDICAL FACILITY MAY BE BYPASSED WHEN CONDITION OF PATIENT WARRANTS AND THE EVACUATION MEANS PERMIT.

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Services Provided by the Division Good finance, postal, recreation, throughout the division. It is particularly religious, and legal services help com- important ' for chaplains to operate in manders maintain morale. forward areas where their services are most often needed. FINANCE. The division finance company is normally located in the division RECREATION SERVICES. support area. Forward support teams are Although opportunities for recreation are organized for units located in forward areas. limited during combat operations, POSTAL SERVICE. Postal service is recreation services should be provided for normally limited to pickup and delivery of those who can use them. Entertainment, personal letters. Restrictions must often be field libraries, field service clubs, and placed on the size and volume of packages organized athletics can help relieve boredom handled by the system. Transportation go- which often occurs in war. ing forward to combat units for other reasons is normally used to deliver mail. LEGAL SERVICES. Legal services are provided by the division staff judge RELIGIOUS SERVICES. Religious advocate who supervises and is responsible services are usually conducted for small for the proper administration of military groups by unit chaplains operating justice throughout the command. •

Services Provided by COSCOM

The division does not have the available, the G4 determines where they capability to provide laundry, bath, and should be located. When corps cannot clothing exchange services. These services provide these services, host nation facilities are provided by COSCOM units operating can sometimes be used. in the division area. When they are

Graves Registration 1— Neither division nor corps has organic Remains are evacuated to collection graves registration units; these units are points in the brigade support area, then to a normally provided by theater support collection point in the division support area, elements. It is to be expected that during the and from there to a corps collection point. early stages of combat operations, graves The division G4 should work with the corps registration units may not be available G4 to obtain refrigeration equipment if since these units are assigned to the available. Without refrigeration, remains reserves and must be mobilized. Therefore, must be interred immediately. FM 10—63, it is necessary to train some divisional Handling of Deceased Personnel in Theaters personnel in the recovery, identification, of Operations, contains additional infor- care, and disposition of remains. mation on graves registration procedures.

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COMMAND AND CONTROL OF COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT OPERATIONS

In order to exercise command and All other combat service support infor- control of combat service support mation is processed manually through operations, it is necessary to obtain certain divisional or corps communication nets or information. To do this, it is first necessary by messenger. to determine what information is required, when it is required, and how best to obtain Much information of a critical nature, it; procedures must then be established for such as status of fuel, ammunition, getting the information. Some information operational weapon systems, and crews, can of a recurring naturé can be provided by come from a good battlefield information automatic data processing (ADP) reporting system. Other information is equipment. Information normally stored in provided through the division ad- this equipment includes: ministrative/logistics net over radio • Major end items—quantities, location, teletype (RATT) equipment. and status (Class VII). • Repair parts—quantities, location, Information is normally transmitted demand, and fill data (Class IX). over this net in the form of standardized reports or requests for assistance. It is • Personnel—strength, casualty, and usually more detailed, though less timely, replacement data. than that which can be obtained through a battlefield information reporting system. • Maintenance management—input and output of shops. Combat service support information ADP equipment sites should be may sometimes be delayed because of hardened and procedures established for pressing tactical requirements. When this access to nondivisional ADP equipment if happens, messenger service normally used divisional equipment should become infor bulk traffic may be the fastest and most operative. secure means of transmitting information.

DIVISION ADMINISTRATIVE/LOGISTICS NET (RATT)

DISCOM (NCS) EIMGR BN CAV SQDN S1/S4 S1/S4

DIVARTY ADA BN S1/S4 S1/S4

FASC DTOC G1/G4 FM 71—101

REAR AREA SECURITY

The division commander, seldom has • Maneuver units assigned to the units ' available to provide for rear área division. Assigning maneuver units this security. The G3 has primary responsibility mission is a last-resort measure. for rear area security and coordinates with Because lines of communication are the G2, the G4, the civil-military operations vulnerable to enemy aircraft, or to actions officer, ’ the provost màrshal, the DISGOM by guerrilla forces and regular forces commander, and the rear area operations operating in the division area, supplies or center (RAOC) of the COSCOM. support teams that are dispatched may not always arrive. Therefore, procedures should be established to enable a unit to report The division rear is secured by: when requested assistance or supplies have not arrived in a reasonable length of time. • DISCOM units securing the DSA as well as providing their own local security. If possible, contact is made, with the host nation security forces to coordinate actions to deal with rear area problems. • Other units located in the division Should a large airborne or airmobile threat rear providing their own local security. in the division rear be detected, maneuver units may be needed to defeat it. If • Military police units supporting the divisional forces are not available, combat division or the COSCOM RAOC. units are requested from corps. FM 90—14, Rear Area Combat • Air cavalry units conducting sur- Operations, contains a detailed discussion veillance operations. of rear area security procedures.

6-17

ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYMENT OF THE AIRBORNE AND Part AIR ASSAULT DIVISION Two

CHAPTER 7 Airborne Division Operations

Airborne operations are most often joint operations. US Army airborne units are delivered to the operational area by US Air Force airlift aircraft.

THE AIRBORNE DIVISION

As a general rule, the airborne division enters an operational area, are described in fights like the infantry division, particularly the following pages. First, however, it is during sustained ground combat. However, necessary to describe the airborne division, there are certain differences in airborne its organization, and its capabilities and operations. These differences, which limitations. primarily concern how the airborne division

Organization The airborne division is organized to • Reinforce US and Allied forces. be rapidly deployed anywhere in the world to: • Conduct a show of force. • Secure critical installations or It can conduct a parachute assault in facilities. the enemy’s rear to secure terrain or to

CONTENTS The Airborne Division 7—1 Operations 7—8 Organization 7—1 Parachute Assault 7—8 Capabilities 1—1 Airland Operations 7—11 Limitations 7—3 Linkup 7—12 Combat Service Support 7—14 Method of Employment 7—3 Manning 7—14 Supply 7—15 Preparing for Combat Operations 7—4 Maintenance 7—16 Planning 7—4 Transportation 7—16 Organizing for Combat 7—6 Medical 7—17 Operational Terms 7—7 Graves Registration 7—17

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interdict routes of resupply or enemy • A nuclear, biological, and chemical withdrawal. It can also be airlanded. It can defense company. conduct air assault operations as well as other missions normally assigned to in- • A military police company. fantry divisions. • A division support command. The airborne division is organized in much the same way as the infantry While the organization and equipment division. However, each of its units is may vary somewhat between the two organized with only that equipment needed divisions, the airborne division units to conduct parachute assaults or airland operate in essentially the same manner as operations. If the airborne division is to described in chapters 1 and 3. conduct sustained combat operations, it normally must be reinforced with additional medium artillery, air defense protection, and In addition to the units previously transportation. described, the airborne division has: The airborne division is organized • An armor battalion. around nine airborne infantry battalions. It has a headquarters and headquarters • Three antiarmor companies to provide company and three brigade headquarters to long-range antitank guided missile fire. provide for command and control. As is true of the infantry division, the airborne • A division artillery organized with division has: three light field artillery battalions. • An air cavalry squadron. • An air defense battalion organized with four gun batteries. • An engineer battalion. • A signal battalion. • A combat aviation battalion organized with an attack helicopter • A combat electronic warfare in- company and two combat support aviation telligence battalion. companies.

Capabilities

The airborne division can achieve sur- Because the airborne division is tailored prise by its timely arrival on or near the for air movement, it can be deployed more battlefield. The range of aircraft and the rapidly than heavier US divisions. All adverse weather aerial delivery system equipment is air transportable, and per- (AWADS) provide the Air Force with a sonnel are trained for airborne operations. capability to accurately deliver the airborne division into virtually any objective area It is the only division with the im- under almost any weather condition with mediate capability to conduct parachute high winds and thunderstorms being the assaults. It is the best equipped division to only exceptions. conduct airland operations.

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Limitations

The limitations of the airborne division The organic truck transport in the supply are: and service (S&S) battalion is normally used to move supplies. Use of these trucks for troop movement hampers the division • It must rely on USAF tactical or logistical effort. strategic airlift for initial entry into battle and for resupply until linkup with other The combat support aviation companies of ground forces. the aviation battalion have only the capability to simultaneously lift the assault • It requires more close air support than elements of two rifle companies. that normally provided to infantry divisions • It is vulnerable to attack by enemy because the division is organized with only armor or motorized formations. The armor light field artillery. The absence of medium battalion organic to the division does not and heavy field artillery limits support for have sufficient armor protection to defeat maneuver battalions and reduces the ability heavier armored formations at close range to deliver counterfire and to provide sup- in tank-versus-tank engagements. Sub- pression of enemy air defense. stantial numbers of TOW and Dragon weapons in the division may help, but they do not completely offset this limitation. • It has limited ground and airmobility - once delivered into the objective area. Nine • It is unsuited for operations in a of its 11 maneuver battalions are foot- nuclear, chemical, or biological en- mobile. vironment.

Method of Employment

Airborne operations are most often joint parachute assault, units assemble and seize operations conducted with the Air Force. assault objectives. Artillery begins The Air Force provides the airlift, close air providing fire support as soon as possible support, and aerial resupply for the airborne after landing. Close air support continues forces. Normally, units participating in an with priority to armor and targets beyond airborne operation are assigned to a joint artillery range. Additional units are air- task force (JTF). Airborne operations may landed as landing zones are secured. be supported by naval air and naval gunfire if the operational area is within range. The second phase is the defense. It Airborne operations are generally executed begins when assault objectives are seized. in two phases: assault and defense. An all-ground defense is organized when the force is in enemy occupied territory. In the assault phase, divisional units are transported by Air Force aircraft to the The division masses and then conducts operational area to conduct a parachute operations in the same manner as the assault. Prior to and during the assault, infantry division. An airborne operation supporting fires are delivered by close air usually terminates upon linkup or ex- support, naval gunfire, or both. After the traction of the division.

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♦ PREPARING FOR COMBAT OPERATIONS The airborne division may operate as Most often, the division is assigned to a part of a corps, a JTF, or theater command. JTF.

Planning Planning for airborne operations is are developed for the execution of an air- conducted in great detail. When possible, borne operation: the ground tactical plan, rehearsals are held oh terrain ap- the landing plan, the air movement plan, proximating that of the airhead. Four plans and the marshaling plan.

GROUND TACTICAL PLAN

The ground tactical plan includes: • Composition, disposition, and strength of enemy forces in the objective • Missions. area. s • Sectors. • Location of enemy units capable of reinforcement in the objective area. • Location of security forces. • Disposition and density of enemy air • Task organization. defense.

• Location and size of reserves. Mounted enemy forces within or close to • Fire support. the objective area present the most serious threat because of their tactical mobility, • Combat service support. armor protection, and firepower. Enemy motorized and armored unit movement The ground tactical plan is developed times are computed to determine when these from analysis of the mission; enemy, units can arrive in the objective area. With terrain, weather, forces available, and the this information, the potential effect of the start time and duration of the operation. enemy on the operation is estimated and plans can be made to counter him. MISSION. The commander analyzes the mission and issues planning guidance; TERRAIN. Terrain is first considered this provides the basis for appropriate staff estimates. After considering the latter, the for offensive operations. That terrain which commander makes a decision and an- must be seized to accomplish the mission is nounces his concept for executing the determined. Potential drop and landing mission. The staff then prepares the plan. zones are evaluated. Routes of ingress and egress that take advantage of terrain for ENEMY. The enemy situation is cover and concealment on selected avenues analyzed as described in chapter 3. Of of approach to potential drop or landing particular concern are: zones are selected. The combination of drop

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zones, landing zones, and avenues of ap- could be unacceptable. Airlift must be proach which offer the best advantage to available not only to deliver the force but the division is also selected. also to sustain it until completion of the operation. Once terrain has been analyzed for offensive operations, it must then be con- START TIME AND DURATION OF sidered for defensive operations. Terrain THE OPERATION. Planners at all which must be retained or controlled is echelons must know the available identified. Enemy avenues of approach into preparation time and the expected duration the operational area are analyzed. Battle of the operation. positions which offer good cover and concealment and long-range fields of fires are The ground tactical plan serves as the basis planned along avenues of approach. for the other three plans described below. Natural obstacles which can be extended or improved are also important. LANDING PLAN WEATHER. Weather in the objective The landing plan contains the sequence area must be checked. With the exception of and method of delivery into selected drop high winds or thunderstorms in the ob- and landing zones in the area of operations. jective area and less than minimum accep- The landing plan is a worksheet used by table weather conditions at departure air- planners to aid in developing the fields, weather has only a limited effect on marshaling and air movement plans. delivery of an airborne force. Precipitation does not affect parachute operations. Wet AIR MOVEMENT PLAN soil conditions, however, can prevent The air movement plan specifies air- airland operations. Limited visibility caused craft loads, assignment of units to serials by rain or fog can hamper delivery of and columns, loading and departure sites, supplies and equipment by the low altitude flight routes, and other measures for air parachute extraction system (LAPES) and movement from the departure area to the can limit close air support. area of operation. The degree of visibility in the objective MARSHALING PLAN area during an airborne assault influences the conduct of the operation. While il- The marshaling plan provides for the lumination to improve visibility can be assembly of personnel, equipment, and generated artificially, it may not offer a supplies to be employed in the execution of greater advantage. Periods of reduced the airborne operation. It allocates time for visibility conceal the airborne attack and completion of airborne assault preparations add the element of surprise; however, ad- such as detailed issuance of orders, ditional assembly time in the operational preparation and rigging of loads, and area may be required. movement of loads to the aircraft sites. FORCES AVAILABLE. Sufficient The landing plan, air movement plan, airlift must be available to deliver the and marshaling plan are developed in coor- division to the objective area. When there dination with the US Air Force. Procedures are too few aircraft to deliver the assault for developing these plans are described in echelon in a single lift or in multiple lifts FM 57-1/AFM 2-51, US Army/US Air over a short period of time, risk to the force Force Doctrine for Airborne Operations.

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Organizing for Combat The division is organized into three the lead brigades. Units assigned security echelons for an airborne operation: missions are among the next priority of assault, follow-up, and rear echelons. units to arrive, and they immediately occupy forward security positions. The • The assault echelon consists of units division reserve and other division troops required in the initial stages of the follow. operation to seize assault objectives. Personnel and equipment are • The follow-up echelon includes units crossloaded on aircraft within a serial. required to sustain the operation and units Crossloading permits personnel and needed to conduct operations as part of a equipment to exit the aircraft in a sequence larger force after linkup. This echelon in- that facilitates, assembly. Recovery of cludes the rest of the assault units, DISCOM heavy-drop items is expedited through the headquarters, most of the maintenance bat- use of crossloading and distinctive unit talion, and elements of the supply and markings. service battalion. Heavy equipment and supplies may be • The rear echelon contains those units brought into the airhead by one or a com- or elements that are not required in the bination of three different delivery means: airhead. They normally remain in the departure area during the operation or until • Airland. linkup. • LAPES. The airborne division organizes for combat much like the infantry division, • Parachute drop. with one major difference: units not nor- The airland method insures negligible mally attached to brigades, but which damage to materiel; delivers vehicles ready operate within their sectors, are attached for for immediate drive-away; delivers crews the assault phase of the operation. At- with their weapons and vehicles; and tachment provides for control until parent provides for the backhaul of casualties, units are established within the division prisoners of war, and damaged equipment. airhead. Brigade attachments normally in- Airland operations have the disadvantages clude one light field artillery battalion, an of requiring landing zones and more time ADA battery, an engineer company, a for delivering loads than the other two military police platoon, a forward area methods. Additionally, aircraft and units signal center platoon, a medical company, are extremely vulnerable during landing elements from the supply and service bat- and unloading. talion, and tactical air control parties. These LAPES requires less preparation time, units normally revert to direct support and personnel, and equipment support than continue to support the brigade after control heavy drop. LAPES is a pinpoint delivery is centralized. system for large items of equipment; The sequence of units is determined by however, materiel is more susceptible to the missions assigned. Brigade combat damage when the LAPES method is used as elements land on or near assault objectives. compared to the airland method. Crews to This is done to insure early securing of operate delivered equipment must be present assault objectives by surprise. Air Force at the extraction zones before or shortly combat control teams and FACs accompany after delivery.

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All combat equipment and supplies of high assurance of accurate parachute the airborne division can be delivered by delivery of materiel. parachute drop. When airland facilities Helicopters are deployed by flying the are not available and conditions preclude aircraft to the airhead and/or airlifting the use of LAPES, airborne units can still them by Air Force aircraft. While flying the receive weapons, equipment, and supplies aircraft to the airhead is preferred, this may by parachute drop. The AWADS and the not be possible because of refueling re- container delivery system (CDS) provide a quirements enroute.

■Operational Terms- An area of operations (AO) is Within the AO, the division commander designated by a higher commander and assigns sectors of responsibility to the outlines the general area in which the brigades. The brigade sectors are large division operates. The AO trace marks the enough to allow the brigades to establish a limit of the AO. The AO may include a defense in depth along key avenues of_ap^. requirement to secure a fixed facility. proach. AIRHEAD WITHIN AN AREA OF OPERATIONS

OBJ 2

XX o OBJ 3 AIRHEAD + LINE X AO AA +• OBJ 1 N E] OBJ 4 2?

OBJ 5

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An airhead is an area designated by area within the airhead is organized into the division commander which, when brigade sectors. secured, permits the landing of forces or supplies and provides space to maneuver. Assault objectivés are assigned in The airhead may be used for a mission such either the AO or airhead. An assault ob- as securing an airfield. It is used to plan, control, coordinate, and mass indirect fires. jective may be an installation or terrain The airhead line indicates that portion of feature specified in the division mission. the airhead where the major battle is ex- Brigade commanders determine the size and pected to be fought. The area outside the composition of forces necessary to secure airhead line includes the brigade security objectives. Assault objectives are numbered area and the division security area. The in priority of importance. OPERATIONS The airborne division will be committed operations, or by a combination of these two to combat by parachute assault, by airland methods. — Parachute Assault : Normally, airborne operations are in- aircraft follow aircraft delivering parachute itiated by parachute assault. Parachute units. A time interval between serials assault permits delivery of combined arms permits parachute units to clear the landing teams into the division airhead in less time area of enemy forces and to remove than airland operations require. Landing parachutes, equipment, heavy-drop loads, zones are not required and security of drop and obstacles. zones is not as critical. When used, airland ASSAULT PHASE The assault phase begins with the Brigades assign assault objectives and landing of the division in the airhead and zones to battalions. Drop and landing zones terminates when assault objectives are are located on or close to assault objectives seized. For the assault phase, the division to exploit the advantage of surprise. Ground commander assigns objectives and zones to organization of forces is accomplished in the brigades, sets priority of fires, and assembly areas near drop zones. provides the necessary forces to each brigade according to its mission. He also designates the size of the reserve and deter- When assembly areas are not located on mines where it is to be located. ^ assault objectives, the brigade attacks to seize assault objectives in the same manner During the assault, brigade units land as does the infantry brigade. in their assigned zones. Units comprising the division reserve, and other units not After assault objectives have been attached to brigades, land in prescribed seized, field artillery units displace well drop and landing zones. Command groups forward within the brigade sectors to move with different serials in order to support security forces. When security forces preclude loss of an entire command group withdraw, the artillery displaces to due to enemy action or aircraft abort. preselected positions.

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Air defense batteries enter the Normally, the division provides security airhead early to provide air defense for drop for refueling areas. After refueling, the zones, landing zones, arming and refueling security element departs with the last flight points, and other critical division in- of refueled aircraft. stallations. Insertion of air defense units If available, Navy carriers may be used may be by heavy drop, airlanding, or by as refueling bases. They may also be used to LAPES. Batteries initially operate in- transport aircraft part way to the AO. dependently under brigade control until the ADA battalion is able to assume operations. When Army aircraft cannot be flown into the objective area, they may be dis- When the engineer battalion head- assembled and transported by Air Force quarters becomes operational, its companies cargo aircraft. This method is time con- revert to battalion control and operate in suming and further complicated by the direct support of the brigades. Engineers complexity of reassembly in the area of may be tasked to construct landing facilities operation. or to rehabilitate existing airfields; but Since the division is most vulnerable to when so tasked, they will need to be counterattack immediately after landing, augmented because the engineer battalion division security forces are among the has limited construction assets. first units to be introduced into the airhead. They land on or near positions that they Whenever possible, Army aircraft fly intend to occupy during the assault phase. into the AO as soon as possible after the Their mission is to intercept enemy forces initial assault. Flights are closely controlled moving toward the airhead and to prevent and regulated to avoid interference with Air the enemy from interfering with the seizure Force airlift. Multiple flight routes, nap-of- of assault objectives. To accomplish the the-earth (NOE) flight techniques, electronic mission, units often land on or astride countermeasures, and tactical deception approaches into the airhead. operations are used to avoid enemy aircraft and air defense during the flight to the The security force is organized to division AO. To aid the flight, field artillery provide warning of an enemy attack; to is used to suppress enemy air defenses, and delay and disorganize the enemy forward of tactical aircraft conduct counterair the main defensive positions; and to operations. determine the location, direction, and speed of any enemy attack. It operates 10—30 km forward of the main defensive positions. If the distance from the departure area The division security force is organized to the AO is beyond the combat radius of around the armor battalion, air cavalry Army aircraft, forward refueling points are squadron, and attack helicopter company, established enroute in areas under friendly with the commanders of the armor battalion control. Refueling points are located in and air cavalry squadron commanding por- areas that have: tions of the security force. Airborne infantry battalions may sometimes operate with the • Natural cover and concealment. security force, provided they can be transported by helicopter. Each unit is • One or more extraction zones. normally assigned a sector. It is supported by some ADA units and by two or three field • Sparse population. artillery batteries.

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Brigade security forces are positioned normally positioned behind the brigade after assault objectives are seized, or defending along the most dangerous avenue simultaneously with the seizure of the of approach. The reserve may be created for airhead in the case of an airborne assault. a variety of tasks: Although the brigade is responsible for its • Counterattack. security force, the division may specify its general location. The division may also • Reinforce brigades. designate specific road blocks or observation posts for brigades to man. • Support by fires. The division reserve is organized to: • Provide security forces.

• Seize an assault objective previously • Construct battle positions and bar- assigned to another unit. riers.

• Reinforce a brigade. The reserve is normally organized with the armor battalion, infantry, and attack • Block or counterattack an enemy helicopter units. Infantry and armor are force that has penetrated the security force used to add depth to the defense, block and is threatening the success of the enemy penetrations, and counterattack by operation. fire or by fire and maneuver. Air cavalry and attack helicopters are usually employed The division reserve enters the area of in security and economy of force measures operation as part of the assault echelon. and counterattacks. When more than one mission is assigned to the reserve, priorities are established. The Normally, the brigade commits all bat- assembly area for the reserve may be within talions to the assault. The brigade reserve the sector of a committed brigade, or it may is the battalion attacking the least critical fall within the zones of two brigades. The assault objective. A dedicated reserve is division reserve is not assigned an assault established once the brigade has seized its objective. In the defense, the reserve is assault objectives.

DEFENSE PHASE The division defends to protect and support, and combat service support, as retain areas or installations seized during necessary. the assault phase of the operation. Because an airborne assault is most often conducted DEFENSE AGAINST INFANTRY in the enemy rear, an all-around defense is FORCES. The division defends against required. The airborne division defends by infantry forces by employing a position employing a position defense. The division defense. The defense is organized to deny commander assigns sectors to brigades and enemy access to the airhead. Battle may establish an airhead line. He also positions are established to stop enemy determines whether brigades are to change penetrations. Enemy forces penetrating the task organizations following the assault. He airhead are destroyed or ejected by designates the security forces and directs counterattacks. where and when they are to operate. A linear position defense is organized Priorities are established for fires, engineer by arraying units laterally around the outer

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limits of the airhead and using interlocking intensity of antiarmor fires from antitank machinegun fires. Battalions are positioned guided missiles (ATGMs). As a general rule, to block infantry avenues of approach. the armor battalion, air cavalry squadron, and attack helicopter company are DEFENSE AGAINST MOUNTED employed along mounted avenues of ap- FORCES. The airborne division is not proach after they complete security operations. Antiarmor companies are also adequately equipped to defend against employed in depth along mounted avenues mounted forces. However, when it must do of approach. If there is more than one so, the division organizes positions in depth mounted avenue of approach into the area along mounted avenues of approach. The of operation, the armor battalion should be position defense in depth is designed to held in reserve until the location of the wear down the attacker with increasing enemy main effort is determined. Airland Operations Units can be airlanded on terrain under used for airland operations in advance of the control of friendly forces near the line of the operation. Landing zone security is contact or on secured locations in the provided by seizing and defending key enemy’s rear. terrain features that dominate the landing zone. When the airland operation is part of A major advantage of airland a combined parachute and airland operations over parachute operations is that operation, terrain features to be secured are units are assembled and ready for combat designated as assault objectives and seized when they deplane. However, it takes time by parachute units. When only airland to land a sizable force; also, a secured operations are planned, units are infiltrated landing zone is necessary. Even when mul- to seize critical terrain features designated tiple landing zones are employed, it takes as objectives. Regardless of the technique longer to mass forces in the airhead during used to secure landing zones, airland airland operations than during parachute operations commence as soon as landing operations. zones are secure and safe for aircraft to land. Airland operations may be undertaken when: The airborne division is normally augmented with parachute engineer units • Local air superiority exists. when improvement of landing zones is required. Augmentation is necessary • Enemy ADA weapons are suppressed. because divisional engineer units are employed in mobility/countermobility • Landing zones are secure. operations and have insufficient equipment • Unit integrity is important. to improve landing zones.

• Units other than airborne units are to Airland forces are introduced into the be used. objective areas as early as possible, consistent with security and availability of Landing zones must be secured before landing zones. Units are landed on or close airland operations begin. Units may be to the area in which they are to be infiltrated or parachuted into areas to be employed. Since all elements cannot be

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transported to the area of operation in the Selection of covered and concealed assembly same aircraft, some reorganization of forces areas minimizes unit vulnerability. Once is required prior to initiation of operations. assembled, airlanded forces operate like Care must be taken not to present a lucrative target while reorganizing units. parachute forces as previously described. LINKUP

Linkup occurs when two ground forces The two forces conducting a linkup meet; it is often the conclusion of an air- jointly establish control measures. They borne operation. Linkup is planned as a select linkup points at which physical part of the ground tactical plan. contact between the two forces will occur. These points are mutually agreed on by the When planning for linkup, it is commanders of the two forces. Linkup necessary to provide: points should be easily recognizable on the • Command relationships and respon- ground by both forces and are normally sibilities. located where routes of advance of the moving force intersect a line along which • Staff liaison. the stationary force is located. Alternate linkup points will depend on the number of • Schemes of maneuver. routes being used by the linkup force, iden- • Fire support by each force. tifiable terrain features, and the enemy threat. Troops manning linkup points must • Communications, including recogni- be thoroughly familiar with procedures for tion signals. mutual identification and plans for the rapid passage of advancing units. The • Operations following linkup. stationary force assists by removing • Assistance by the stationary force. obstacles and selecting assembly areas for the moving force. • Combat service support requirements. The headquarters directing the linkup The commander directing the linkup establishes command relationships and establishes separate fire support coor- responsibilities of the two forces. After dination lines (FSCLs) for both forces. This linkup, the two forces can be combined to permits fires to be placed beyond the FSCLs form a single force under the control of without coordination. As linkup becomes either commander, or both forces can con- imminent, a single FSCL applicable to both tinue to operate separately under the control forces is established. A restrictive fire line of a higher commander. (RFL) is placed between the two forces. The RFL is placed as close to the stationary The two forces maintain command and force as possible to permit the maneuvering staff liaison by exchanging liaison officers force maximum freedom to move. Airstrikes during the planning phase and for the in the area between the two forces are duration of the operation. It should be coordinated with both forces. After linkup, remembered that liaison officers are of no responsibility for fire support coordination value if they cannot communicate with their for the force will be designated by the parent headquarters. commander directing the linkup.

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LINKUP OPERATIONS EARLY STAGE

FSCL FSCL

•11 STATIONARY FORCE

LINKUP POINTS ALT

FSCL pSCV-

LINKUP OPERATIONS LAST STAGE

FSCL

RFL FSCL STATIONARY lit? ’:* • - FORCE

WlNKUP FORCEE .i

ALT RFL FSCL *sc>

The signal communications plan for an exchange of selected communications- linkup operations is developed in con- electronics operating instructions (CEOI) junction with the overall plan for the air- items and common speech security borne assault. Formulation of the plan is equipment key lists. It may also involve the normally accomplished at the headquarters exchange of radio equipment and operators directing the operation in conjunction with if an Allied force is involved. the communication-electronics officers of the forces involved. The communications • The use of aircraft to extend radio plan should address: communications ranges and to provide air messenger services. • Communications necessary between the forces linking up and the headquarters • Visual and sound communications which ordered the operation. This requires means for day/night operations.

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COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT

When the airborne division is employed The bulk of the DISCOM enters the area as an infantry division, combat service of operations in the follow-up echelon. This support operations generally are conducted echelon consists of the headquarters and as described in chapter 6. Combat service headquarters company (minus), a support for airborne operations is described detachment of the quartermaster airdrop in this section. ^ equipment support company, the remainder of the maintenance battalion, and the During deployment, the division supply and service battalion. Remaining support command (DISCOM) is divided into DISCOM units stay at the departure airfield three echelons: in the rear echelon. These units include the • Assault echelon. adjutant general and finance companies and the division materiel management • Follow-up echelon. center.

• Rear echelon. Combat service support is provided by a forward area support team located in each The assault echelon consists of a brigade support area. The team is not a detachment from the quartermaster airdrop fixed organization but is tailored to satisfy, equipment support company and a medical the requirements of the supported brigade. company for each deployed brigade. These The team is formed around a forward units enter the operational area under the support maintenance company, a forward control of the brigade commanders. The supply and service detachment, and a airdrop equipment support detachment medical company. The coordinator for assists the brigade in recovery and forward area support team operations is the evacuation of airdrop equipment from drop forward area support coordinator (FASCO) zones. The medical company provides from the DISCOM staff. He works closely medical and evacuation support for the with the brigade and battalion S4s to brigades. The DISCOM assault echelon also provide combat service support to the includes a detachment of the headquarters brigade. The remainder of the DISCOM and headquarters company, the medical units in the area of operations are located in battalion (minus), and a forward supply and the division support area to provide back-up service detachment which enters the area of support for the forward area support team operations under the DISCOM commander’s and to support other units in the area of control. operations. Manning Airborne operations should be launched they are assigned to units for training and with the division at full strength and with rehearsals for the operation. Before the replacements on hand to fill initial combat division marshals, replacements are losses. Since airborne replacements are not withdrawn from units and consolidated always readily available, the division under the control of the adjutant general should requisition personnel in time to allow company for phasing into the area of their integration into units before the operations, as required, to replace actual operation begins. The basis for replacement losses. Replacements are airlanded requisitioning is the Gl’s estimate of the whenever possible to preclude jump injuries number of casualties for the first three days and to facilitate control on arrival in the of combat. As replacements are received, area of operations.

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Supply Three distinct phases of supply used Automatic follow-up supply is used during airborne operations are: during the early stages of the operation. Delivery is made by the Air Force on a • Accompanying supply. planned schedule (normally once per day). • Follow-up supply. On-call, follow-up supplies are used to satisfy routine or emergency requests from • Routine supply. committed forces. The G4 determines the stockage requirements by estimating the Accompanying supplies include maximum daily expenditures for one day of classes of supplies taken into the objective operation, usually D-day. Expenditures for area by assault and follow-up echelons. all classes of supply, to include end items of Quantities are designated by the G4. Accom- equipment, are determined and stockage panying supplies are further divided into requirements are doubled to provide a two- unit, force, and reserve accompanying day level. The supporting unit maintains supplies. Unit supplies include the basic the two-day level of on-call supplies near the load of ammunition and prescribed loads of departure airfield for rapid delivery to Air other classes of supply. They are packagéd Force transport aircraft. The supporting and loaded by the unit or are carried by the unit replenishes any issued items so that a individual soldier. Loading, recovery, issue, two-day supply level is maintained until the and control of these supplies are the respon- requirement is terminated or modified by sibility of the unit. Force supplies are bulk supplies of all classes which provide a the airborne force. backup for unit supplies during the early stages of the operation. Recovery and issue Requests for follow-up supplies are in- are the responsibility of the S4 of the itiated by the battalion S4 and forwarded deploying force. Some supplies of all classes through the forward area support team to are kept in reserve for the division. The the DISCOM. Approved requests are then DISCOM is responsible for reserve supplies forwarded by the most expeditious means to to include handling, loading, recovery, the rear echelon where the G4 establishes a storage, and issue. priority for delivery. Requests are either i routine or emergency. Routine requests re- Follow-up supply is either automatic quire delivery in 24 to 72 hours, while emergency requests require delivery in less or on-call and is based on the G4’s estimate than 24 hours. The G4 arranges movement of the daily expenditure of all classes of by Air Force aircraft and releases the supply for each unit. If unit transportation supplies from the supporting unit. The is limited, supplies should be delivered to necessary delivery information is then sent each battalion and, when possible, to com- to the requesting unit so that preparations panies and platoons. for recovery and handling can be made.

The AWADS allows the Air Force to Automatic follow-up supply is based on consumption estimates and may not contain deliver cargo in marginal weather. The the exact quantities required by deployed LAPES or CDS normally are used. forces. Use of automatic follow-up supply for However, AWADS heavy drop is sometimes an extended period can create excesses or necessary. shortages in different supply categories.

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Routine supply should be initiated as Three days of supply are desired in the soon as possible to avoid imbalances of airhead (minimum safe level is two days). supplies in the airhead. The division reaches the desired level by carrying three days of supplies into the area The DISCOM commander directs the of operations. Except for emergencies, no conversion to routine supply and bases his resupply is provided on D-day. Automatic decision on the tactical situation and follow-up supply begins on D+l when two logistical status of the division. When days of supply are delivered. Thereafter, one routine supply is initiated, units requisition day of automatic follow-up supply is supplies using normal supply procedures. delivered daily until routine supply begins. Maintenance Airborne units deploy with a 15-day equipment cannot be repaired in place, it level of repair parts. When deployed in the must be moved to the brigade support area follow-up echelon, the maintenance bat- by the using unit. talion provides a forward support company to the forward area support team supporting The airborne division does not maintain each brigade. Habitual assignments are an operational readiness float (ORF) of used to provide for the establishment of equipment in the objective area. Can- working relationships and the development of SOPs. Maintenance operations are nibalization of equipment is sometimes similar to those of the infantry division, necessary. Although cannibalization is an with the headquarters and main support excellent method of obtaining parts and company providing backup support for the components, its use must be controlled to forward support companies located in the prevent unnecessary destruction of brigade support areas. Maintenance support equipment. Policies on cannibalization are teams are deployed to battalion and established by the commander; however, company locations to assist in the on-site cannibalization authority is normally repair of equipment. When inoperative decentralized to battalion. Transportation Ground transportation for the division other units in the division to satisfy the is provided by the supply and service bat- requirement. talion. Requests for movement of supplies are processed through logistics channels Aircraft for combat service support from the requesting unit S4 through the (CSS) airlift are provided by the aviation forward area support team to the movement battalion. The G3 allocates aircraft to the control officer (MCO) on the DISCOM staff. G4 based on their availability and the requirements of divisional units. The division transportation officer controls CSS The MCO controls and allocates airlift for the G4. Requests for air movement vehicles from the supply and service bat- of troops are processed through operations talion. Requirements that cannot be channels from the unit to the division satisfied are forwarded to the division tactical operations center for approval. Re- transportation officer who may use quests for air movement of supplies are divisional aircraft or obtain vehicles from processed through logistic^ channels.

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Transportation requirements within the heavy drop to reduce transportation re- airhead can be reduced by delivering quirements, speed delivery of supplies, and supplies and equipment directly to the bat- reduce the vulnerability of transportation talion or company in Air Force aircraft. assets to enemy action. Maximum use is made of LAPES, CDS, and

—^ Medical The medical battalion deploys a medical units. These units evacuate casualties company with each forward area support directly to the nearest medical company. team in support of the deployed brigades, while the headquarters and main support Patients requiring evacuation from the company supports units in the division objective area are held at the clearing support area. Recovery and evacuation of stations until Air Force aeromedical casualties to the battalion aid station are a evacuation is available. The Air Force es- unit responsibility. Evacuation of patients tablishes a mobile aeromedical staging from the combat battalions to the clearing facility (MASF) at the airhead airfield to stations in the brigade support area is receive patients and prepare them for aerial performed by the medical company. Ground evacuation. The medical companies are responsible for evacuating patients from the ambulances are the primary means of clearing stations to the MASF. Medical evacuation; however, aircraft, if available, procedures and Air Force and Army respon- are used when necessary. Forward medical sibilities at the airfield are further described companies also provide support to field and in FM 57-1/AFM 2—51, US Army/US Air air defense artillery, aviation, and engineer Force Doctrine For Airborne Operations.

Graves Registration The airborne division does not have an transportation. After coordination with the organic graves registration capability and Air Force, Army units move the remains to requires augmentation to perform this the airfield for aerial evacuation. Since function. During airborne operations, the refrigeration may not be available, remains division is not augmented with a graves must be processed and evacuated promptly. registration detachment. Soldiers must be If aerial evacuation is not available, trained in the identification and processing hasty or mass burials may be required. of remains in order to establish and operate Hasty burials are a common responsibility collection points. Units are responsible for at each level and are used only when the the recovery of remains and their tactical situation prevents evacuation. evacuation to the battalion aid station. Authority for mass burials is normally After identification, remains are evacuated retained by the task force commander. The to the collecting point in the brigade trains training of graves registration personnel area or the division collection point in the should include the procedures for marking division support area using available and recording hasty burial sites.

7-17 # CHAPTER 8 Air Assault Division Operations

The air assault division combines a high degree of strategic mobility with an extremely high degree of tactical mobility within the target area. The air assault division uses organic helicopters to move combat, combat support, and combat service support units on the battlefield. This gives the division the ability to deploy and redeploy rapidly to engage the enemy and operate over a wide area. Before describing the divisions operations, it is first necessary to describe its organization, capabilities, limitations, and method of employment.

CONTENTS The Air Assault Division 8—1 Air Assault Operations 8—7 General 8—7 Organization 8—2 Offensive Operations 8—8 Capabilities 8—2 Defensive Operations Against an Infantry-Heavy Threat 8—12 Limitations 8—3 Defensive Operations Against an Method of Employment 8—3 Armor-Heavy Threat 8—14 Fire Support During Air Assault Operations 8—17 Planning for Combat Operations 8—3 Combat Service Support 8—18 General 8—18 Plans 8—3 Supply and Maintenance 8—18 Special Considerations 8—5 Transportation 8—20

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THE AIR ASSAULT DIVISION Organization The air assault division is organized with:

• Three infantry brigade headquarters. • An engineer battalion.

• Nine air assault infantry battalions. • A signal battalion.

• A division artillery organized with • An air defense artillery battalion. three field artillery battalions and a target acquisition battery. • A combat electronic warfare intelligence battalion. • A division support command. • An air cavalry squadron. • A nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) defense company. . • An aviation group consisting of an assault support helicopter battalion, two • A military police company. assault helicopter battalions, and a general support aviation company. Air assault infantry division operations are conducted generally as described in • An attack helicopter battalion (as- chapters 1 and 3, only at a much higher signed to the aviation group for ad- tempo or over greater ranges than the ministration). infantry division.

Capabilities The air assault division has the • Maintain a rapid tempo of operations ability to: by fighting simultaneously in more than one direction or in more than one area of • Attack from any direction in operations. otherwise inaccessible areas. • Conduct operations under adverse • Overfly barriers, bypass enemy weather conditions and at night to facilitate positions, achieve surprise, and cause the deception and surprise. enemy to react prematurely or disclose his positions to other attacking forces. • Rapidly move field artillery by air or commit the attack helicopter battalion to • Concentrate, disperse, or redeploy weight the battlefield. rapidly to extend the division’s area of influence, to develop enemy contact, or to • Conduct airhead operations without decrease the division’s vulnerability to external support for approximately two enemy attack. days.

8-2

1\ FM 71-101

Limitations The air assault division has some limitations:

• Helicopters cannot fly in extremely • The division is vulnerable to enemy severe weather conditions. tactical aircraft, air defense, and electronic warfare systems. • Near-secure landing zones are required for delivery of units in the objective • The division has little ground trans- area. portation.

Method of Employment The division conducts air assault fight like those of the infantry division; operations by transporting infantry and however, normal task organization of field artillery battalions with necessary organic aviation permits rapid aerial combat support and combat service support redeployment. This is the essence of air into battle by helicopter. Once deployed on assault tactics—rapid tempo of operations the ground, air assault infantry battalions over extended ranges.

PLANNING FOR COMBAT OPERATIONS The division commander uses the same division’s mobility, the division routinely basic decisionmaking process as described employs fragmentary orders and SOPs. in chapter 3. In order to exploit the

Plans Five plans are developed for the ex- The ground tactical plan includes: ecution of an air assault operation: the ground tactical plan, the landing plan, the • Missions. air movement plan, the loading plan, and the staging plan. The ground tactical com- • Zones of attack, sectors, or areas of mander directs the entire operation. In operation. addition to normal coordination, a meeting • Task organization. is routinely conducted with the air mission commander (AMC) or commanders. The • Location and size of reserves. • commander of the lift element normally is the coordinator for all aircraft. The aviation • Fire support. group commander is the overall aviation support coordinator. • Combat service support.

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The ground tactical plan serves as the decrease the distance at which sound can be basis for the other four plans described detected; they also hamper identification of below. the source and direction of the sound.

The landing plan provides the se- Selected air avenues of approach are quence, time, and place of landing troops, masked from possible enemy air defense field artillery, equipment, and supplies. The radar and weapon locations. Ridgelines are landing plan must support the ground tac- crossed as infrequently as possible to reduce tical plan; it cannot be finalized until the exposure time to radar detection. ground tactical plan is completed, but the two plans are developed concurrently. The Navigation at low altitudes is difficult purpose of the landing plan is to insure and should be planned for in advance of the arrival of the various units at designated operation. The presence of easily times and locations. The landing plan may recognizable terrain features, such as a river be a separate annex, or it may appear on the or road, can significantly improve the pilots’ operation overlay. The information ability to navigate. Terrain corridors are developed in the landing plan serves as the desirable because they provide for easier basis for the air movement plan. navigation and protection. Linear features that parallel the direction of flight are useful for navigation but must be used The air movement plan is based on carefully to avoid ambush. Use of tactical the ground tactical plan and the landing navigation aids and artillery-delivered plan. Its purpose is to schedule and provide smoke can assist in navigation. instructions for air movement of troops, equipment, and supplies from pickup zones All aircraft (lift, air cavalry squadron, to landing zones. The air movement plan attack helicopter battalion, and medium lift) provides coordinating instructions and supporting fires are controlled by the regarding air routes, checkpoints, speeds, lift element flight lead. As previously altitudes, formations, actions enroute, and described, the ground tactical commander recovery of downed aircraft. In operations remains in overall command throughout the involving multiple lifts from the same operation and makes such decisions as pickup zone, a lift table is critical to insure aborting the primary landing zone. proper organization of lifts. This plan is closely coordinated by the ground tactical In a typical air assault, the air cavalry commander and the air mission com- reconnoiters flight routes and landing mander. zones; the attack helicopter battalion takes up attack positions at likely ambush points; Air avenues of approach are routes that and the lift ships proceed along provide suitable paths for a particular predesignated flight routes followed by number of aircraft to reach a landing zone. medium lift with field artillery and combat Terrain and enemy air defense are key service support. Suppression of enemy air factors in selecting air avenues of approach. defenses (SEAD) fires are generally con- Forests and swamps are good areas to fly trolled by flight lead. Enemy weapon over because they afford ground troops little systems or units that pose a threat and opportunity to see and fire on helicopters cannot be avoided must be suppressed passing overhead at tree-top level. Low- during the air movement. Both known and altitude operations over heavy foliage suspected enemy locations are targeted.

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Suppression is planned by the fire support covering the organization and operation of coordinator at the headquarters planning the pickup zone (PZ) aids in the preparation the assault—normally brigade headquar- of the loading plan. Copies of the loading ters. Field artillery is the primary fire plan should be distributed to PZ control, support means used to suppress enemy unit command control elements, and the gunners. aviation flight leader. If time permits, copies The loading plan is based on the air should be distributed to all aircraft involved movement plan. The purpose of the loading in the operation. plan is to insure that troops, equipment, and supplies to be moved by helicopter are The staging plan contains the loaded on the correct aircraft. It is critical to schedule of the arrival of troops, equipment, distribute essential items of equipment and and supplies at their respective pickup weapons among the aircraft. For example, a zones. A staging plan is prepared when a single aircraft should not be loaded only major repositioning of forces is necessary with radios; its loss would result in a major for the conduct of operations. It is based on loss of valuable assets. A detailed unit SOP the loading and air movement plans.

Special Considerations

Some aspects of air assault operations • Enemy air defenses. require special consideration: • Pathfinder requirements (PZ and landing zone (LZ)). AVIATION. .-For air movement, it is necessary to consider: • Enroute command control. • Time for aviation unit planning. • Initial and follow-up resupply. • Locations and quantities of aviation fuel. OBJECTIVES. Normally, enemy • Aircraft availability. forces are selected as objectives, but terrain objectives may be selected when they con- • Time to brief and move the unit. tribute to destruction of enemy forces. Landing zones may be designated as assault objectives for initial assault forces • Weather and visibility conditions. when subsequent lifts are required.

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ENEMY. Information pertaining to determine the organization for combat. The enemy composition and disposition in and first concern is to deliver the required around the landing zones is most important. combat force to the objective as quickly as An estimate can then be made of enemy possible. The air assault division organizes ability to interfere with the assault. Enemy into three echelons to conduct an operation: capability to counterattack the air assault assault, follow-up, and rear echelons. force must also be considered. • The assault echelon consists of units TERRAIN. Factors to be considered in required in the initial stages of the analyzing the terrain for an airmobile operations to seize LZs and objectives. operation are mission, type of operation, size and composition of friendly forces involved, and weapons and equipment ' • The follow-up echelon includes units available to support the operation. Terrain required to sustain the operation. This in the objective area is analyzed to echelon includes combat support and determine where the air assault force can be combat service support units needed in the provided with the best observation, fields of objective area. fire, concealment, and cover. Obstacles to air and ground movement are identified. Key terrain for an airmobile operation in- • The rear echelon contains units or cludes objectives of the assault and subse- elements that are not required in the ob- quent operations, primary and alternate jective area. Normally, this echelon consists landing zones, and emergency landing of combat service support units. zones enroute to the objective. Enemy avenues of approach and air routes in and out of the objective areas are identified. Since the division often will be given multiple missions requiring employment of brigades over widely dispersed areas, each WEATHER. Air assault operations can brigade echelons its assigned units as ap- be conducted in all except the most severe propriate. weather conditions such as ceilings less than 200 feet and visibility less than one quarter mile. Adverse weather and darkness Reserves retained by the division are make navigation more difficult; somewhat small. The attack helicopter battalion is limit tactical air and attack helicopter often held in reserve. Normally, reserves are operations; reduce observation and sur- included in the assault echelon. However, veillance; and may preclude redeployment reserve units may be located outside the or extraction of committed units. However, operational area to provide for flexibility of low-visibility conditions conceal air assault employment. Mobility for reserves is most operations from enemy observation and important. engagement, thus increasing the possibility of achieving surprise. Combat support and combat service support units are attached to the brigades ORGANIZATION for COMBAT. The which they support during the assault. After mission, enemy situation, terrain, troops, the assault, command relationships may be and number and types of aircraft available changed to direct support if necessary.

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LANDING ZONE SELECTION. landing zone, obstacles on the landing zone, Considerations in selecting a landing zone and the weather forecast for the time of the are size, proximity to the objective, and operation must be considered. A com- proximity to enemy units. Landing zones bination of terrain and low ceiling or should be close to objectives. However, changing visibility conditions may preclude assault elements should not be subjected to or temporarily deny the use of some landing immediate enemy ground attack or observed zones, as would unexpected enemy action. fire on landing. Landing assault elements immediately on or adjacent to assault objec- Generally, selected landing zones tives will provide for the most surprise and should be within range of supporting ar- insure that troops are fresh for fighting. tillery. Supporting fires—air and ground— must be able to prevent effective enemy Landing assault elements at a greater operations against an air assault force until distance from the objective, in a more secure a strong foothold is gained in the objective landing zone, may be necessary if the area. terrain or enemy situation does not permit landing on, or immediately adjacent to, the TACTICAL DECEPTION. In order objective. When this is done, it is necessary to achieve surprise and to increase aircraft to assemble the force and move to an attack survivability, a deception plan should be position prior to assaulting the objective. developed. Multiple flight routes, false inser- tions, indirect routes of approach, and false Alternate landing zones are always preparations are a few examples of good selected. Available approaches to the deception techniques.

AIR ASSAULT OPERATIONS

General

Air assault combat operations that may engaged in offensive or defensive be conducted by the air assault division are operations, the dominant characteristic of described in this section. Although the the air assault division is the air assault division possesses neither the degree of capability provided ,by its helicopters. firepower nor the staying ability of armored and mechanized divisions, it is unique in its The air assault division normally is organization, capabilities, and employment. assigned to a corps. It operates from a The division is particularly well suited for position where its mobility permits its use in the restrictive terrain of mountains, urban a variety of missions throughout the corps areas, jungles, and the arctic. Whether area.

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Offensive Operations

MOVEMENT to CONTACT. The air under control of the brigade headquarters. assault division can conduct a movement to When contact is made, the squadron or contact either independently or as part of a attack battalion develops the situation to larger force. During independent operations determine the enemy’s strength and dis- the covering force is normally the air positions. The movement to contact ends cavalry squadron reinforced with attack when the brigades attack. When par- helicopters and artillery. Attack helicopters are most often employed where they can fire ticipating in a movement to contact as part forward of ground systems. The squadron of a larger force, the division is well suited reconnoiters to locate the enemy, while air to conduct covering force, flank guard, assault battalions remain in assembly areas or rear guard operations.

AIR ASSAULT DIVISION MOVEMENT TO CONTACT AS AN INDEPENDENT FORCE

m (+)

Covering force. The air cavalry assembly areas in order to be readily squadron of the air assault division can available for commitment. When contact is overfly rough terrain, find the enemy, and made with the enemy, and after the air develop the situation. Brigades are deployed cavalry has developed the situation, air as necessary to insure the uninterrupted assault battalions are committed to destroy movement of the main body. Two methods the enemy. This is the normal method of may be used by the division to conduct the employment. corps covering force mission: • Brigades, with air cavalry elements • Reinforced air cavalry elements under under their operational control, conduct division control reconnoiter while air covering force operations as the division assault battalions remain in brigade minus moves by bounds behind the leading assembly areas or displace to forward brigades.

8-8 FM 71-101

AIR ASSAULT DIVISION AS COVERING FORCE IN A CORPS MOVEMENT TO CONTACT XXX xx K Çy K 22 +

<7 Kl XX K K K (+) XXX

Flank and rear guard. The air assault deploy. The rear guard follows the main division can perform flank or rear guard body, occupying successive positions. The missions for the corps and protect the main rear guard also screens between flank body from ground observation, direct fire, positions and rear elements of the main and surprise attack. As a guard force, it has body. The division conducts rear guard sufficient combat power to defeat enemy operations by moving from position to reconnaissance forces and to delay an position controlled by phase lines enemy attack until the main body can designated by the main body commander. AIR ASSAULT DIVISION AS CORPS FLANK GUARD IN A CORPS MOVEMENT TO CONTACT ■XXX

XX xx >

A ■XXX

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AIR ASSAULT DIVISION AS CORPS REAR GUARD IN A CORPS MOVEMENT TO CONTACT ■XXX-

XX F m T/ VU — XX— xx

XX. X* XX

■XXX- Si

ATTACK. The division is capable of at- direction or from several directions tacking enemy forces by rapid deployment simultaneously. The ability of the division and redeployment of forces using its air- to concentrate its combat power using mul- mobility and firepower. tiple axes reduces exposure time and increases survivability. Field artillery and Hasty attack. The air assault division close air support are used to suppress enemy conducts the hasty attack by landing in the air defense. The attack helicopter battalion rear or on the flanks of the enemy and is maneuvered to fight as required. assaulting his positions either from a single Counterair air defense artillery operations AIR ASSAULT DIVISION CONDUCTING A HASTY ATTACK* XXX □XX CS =£7

XX O Q>

XXX

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are conducted to prevent enemy air rapidly bypassing resistance to strike deep operations from effectively interfering with into the enemy rear and disrupt his defense. the air assault operation. As the division or corps commander determines that the enemy defense is dis- The great strength of the air assault integrating, he searches for objectives in the division is its ability to rapidly concentrate enemy rear which will facilitate the combat power. Once a hasty attack is destruction of the enemy defense. Command started, momentum is maintained by ad- and control facilities, logistic centers, and ditional air assault operations to reinforce combat support units are ideal objectives for committed units or to redeploy units to other attack by the air assault division. Once critical points. suitable objectives are identified, air assault operations are initiated. The committed force will vary in size from the assault Deliberate attack. The air assault elements of a brigade to the entire division, division is not suitably organized or depending on the size oil the area to be equipped to conduct a deliberate attack secured and the nature of enemy forces to be against an enemy armored or mechanized engaged. force. In a corps deliberate attack, the air assault division could conduct economy of If enemy air defense is such that air force operations, freeing other divisions to assault operations in his rear area will attack. Additionally, the division could be present an unacceptable risk, the division' used to seize key terrain for subsequent can be used in a follow and support role. linkup operations. This frees armored and mechanized units to conduct the exploitation. Exploitation. The division is well suited to Pursuit. The air assault division is well participate in the exploitation, either in- suited to conduct a pursuit. In the pursuit, dependently or as part of a larger force, the division may be used as the direct AIR ASSAULT DIVISION IN THE EXPLOITATION (OR PURSUIT) AS CORPS ENCIRCLING FORCE xxx

Direct n xx Pressure m Force xx >G n XXX

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pressure force, the encircling force, or as the be established on withdrawal routes to trap follow and support force. However, the enemy forces between the encircling force division is best used as the encircling force. and the direct pressure force. Air Force tactical fighter bombers, attack helicopters, and air assault forces can Field artillery and forward arming and repeatedly attack flanks of the withdrawing refueling points (FARPs) should be lifted enemy columns, slowing them, and aiding into encircling force areas as soon as in their destruction. Blocking positions can possible.

Defensive Operations Against an Infantry-Heavy Threat

The air assault division defends against • Employing a brigade headquarters. an infantry-heavy Threat by employing its airmobility to achieve a maneuver ad- • Establishing a provisional head- vantage over the enemy. This advantage quarters under an assistant division com- makes it capable of performing operations mander. in the covering force area, main battle area, and rear area. The method used is based on the: • Number of units assigned to the COVERING FORCE AREA (CFA). The air assault division can conduct covering covering force. force operations for a larger force, or it can • Personnel and equipment available to provide its own covering force forward of its establish a provisional headquarters. assigned main battle area (MBA) sector. The covering force accomplishes its Normally, the covering force consists of mission by placing the majority of its air cavalry, infantry, artillery, engineer, combat units on the most dangerous attack helicopter, and combat support avenues of approach into the covering force helicopter units. Infantry and artillery area. Air cavalry deploys to the front and assigned to the covering force must be provides early warning- of the direction, provided with enough helicopters to move speed, and composition'^óf enemy forces. the entire unit. The covering force is Enemy units are taken under fire as soon as generally organizeid based on the: they are within range of weapons. As the enemy attempts to close with ground units • Number of enemy avenues of ap- of the covering force, the air cavalry, attack proach into the CFA. helicopters, artillery, and close air support provide firepower to enable ground units to • Size and type of enemy forces. displace by air to successive positions. Covering force units destroy enemy units, When the division provides a covering deceive the enemy as to the location of the- force forward of its own sector, it is con- MBA, slow his speed of movement, and trolled by: cause him to mass and divulge his intentions. Units are assigned missions in the • Attaching units employed in the CFA MBA when the covering force mission has to the air cavalry squadron. been completed.

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MAIN BATTLE AREA. The mobility ad- to deploy and pick up air assault infantry vantage which the air assault division has battalions. over enemy infantry-heavy units allows it to defend in MBA sectors substantially larger Delay. The air assault division delays than those assigned the infantry division. by establishing contact with the enemy and The division defends by orienting on the conducting offensive operations that disrupt destruction of advancing enemy forces and and disorganize his attacking formations. fights a series of battles in depth, attacking Air assault forces delay by positioning the enemy from the front, flanks, and rear forces to the front and flanks of the ad- while using minimal forces to maintain vancing enemy. Battalions are moved by air surveillance over the remainder of the to battle positions adjacent to the enemy’s assigned sector. route of advance to force the enemy to divert combat power and reduce his rate of ad- Battle positions are selected and vance, and to cause attrition of the enemy prepared throughout the MBA along likely force. avenues of approach. Primary and alternate The division occupies successive or landing and pickup zones are selected for alternate positions. When delaying on each battle position. When enemy fires successive positions, dedicated helicopter preclude extraction of the air assault bat- support is provided to brigades. talions from battle positions, covered and concealed routes are selected for foot Withdrawal. Secrecy and timing are movement to alternate pickup zones. critical to the success of a withdrawal. Once movement by air has begun and secrecy is Only when absolutely necessary should lost, the withdrawal must be completed as the division direct subordinate echelons to rapidly as possible to deny the enemy an occupy or retain terrain. If there is a opportunity to react. situation in which the retention of terrain is essential to the defense of the entire sector, Withdrawals are supported by all its retention should be specified. available fires, with priority of fires shifting from unit to unit as they withdraw. Field The division performs the reserve and artillery fires are used to suppress enemy rear area security missions against an field and air defense artillery. Close air infantry-heavy force in the same manner as support and attack helicopters can be used against an armor-heavy force. as a covering force to assist in the disengagement of ground forces. DELAY and WITHDRAWAL. The air Priority fires are planned with smoke assault division is well suited to delay, and improved conventional munitions cover, or screen the withdrawal of a larger (ICMs) to support pickup of units. Close air force. It can protect the flank of the larger support and attack helicopters are used to force or conduct spoiling attacks against the blunt enemy attacks or relieve enemy advancing enemy. pressure. Air cavalry disrupts enemy attacks by engaging the enemy from the front Success of air assault division delay and flanks and interdicting his movement. and withdrawal operations depends on the Electronic warfare operations are conducted ability of the division to move ground forces against enemy firè control communication by air. The division must retain the ability links.

8-13 FM 71—101

If at all possible, pickup of ground units withdrawn in a single lift, the main body of takes place under conditions of reduced the ground force is withdrawn under cover visibility. If enough lift helicopters are provided by security elements. Security available, the entire force is picked up elements are then withdrawn in one lift. simultaneously. When the force cannot be

Defensive Operations Against an Armor-Heavy Threat

The air assault division is not well and mechanized units. The remainder of the suited to perform a defensive operation division is not suited for covering force against mounted forces on terrain favorable operations. to mounted operations. However, the division can effectively operate in the MAIN BATTLE AREA. The division is restrictive terrain of built-up areas or moun- not well suited to defend against armored tains. and mechanized forces. If it is used to defend against such forces, it should be The air assault division can conduct the employed in restrictive terrain not favorable following operations on the armored and to employment of armor formations. The mechanized battlefield in support of larger division can be well employed in built-up unit defensive operations: areas, rough mountainous terrain, and heavily forested areas. Elements of the • Main battle area operations in division can be employed as a reserve, for restrictive terrain. example, the attack helicopter battalion. • Economy of force or reserve. ECONOMY OF FORCE. The division defends in an economy of force role by • Rear area operations. deploying units in depth on the avenues of approach through the sector. The air • Flank security operations. cavalry squadron screens areas where enemy attack is possible but unlikely. The • Limited-objective counterattack op- division defends by repositioning combat erations or raids. units to counter the major enemy thrust. After engaging the enemy, and prior to the • Delay and withdrawal operations. enemy’s closing on battle positions, units are picked up from predesignated PZs and • Seizure of cross FEBA objectives for organized in depth. The division essentially linkup operations. conducts a delay. Field artillery is repositioned by air and massed as required. COVERING FORCE AREA. The attack This procedure is repeated as necessary to helicopter battalion and the air cavalry halt the enemy advance. Dedicated aviation squadron of the air assault division are well units support brigades. Initially, the attack suited for employment in covering force helicopter battalion is employed under operations when employed with armored division control. Once the main attack

8-14 FM 71—101

develops, the attack helicopter battalion, or area, conducting aerial surveillance of some of its companies, may be placed under designated areas, and deploying forces on the operational control of the forward order. Possible enemy landing sites are brigades. Reserve battalions of the division reconnoitered, and likely enemy objectives are rapidly transported to threatened areas by helicopter. are identified. From the resulting analysis, plans are developed and coordinated to RESERVE. The air assault division can be counter possible attacks in the corps rear used as a reserve for a corps or larger force. area. Normally, the reserve will be organized with combinations of the following units: FLANK SECURITY. The division can screen the flank of a corps or larger force • Air assault battalions. conducting a defense. Flank security for divisions employed in the main battle area • Attack helicopter battalion. normally is provided by the divisional armored cavalry squadrons. However, when • Air cavalry squadron. the mission exceeds the capability of these squadrons, the air assault division may be • Field artillery battalions. employed. The air cavalry squadron, rein- • Aviation group battalions. forced with attack helicopters and field artillery, normally will be the force used in flank screening missions. REAR AREA. The air assault division conducts rear area combat operations in coordination with the rear area operations The squadron gains and maintains center (RAOC) of the corps support contact with the enemy, reporting infor- command (COSCOM). The division will mation about his size, disposition, location, seldom be assigned to the COSCOM, but and movement speed. The division selects because of its location in the corps rear area, positions between the enemy force and the it may be assigned a rear area security flank of the corps, and employs brigades to mission. The air assault division assists in the security of the corps rear area by: delay and destroy the enemy force within its capability. When possible, brigades deploy • Conducting surveillance of assigned on terrain that restricts movement of ar- areas of the corps rear area. mored vehicles. This allows the air assault battalions to be employed in depth along • Providing forces to counter enemy avenues of approach through the area. airborne, airmobile, or guerrilla operations. • Defending threatened fixed in- LIMITED-OBJECTIVE OPERATIONS. stallations. The division can conduct limited-objective attacks against enemy facilities and lines of The division conducts rear area combat communication. For example, it can be used operations by locating forces in dispersed to seize key terrain, bridges, and mountain assembly areas throughout the corps rear passes to facilitate offensive operations.

8-15 FM 71-101

RAIDS. Airmobile raids are conducted to DELAY and WITHDRAWAL. During the accomplish a specific mission with no intent conduct of delay and withdrawal of holding the area. They can be conducted operations, the air assault division will use to: an aggressive combination of rapid battlefield movements combined with offensive maneuvers against the enemy • Harass, deceive, or disrupt the enemy force. and preclude his concentration of forces in another area. Delay. The air assault division delays with forces weighted with armor-defeating • Obtain information of enemy in- weapon systems. In order to reduce lift stallations, units, or activities. requirements and speed movement from preselected PZs, nonessential infantry • Disrupt enemy command and control. forces are moved into assembly areas and lift units are prepositioned. Offensive operations are conducted to disrupt and • Capture personnel or materiel. disorganize enemy formations, forcing the enemy to switch from his approach march Raids are characterized by rapid formation to a hasty attack formation. The movement to gain surprise and by rapid delivery of accurate and heavy antitank withdrawal to avoid decisive engagement. fires may force the enemy to deploy for a Examples of raid objectives are: deliberate attack. There are two ways to delay: on successive positions or on • Command posts. alternate positions. • Successive positions. This requires • Communications centers. terrain that provides concealed helicopter egress routes from position to position. • Airfields and their facilities. Armor-defeating systems are echeloned to provide continuous covering fires for one • Key enemy personnel. another during displacement. • Alternate positions. Using this type of • Supply installations. delay, the time available to relocate is increased, and the control of helicopter units • Conventional, nuclear, and chemical will be more centralized. When possible, weapons delivery means and storage areas. alternate positions on the flanks of the attacking force are selected. • Prisoner of war compounds. Withdrawal. An air assault division withdrawing under enemy pressure nor- • Targets of intelligence interest. mally will use close air support, attack helicopters, and field artillery to assist in The steps in planning and preparing for disengaging. a raid closely parallel those required for an air assault; however, time is normally Elements (task-organized with armor- available for rehearsals and detailed defeating weapon systems) will cover the planning. withdrawal of air assault infantry.

8-16 FM 71-101

Priority of supporting fires shifts from tracted first, followed by armor-defeating unit to unit as forces redeploy to new weapons. positions. Field artillery, close air support, and mortars are used to attack enemy field artillery, air defense units, and advancing CROSS FEBA OPERATIONS. The air maneuver units using a mix of smoke and assault division is ideally suited to conduct improved conventional munitions (ICMs). attacks to seize objectives across the FEBA When withdrawing without enemy as a means of transition to the offense and pressure, air assault battalions are ex- subsequent linkup.

Fire Support During Air Assault Operations

Fire support in the air assault division scheduled or on call. Both types of fires differs slightly from that in the armored or must be planned and timed in such a mechanized divisions. Because of the manner that continuous coverage of the reduced amount of field artillery organic to landing zone and its approaches is provided air assault units, close air support, naval throughout the assault. gunfire, or additional field artillery may be necessary. If landing zones and operational Air defense suppressive fires are areas are beyond the range of indirect fire planned against known or suspected targets weapons located behind friendly lines, air along the flight route in support of the air assault artillery may be positioned to movement and staging plans. support maneuver forces. Mortars that move with the assault force assume increased Defensive fires may be required around importance because they are usually the pickup zones to support loading operations. first organic indirect fire support means High-angle fire on enemy positions may be available to the commander. used to allow armed aircraft to conduct their missions while flying under field artillery Fire planning for air assault operations fires. is initiated on receipt of the mission and continues concurrently with the maneuver Fires to support an assault may be planning sequence. Supporting fires are planned, in many instances, on the basis of planned and coordinated so that fire suspected target locations rather than support is provided throughout the known target locations. All intelligence- operation. Offensive and defensive fires are gathering agencies should be exploited in planned to support the force as it maneuvers order to acquire the best target information in accordance with the ground tactical plan. possible. The air assault force is most vulnerable Firing batteries can be rapidly shifted during landing and assembly. Preparatory about the air assault battlefield to insure fires in support of the landing may be fire support to maneuver units.

8-17 FM 71-101 COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT General Unique aspects of combat service helicopter battalion CH—47s to resupply support in the air assault division are: forward of the brigade trains.

• The requirement to transport, store, • The requirement to employ forward and issue large quantities of JP-4. area refueling equipment (FARE) and (FARPs) forward of the brigade trains. Such • Heavy requirements for class IXA. employment increases aircraft station time in the target area. • Transportation capability in the divison Supply and service battalion is less • Utilization of the assault support than that found in other types of divisions.

Supply and Maintenance In the event of a contingency or an daily expenditure of all classes of supply for airhead operation, all division elements each unit. Since organic ground transpor- deploy to the area of operations with tation is extremely limited; supplies should prescribed amounts of all classes of accom- be “throughput” by supporting corps panying supplies. During initial phases of elements to the lowest possible level. deployment, these supplies are the only Requests for follow-up supplies are in- source of resupply. A source of emergency itiated by the battalion S4 and are resupply is normally available but will likely be limited to classes I, III, and V. forwarded through the FASCO to the division support command (DISCOM). Ap- Accompanying supplies are further proved requests are then forwarded by the divided into unit, forced, and reserve accom- most expeditious means to the rear echelon panying supplies. Unit supplies include the where the G4 establishes a priority for basic load of ammunition and prescribed delivery. Requests are either routine or loads of other classes of supply. They are emergency. Routine requests require packaged and loaded by the unit, parried by delivery in 24 to 72 hours; while emergency individual soldiers, or prepared for airdrop. requests require delivery in less than 24 Loading, issue, and control of these supplies hours. The movement control center (MCC) are the receiving unit’s responsibility. coordinates movement utilizing either internal support (helicopter, trucks) or ex- Forced supplies are bulk supplies of all ternal support (Air Force or corps transpor- classes which provide a backup for unit tation). Automatic follow-up supply is based supplies during the early stages of the on consumption estimates and may not operation. Issue is the responsibility of the contain the exact quantities required by deployed forces. Use of automatic follow-up S4 of the deploying force. Some supplies of supply for an extended period can create all classes are kept in reserve for the division. excesses or shortages in different supply categories. Follow-up is either automatic or on-call Routine supply should be initiated as and is based on thè G4’s estimate of the soon as possible. The DISCOM commander

8-18 FM 71-101

directs the conversion to routine supply and • A forward maintenance company bases his decision on the tactical situation with attached missile maintenance sections and logistical status of the division. When which provide: routine supply is initiated, units requisition supplies using normal supply procedures. Direct support maintenance for ground missile equipment within the task Each brigade, when committed, and its force. < attached and supporting units will be supported by the following units located in or Class IX forward distribution point for near the brigade trains area or split between ground and missile equipment. the trains area and the airhead operation: Forward maintenance and salvage collection points. A forward area support coordinator (FASCO). Evacuation of ground and missile equipment requiring GS maintenance. A forward service support element consisting of: • A forward aircraft maintenance detachment from the division’s transpor- • A medical company which provides: tation aircraft maintenance battalion which can provide direct support maintenance Ground and aeromedical evacuation. during separate brigade operations or when Patient treatment and evaluation. otherwise necessary.

Forward distribution point for Class Under normal circumstances, combat VIII supplies. service support (CSS) elements provide combat service support on an area basis. Maintenance support for medical- Command control is with the parent bat- peculiar equipment. talion or command. Operations are coordinated by the FASCO. In the event of • A forward supply and service separate brigade or battalion operations, company which provides: CSS elements operate under the command of the FASCO. The FASCO and a light Forward distribution points for forward service support element (FSSE) Classes I and III. normally deploy on an airhead operation. When the parent organization of the CSS One or more water points. element arrives, command control reverts to the parent battalion or command. One or more bath points (when augmented). The forward support company of the direct support (DS) maintenance battalion A clothing exchange point (when (ground) provides DS maintenance for all augmented). ground equipment and serves as a base of supply for ground equipment repair parts A graves registration collection point and common hardware-type items. The (when augmented). transportation aircraft maintenance bat-

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talion (DS) provides direct support within or close to the main division maintenance to all divisional units that do maintenance collection point. not have aviation unit maintenance (AVUM); additionally, it has the capability Since replacements in certain low- to provide backup DS maintenance to all density aircraft maintenance MOSs are not units with AVUM, and it serves as a base of always readily available, the division supply for aviation-related repair parts. should requisition personnel in time to allow Salvage collection points are established by their integration into units before the ground maintenance battalion normally operations begin.

Transportation

Due to significant differences in the Personnel from these sections are organized equipment available, the extended operating to form the DISCOM movement office. In distances, the rapidly changing tactical each of the brigade support areas, the situations, and the isolated nature of air movement element is located with the assault operations, transportation for CSS FASCO. The DISCOM movement control operations must be centrally controlled in center controls division transportation used the air assault division. The air assault for combat service support. The DISCOM division’s primary CSS transportation movement office coordinates with the means is its helicopters which are provided division materiel management center by the division’s aviation group and, for (DMMC) or main S&S company and the CSS operations sorties, are controlled by the division Adjutant General concerning DISCOM movement control center (MCC). arrival of resupply and replacements in the One platoon of light cargo trucks from the division support area or the brigade support DISCOM supply and service (S&S) bat- area. Shipments may arrive by motor or air talion is also available. transport. Any requirement to support the division which exceeds the transportation The basic functions of planning and capabilities (air and motor transport) coordinating transportation support of CSS allocated to the DISCOM for combat service operations are the same as those described support is reported to the division transpor- in chapter 6. Requests for movement are tation officer (DTO), who is a special staff processed through logistic channels from officer working for the G4. The DTO re- the unit S4 through the FASCO to the MCC quests additional support from the corps in the same manner as in the infantry through movement control channels in the division. DISCOM staff transportation per- same manner as in other divisions. sonnel are located in the command section and the security, plans-operations section of Preplanned tactical airlift support is headquarters and headquarters company. requested as described in chapter 6.

8-20 APPENDIX A REFERENCES

FM 5-100 Engineer Combat Operations

FM 6-20 Fire Support in Combined Arms Operations

FM 6-20-2 Division Artillery, Field Artillery Brigade, and Field Artillery Section (Corps)*

FM 7-20 The Infantry Battalion (Infantry, Airborne, Air Assault, Ranger)

FM 7-30 Infantry, Airborne, and Air Assault Brigade Operations*

FM 10-63 Handling of Deceased Personnel in Theaters of Operation

FM 11-50 Combat Communications within the Division

FM 17-50 Attack Helicopter Operations

FM 17—95 Cavalry

FM 30-5 Combat Intelligence

FM 44—1 US Army Air Defense Artillery Employment

FM 44-3 Air Defense Artillery Employment, Chaparral/ Vulcan

FM 54-2 The Division Support Command and Separate Brigade Support Battalion

FM 57-1/AFM 2-51 US Army/US Air Force Doctrine for Air- borne Operations

FM 71-2 The Tank and Mechanized Infantry Bat- talion Task Force

FM 71-3 Armored and Mechanized Brigade Opera- tions* *To be published

A-l FM 71-101

FM 71-100 Armored and Mechanized Division Operations

FM 90-2 Tactical Deception

FM 90-3 Desert Operations

FM 90-4 Airmobile Operations*

FM 90-5 Jungle Operations*

FM 90-6 Mountain Operations*

FM 90-7 Obstacles *

FM 90-10 Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain

FM 90-11 Operations in Cold Weather*

FM 90-13 River Crossing Operations

FM 90-14 Rear Area Combat Operations *

FM 100-5 Operations

FM 100-10 Combat Service Support

FM 100-15 Corps Operations*

FM 100-26 The Army Air-Ground Operations System *

FM 101-5 Staff Organization and Operation *

FM 101-5-1 Operational Terms and Graphics *

FM 101-10-1 Staff Officers’ Field Manual—Organiza- tional, Technical, and Logistic Data

TC 100-33 Division Electronic Warfare Operations

To be published

A-2 APPENDIX B

IMPLEMENTED AND RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION AGREEMENTS

International Standardization Agreements Implemented by FM 71-101 NATO CENTO ABCA STANAG STANAG QSTAG TITLE

2082 2082 — Relief of Combat Troops

2868 — — Land Force Tactical Doctrine (ATP-35)

International Standardization Agreements Relevant to FM 71-101 NATO CENTO ABCA STANAG STANAG QSTAG TITLE

2014 2014 506 Operation Orders, Annexes to Operations Orders, Administrative and Logistics Orders

2017 2017 508 Orders to the Demolition Guard Commander and Demolition Firing Party Commander

2019 2019 509 Military Symbols

2034 2034 516 Ammunition Supply Procedure

2036 2036 518 Land Minefield Laying, Recording, Reporting and Marking Procedures

B-l FM 71—101

NATO CENTO ABCA STANAG STANAG QSTAG TITLE

2070 2070 Emergency War Burial Procedures

2088 2088 182 Battlefield Illumination

2099 2099 Fire Coordination in Support of Land Forces

2101 2101 Principles and Procedures for Establishing Liaison

2109 181 Postal Organization for the NATO Armed Forces in Wartime

2129 2129 Recognition and Identification of Forces on the Battlefield

2135 Procedures for Requesting and Providing Logistics Assistance

2259 178 Terrain

2355 Procedures for the Employment of Helicopters in the Anti-Armor Role in Support of Ground Forces

2861 Procedures for the Recovery of Ground Aircraft

2889 Marking of Hazardous Areas and Routes Through Them

2904 Air-Mobile Operations (ATP-41)

3700 NA TO Tactical A ir Doctrine (A TP-33)

3736 Offensive Air Support Operations (A TP-27)

B-2 Index

Accompanying supplies; 7-15, 8-18 Assault breach; 4-13 Administrative logistics net; 6-16 Assault echelon; 7-6, 8-6 Advance guard; 4-7, 4-8 Assault phase; 7-8 Advance to contact; 4-6 Assembly area; 4-26, 4-27, 5-12, 5-13 Aid station; 6-14 Assistant division commanders; 3-2 Air assault division; i, 1-2, 8-1 thru 8-20 Attack; 4-6, 4-10 thru 4-12 Aviation; 8-5 Deliberate; 4-11 Capabilities; 8-2 Hasty; 4-10 Limitations; 8-3 Attack helicopter units; 3-16, 3-17 Method of employment; 8-3 Attack of occupied objective; 4-18 Objectives; 8-5 Automatic data processing equipment; 6-16 Organization; 8-2 Avenue of approach; 5-9 Organization for combat; 8-6 Aviation; 8-5 Operations; 8-1, 8-7 thru 8-17 Aviation unit maintenance; 8-20 Planning for combat operations; 8-3 Axis of advance; 4-26, 4-27 Special considerations; 8-5 Air avenues of approach; 8-4 Airborne division; i, 7-1 thru 7-17 Capabilities; 7-2 Limitations; 7-3 Method of employment; 7-3 Basic load; 6-3, 6-4 Operational terms; 7-7, 7-8 Battalions; 3-14 Organization; 7-1 Battlefield air interdiction; 3-20 thru 3-23 Organization for combat; 7-6, 7-7 Battle groups; 1-2 Planning for combat operations; 7-4, 7-5 Battle positions; 5-12, 5-13, 8-13 Air cavalry squadron; 3-16 Boundaries; 4-26, 4-27, 5-12, 5-13 Air defense; 3-26 thru 3-29, 5-11, 7-9 Breaching; 4-13 Air-ground operations center; 3-24 Brigade trains; 6-2, 6-3, 6-5 Airhead; 7-8 Air interdiction; 3-20 thru 3-23 Airland; 7-6, 7-11 Air (liaison officer; 3-24 Air mission commander; 8-3 Airmobile division; 1-2 CEWI battalion; 3-13 Air novement plan; 7-5, 8-4 Checkpoints; 4-26, 4-27, 5-12, 5-13 Air/naval gunfire liaison company; 3-26 Chemical fire planning; 3-19 Amnunition supply officer; 6-5 Close air support; 3-20 thru 3-23 Ammunition supply point; 6-4, 6-5 Combat commands; 1-1 Approach/advance to contact; 4-6 Combat information; 3-8 thru 3-13 Areal air defense commander; 3-29 Combat intelligence; 3-8 thru 3-13 Areal of operations; 7-7 Combat power; 3-4 Arming the system; 6-3 thru 6-5 Combat service support; 3-30, 6-1 thru 6-17, 7-14 Planning; 6-3, 6-4 thru 7-17, 8-3, 8-18 thru 8-20 Resupply; 6-4, 6-5 Casualties; 6-14 Army ^aircraft; 7-9 Classes of supply; 6-12 Armored division; i Clearing station; 6-14

Index-1 I FM 71-101

Combat support hospital; 6-14 Division support area; 3-34, 6-7, 6-8 Command and control; 6-16 Division support command; 6-1 thru 6-3, 6-5 thru Controlled supply rate; 6-3, 6-4 6-7, 6-10, 6-13, 8-18, 8-20 COSCOM; 6-2 thru 6-11 Division tactical command post; 3-31, 3-32 Commander, the; 3-1 Division tactical operations center net; 3-37 Commander’s concept; 3-5 Division transportation officer; 6-13, 8-20 Command post operations; 3-31 thru 3-37 Doctrinal templates; 3-10 thru 3-12 Communications; 3-34 thru 3-36 Concealment; 3-3 Concentration of forces; 4-4, 5-4 Contact points; 4-26, 4-27, 5-12, 5-13 Control measures; 4-21, 4-26, 4-27, 5-12, 5-13 Echelon; 7-6, 8-6 Coordinated fire lines; 4-26, 4-27, 5-12, 5-13 Economy of force; 8-14 Coordinating points; 4-26, 4-27, 5-12, 5-13 Electronic counter-countermeasures; 3-13, 4-4 Counterair operations; 3-20, 3-21 Electronic countermeasures; 3-13, 4-4 Counterfire operations; 3-19, 5-11 Electronic warfare support measures; 3-13, 4-4 Countermobility operations; 4-6, 4-15, 5-14, 5-15 Emergency requests; 8-18 Counterpreparation fires; 3-17 Encircling force; 8-12 Cover; 3-3 Enemy; 7-4, 8-6 Covering force; 4-7, 4-8, 5-5, 5-6, 5-8, 5-20 thru 5- Enemy situation; 3-3, 8-6 22, 8-8 Engineers; 3-29, 7-9 Covering force area; 5-5, 5-6, 5-8, 8-12, 8-14 Envelopment; 4-22, 4-23 Cross FEBA operations; 8-17 Estimate; 3-5 Estimate of the situation; 3-2 Evacuation; 6-9, 6-10, 6-14 Evacuation hospital; 6-14 Event indicators; 3-11 Event templates; 3-10 thru 3-12 Deception; 8-7 Existing obstacles; 4-12, 4-13, 5-14 Decisionmaking process; 3-2 thru 3-5 Exploit advantages of the defender,5-4, 5-5 Defense; 5-1 thru 5-22, 8-12 thru 8-15 Exploitation; 4-6, 4-12, 8-11 Active; 5-1 Concept; 5-1 Position; 5-1 Fundamentals; 5-3 thur 5-5 Defensive operations against an armor-heavy FASO AM; 4-15, 5-6 threat; 7-11, 8-14, 8-15 Feints; 4-20 Defensive operations against an infantry-heavy Field artillery; 3-18, 3-19, 5-11, 7-8 threat; 7-10, 7-11, 8-12 thru 8-14 Fields of fire; 3-3 Delay operations; 5-18, 5-19, 8-13, 8-16 Fight as a combined arms team; 5-4 Deliberate attack; 4-10 thru 4-12, 8-11 Finance; 6-15 Deliberate breach; 4-5, 4-13 Fire support; 8-3, 8-17 Deliberate crossing; 4-13, 4-14 Fire support coordination lines; 3-20, 4-26, 4-27 Demonstrations; 4-20 Fire support coordinator; 3-19 Direct pressure force; 8-11 Fire support teams; 3-18 Displays; 3-8, 4-20 Fixing the system; 6-8 Division Flank guard; 4-7, 4-8, 8-8, 8-9 History; 1-1, 1-2 Flank security force; 4-10, 8-15 Organization; 1-2, 1-3 FM 5—100; 3-29 Types; i FM 6—20; 3-19 Division airspace management element; 3-25 FM 6-20—2; 3-26 Division command operations net; 3-35 FM 7—20; 3-16 Division intelligence net; 3-36 FM 7—30; i Division main command post; 3-32,, 3-33' FM 10—63; 6-15 Division materiel management cinterf 6-6, 8-20 FM 11—50; 3-37 Division operations net; 3-36 FM 17-50; 6-9 Division reserve; 7-10 FM 17—95; 3-16

Index-2 FM 71-101

FM 44—1: 3-26 Organization; 1-2 FM 44-3; 3-29 Strength; 1-4 FM 54-2; 6-3 Vulnerabilities; 1-5 FM 71-2; 5-9 Infiltration; 4-2, 4-18 FM 71—3; 5-9 Informal fire support planning; 3-19 FM 71-100; i, 5-1, 5-6 Initial delay position; 5-21 FM 90—7; 3-29, 4-13, 5-14 Intelligence preparation of the battlefield; 3-9 FM 90—13; 3-29, 4-13 FM 90-14; 6-17 FM 100—5; 1-2 FM 100-26; 3-24 FM 101-5; 3-5 Jamming; 3-13 FM 101—5—1; 5-12 FM 101—10—1; 6-4 Follow and support force; 8-12 Follow-up echelon; 7-6, 8-6 Follow-up supplies; 7-15, 8-18 Korean War; 1-1 Force supplies; 7-15, 8-18 Forces available; 3-4, 7-5 Formal fire support planning; 3-19 Forward air controllers; 3-24 Landing zone selection; 8-7 Forward arming and refueling point; 3-17, 6-9, 6- Landing plan; 7-5, 8-4 18, 8-18 Forward edge of battle area; 2-6, 4-21, 5-9, 5-12, 5- Legal services; 6-15 Limitations; 8-3 13 Forward area refueling equipment; 8-18 Limited-objective operations; 4-19, 8-15 Limited-visibility operations; 4-17 thru 4-19, 5-16 Forward area support coordinator; 3-30, 6-3, 8-18, Limits of advance; 4-26, 4-27 8-19 Line of contact; 4-26 Forward line of own troops; 3-20, 3-26 Forward service support element; 8-19 Lines of departure; 4-26, 4-27 Fragmentary order; 3-6 Linkup; 7-12, 7-13 Loading plan; 8-5 Fueling the system; 6-6 thru 6-8 Aviation fuel; 6-8 Long-range trends; 1-2 Plan development; 6-7 Low-altitude parachute extraction system; 7-6 Planning; 6-6 Fundamentals of offensive operations; 4-3 thru 4- 6 Fundamentals of organizing field artillery; 3-19 Main battle area; 5-5 thru 5-7, 8-12 thru 8-14 Main body; 4-7, 4-9, 5-20 Maintenance; 7-16, 8-18 Manning; 7-14 Graves registration; 6-15, 7-17 Marshaling plan; 7-5 General staff; 3-2 Materiel management center; 6-6 Ground tactical commander; 8-3 Mechanized division; i Ground tactical plan; 7-4, 7-5, 8-3 Medical; 6-14, 7-17 Military Airlift Command; 6-13 Mission analysis; 3-3 Mission-type orders; 4-22 Missions; 7-4, 8-3 Hasty attack; 4-5, 4-10, 4-11 Mobility operations; 4-6, 4-12, 4-13, 5-14 Hasty crossing; 4-13, 4-14 Morale; 3-5 Movement capabilities; 6-3 Movement control center; 8-18, 8-20 Movement control officer; 6-13 Infantry division; i Movement to contact; 4-6 thru 4-9, 8-8, 8-9 Concept of employment; 1-3 thru 1-5 Movement to more favorable position; 4-18

Index-3 FM 71-101

Naval gunfire support; 3-26 Raid; 4-19, 4-20, 8-16 Nuclear fire planning; 3-19 Rear area; 5-5, 5-7, 8-15 Nuclear package; 3-19 Rear area operations center; 6-17, 8-15 Rear area security; 6-17 Rear echelon; 7-6, 8-6 Rear guard; 4-7 thru 4-9, 8-8, 8-9 Rear security force; 4-10 Reconnaissance in force; 4-19 Objectives; 4-26, 4-27, 8-5 Recreation services; 6-15 Obscuration smoke; 4-16, 5-15 References; B-l, B-2 Observation; 3-3 Reinforcing obstacles; 4-12, 4-13, 5-14 Obstacles; 3-3, 5-14 Release point; 4-26, 4-27, 5-12, 5-13 Offensive air support; 3-20 Relief in place; 5-17 Offensive operations; 4-1 thru 4-27, 8-8 thru 8-12 Religious services; 6-15 Concept; 4-1 thru 4-3 Repair parts supply; 6-8 Fundamentals; 4-3 thru 4-6 Reports; 3-7, 3-8 Preparation for; 4-21 thru 4-27 Report line; 5-12 Types; 4-6 thru 4-21 Required supply rate; 6-3, 6-4 Offensive smoke operations; 4-16 Reserves; 7-10, 8-3, 8-6, 8-15 On-call fires; 8-17 Reserve supplies; 8-18 Operations; 7-8 Restrictive fire area; 5-12, 5-13 Operations order; 3-6 Resupply; 6-4, 6-5 Operations security; 3-13, 3-34 River crossings; 4-13 thru 4-15 Orders; 3-6 Characteristics; 4-14 Orders group; 3-6 Equipment; 4-15 Organization of defensive battlefield; 5-5, 5-6 Route of march; 5-12, 5-13 Organizing covering forces; 5-8 Routes of advance; 4-26, 4-27 Organizing for combat; 3-14, 7-6 Routes of communications; 3-3 Organizing MBA forces; 5-9 Routes of movement; 3-3 Overlays; 3-12 Routine requests; 8-18 Overwhelm and destroy the enemy; 4-5 Routine supply; 7-15, 7-16, 8-18, 8-19 Ruses; 4-20

Parachute assault; 7-8 Parachute drop; 7-6, 7-7 Scheduled fires; 8-17 Passage of lines; 4-10, 4-21 Scheme of maneuver; 4-21, 4-22 Passage points; 4-26, 4-27 Screening smoke; 4-16, 5-15 Penetration; 4-22, 4-24, 4-25 Sector; 5-12 Personal staff; 3-2 Security force; 7-9 Phase lines; 4-26, 4-27, 5-12, 5-13 See the battlefield; 4-3, 4-4, 5-3 Place of attack; 4-21, 4-22 Services provided by COSCOM; 6-15 Plans; 3-6, 7-4, 7-5, 8-3 Shortfall solutions; 6-3 Position defense; 5-1 Siting of air defense weapons; 3-27, 3-28 Postal service; 6-15 Situational templates; 3-10 thru 3-12 Preconfiguring loads; 6-5 Smoke munitions; 3-18 Predesignated target zone; 3-24, 3-25 Smoke operations; 4-6, 4-16, 5-15 Preparation for combat; 3-1 thru 3-37 Special staff; 3-2 Preparatory fires; 3-19 Staff estimate; 3-5 Preparing for defensive operations; 5-7 thru 5-13 Staff journal; 3-8 Preparing for offensive operations; 4-21 thru 4-27 Staff operations; 3-5 Prepositioning; 6-5 Staff, the; 3-2 Preventive maintenance; 6-8 Staging plan; 8-5 Provide continuous support; 4-5, 4-6 Standardization agreements; A-l, A-2 Pursuit; 4-6, 4-12, 8-11, 8-12 Start point; 4-26, 4-27, 5-12, 5-13

Index-4 FM 71-101

Strengths; 1-3, 1-4 Reserve; 2-9 Strongpoints; 5-10 Retrograde operations; 2-11 Subsistence; 6-3 Security zone; 2-17 Supply; 6-12, 6-13, 7-15, 8-18 Soldiers; 2-2 Supply point distribution; 6-12 Supporting attack; 2-15 Suppression of enemy defensive fires; 4-5 Tactical features; 2-3 Suppressing fires; 3-19 Tactics; 2-2, 2-3 Suppression of enemy air defenses; 3-36 Throughput; 6-5, 6-13, 8-18 Sustaining the battle; 6-5 Time and place of attack; 4-21, 4-22 Timing the withdrawal; 5-22 Trailer transfer points; 6-5 Trains; 6-2 Transportation; 6-13, 7-16, 8-20 Tables of organization and equipment; 3-14 Type loads; 6-5 TACFIRE; 3-19 Types of offensive operations; 4-6 thru 4-21 Tactical air control parties; 3-24 Tactical air reconnaissance operations; 3-20 thru 3-23 Tactical air support; 3-20 thru 3-26 Tactical airlift operations; 3-20, 3-21 Tactical deception operations; 4-20, 8-7 Understand the enemy; 5-13 Target acquisition sources; 3-18 Unit distribution; 6-12 Task organization; 4-21, 4-25, 8-3 Unit supplies; 8-18 Use of fighting elements; 3-16 Templates; 3-9 thru 3-12 Terrain; 3-3, 7-4, 7-5, 8-6 Terrain reinforcement; 3-4, 5-2 Threat forces; 2-1 thru 2-17 Breakthrough; 2-14 thru 2-16 Cardinal ideas; 2-1 Vietnam War; 1-2 Defensive belts; 2-17 Vulnerabilities; 1-3, 1-5 Defensive operation; 2-9, 2-10, 2-16, 2-17 Depths; 2-10, 2-17 Deliberate attack; 2-6 thru 2-8, 2-14 Deliberate defense; 2-17 Echelon ment; 2-3 Frontages; 2-8, 2-10, 2-16, 2-17 Warning order; 3-6 Hasty attack; 2-6, 2-7 Water points; 6-13 Hasty defense; 2-17 Weapon system replacement operations; 6-11 Infantry-heavy organization; 2-4, 2-5 Weapon systems of the infantry division; 3-15 Infantry operations; 2-6 thru 2-11 Weather; 3-4, 7-5, 8-6 Leaders; 2-2 Withdrawal operations; 5-19 thru 5-22, 8-13, 8-14, Main attack; 2-15 8-16, 8-17 Mechanized operations; 2-14, 2-15 World War I; 1-1 Mechanized organization; 2-12, 2-13 World War II; 1-1 Meeting engagement; 2-6, 2-7, 2-14 Mobile defense; 2-10 Offensive operations; 2-6 thru 2-9, 2-14, 2-15 One point, two sides; 2-7 Position defense; 2-10 Zone of attack; 4-26, 8-3 Pursuit; 2-14, 2-16, 2-19 Zone of interest; 3-8

Index-5 3000021061 26 MARCH 1980

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

E. C. MEYER General, United States Army Chief of Staff

Official:

J. C. PENNINGTON Major General, United States Army The Adjutant Genera!

DISTRIBUTION:

Active Army and USAR. To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-11 A&B, Requirements for the Inf Bde; Tactical Sig Communications Systems, Army Corps, and Division; Divisional Armored and Air Cavalry Units; the Division Support Command and Separate Bde Support Bn; US Army/US Air Force Doctrine for Airborne Operations; The Division; Operations of Army Forces in the Field; and Combat Service Support (Qty rqr block no. 80, 106, 131,380, 399, 404, 405 and 406.J

ARNG: To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 1 2-11B, Requirements for The Division (Qty rqr block no. 404).

Additional copies can be requisitioned from the US Army Adjutant General Publications Center, 2800 Eastern Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21220.