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Australia and Cyber-Warfare AUSTRALIA AND CYBER-WARFARE AUSTRALIA AND CYBER-WARFARE Gary Waters, Desmond Ball and Ian Dudgeon Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at: http://epress.anu.edu.au/cyber_warfare_citation.html National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Author: Waters, Gary, 1951- Title: Australia and cyber-warfare / Gary Waters ; Desmond Ball ; Ian Dudgeon. ISBN: 9781921313790 (pbk.) 9781921313806 (pdf.) Series: Canberra papers on strategy and defence ; no. 168 Subjects: Information warfare--Australia. Command and control systems--Australia. Military telecommunication. Other Authors/Contributors: Ball, Desmond, 1947- Dudgeon, Ian. Australian National University. Strategic and Defence Studies Centre. Dewey Number: 355.033094 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. The Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence series is a collection of publications arising principally from research undertaken at the SDSC. Canberra Papers have been peer reviewed since 2006. All Canberra Papers are available for sale: visit the SDSC website at <http://rspas. anu.edu.au/sdsc/canberra_papers.php> for abstracts and prices. Electronic copies (in pdf format) of most SDSC Working Papers published since 2002 may be downloaded for free from the SDSC website at <http://rspas.anu.edu.au/sdsc/working_papers.php>. The entire Working Papers series is also available on a ‘print on demand’ basis. Strategic and Defence Studies Centre Publications Program Advisory Review Panel: Emeritus Professor Paul Dibb; Professor Desmond Ball; Professor David Horner; Professor Hugh White; Professor William Tow; Professor Anthony Milner; Professor Virginia Hooker; Dr Coral Bell; Dr Pauline Kerr Strategic and Defence Studies Centre Publications Program Editorial Board: Professor Hugh White; Dr Brendan Taylor; Dr Christian Enemark; Miss Meredith Thatcher (series editor) Cover design by Teresa Prowse Front cover image: Title: Globe with hand, computer graphic, composition Artist/photographer: Suk-Heui Park Image no: 74859163.JPG Licence holder: Getty Images (royalty-free licence from Matton Images at <http://www.mattonimages.co.uk/images/jpg/pc_74859163.html>) Printed by University Printing Services, ANU This edition © 2008 ANU E Press Contents Abstract ix Contributors xi Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii Foreword by Professor Kim C. Beazley xix 1. Introduction: Australia and Cyber-warfare 1 Gary Waters and Desmond Ball 2. The Australian Defence Force and Network Centric Warfare 5 Gary Waters 3. Information Warfare—Attack and Defence 33 Gary Waters 4. Targeting Information Infrastructures 59 Ian Dudgeon 5. Protecting Information Infrastructures 85 Gary Waters 6. An Australian Cyber-warfare Centre 119 Desmond Ball Bibliography 149 Index 167 v List of Tables Table 1—NCW Domain and Milestone Overview 23 Table 2—Techniques used to commit cyber-crimes 48 vii Abstract This book explores Australia's prospective cyber-warfare requirements and challenges. It describes the current state of planning and thinking within the Australian Defence Force (ADF) with respect to Network Centric Warfare (NCW), and discusses the vulnerabilities that accompany the use by Defence of the National Information Infrastructure (NII), as well as Defence's responsibility for the protection of the NII. It notes the multitude of agencies concerned in various ways with information security, and argues that mechanisms are required to enhance coordination between them. It also argues that Australia has been laggard with respect to the development of offensive cyber-warfare plans and capabilities. Finally, it proposes the establishment of an Australian Cyber-warfare Centre responsible for the planning and conduct of both the defensive and offensive dimensions of cyber-warfare, for developing doctrine and operational concepts, and for identifying new capability requirements. It argues that the matter is urgent in order to ensure that Australia will have the necessary capabilities for conducting technically and strategically sophisticated cyber-warfare activities by the 2020s. ix Contributors Gary Waters spent 33 years in the Royal Australian Air Force, including as a Directing Staff member at the RAAF Staff College; manager of the RAAF's Air Power Studies Centre; and Director Capability Planning in the Australian Defence Headquarters. He has served in London as Head of the Australian Defence Staff; Head of the Theatre Headquarters Project; and Director General Operation Safe Base (essentially leading a security operation after the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States). Following his retirement (as an Air Commodore) in 2002, Gary Waters became the inaugural Assistant Secretary Knowledge Planning in Defence and, later, Assistant Secretary Information Strategy and Futures within the Chief Information Officer Group, before joining Jacobs Australia as Head of Strategic Initiatives in September 2005. He is currently responsible for its strategic planning and management and reports to the Managing Director. Gary Waters has written 11 books on doctrine, strategy and historical aspects associated with the use of military force, including Transforming the Australian Defence Force for Information Superiority (with Desmond Ball) and Firepower to Win (with Alan Titheridge and Ross Babbage). Gary Waters is a graduate of a number of institutions: the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force Staff College; the University of New South Wales (MA (Hons) in history); and the Australian Institute of Company Directors. He is a Fellow of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (graduating in accounting and economics) and an Associate of the Australian Society of CPAs. He has recently been awarded his PhD from The Australian National University, where the title of his thesis was `Networking the ADF for Operations in the Information Age'. A former Fellow of the Australian Institute of Company Directors and Vice President of the United Services Institute, he currently serves as a Board member and Treasurer of the Kokoda Foundation in Canberra. Desmond Ball is Special Professor at The Australian National University's Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, having been Head of the Centre from 1984 to 1991. Professor Ball is the author or editor of more than 40 books or monographs on technical intelligence subjects, nuclear strategy, Australian defence, and security in the Asia-Pacific region. His publications include The Boys in Black: The Thahan Phran (Rangers), Thailand's Para-military Border Guards; Burma's Military Secrets: Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) from the Second World War to Civil War and Cyber Warfare; Signals Intelligence in the Post-Cold War Era: Developments in the Asia-Pacific Region; Presumptive Engagement: Australia's Asia-Pacific Security Policy in the 1990s (with Pauline Kerr); Breaking the Codes: Australia's KGB Network, 1944±50 (with David Horner); and Death in Balibo, Lies in Canberra (with Hamish McDonald). He has also written articles on issues such as the strategic culture in the Asia-Pacific region and defence acquisition programs in the region. Professor Ball was elected a Fellow of the xi Australia and Cyber-warfare Academy of Social Sciences of Australia in 1986. He served on the Council of the International Institute for Strategic Studies from 1994 until 2000, and was Co-chair of the Steering Committee of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific from 2000 until 2002. Ian Dudgeon is the principal of a Canberra-based consultancy whose services include writing of policy and providing policy advice on and reviews of national security issues. He has served previously in both the Foreign Affairs and Trade and Defence portfolios, and held senior appointments in the Australian Intelligence Community (AIC). This service has included some 12 years on overseas postings in Europe, Asia and the Americas. He is the author of major policy studies for government on Australia's national information infrastructure, AIC support to military operations, and information operations, and of articles published in Security Challenges, journal of the Kokoda Foundation, and Defender, journal of the Australian Defence Association. He has also lectured at The Australian National University, the Australian Defence Force Academy, University of New South Wales and at other conferences and seminars on national security issues. Ian Dudgeon is presently President of the ACT branch of the Australian Institute of International Affairs, holds a Bachelor of Economics degree from Monash University, is a Graduate of the Australian Institute of Company Directors and has attended a residential Advanced Management Program at Harvard University's Graduate School of Business Administration. xii Acronyms and Abbreviations ACMA Australian Communications and Media Authority ACS Access Control Server ADDP Australian Defence Doctrine Publication ADF Australian Defence Force ADGESIM Air Defence Ground Environment Simulator ADO Australian Defence Organisation ADSCC Australian Defence Satellite Communications Capability AEW&C Airborne Early Warning and Control Aircraft AFP Australian Federal Police AGIMO Australian Government Information Management Office AHTCC Australian High Tech Crime Centre APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
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