View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE

provided by Queensland University of Technology ePrints Archive

AN ARCHIVAL ANALYSIS OF GREEN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY: THE CURRENT STATE AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

A Thesis Submitted In Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters by Research (Information System- IT60)

Bonny Tuskeen Tushi Bachelor of Commerce (Accounting) Diploma on Business Administration

Supervisor: Dr Darshana Sedera Dr Sharmistha Dey

Information Systems

Science and Engineering Faculty

Queensland University of Technology

2015

Keywords

Archival Analysis, Green Information Technology, Green, Environment,

Technology, Systems Information Technology, Information Systems

An Archival Analysis OF Green Information Technology: The Current State and Future Directions i

Abstract

Research on Green Information Technology (IT) is becoming a prevalent research theme in Information Systems (IS) research. This research provides a review of 199 papers published on Green IT/IS between 2007−2014. Our paper selection is unique, as we synthesize papers from three disciplines: Computer Science, Information Systems and Management. The research presents taxonomy of segments in Green IT/IS publications, where the segments are later used for multiple analyses to facilitate future research and to provide a retrospective analysis of existing knowledge and gaps thereof. While some researchers have discussed phenomena such as Green IT, motivation of Green IT and the Green IT adoption lifecycle, others have chosen to focus on the importance of Green IT implementation at the organisational and individual level. Throughout the literature, scholars try to portray a constructive relationship between IT/IS and the environment.

This research also attempts to make a unique contribution to our understanding of Green IT/IS, by consolidating papers it observes current patterns of literature through approach analysis and segmentation, as well as allocating studies to the technology, process, or outcome (TPO) stage. Highlighting the necessity of a consolidated approach, we combine these classification systems into a TPO matrix so that the studies could be arranged according to which stage of the Green IT cycle they were focused on. We believe that these analyses will provide a solid platform from which future Green IT research can be launched.

This research is different to all other review papers as we create the segmentation to draw the overall picture of Green IT/IS with gathering all other papers that exist in the literature and also proposes TPO matrix where articles are consolidated and allocated.

An Archival Analysis OF Green Information Technology: The Current State and Future Directions ii

Table of Contents

Keywords ...... i Abstract ...... ii Table of Contents ...... iii List of Figures ...... v List of Tables ...... vi Statement of Original Authorship ...... vii Acknowledgements ...... viii Chapter 1: Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Research Question and Research Objectives ...... 2 1.2.1 Research Question ...... 3 1.2.2 Research Objectives...... 3 1.3 Scope ...... 3 1.4 Contribution ...... 4 1.5 Thesis Structure ...... 5 1.6 Chapter Summary ...... 7 Chapter 2: Literature Review ...... 9 2.1 What is Green IT/IS ...... 9 2.2 Initiatives in Green IT ...... 11 2.3 Benefits of Green IT/IS ...... 12 2.4 Green IT Policy Implementation in Different Countries ...... 12 2.5 Green IT/IS Policy Implementation by Organization ...... 13 2.6 Archival Analysis Techniques ...... 14 2.7 Chapter Summary and Implications ...... 15 Chapter 3: Research Design ...... 16 3.1 Methodology ...... 16 3.2 Research Design ...... 17 3.3 Method ...... 17 3.3.1 Data Collection Procedure ...... 18 3.3.2 Classification Framework and Analysis ...... 23 3.4 Ethics and Limitations ...... 24 3.5 Chapter Summary and Implications ...... 24 Chapter 4: Results and Analysis ...... 25 4.1 Number of Results ...... 25 4.2 Classification of Articles 2007-2014 ...... 29 4.2.1 Brief Overview of Green IT Literature ...... 29

An Archival Analysis OF Green Information Technology: The Current State and Future Directions iii

4.2.2 Publications per Year ...... 29 4.2.3 Publications by Discipline ...... 30 4.2.4 Publications by Country ...... 31 4.2.5 Publications by Theoretical Mechanisms ...... 32 4.3 Segmentation of Green IT Research ...... 42 4.3.1 Core of Green IT ...... 47 4.3.2 Periphery ...... 53 4.3.3 Beyond Green IT ...... 72 4.4 Approach Analysis ...... 80 4.4.1 Product longevity ...... 83 4.4.2 Data Centre Design ...... 84 4.4.3 Software and Deployment Optimization ...... 84 4.4.4 Power Management ...... 89 4.4.5 Materials Recycling ...... 93 4.5 Chapter Summary ...... 94 Chapter 5: Technology – Process – Outcome (TPO) ...... 94 5.1 Technology-Process-Outcome Exploration ...... 94 5.2 Chapter Summary ...... 100 Chapter 6: Conclusions ...... 101 6.1 Research Gap Analysis and Future Work ...... 101 6.2 Conclusions and Outcomes ...... 103 6.3 Limitations ...... 104 6.4 Recommendations ...... 104 Bibliography ...... 107 Appendix Appendix A References of Articles Read ...... 121

An Archival Analysis OF Green Information Technology: The Current State and Future Directions iv

List of Figures

Figure 1: Thesis Structure ...... 5 Figure 2: Domains of Green IT (Murugesan 2008) ...... 10 Figure 3 Method ...... 18 Figure 4: Publications by Country ...... 32 Figure 5: Theory comparison ...... 42 Figure 6: Green IT Adoption/ Implementation Area (Kovačić et al. 2008) ...... 69 Figure 7: Segmentation Comparison ...... 80

An Archival Analysis OF Green Information Technology: The Current State and Future Directions v

List of Tables

Table 1: Research Scope ...... 4 Table 2: Journals Reviewed ...... 19 Table 3: Conference Reviewed ...... 20 Table 4: Number of Articles Reviewed (Journal) ...... 26 Table 5: Number of Articles Reviewed (Conference) ...... 27 Table 6: Quantitative Growth of Publications ...... 30 Table 7: Theoretical Frameworks (used) in Green IT Literature ...... 33 Table 8: Segmentation of Publications ...... 43 Table 9: Identified Articles Expressing a Holistic Review on Green IT/IS ...... 77 Table 10: Approach Analysis ...... 81 Table 11: Technology – Process – Outcome Matrix ...... 97

An Archival Analysis OF Green Information Technology: The Current State and Future Directions vi

Statement of Original Authorship

I, Bonny Tuskeen Tushi, certify that the work completed is mine alone, that the work contained in this thesis has not been previously submitted to meet requirements for an award at this or any other higher education institution, that the content of this thesis is the result of work which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program, that to the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made, and relevant ethics procedures and guidelines have been followed.

Signature: QUT Verified Signature

Date: June 2015

An Archival Analysis OF Green Information Technology: The Current State and Future Directions vii

Acknowledgements

First of all, I am grateful to almighty Allah who has sent me here on earth to learn and grow and blessed me in so many ways as through special people who are part of my life.

My deepest gratitude for support and encouragement throughout my research study goes to my supervisor, Associate Professor Darshana Sedera. This project could not be competed without the input and guidance provided by him. I am deeply appreciative for the excellent direction and support I have received from him throughout this entire process. He was not only a superb mentor, but also too kind for words. It has been my privilege to have him as my supervisor.

I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Dr Sharmistha Dey who has reviewed this thesis and has given me time, patient council and encouragement.

I am grateful to my distinguished colleagues in the post-grade research lab at

Queensland University of Technology (QUT) for their selfless support. I had the good fortune to make very good friends at QUT. It would be impossible to list all the outstanding individuals that I have met here. I was blessed with the constant flow of smart, progressive and fun individuals without whom life here would have been colourless and who helped me to push myself intellectually and academically. We pursue different things, have different backgrounds, and were born in quite different countries (Sri Lanka, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Bangladesh, India) and yet we share so much in common. I know that I could always stalk to them-and get the best advice.

Finally, I would like to acknowledge the support, patience and encouragement provided by my family. I am very grateful to my husband MD

An Archival Analysis OF Green Information Technology: The Current State and Future Directions viii

Istehadur Rahman who has been with me every step of the way, providing me with friendship and extraordinary level of support, encouragement and understanding during the endeavour. I would like to thank my parents who have always encouraged me to pursue my dreams through higher education. My father

MD Nazrul Islam and mother Wazeda Khatun, and my sister (Noor Tuly and

Nowreen Poly) provided me their unfailing love, supports, patience and understanding. I would never have been able to complete this without my family by my side.

Finally, I thank all of my friends in Bangladesh and Australia, for love, support and friendship.

An Archival Analysis OF Green Information Technology: The Current State and Future Directions ix

Chapter 1: Introduction

The objective of this chapter is to provide an introduction to this research. The introduction commences by providing a background of Green Information Technology, which is a fundamental aspect of the research question. The research question and the objectives are specified, followed by the scope of the study. After that the practical contributions of this work is discussed. Next the structure of the thesis is presented, with summaries being provided for each chapter. The introduction then concludes with a summary of the chapter.

1.1 Background

We live in an era of Information Technology (IT) where computers, data centres, servers, internet and other machineries play an important role in the industrial sector. IT is to assist organizations in being smart, increase profitability and operational efficiency and effectively to help sustain in the competitive global market. However, the high usage of technology results in several issues, such as extreme power consumption (Guster et al. 2009; Niyato et al. 2009) and an expanding carbon footprint that has a detrimental effect on the environment (Forrest et al. 2008; Fuchs 2008) and these issues induce a demand for environmental sustainability concerns owing to global societal concerns about energy usage, climate change, and the consequences there of. These concerns are important to the IT sectors as high the usage of technology does contribute to the increase of greenhouse gas emissions (Ruth 2009).

In response to these challenges, The term ‘Green Information Technology (IT)’ has been coined with reference to initiatives that are focused on reshaping IT into environmentally friendly forms (Chetty et al. 2009; Chetty et al. 2008; Huang 2009; Melville 2010). Green IT promotes the design, manufacture and the management of IT equipment and services that consume minimal energy throughout the entirety of their life-cycle (Murugesan 2008). Therefore, it can be argued that Green IT refers to the use of IT resources in an energy-efficient and cost-effective manner (Nishant et al. 2012).Green IT also spurs the hope that IT will be an effective means for organizations looking in the reduction of the environmental impact of their

Chapter 1: Introduction 1

operations (Harmon and Auseklis 2009; Hasan et al. 2009; Murugesan 2008; Vykoukal et al. 2009). Indeed The implementation of Green IT is becoming a norm rather than a passing fashion (Bachour and Chasteen 2010).

‘Green IT’ addresses the direct impact of energy consumption and waste associated with the use of hardware and software (Boudreau et al. 2008; McLaren et al. 2010), whereas the related term ‘Green IS’ refers to information systems that can be developed with or without Green IT to support environmental sustainability initiatives (Boudreau et al. 2008; Dedrick 2010; Fradley et al. 2012; Jenkin et al. 2011; Seidel and Recker 2012; Vom Brocke et al. 2013b). Some scholars have attempted to separate Green IT from Green IS (Brooks et al. 2012; Dedrick 2010; Erek et al. 2012; Hedman et al. 2012; Loeser 2012), with some considering Green IT as a part of Green IS (Brooks et al. 2012; Melville 2010), while others find these terms to be interchangeable (Huang 2008; Mithas et al. 2010). Consistent with Malhotra et al. (2013) and Osch and Avital (2010), we use Green IT and Green IS as synonyms.

Scholars argue that Green IT is a relatively nascent research area (Lei and Ngai 2013; Nanath and Pillai 2012b; Tan et al. 2011). A substantial growth in academic papers on various ‘Green’ initiatives on diverse topics is eminently visible, (Lei and Ngai 2013). In the light of this growing interest, it is important to consolidate and integrate the emerging body of knowledge in the Green IT/IS research area. This importance is because in any emergent field, a clear direction is initially lacking, as is an understanding of most relevant or important theoretical foundations. The same holds true for the vastly increasing amount of Green IT/IS studies, conceptualizations and proposals. In order to proceed further in this field, especially in its formative stages of discipline development, careful reviews and normative advice is needed to identify relevant streams of research and identify emerging bodies of knowledge - and gaps thereof.

1.2 Research Question and Research Objectives

The research question and objectives are detailed in section 1.2.1 and 1.2.2 respectively.

Chapter 1: Introduction 2

1.2.1 Research Question

The objective of this research is to assist the developing field of Green IT/IS research. As a key feature , in this research we summarize existing findings concerning the ‘green’ content of IT, impact on the environment and business operations in terms of cost minimization and gaining competitive advantage, as reported in the literature. This research aims to develop an archival analysis from 2007 to August 2014, and then to classify the articles according to the classification frameworks in order to identify current research trend and noticeable gaps in publications referencing Green IT and Green IS. Therefore, the overarching research question in this study is:  What is the current state and future directions of Green Information Technology (IT) and Green Information System (IS) literature?

In order to answer this question the following underlying questions need to be answered:

Q1: What are the important trends and patterns emerged from Green IT/IS research between 2007 and 2014?

Q2: What are the gaps that are present in the Green IT/IS literature? Q3: How could it advance to fill some of the critical gaps remaining in this research area?

1.2.2 Research Objectives

The fundamental objective of the research is to develop an archival analysis of Green IT to answer the overarching research question. It is aimed that the archival analysis will lead researchers to shift their study focus to research the gaps that are present in the literature as opposed to researching topics that are currently at saturation point. The underlying objectives for this research is 1) to explore Green IT literature to identify gaps and saturation points, 2) evaluate the trends that are apparent in the literature through performing a comprehensive archival analysis.

1.3 Scope

This literature review aims to lead researchers and practitioners to an understanding of the current trends and anticipated future directions of Green IT. It consolidates Green IT research from the Computer Science, Information Systems,

Chapter 1: Introduction 3

and Management disciplines. In addition, our archival analysis based on these observations provides holistic guidance for future research. Further, a comprehensive review of articles on Green IT and Green IS has been done to provide a better understanding of trends in the research. In addition, any noticeable gaps in the literature surrounding Green IT/IS have also been identified. The objective of the research is to fulfil the current gap in the literature through developing a current archival analysis on Green IT/IS, In order to perform this archival analysis the ranges of scopes are presented in table 1.

Table 1: Research Scope Scope Classifications Details

Time period studied for data collection 2007 – 2014 Data collection medium Journals, Conference, Magazines, Books Disciplines of Journals and Conferences Information System (IS), Computer Science reviewed (CS), and Management (M)

1.4 Contribution

The development of an archival analysis that identifies the gaps in the literature is critical for both novice and experienced Information System researchers. For the novice Green IT/IS researcher, this analysis will provide a summary of published research areas and identifies gaps to develop their study focus. For established researchers, the archival analysis captures insights on areas of research that have reached theoretical saturation and will shift their study focus. This research adds value in the Green IT/IS literature along with all other literature review papers by creating the segmentation to draw the overall picture of Green IT/IS.

The identification of gaps and saturation points will lead to an overall shift in future research which will enable a more comprehensive understanding of Green IT/IS research. The proposed TPO matrix, where articles are consolidated and allocated in order to observe current patterns of Green IT/IS literature, will provide a solid platform from which future Green IT/IS research can be driven.

Chapter 1: Introduction 4

1.5 Thesis Structure

The thesis is consisting five sections which are: (1) introduction, (2) literature review, (3) research design, (4) results and analysis, (5) Technology – Process – Outcome (TPO) analysis and (6) conclusions. The structure of the thesis is shown in Figure 1.

Chapter 1: Chapter 2: Introduction Literature Review

Chapter 3: Research Design

Chapter 4: Result and Analysis

Chapter 5: Technology – Process – Outcome (TPO) Analysis

Chapter 6: Conclusion

Figure 1: Thesis Structure Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 1: Introduction 5

The introduction provides a background to Green IT research. Furthermore this chapter details the research question, objectives and motivations for this research. It clearly details the scope of the research project and explicitly states how the research contributes to the Green IT/IS domain.

Chapter 2: Literature Review Chapter 2 of this thesis is reviewing the literature which demonstrates that this research project fulfils a gap in the current literature. Furthermore the literature review summarizes: what is Green IT and Green IS; the importance Green IT/IS in society; benefits of Green IT and Green IS implementation and Green IT/IS policy implementation by different organizations and different countries. This review of the literature is important for the research design.

Chapter 3: Research Design Chapter 3, research design, in the thesis describes the methodology and research design for performing the study. The classification framework used in this thesis and the data collection procedure are also specified in this chapter. It also presents all the information of how the data was analysed and any states ethical approvals and limitations that were apparent.

Chapter 4: Results and Analysis The most important chapter of this thesis, the results and analysis, specifies the results that were recovered through the classification of the publications. It analyses the results obtained and providing areas for future research.

Chapter 5: Technology – Process – Outcome (TPO) Analysis Another important chapter of this thesis, TPO analysis, presents TPO framework and explores the Technology – Process – Outcome matrix in Green IT/IS research domain.

Chapter 6: Conclusions The final chapter of the thesis specifies the outcomes and conclusions of the research. It also addresses the limitations and provides recommendations for future work.

Chapter 1: Introduction 6

1.6 Chapter Summary

In conclusion this chapter has discussed the background of Green IT research and highlighted the necessity for uncovering an answer to the research question, “what is the current state and future directions of Green Information Technology (IT) literature”. Subsequently it specifies the scope and overall objectives of the research and also clearly illustrates the structure used to present the thesis.

Chapter 1: Introduction 7

Chapter 2: Literature Review

The objective of this chapter is to compare and contrast the literature pertaining to Green IT/IS. The topics that will be discussed within this literature review are based upon the overall research objective, which is to develop a current archival analysis of Green IT/IS publications with the goal of determining the current state and future directions of this complex system. The research is underpinned by past annotated bibliographies of Green IT literature.

This literature review commences by providing a definition of Green IT and Green IS. Subsequently archival analysis techniques are discussed. This chapter concludes with a chapter summary.

2.1 What is Green IT/IS

Green IT is a focal point of Information Systems (IS) research, thus researchers have derived various definitions of Green IT. Green IT or Green Computing, (Mata- Toledo and Gupta 2011), is the practice of implementing policies and procedures that improve the efficiency of computing resources in such a way as to reduce the energy consumption and environmental impact of their utilization (Baliga et al. 2011; Kabiraj et al. 2010). To define Green IT, Trimi and Park (2013) states ‘green’ is compound noun that refers the environment and IT, deals with environmental issues such as environmental pollution, energy consumption, disposal and recycling of material resources etc.

One of the highly referred /cited articles that consolidated the concept of Green IT is (Murugesan 2008). Author has proposed four domains of Green IT which are Green use, Green design, Green manufacturing and Green disposal of IT Systems (shown in figure 2).

9

Green Use of IT System

Green IT Green Green Design Initiatives Manufacturing

Green Disposal

Figure 2: Domains of Green IT (Murugesan 2008)

Figure 2: Domains of Green IT (Murugesan 2008) Green use focusses on reducing the energy consumption associated with the computer and other information systems and use them in an environmentally sound manner. Green disposal talks about repairing and recycling computers and electronic equipment that might be old or unwanted. Green design considers of designing energy efficient equipment, computers, servers and cooling equipment. Green manufacturing trying to find out the way of manufacturing electronic machineries, computers and other associate subsystems with minimal impact on environment or even having no impact on environment (Murugesan 2008). In accordance with Murugesan (2008) Green IT can be recognized as a synonym to environmentally sound Information Technology. Information Technology is essentially the design, implementation and management of computers that comprises both individuals and industry level. Green IT includes multiple aspects like environmental sustainability, energy efficiency economics, cost of disposal/recycling etc. The green technological innovation is the key to the sustainable development.

Green IT can be considered as an optimal use of information and communication technology to manage enterprise activities in an environmental sustainable manner including its product, services and resources throughout their life cycle. Eastwood (2009) gives an ample definition of Green IT as “Green IT is a collection of strategic and tactical initiatives that directly reduces the carbon footprint of an organization’s computing operation”.

The primary goal behind Green IT strategy is to reduce the energy consumption, maintain the operating costs and at the same time manage the

10

continuously increasing requirements for performance and capacity of resources. Trimi and Park (2013) argues that Green IT aims to save energy and reduce carbon emissions in order to create an environmentally-friendly IT itself which is ‘greening the IT’, as well as using IT to reduce environmental impacts across the economy which is ‘greening by IT’. Nanath and Pillai (2012b) also agrees with the statement as they claims that there are direct effect and indirect effect of Green IT. The direct effect occurs by reducing environmental impact of computers/IT and indirect by using IT to support the business initiatives promoting sustainability. However, it is worth mentioning that there are two sides of Green IT. Firstly, IT can be the cause of environmental problems, and alternatively IT/IS can be used to solve environmental issues (Nanath and Pillai 2012b).

To discuss Green IS, Butler (2011) claims that through Green IS can guide organizations to handle toxic and hazardous materials and e-waste, design products in green manner, re-design business processes to be more environmental friendly, and most importantly manage energy consuming facilities.

According to Molla (2008) Green IT is a nascent field and there are few academic researches on the topic. Jenkin et al. (2011) also agreed with this opinion. Scholars have suggested that practitioners have begun the journey of focusing on “Green IT” and there is little research in this field (Jenkin et al. 2011; Molla 2008). Therefore researches need to be expanded in this area and this archival analysis can help to magnify the research area by providing a better understanding of trends in the research, and identify any noticeable gaps in publications referencing Green IT and Green IS

2.2 Initiatives in Green IT

A significant amount of research has been performed on investigating Green IT initiatives. The initiatives range from technical solutions for more sustainable IT or a soft solution which promotes Green IT/IS. The technical solutions focus on the energy- efficient equipment and eco-friendly hardware in terms of using, designing and manufacturing, and disposing (Murugesan 2008). Vykoukal et al. (2009) finds IT can be ‘Green’ by using energy efficient equipment, improving airflow management systems to reduce cooling requirements and considering virtualization technology. On the other side, soft solutions draw the attention of behavioural attitudes like

11

paperless offices, less printing or printing on both sides, video and mobile conferencing. Apart from explaining environmentally friendly hardware, many scholars consider soft solutions to promote Green IT. Vlek and Steg (2007) identifies many challenges of human behaviours and environmental sustainability, including the significant effect of behavioural and/or environmental changes on human well- being. Hasan et al. (2009) mention about being paperless with examples of e- business, online surveys, e-books, online news and digital archiving. Scholars consider education and training for the soft solutions (Herrick and Ritschard 2009) and focus on IT users' belief and behaviour towards Green computing (Chow and Chen 2009). A significant amount of articles considers both technical solutions and soft solutions for Green IT implementation. Hasan et al. (2009) blame ‘internet’ as one of the main reasons for environmental issues and propos many strategies to convert ICT as solutions for the environmental problems. Chetty et al. (2009) explore the combination of new computing systems with better power management and power management habits of end users as a high potential for energy savings. While discussing how e-waste is causing an environmental problem, Ansari et al. (2010) suggest achieving Green IT by managing e-waste and also a soft solution like printing both sides within the organizational level.

2.3 Benefits of Green IT/IS

Two major benefits of Green IT implementation have been identified that are related to operating cost and the environment. In discussing Green IT/IS benefits, Brooks et al. (2012) has said that “here are two major categories of benefits: environmental benefits and cost reduction benefits.” Murugesan (2008) has identified the three drivers of Green IT as economical, regulatory and ethical. Bose and Luo (2011) also says “the three primary drivers of Green IT initiatives according to the literature are: (1) reducing costs due to budget cuts, (2) reducing consumption due to resource restrictions, and (3) complying with the local law.” Therefore it is evident that Green IT aims at cost reduction as well as environmental protection.

2.4 Green IT Policy Implementation in Different Countries

Literature has shown that Green IT issues are treated with importance in developed countries and especially is industrialized countries (Hart 2008). Europe

12

holds one of the leading positions to practice Green IT/IS since almost half of European enterprises are addressing the green and sustainable challenges (Martinez and Bahloul 2008). The UK government puts pressure to decrease greenhouse gas by 20% before 2020 (Capra and Merlo 2009). South Korea is very close to becoming the world leader in Green IT, as government of South Korea is enforcing organizations to adopt policies supporting green technologies. As an example South Korean government has introduced certification requirements for manufacturers who want to use a “green” label on their IT devices (Castro 2009). To be concerned about environment organizations of USA are considering adoption of technologies that reduce energy consumption and the same time improve efficiency (Molla et al. 2009a). Green electricity policy in Netherlands can be classified into three phases: in the early 1990s green electricity sales were on a voluntary basis, then in the second half of the 1990s, government introduced a regulatory energy tax and finally in the early 2000s feed-in tariff was introduced to regulate green electricity policy (Van Rooijen and Van Wees 2006).

2.5 Green IT/IS Policy Implementation by Organization

Green IT/IS should be considered as strategic issue as it creates competitive advantage in business, as Chou and Chou (2012) said “the Green IT/IS practices will further create a better organizational image and a better branding will bring in more revenues”. Therefore, organisations have started to put attention towards Green IT/IS adoption and implementation.

Dell, a reputed computer technology corporation that develops, sells, repairs and supports computers and related products and services, considers the environment at every stage of the product lifecycle starting from designing to recycle. To achieve Green IT, Dell’s initiative ranges from using environmentally preferable materials like recycled plastics, configuring products in a manner to meet the requirements for energy star qualification, using innovative snap-fits rather than glues and adhesives since these can create processing challenges while recycling, providing multiple hassle-free options for disposing e-waste either directly or through partnerships to prevent the environmental impacts of e-waste. (http://www.dell.com/learn/us/en/uscorp1/dell-environment-greener- products?c=us&l=en&s=corp&cs=uscorp1). Dell also claims that it became one of

13

the first to introduce EPEAT -registered printers, setting a high industry standard for sustainability.

IBM, one of the largest information technology companies, pays attention to address direct impact of IT upon energy consumption and carbon emissions. Therefore IBM has considered many Green IT initiatives like energy efficient hardware, energy management software and data centers to intelligent electric utility networks, support for solar development, carbon management, intelligent transportation systems and more (IBM 2008). IBM has also started computer recycling service, consumers and small businesses can recycle any manufacturer's PCs, including system units, monitors, and printers (IBM 2008).

Samsung Electronics, a large multinational electronics and information technology company that manufactures air conditioners, computers, digital televisions, mobile phones, monitors, printers, refrigerators etc., states that their products are on average 16 percent more energy efficient compared with 2008 levels. Samsung also claims that they have reduced indirect carbon emissions from newly introduced Samsung products. Another initiative by Samsung is considering a third-party verification of greenhouse gas emissions for their 39 global manufacturing sites. Samsung invested 488 million USD to develop energy-efficient technologies, environmentally friendly materials and renewable energy projects. Park Sangbum, senior vice president and head of the CS & Environment Centre, Samsung Electronics said "We're focused on understanding the impact of everything we do and becoming a true leader in sustainable business practices" (Samsung Electronics Co. 2010).

2.6 Archival Analysis Techniques

In the Information Systems (IS) discipline archiving has been performed to categorise journal articles, conference proceedings and other relevant documentation in accordance with the topic-area and archival analyses are widely utilised to identify research trends. For example Gable (2010) classified the Information System (IS) literature in accordance to decision making strategies for IS, use of IS, and issues of IS. Literature reviews on Green IT and Green IS have also used classification strategies in an attempt to archive the documentation. Authors have attempted to classify the articles based on the topics analysed in regards to provide clear definitions of the concepts of Green IT/IS (Loeser 2013), to identify gaps in literature

14

(Brooks et al. 2010; Brooks et al. 2012; Jenkin et al. 2011) to identify the different research streams and research traditions (Stolze et al. 2012), and to analyse business transformation (Elliot 2011; Malhotra et al. 2013) within Green IT and Green IS discipline. Many authors discuss the dimensions of Green IT/IS and investigate the theoretical frameworks to investigate Green IT/IS motivation (Gholami et al. 2013; Koo et al. 2013; Molla and Abareshi 2012; Sarkar and Young 2009), adoption (Bose and Luo 2011; Chen et al. 2009; Lei and Ngai 2013; Mishra et al. 2014; Nishant 2012), and implementation (Mithas et al. 2010; Nedbal et al. 2011).

The aforesaid past work demonstrates that there are a numerous of different techniques that can be utilised to classify published articles in this research domain. The purpose of this thesis is to perform an archival analysis from 2007 to August 2014 in Green IT and Green IS research domain.

2.7 Chapter Summary and Implications

This chapter has discussed the background of Green IT/IS and the past work that underpins this research.

In conclusion Green IT/IS is complex and diverse/unique system that need to be comprehended by the organisation before the implementation process commences. There are many different facets that need to be taken into account when implementing Green IT/IS from cost of implementation and continuation, to how to maximise the achieved benefits of the implementation, to the phases that are inherent in the Green IT lifecycle. A need for a current archival analysis into Green IT/IS realm is apparent as the trends and patterns of information systems research established between 2007 and 2014 has not been investigated. Furthermore it is important that the identified gaps in the literature can encourage and contribute to perform new work without continuing to research topics.

15

Chapter 3: Research Design

Chapter three describes the method utilised throughout the research project. This research design chapter contains the research methodology used in this research, the research design, the classification framework used, the data collection procedure details of the analysis and required ethical approvals for the research objective to be obtained. The objective of the research is to develop a current archival analysis of Green IT/IS research field. Furthermore the limitations of the research design are also specified.

3.1 Methodology

There are a number of different research methods which can be used within the Information Systems (IS) discipline Yin (1994), which are:

 Archival Analysis  Case Study  Experiment  History  Survey The research questions and the overall objective of the research is a fundamental component of determining which research method to utilise. The archival analysis and survey methods seek to answer the research questions that pertain to ‘who’, ‘what’, and ‘where’, whereas the case study and the history methods seeks to answer research questions pertaining to ‘why’ or ‘how’ the phenomenon of interests occurs. The experiment research method also seeks to answer the same style of questions through controlled manipulation of dependent variables (Yin 2014). The history methodology does not focus on contemporary events, but the case studies do (Yin 2014).

The fundamental research question of the project is “what is the current state and future directions of Green IT/IS literature”, with the overall objective being to develop a current archival analysis of Green IT/IS publications from 2007 to 2014. The research methodology used throughout the research is the archival analysis method, as the archival analysis research method encompasses the examination and

16

analysis of recorded data (Jenkins 1985). The archival analysis research method used for the analysis is also supported by (Yin 2014), since the research question seeks to answer a question pertaining to ‘what’.

3.2 Research Design

There are two main research design streams are predominant in IS, quantitative and qualitative. Finding a suitable and appropriate research design in the IS domain is still an issue (Amaratunga et al. 2002) because of the constant debate of which research design is the most appropriate and applicable (Mingers 2001). To determine causal relationships between variables, quantitative research technique is mostly used (Balnaves and Caputi 2001; Creswell 2002; Neuman and Neuman 2006). Alternatively, there have been uses of qualitative research in the social sciences to explore and understand the phenomenon of interest (Creswell 2002; Fowler 2014; Ragin 2014). There is a trend of mixing and combining above two methods to develop a mix-methodology (Alise and Teddlie 2010; Creswell 2013), yet researchers still debate that the mix-methods design does not perfectly depict true hypothesis analysis that is essential for quantitative analysis and it is merely exploratory (Kaplan and Duchon 1988; Ritchie et al. 2013)

The purpose of this research is to identify the current state and future directions of Green IT/IS literature, through the exploration and analysis of literature. As the research question for the development of the current archival analysis is exploratory in nature the research design utilised is qualitative.

3.3 Method

Archival analyses are widely used in the IS discipline to investigate research trend and to identify research gaps (Eden et al. 2012; Tushi et al. 2014). The research objective is to develop a current archival analysis of Green IT/IS to identify the current state and future directions of Green IT/IS literature. Discussed within this segment of the thesis is an outline of how the data was collected (refer to 3.3.1) and the method utilised when performing the data analysis (refer to 3.3.2). Figure 3 depicts that the data collection phase consists of identifying the sources of data, and then developing a consistent search string. The data analysis segment is comprised of the classification framework, the procedure for analysing the results obtained for the

17

2007 to 2014 period, details how the trends will be identified and specifies how topics for further research will be determined.

Data Collection

Develop Identify Search String Source

Data Analysis

Develop Analyses Result Identify Topics Classification 2007 to 2014 for Further Framework Research

Figure 3: Method

Figure 3 Method Figure 3: Method

3.3.1 Data Collection Procedure The subject of study for the archival analysis is Green IT/IS publications. In order to find the relevant literature, the data collection phase of the method is comprised of two segments which are the identification of the sources and the development of a search string. In this archival analysis journal, conference, magazine articles and book chapters were reviewed. The main criticism is directed towards the transferability, dependability and generalizability of the analysis. However due to the substantial number of the articles sampled and the systematic,

18

rigorous classification approach used, relevant findings would result and therefore analysis of trends can be performed.

Our archival analysis on Green IT/IS literature includes studies published between January 2007 to August 2014.Table 2 and table 3 lists all leading Information Systems (IS), Computer Science (CS), Management (MGT) journals, and the conferences respectively that were analysed .

Table 2: Journals Reviewed Table 2: Journals Reviewed Name AJIS Australasian Journal of Information Systems AMM Applied Mechanics and Materials BISE Business & Information Systems Engineering CAIS Communications of the Association for Information Systems CHB Computers in Human Behaviour CSI Computer Standards & Interfaces EDS Environment, Development and Sustainability F Foresight FGCS Future Generation Computer Systems GJCST Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology IEEES IEEE Software IEEETPDS IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems IJAIM International Journal of Accounting and Information Management IJBM International Journal of e-Business Management IJBR International Journal of Business Research IJCS International Journal of Computer Science IJPE International Journal of Production Economics IJSE International Journal of Sustainable Engineering IM Information & Management IO Information and Organization IP IT Professional JCIS The Journal of Computer Information Systems JMS Journal of Management Systems JSI Journal of Social Issues

19

JSIS Journal of Strategic Information Systems JTR Journal of Technology Research MBT McKinsey on Business Technology MD Management Decision MISQ Management Information Systems Quarterly PLDI Programming Language Design and Implementation RSER Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews SB Service Business SOIJ Strategic Outsourcing: An International Journal

Table 3: Conference Reviewed Table 3: Conference Reviewed Name ACIS Australasian Conference of Information Systems AMCIS Americas Conference on Information Systems BI Business Insights BP BLED Proceedings ECIS European Conference on Information System EGG Electronic Goes Green EPDN Electrical Power Distribution Networks EPTC Electronics Packaging Technology Conference GCTI Green Computing, Technology and Innovation GTC Green Technologies Conference GSS Green and Sustainable Software (GREENS) HICSS Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences ICCF International Conference on Computing Frontiers International Conference on Energy-Efficient Computing and ICEECN Networking International Conference on Challenges in Environmental Science ICCESCE and Computer Engineering International Conference on Complex, Intelligent, and Software ICCISIS Intensive Systems

20

ICCCGC International Conference on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing International Conference on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure ICDASC Computing ICDCS International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems International Conference & Expo on Emerging Technologies for a ICEETSW Smarter World ICGCC International Conference on Green Computing and Communications International Conference on Green Computing, Technology and ICGCTI Innovation International Conference on Global Software Engineering ICGSEW Workshops International Conference on Innovation Management and ICIMTR Technology Research ICIS International Conference on Information System International Conference Industry Session on Autonomic ICISACCIS Computing and Communications Industry Session ICNBIS International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems International Conference on Research and Innovation in Information ICRIIS Systems ICSKG International Conference on Semantics, Knowledge and Grids ICUC International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing International Conference and Workshop on Emerging Trends in ICWETT Technology IDC Inter Documentation Company International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and IDETCCIEC Computers and Information in Engineering Conference IGCCW International Green Computing Conference and Workshops ISIEC Informing Science & IT Education Conference ISCCG International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid ISTAS International Symposium on Technology and Society IP IT Professional IPEC International Power Electronics Conference ISSOSE International Symposium on Service Oriented System Engineering

21

PACIS Pacific Asia Conference on Information System PIC Progress in Informatics and Computing Portland International Centre for Management of Engineering and PICMET Technology NCC National Conference on Communications Recent Advances in Space Technology Services and Climate RASTSCC Change South African Institute for Computer Scientists and Information SAICSITC Technologists Conference SCHFCS SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Special Interest Group on University and College Computing SIGUCCS Services SST Sustainable Systems and Technology TMESW Technology Management in the Energy Smart World (PICMET) TF Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR) WCS World Congress on Services (SERVICES-1)

We commenced the review of the literature with a search of the ‘senior scholars’ basket-of-eight journals’ (http://aisnet.org/general/custom.asp?page=SeniorScholarBasket). Hence the number of Green IT related publications in top journals were limited, we decided to expand the search and collect articles/publications from practitioner publications (Professional), other academic journals (Communications of the ACM), books, peer- reviewed magazines, IEEE/ACM conference proceedings, and IS conference proceedings including ICIS, PACIS, AMCIS, ACIS and ECIS. We expanded the search by reviewing literature from cross-discipline sources such as information systems, ecology and environmental science, business and law. The following keywords were used in the search “Green, Green IT, Green IS, sustainable IT, environmentally friendly IT, Green computer and Green ICT”. The timeframe for our review was the years 2007 to August 2014. The rationale was that 2007 appeared to us as the year when researchers began to explore these phenomena in IS/IT research. Brooks et al. [2010] found that the term “Green IT” appeared at the CIO magazine for the first time in 2007. This was also corroborated by us; finding only two papers

22

[Mingay, 2007, Vlek and Steg, 2007] appeared in 2007. Thus we consider 2007 as the year to begin of our literature review. In conducting the literature search, several academic databases and search engines were used such as ACM Digital Library, Science Direct, Emerald, Google Scholar, Emerald Engineering Database, InfoSci collection and IEEE Xplore Digital Library. We identified a set of 199 relevant papers that provided an overview of or focused on a particular aspect of Green IT, which we considered for further analysis.

Our initial review of the articles provided broad categories in research areas including; strong reference to Green IT, such as how IT is causing problems for environment; peripheral reference to Green IT involving aspects such as motivation and lifecycle; without specific reference that factored in awareness, challenges, and literature reviews. This resulting taxonomy was subjected to further revision and then refined into the segmentations labelled as Core of Green IT, Periphery Topic and Beyond Green IT, all of which will be discussed further below. These broad categories formed the structure of the approach analysis comprising theory and framework. Within this approach analysis, a classification system sourced from Wikipedia, the categories are listed as; product longevity, data centre design, software and deployment optimization, power management and materials recycling. In combination with a Technology Process Outcome matrix it becomes possible to draw a broad contextual reference through which to view the current research scope of studies that have been undertaken in Green IT.

3.3.2 Classification Framework and Analysis Each of the articles returned by the search was read to completion and the relevance of the articles was determined. Irrelevant articles were discarded and relevant articles were classified and positioned into relevant segments. Appendix A depicts the articles read.

When determining the classification method to be used in this archival analysis the most important consideration was segmenting articles pertaining to 1) the core of Green IT, 2) periphery topics, and 3) articles considered beyond the scope of Green IT. Another important consideration was consistency with classification employed in Wikipedia (as of 15/03/2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_computing). This model was chosen as an ideal format because it outlines in a comprehensive strategy most of the key areas in which Green IT/IS is relevant. Moreover Technology –

23

Process – Outcome (TPO) analysis was considered and a TPO framework was developed that enables a concurrence in the disciplines relevant to Green IT/IS.

3.4 Ethics and Limitations

As the subject of reference for this masters dissertation were published articles only and did not pertain to human or animal participants or sensitive information no ethical clearance was necessary.

Several limitations are apparent in the study. One such is that the study was limited to 199 articles specified. The obvious criticism is directed towards the reliability and generalizability of the analysis. Not all Green IT/IS papers are accounted for, although we argue that examining 199 articles are useful for a nascent research area. This study cannot assert that the result would be similar if the sample size considers supplementary numbers of articles. Despite these limitations, this study makes several contributions to the Green IT/IS research field. It opens up various opportunities for establishing cumulative knowledge to the discipline and will help researchers to identify potential focuses in future studies.

3.5 Chapter Summary and Implications

This chapter has examined the different research designs and methods available in Green IT/IS research domain. The methodology selected was the archival analysis as it fulfilled the primary objective of the research, which was to develop an archival analysis of Green IT/IS. The research design used was qualitative, with no statistical quantitative analysis being performed. The main outcome of this chapter however was the selection of publications to analyse, the development of a search string, and the selection of an appropriate classification framework which would successfully be able to categorise the articles.

24

Chapter 4: Results and Analysis

This chapter details the results obtained from categorising the articles into the relevant topics in the classification framework. Subsequently it provides a detailed analysis of the results, which succinctly answers the research question which is: ‘what is the current state and future directions of Green IT/IS literature’. Included within this chapter are the number of articles that were reviewed per journal, conference, magazine & book chapter and an analysis of the 2007 to August 2014 time period.

In our analysis, we identified a total of 199 publications in the reviewed publications from 2007 to August 2014 that are relevant to Green IT and Green IS. Table 4 and table 5 summarise the number of articles reviewed from 2007 to 2014 respectively. Cumulatively, the table shows a total of 58 journal articles and a total of 131 conference articles from 2007 to 2014. The remainder of this section discusses the categorisation and analysis of articles published from 2007 to 2014. We discuss the main topics and sub-topics of Green IT/IS in our top Information Systems, Computer Science and Management journals and conferences, their current understanding and potentially interesting fronts for Green IT/IS researchers.

4.1 Number of Results

From 2007 to August 2014 a total of 199 publications were being deemed to be considered relevant and therefore categorised into the classification framework (refer to table 4 and table 5), after discarding irrelevant publications.

The purpose of this research is to develop an archival analysis from 2007 to August 2014, and then to classify the articles according to the classification frameworks in order to identify current research trend and noticeable gaps in publications referencing Green IT and Green IS.

25

Table 4: Number of Articles Reviewed (Journal) Table 4: Number of Articles Reviewed (Journal) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total AJIS - - - 2 1 - - - 3 AMM ------1 1 BISE - - - - 2 - 1 - 3 CAIS - - - 1 1 1 2 - 5 CHB ------1 1 CSI - - - - - 1 1 - 2 EDS - 1 ------1 F - - - - - 1 - - 1 FGCS - - - - - 1 - - 1 GJCST - - - 1 - - - - 1 IEEES ------1 1 IEEETPDS - - - - 1 - - - 1 IJAIM - - - - - 1 - - 1 IJBM - - 1 - - - - - 1 IJBR - - 1 - - - - - 1 IJCS - - - - 1 - - - 1 IJPE ------1 - 1 IJSE - - - - - 1 - - 1 IM ------1 - 1 IO - - - - 1 - - - 1 IP - 2 - - 2 1 - - 5 JCIS - - 2 - - 1 - - 3 JMS - - - - - 1 - - 1 JSI 1 ------1 JSIS - - - - 5 - - - 5 JTR - - - - 1 - - - 1

26

MBT - 1 ------1 MD ------1 - 1 MISQ - - - 2 1 - 4 - 7 PLDI - - - 1 - - - - 1 RSER - - - - - 1 - - 1 SB ------1 - 1 SOIJ - - - - 1 - - - 1 Total 1 4 4 7 17 10 12 3 58

Table 5: Number of Articles Reviewed (Conference) Table 5: Number of Articles Reviewed (Conference) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total ACIS - 2 - - 1 1 2 - 6 AMCIS - - 3 11 3 4 3 7 31 BI - - 1 - - - - - 1 BP - - - - - 1 - - 1 ECIS - - 2 1 - - - 2 5 EGG - - - - - 1 - - 1 EPDN - - - - - 1 - - 1 EPTC - 2 ------2 GCTI ------1 - 1 GTC - - - 1 - - - - 1 GSS ------1 - 1 HICSS - - - - 1 - 1 - 2 ICCF - - - 1 - - - - 1 ICECN - - - 1 - - - - 1 ICCESCE - - - 1 - - - - 1 ICCISIS - - - - 2 1 - - 3 ICCCGC - - - 1 3 - - - 4 ICDASC - - - - 2 - - - 2 ICDCS - - - - 1 - - - 1 ICEECN - - - 1 - - - - 1

27

ICEETSW - - - - 1 - - - 1 ICGCC - - - - 3 - - - 3 ICGCTI ------1 - 1 ICGSEW ------1 - 1 ICIMTR - - - - - 1 - - 1 ICIS - - 3 2 2 6 - - 13 ICISACCIS - - 1 - - - - - 1 ICNBIS - - - - - 1 - - 1 ICRIIS ------1 - 1 ICSKG ------1 - 1 ICUC - 1 ------1 ICWETT - - - - 2 - - - 2 IDC - 1 ------1 IDETCCIEC - - - 1 - - - - 1 IGCCW - - - - 1 - - - 1 ISCCG - - 1 - - - - - 1 ISIEC - 1 ------1 ISSOSE - - - - 1 - - - 1 ISTAS - - - 1 - - - - 1 IP - - - - 1 - - - 1 IPEC - - - 1 - - - - 1 PACIS - 1 3 1 3 2 3 2 15 PIC - - - 1 - - - - 1 PICMET - - 1 - - - - - 1 PLDI - - - 1 - - - - 1 NCC - - - - - 1 - - 2 RASTSCC - - 1 - - - - 1 SAICSITC - - - - - 1 - 1 SCHFCS - 1 1 - - - - - 2 SIGUCCS - - 1 - - - - - 1 SST - - 1 - - - - - 1 TMESW - - - - 1 - - - 1

28

TF ------1 - 1 WCS - - - 1 - - - - 1 Total - 9 18 29 28 21 16 11 131

4.2 Classification of Articles 2007-2014

This segment of the report depicts the results obtained in 2007 to August 2014 time period from the conduction of the segmentation of articles in accordance with the classification schemas. The following section of this dissertation includes the categorisations and brief description of all relevant publications read.

4.2.1 Brief Overview of Green IT Literature The Green IT literature to date is largely constructed on basis of case studies and surveys of current practices. A significant amount of research has been performed on Green IT implementation, the motivation for Green IT, organizational readiness and capability to adopt Green IT, with these and related topics all being analysed by various methods of analysis, such as case studies, interviews and surveys. We found that most studies reporting on empirical studies collected data at the organizational level (Cai et al. 2013; Cater-Steel and Tan 2011; Molla 2009; Molla and Abareshi 2012; Molla et al. 2009a; Nanath and Pillai 2012b). We also found studies that considered data from both organizations and individuals (Ansari et al. 2010), from individuals/end users (Chetty et al. 2009; Chetty et al. 2008; Chow and Chen 2009; Sarkar and Young 2009; Woodruff et al. 2008). In terms of methods employed we observed studies perusing, online surveys (Chai-Arayalert and Nakata 2011; Kuo and Dick 2010; Molla and Abareshi 2011a), analyses of secondary source data (Chai-Arayalert and Nakata 2011; Jain et al. 2011; Molla 2009; Molla et al. 2009c) and also examples of combination of mixed method inquiries (Nazari and Karim 2012).

4.2.2 Publications per Year Table 6 provides the total number of articles from journals, conferences, and miscellaneous sources such as books, peer-reviewed magazines, IEEE/ACM conference proceedings on a year-by-year basis from 2007 to 2014 related to Green IT. The data suggests an increasing interest in Green IT since 2007, with recent years depicts showing an incremental decline in research interest as measured by published

29

articles. We note that recent data (e.g. 2014) may also be skewed due to publication lag times typically associated with academic journals and other outlets and we may see further articles appearing in retrospect.

Table 6: Quantitative Growth of Publications Table 6: Quantitative Growth of Publications Year Journal Article Conference Article Others Total 2007 1 - 1 2 2008 4 9 1 14 2009 4 19 3 26 2010 7 28 - 35 2011 15 27 1 43 2012 11 23 3 37 2013 12 14 - 26 2014 4 11 1 16 Total 58 131 10 199

The increase of publications in recent years depicts the obvious importance of Green IT/IS as the sample of this study surfaced that only 2 articles were published in 2007 and has increased to 14 in 2008. A significant increase as much as 26 was seen in 2009, and a further upward trend to 35 articles in 2010 and 43 articles in 2011. Year 2012 stands out with a decline in the trend with only 37 publications and the trend is continued to 2013 with 26 articles. This sample distribution represents the available publications in 2014 (16 articles) which reflects the lag in times for publication and the number would increase.

4.2.3 Publications by Discipline For furthering research in Green IT, the most appropriate disciplines were deigned to be Information Systems, Computer Science and Management. They have specially been chosen for their relevance to the expansion of Green IT/IS research. An Information System is a consolidated group of modules for the collection, storage, and processing of data that is designed to convey information and deliver applications. Commercial entities use information systems for efficient management, communication, and interaction with customers and suppliers. Computer Science is the methodical approach to computation and its applications. It comprises the

30

systematic study of the feasibility, structure, expression, and mechanization of the processes such as the algorithms that support acquisition, representation, analysis, storage, communications and access to information. Management concerns in Green IT are focused on overseeing the organisational initiatives that have been taken up for the implementation of Green IT; specifically on assessing its feasibility and subsequently facilitating its progress. There were also a few publications that fell outside these three nominated disciplines, such as in the areas of business, law, and manufacturing, and these have been classified under the heading of 'Others'. For example, ‘manufacturing’ concerns in Green IT regards how the material used in the manufacturing of electronic devices involves the use of a number of toxic metals. It also takes note of the large amount of water consumed in the manufacturing process. Furthermore it is observed that, the global reserves, specially, the rare earth elements are steadily decreasing and the recycling initiatives are becoming crucial for sustainable computing. A comparison of these disciplines will reveal which is the most predominant in terms of referencing. To determine the classification category of the publication, the focus of either the conference or journal from which the article was sourced was considered for its emphasis on CS, IS or MGMT.

4.2.4 Publications by Country The Green IT research data sources were then examined on the basis of the countries from where the data was available. Although not all papers had the name of the country mentioned, most studies tend to focus on developed nations such as Australia (Cater-Steel and Tan 2011; Hasan et al. 2009; Huang 2008; Loock et al. 2011; Molla 2009; Molla and Abareshi 2011a; Molla et al. 2009a; Molla et al. 2009c; Sarkar and Young 2009; Woodruff et al. 2008), USA (Bose and Luo 2012; Chetty et al. 2009; Chetty et al. 2008; Marett et al. 2013; Metzger et al. 2012; Molla et al. 2009a; Woodruff et al. 2008), UK (Chai-Arayalert and Nakata 2011), Sweden (Bengtsson and Ågerfalk 2011; Nazari and Karim 2012), New Zealand (Molla 2009),The Netherlands (Collins et al. 2007). Only a handful of studies gave consideration to developing nations such as China (Cai et al. 2013; Zhiwei 2012), Morocco (Hanne 2011), Hong Kong (Chow and Chen 2009), Serbia (Kovačić et al. 2008), South Africa (Lamb 2011), India (Datta et al. 2010) and Bangladesh (Ansari et al. 2010). Lee et al. 2013 also urgues/says that developed countries governments are leading the green movement by providing sustained government support, both financial and

31

regulatory, to create individual, business and national awareness, and motivation and responsibility for an environment friendly world. From our data sample, only five analytical articles (Kuo and Dick 2010; Molla 2009; Molla et al. 2009a; Trimi and Park 2013; Woodruff et al. 2008) collected data from multiple countries simultaneously, although it was not for the purpose of examining the adoption of Green IT and Green IT policy in developed countries when compared to developing countries. This lack of focus on major developing nations such as India, China, Brazil and Russia is a concern. Figure 4 presents the number of publications by country.

These major developing nations named as “big polluters that have burgeoning business opportunities featuring high level IT usage at the beginning of the 21st century, brought accompanying increase of environmental pressures. Hence, it becomes all the more imperative to have an expansion in the implementation of Green IT studies throughout the region. Further it is important to take preventive measures with regard to other developing nations, where Industrialization will soon be adding to global environmental costs.

12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Figure 4: Publications by Country

Figure 4 : Publications by Country 4.2.5 Publications by Theoretical Mechanisms In understanding the trend of Green IT research, it is important to address the issue of theoretical frameworks pursued to understand Green IT phenomena.

32

Table 7 depicts the theoretical frameworks used in the Green IT research area. Eighteen theories and twelve frameworks have been identified from the literature. Most of these were used only once except ‘technology organization environment’, ‘institutional theory’, ‘actor network theory’, ‘motivation theory’, which were used by multiple research teams. Few studies consider more than one theory in order to analyse a particular trait of Green IT in one article. For example, Butler (2011) considers institutional theory and Organizational Theory, Koo et al. (2013) use motivation theory and reference group theory and Bose and Luo (2011) employ the theories of technology–organization–environment, process virtualization, and diffusion of innovation. Lei and Ngai (2013), in their literature review paper, argue that except DoI theory, all other identified theoretical frameworks serve only a single purpose. Lei and Ngai (2013) have identified fifteen theoretical frameworks from the literature and according to their purposes; the theoretical frameworks are classified into the categories called: taxonomy, general Green IT initiatives, and specific type of Green IT initiatives. Howard and Lubbe (2012) synthesize frameworks in the Green IS research area in order to investigate “how organizations can use the existing Green IS frameworks to achieve strong environmental sustainability”. In their article, the authors distributed the identified frameworks into extractions of inclusions into the synthesized framework and categorized them into a three-tier framework with three layers of granularity.

This research adds to the existing literature reviews through focusing on the analysis of theories and framework used by Green IT/IS researchers without any subsequent classifications, aside from dividing them into the two broad categories of theory and framework. It gives due consideration to the most recently articles published in Green IT/IS literature for the purpose of further exposition to serve as a reference for justifying the selection of any particular theory or framework.

Table 7: Theoretical Frameworks (used) in Green IT Literature Table 7: Theoretical Frameworks (used) in Green IT Literature Theoritical Reference Explanation Machanisoms/ Frameworks Theories Technology– (Bose and Assessment of Green IT initiatives and the Organization– Luo 2011) implementation stages of Green IT at the

33

Environment organisational level

(Lei and Ngai Discussion of Green IT adoption 2013)

(Nedbal et al. Incorporating implementation success and 2011) acceptance technology

(Zheng 2014) Proposing a Green IT/IS adoption model of the factors of business strategies (proactive strategy and reactive strategy), and three aspects (regulations, competitiveness & ecological responsibility) of Green IT/IS motivations

Institutional (Butler 2011) Explanation of the forces acting upon Theory organisations from both within the institutional environment and the organisational fields in relation to environmental sustainability and regulatory compliance

(Sarkar and Understanding the drivers of corporate Young 2009) environmentalism and analysis of how external social pressure influences organisational behaviour and policy- making

(Daly and Analysing the effects that regulative, Butler 2009) normative, and cultural-cognitive influences have in shaping environmental responsibility in organisations

Organisational (Butler 2011) Clarifying and bringing into perspective Theory the responses that organisations make from within in to such forces

Actor Network (Bengtsson Investigation of the effects of a and Ågerfalk sustainability initiative in the municipality

34

Theory 2011) of Uppsala, Sweden and understanding the driving forces of sustainability initiatives and examining the roles of human and non-human actants in that process of the initiative

(Aoun et al. Studying the use of collaborative 2011b) technologies for eco-mobilisation among Environmental Non-Governmental Organisations (ENGOs) to achieve shared environmental goals

(Fradley et al. Investigation of the heterogeneous actors’ 2013) engagement in complex patterns of interaction in their Green IS development efforts

Theory of (Chow and Examining the belief and behavior of IT Reasoned Chen 2009; users in green computing Action Sarkar and Young 2009)

(Sarkar and Understanding how managerial attitudes Young 2009) and subjective norms influence the strategic initiatives of an organisation

(Mishra et al. Investigating human behavior for the 2014) adoption of Green IT

Natural (Dao et al. Integrating IT resources with the HRM and Resource- 2011) SCM resources that influence firms to Based View develop sustainability capabilities

(Nishant Examining the impact and the extent of 2012) Green IS adoption on organizational performance including the impact of different dimensions of sustainability portfolio

35

(Nishant et Analysing of different sustainability al. 2013) practices that can create competitive advantage for the organization

(Rahim and Identifying the relationship between Rahman Natural Resource-Based View (NRBV) 2013) and Green IT capability

(Chen et al. Investigating the pressures to motivate the 2009) adoption of green practices across organizations

Process- (Bose and Assisting business managers to adopt virtualization Luo 2011) Green IT

Diffusion of (Bose and Assessment of Green IT initiatives and the innovation Luo 2011) Green IT implementation stages at the organisational level

(Nedbal et al. Linking outsourcing with sustainable IS to 2011) examine the possibilities of organizations engaging in green and sustainable initiatives

Theory of (Chow and Examining the beliefs and behaviors of IT Planned Chen 2009) users in green computing (TPB is an Behavior extension to the model of TRA)

Environmental (Mancha et Exploring the decision-making process Theory of al. 2014) when consequences for the environment Planned exist and predicting environmentally- Behaviour friendly behavioural intentions. Also aiming to examine preservation and utilization attitudes and behaviours in organizational settings

Motivation (Koo et al. Explaining the relationship between Theory 2013) motivation aspects, perceived usefulness, and ‘group theory’ to analyse how the

36

reference group moderates the relationship

(Molla and Identifying the motivations (influential Abareshi factors) for adoption of Green IT in 2011a) organisations and analyses of organizational eco-sustainability influence in the adoption of Green IT

(Molla and Investigation of the motivational factors Abareshi that influence Green IT adoption by 2012) organisations

Reference (Koo et al. Analysis of how the reference group Group Theory 2013) moderates the relationship

Stakeholder (Cai et al. Identifying the political factors (public Theory 2013) concerns and regulatory forces) and economic factors (cost reduction and differentiation) in the adoption of Green IT

(Kim and Ko Distinguishing Green IT leaders from 2010) Green IT followers by considering the key financial and accounting variables and their relation to the pressure being applied by the stakeholder

Extended (Loock et al. Outlining of how information systems Model of 2013) plays a key part in encouraging energy Goal-directed saving measures within domestic settings Behavior with emphasis on the importance of the goal setting initiatives required to affect these outcomes. (argues that EMGB is redefinition of TPB)

Theory of (Cooper and Study of an IT organisation’s Green IT Absorptive Molla 2012) capability Capacity (Cooper and Utilising the theory of absorptive capacity the authors identified that it has has a

37

Molla 2013) small to medium effect on Green IT assimilation

Contextual (Cooper and Utilising contextual theory the authors

Theory Molla 2013) uncovered that absorptive capacity theory has a medium to large scale effect on Green IT assimilation

Structuration (Grant and Scrutinizing the role of structuration theory Theory Appan 2014) in the ‘routinization of Green IS practices (GISP)’ that helps to achieve tangible and intangible organizational benefits

Resource- (Datta et al. Understanding the nature of the exchange Dependence 2010) relationship between IT Service Providers Theory and client organizations

Transaction (Nedbal et al. Integration of outsourcing success Cost Theory 2011)

Socio- (Seidel et al. Study of how an organizational work technical 2013) system can be transformed to attain System Theory environmental sustainability targets

Information (Hilpert et al. Providing directions for design of Green IS System Design 2014) for sustainability reporting (SR) Theory

Contingency (Opitz et al. Demonstrating the fit between Theory 2014) contingencies and the company-specific configuration of Green IT as the organizations will be able to select the most successful Green IT governance form by greater understanding of how Green IT governance is shaped by the contingency factors

Theory of (Ijab et al. Discussion of the emergence and the recurrent use of Green IS practice in

38

Practice 2012) organisations to understand the complexity of practice phenomenon

(Taha Ijab et Identification of how Green Information al. 2011) Systems (Green IS) are utilised in organisations

Frameworks Balanced (Jain et al. A balanced scorecard (BSC) is proposed to Scorecard 2011) align Green IT initiatives with performance measurement indicators. BSC provides a framework with four dimensions: I) Financial dimension (II) Internal operations, (III) Customer dimension (IV) Innovation and learning dimension

Belief–Action– (Gholami et Study of the motivational drivers of a Outcome al. 2013) company for Green IS adoption and Framework identification of the impact on the environmental performance of the firm.

(Stiel 2014) Identifying the values and research issues of discrete event simulation in Green IS research and illustrating the causal relations between organizational, social and physical structures, individual objects as well as the outcomes in their interaction

(Melville Study of how society and shape beliefs 2010) about green products (beliefs), the actions taken to develop green products (actions), and the impacts of these beliefs and actions on the environment and the organization (outcome)

(Mithas et al. Investigattion of antecedents and 2010) consequences of green IT implementation,

39

and finds that the the commitment of top management plays an important role in the implementation of Green IT in organizations

G-Readiness (Molla et al. G-readiness is a measure of preparedness Framework 2008) for being environmentally responsive and competitive, based on this concept, to help organisations evaluate their readiness for adopting Green IT

Energy (Uddin and Energy efficiency and low carbon Efficiency and Rahman enabler Green IT framework for large Low Carbon 2012) and complex server farms to save Enabler Green consumption of electricity and reduce IT Framework the emission of green house gases to lower the effects of global warming

Implementatio (Mann et al. a practical three step implementation n Framework 2009) framework with a unique sustainability- based feedback mechanism in order to understand what combination of Green IT practices might optimally benefit in different scenarios

U-Commerce (Pitt et al. Four dimensions of U-Commerce (also 2011) refered to as u-space) proving that the organizations are trying to pursue and elevate environmentally sound strategies by using the unique characteristics of smartphones

Political– (Cai et al. Identifying the political factors (public Economic 2013) concerns and regulatory forces) and Framework economic factors (cost reduction and differentiation) for the adoption of Green

40

IT

Green IT (Erek et al. Strategic Green IT Alignment Framework Alignment 2011) can guide the decision-makers in selecting Framework an appropriate Green IT strategy for achieving corporate sustainability targets leveraged with competitiveness

Business (Elliot 2011) Business transformation framework transformation addresses four key issues of uncertainty: framework (I) What is environmental sustainability (II) Major challenges of environmental sustainability (III) What is being done about these challenges (IV) What is needed to be done

Green IS (Ijab et al. Conceptualising ‘Green IS’ and offering a Lifecycle 2010) theoretical framework called Green IS Framework Lifecycle Framework (GISLF)”, based on what, where, how & when to inscribe Green into IS. In the proposed framework ‘what’ indicates - “the inscription and enactment of values of eco-sustainability”, ‘where’ indicates - “spirit, practice and impact”, ‘how’ indicates - “design and development” and ‘when’ indicates “pre- use, use, and post-use”

Functional (Seidel et al. Identification of important functional Affordance 2013) affordances that originate in information Framework systems

Organizing (Fradley et al. Employment to facilitate organizing vision Vision 2012) processes to help organizational actors to Framework understand of how the variety of their interests can be served by Green IS

41

Green IT (Chou and Green IT value model which depicts the Value Model Chou 2012) relationship among these components and the impacts of Green IT. Awareness, translation, comprehension, and Green IT value are the four major components

An examination of this data collection shows that researchers have been taking into consideration both established and newly emerging theories. G-Readiness Framework is the best example of a recent proposal where the authors examine such a new theory across a wide range of literature (Molla and Cooper 2010; Molla et al. 2008; Molla et al. 2011; Molla et al. 2009b). Figure 5 depicts the comparison of frameworks and theories used in Green IT and Green IS literature.

25 23

20 13 15

10

5

0 Frameworks Theories

Figure 5: Theory comparison Figure 5: Theory comparison

Green IT is a nascent area that aims to convert existing IT into new and different forms to reduce emmisions impact on the environment while still maintaining the same, or even increase the level of performance. Therefore, while established theories are still necessary, researchers have to remain aware that the compilation of new theories and frameworks are essential with ongoing advances across the Green IT disciplines.

4.3 Segmentation of Green IT Research

An initial analysis of this batch of articles revealed three broad categories of research areas; 1) the core of Green IT, 2) periphery topics, and 3) articles considered

42

beyond the scope of Green IT. Articles categorized as Core Green IT focus on fundamental concepts of Green IT including describing what Green IT is, how it is causing problems to the environment and also how IT can be transformed into Green IT. Periphery topics examine lifecycles, motivations and initiatives surrounding Green IT. Beyond Green IT topics address further themes of Green IT such as awareness, cost of implementation, readiness and capability of organization etc. and typically consider a wider scenario in which Green IT is included instead of specifically referring or focusing on Green IT itself. This category includes articles realizing the future of Green IT/IS, trying to identify the challenges of Green IT/IS, analysing the costing of Green IT/IS implementation and reviewing published literatures in Green IT/IS research area. Table 8 summarizes the classification of articles into the categories that comprise segmentation of published articles. We discuss each segment in turn.

Table 8: Segmentation of Publications Table 8: Segmentation of publications Segmentation Sub Categories Indication Reference of published of articles Segmentation Core of Green Green IT/IS What is Green (Bose and Luo 2012; Boudreau et al. 2008; IT IT? Brocke et al. 2013; Capra and Merlo 2009; Dedrick 2009; Garg et al. 2010; Iacobelli et al. 2010; Loeser 2013; Loos et al. 2011; Mann et al. 2009; Mines et al. 2007; Molla and Abareshi 2011a; Murugesan 2008; Ruth 2009) IT and How IT is (Ansari et al. 2010; Bose and Luo 2011; Environment affecting Butler 2011; Cooper and Molla 2012; Fuchs environmental 2008; Koo et al. 2013; Molla and Abareshi sustainability 2011a; Molla and Abareshi 2011b; Murugesan 2008; Nedbal et al. 2011; Ruth 2009; Trimi and Park 2013)

43

How IT can (Butler 2011; Chen et al. 2009; Cooper and help to promote Molla 2012; Harmon et al. 2012; Jenkin et al. environmental 2011; Kuo and Dick 2010; Lee et al. 2013; sustainability Mithas et al. 2010; Molla and Abareshi 2011b; Molla and Cooper 2010; Nedbal et al. 2011; Pernici et al. 2012; Rahim and Rahman 2013; Ruth 2009; Sarkar and Young 2009; Sayeed and Gill 2009; Seidel et al. 2010; Thirupathi Rao et al. 2010; Trimi and Park 2013; Zhang et al. 2010) Periphery Motivation Use of Green (Chang 2009; Herrick and Ritschard 2009; IT for Kuo and Dick 2010; Marett et al. 2013; operational cost Molla and Abareshi 2011a; Murugesan 2008; reduction Nishant et al. 2012; Sayeed and Gill 2009; Unhelkar 2012; Vykoukal et al. 2009; Wang 2008; Yang et al. 2010) Green IT for (Brocke et al. 2012; Cai et al. 2013; Elliot environment 2011; Fuchs 2008; Gholami et al. 2013; Kim sustainability and Ko 2010; Murugesan 2008; Osch and Avital 2010; Rogers et al. 2013; Seidel and Recker 2012; Simmonds and Bhattacherjee 2012; Vom Brocke et al. 2013a; Vom Brocke et al. 2013b; Watson et al. 2010; Ying and Al-Hakim 2010; Yunus et al. 2013) Green IT for (Butler 2012; Cai et al. 2013; Chen et al. regulatory 2009; Fradley et al. 2013; Fradley et al. 2012; compliance Hilpert et al. 2014; Lei and Wai Ting Ngai 2012; Zheng 2014) Green IT for (Esty and Winston 2009; Loeser et al. 2011; creating value, Nishant et al. 2011; Nishant et al. 2013; Wati and competitive and Koo 2011) advantage Lifecycle Pre-adoption (Chou 2013; Dao et al. 2011; Datta et al.

44

2010; Grant and Marshburn 2014; Hanne 2011; Harmon and Auseklis 2009; Herrick and Ritschard 2009; Kovačić et al. 2008; Kuo and Dick 2010; Lamb 2011; Lei and Ngai 2014; Molla and Abareshi 2011a; Molla and Cooper 2010; Molla et al. 2009a; Nazari and Karim 2012; Nomani and Cater-Steel 2014; Pauwels et al. 2012; Schmidt et al. 2010a; Trimi and Park 2013) Adoption (Cater-Steel and Tan 2011; Chen et al. 2009; Cooper and Molla 2012; Datta et al. 2010; Gholami et al. 2013; Hasan et al. 2009; Huang 2008; Mithas et al. 2010; Rao et al. 2011; Sarkar and Young 2009; Seidel et al. 2010; Simmonds and Bhattacherjee 2014; Taha Ijab et al. 2011; Woodruff et al. 2008; Yunus et al. 2013) Post- adoption (Nanath and Pillai 2012b; Nedbal et al. 2011; Nishant 2012; Nishant et al. 2013) Initiatives Technical (Aoun et al. 2011a; Chen and Yoon 2010; Solution David 2008; Doh et al. 2010; Dubey and Hefley 2011; Hasan et al. 2009; Krikke 2008; Metzger et al. 2012; Murugesan 2008; Rao et al. 2011; Ruth 2009; Scott and Watson 2012; Seidel et al. 2013; Thirupathi Rao et al. 2010; Vykoukal et al. 2009; Zhang et al. 2010) Soft Solution (Ansari et al. 2010; Chetty et al. 2009; Chetty et al. 2008; Chow and Chen 2009; Elliot 2011; Erek et al. 2011; Hasan et al. 2009; Herrick and Ritschard 2009; Mohan et al. 2012; Woodruff et al. 2008) Adoption Level Macro Level (Lee et al. 2013; Marett et al. 2013; Zhiwei (Regional/ 2012)

45

National)

Mezzo Level (Bachour and Chasteen 2010; Cai et al. 2013; (Organizational Esty and Winston 2009; Fradley et al. 2012; ) Gavrilovska et al. 2013; Grant and Appan 2014; Grant and Marshburn 2014; Hedman et al. 2012; Ijab et al. 2012; Kuo 2010; Loeser 2012; Martinez and Bahloul 2008; Molla 2008; Molla 2009; Molla et al. 2008; Nanath and Pillai 2012b; Rawai et al. 2013; Unhelkar 2012; Wang and Wang 2011) Micro Level (Chetty et al. 2009; Chetty et al. 2008; Chow (Individual) and Chen 2009; Kovačić et al. 2008; Loock et al. 2011; Loock et al. 2013; Sarkar and Young 2009; Schmidt et al. 2010b; Wang and Wang 2011; Woodruff et al. 2008) Pre- Awareness (Ansari et al. 2010; Babin and Nicholson Beyond Green implementation 2009; Babin and Nicholson 2011; Chai- IT Arayalert and Nakata 2011; Chou 2013; Chou and Chou 2012; Corbett et al. 2010; Korte et al. 2012; Vazquez et al. 2011) Organizational (Cooper and Molla 2010; Molla and Cooper readiness to 2010; Molla et al. 2008; Molla et al. 2009a; adopt Green IT Sayeed and Gill 2009; Vazquez et al. 2011) Organizational (Cooper and Molla 2012; Dao et al. 2011; capability to Rahim and Rahman 2013; Sayeed and Gill adopt Green IT 2009; Tan et al. 2011) Challenges Cost of (Gavrilovska et al. 2013; Molla 2009; implementation Nishant et al. 2012)

Conflicts 1 (Hobby et al. 2009) Literature (Brooks et al. 2010; Brooks et al. 2012;

1 Conflict between environmental sustainability and high performance of IT

46

Review Corbett 2010; Elliot 2011; Howard and Lubbe 2012; Jenkin et al. 2011; Lei and Ngai 2013; Loeser 2013; Malhotra et al. 2013; Nanath and Pillai 2012a; Stolze et al. 2012; Vazquez et al. 2011)

4.3.1 Core of Green IT

Murugesan (2008) argues that Green IT is indicative of environmentally sound Information Technology. Information Technology is essentially the design, implementation and management of computers at both the individual and industry level. Green IT includes multiple aspects like environmental sustainability, energy efficiency economics and the cost of disposal/recycling etc. Green technological innovation is the key to sustainable development. According to Nanath and Pillai (2012b) there are two aspects of Green IT with IT being the cause of environmental issue and the other using IT/IS to resolve the environmental issue.

There are direct and indirect effects of Green IT (Nanath and Pillai 2012b). The direct effect occurs by reducing environmental impact of IT and the indirect effect is by using IT to support the initiatives promoting sustainability (Nanath and Pillai 2012b).

Murugesan (2008) discussion of the concept of Green IT is one of the commonly cited articles. The study proposes four domains of Green IT: Green use, Green design, Green manufacturing and Green disposal of IT systems. Green use focuses on reducing the energy consumption associated with the computer and other information systems environment friendly.. Green design considers designing energy efficient equipment, computers, servers and cooling equipment. Green disposal proposes the repairing and the recycling of computers and electronic equipment that are to be discarded.. Green manufacturing refers to manufacturing electronic machineries, computers and other associated subsystems with minimal impact on the environment or having no impact at all on the environment

4.3.1.1 Green IT - What Green IT is

The primary goal of the Green IT strategy is to reduce the use of energy and relevant costs whilst managing the continuously increasing requirements for performance. Green IT can be considered as an optimal use of information and

47

communication technology to manage enterprise activities in an environmentally sustainable manner. Eastwood (2009) describes Green IT as “a collection of strategic and tactical initiatives that directly reduces the carbon footprint of an organization’s computing operation”.

In simple terms, "Green IT” can be summarized as follows: - Minimizing the negative impact of information technology use on the environment - Environmental issues caused by the use of IT - Using information technology to minimize or counteract environmental issues

 Bose and Luo (2012) provides a step-by-step process management approach to assist business managers to adopt green IT and argues that it will be very helpful for the IT managers to be conscious about environment and use greener technologies in the organisation. It discusses the barriers in the addoption of green IT as well

 Dedrick (2009) considers reviewing existing Green IS research in order to present a model of IT investment and carbon productivity, and provides suggestions for future research

 Garg et al. (2010) designate environment friendly practices in the field of information technology such as virtualization, cloud computing, greening of data centres, recycling, telecommuting, and teleworking and presents a summary of the initiatives for Green IT undertaken by government agencies in various countries

 Mann et al. (2009) proposes a theory which applies a quality management paradigm to suggest a practical three step implementation framework with a unique sustainability-based feedback mechanism in order to understand what combination of Green IT practices might optimally benefit in various scenarios

 Molla and Abareshi (2011a) seeks the motivations (influential factors) to adopt Green IT in organisations and analyses organizational eco-sustainability influence the adoption of Green IT and IT for Green. This study analyses four hypotheses and identifies that eco-efficiency motive and eco-effectiveness motives

48

have stronger influential than eco-responsiveness motives & eco-legitimacy motives to the adoption of Green IT

 Murugesan (2008) introduces the 4 domains/paths of Green IT (Using, manufacturing, designing and disposal if IT system) and the classification of Green IT strategies (Tactical incremental approach, Strategic approach & Deep green approach). A highly referred article in Green IT domain

 Ruth (2009) discusses overall Green IT and also how IT is causing problem to environment including suggestions to handle the problems. Another wing of this article is to discourse how IT can help to reduce the environmental impact

4.3.1.2 IT and Environment - How IT is affecting environmental sustainability (causing problem)

Technology is causing environmental encumbrance due to the required resources (Boudreau et al. 2008). Articles this section address the issue of environmental damage caused by IT by the usage of excess power and reliance on toxic chemicals. Consideration is also given to reducing carbon footprint, selecting proper hardware materials and the presence of e-waste

 Bose and Luo (2011) discuss GIT in detail and integrates three IS theoretical lenses (TOE, PV and DOI) to assess GIT initiatives and the GIT implementation stages at the organisational level. This study has developed a research model to build theoretical synergy with Green IT. This study is based on virtualisation process and tries to assess the readiness of the firm to undertake Green IT initiatives. Authors claim that to initiate Green IT both technology changes and behavioural changes are needed in the organisation

 Butler (2011) uses the lens of institutional theory to explain the forces acting upon organisations from both within the institutional environment and the organisational fields in relation to environmental sustainability and regulatory compliance. Further insights sourced from organisational theory will then attempt to clarify and bring into perspective the responses that organisations make from within in response to such forces

49

 Fuchs (2008) discusses the relationship of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) and sustainable development. This article detects popular myths about a sustainable information society and criticizes them by explaining the downsides of ICT. Author concludes stating that “Environmental problems are social problems, not technological problems, they are neither caused by science and technology as such, nor can they be solved by science or technology as such”

 Koo et al. (2013) contributes by studying on the end user characteristics and analyses the factors of behaviour intention to use green IT devices. Authors consider ‘motivation theory’ to explain the relationship between motivation aspects and perceived usefulness and ‘group theory’ to analyse how the reference group moderates the relationship. Perceived usefulness has a strong impact on sustainable use of green IT device. This study claims that intrinsic motivation is significantly related whereas extrinsic motivation is strongly to the perceived usefulness

 Molla and Abareshi (2011a) investigate the motivations (influential factors) to adopt Green IT in organisations and analyses organizational eco-sustainability influence the adoption of Green IT and IT for Green. This study analyses four hypotheses and identifies that eco-efficiency motive and eco-effectiveness motives have stronger influential than eco-responsiveness motives & eco-legitimacy motives to the adoption of Green IT

 Murugesan (2008) introduces the 4 domains/paths of Green IT (Using, manufacturing, designing and disposal of IT system) and the classification of Green IT strategies (- Tactical incremental approach, - Strategic approach & - Deep green approach). A highly referred article in Green IT domain

 Nedbal et al. (2011) considers a theory-based approach to link outsourcing with sustainable IS to examine the possibilities of organizations engaging in green and sustainable initiatives. This study proposes a model based on technology- organization-environment (TOE) framework and also considers diffusion of innovation (DoI) theory to incorporate implementation success and technology acceptance and the transaction cost theory (TCT) for the integration of outsourcing success

50

 Ruth (2009) address how IT is causing problem to environment and presents numbers of statistical data to prove so. Author identifies each problem area (e.g data centres and servers, e-waste, software, telecommunication etc.) including describing how they are causing problems (mostly power consumption, raw materials, spaces etc.). Discussion comes for some regulatory bodies and suggestions are given to tackle the problems

 Trimi and Park (2013) describe the importance of sustainability and provide the overview of how some of the leading firms and non-profit organizations have already undertaken the initiatives of green IT and greening with IT. The study also suggests some guidelines for businesses, governments, and individuals to increase the efforts for Green IT and its awareness

4.3.1.3 IT and Environment - How IT can help to promote environmental sustainability (Green by IT)

In reviewing the literature, focusing heavily on how IT can help and analyses indicate that Green IT has already had a measurably positive effect on efforts to reduce energy consumption since recommendations have been applied. Another prominent theme featured in these analyses is a recurring emphasis on ways that Green IT has been responsible for detrimental outcomes resulting from the overuse of information networks. To describe how IT is supporting environment, Lee et al. (2013) says “GIT environment-friendliness is achieved through two strategies: (1) Greening of IT itself – reduction of energy and CO2 emission from IT products (2) Greening by IT – utilizing IT for greening purposes.”

 Harmon et al. (2012) deliver a comprehensive view of the emerging industry to inform sustainable IT strategy development and also provides future directions for the next decade by analysing strategic dimensions and drivers of sustainable IT

 Kuo (2010) considers competitive pressures, legitimation pressures, social responsibility pressures, organisational factors and technological constraints to propose a model and identifies that these factors are highly influential to the extent of green IT practice in organisation. Based on a survey, this study claims that rather than responding to external pressures or pursuing competitive advantage, Green IT initiatives are more likely to be motivated from employee’s sense of responsibility. It

51

also discusses the limitation of the study and proposes future study considering senior managerial perspectives

 Mithas et al. (2010) aim to understand the main drivers and the factors that influence Green IT implementation in organizations and also attempts to assess the business value of green IT initiatives, associated with energy conservation, cost reductions and impact on profit

 Pernici et al. (2012) present current topics of Green IT research, possible contributions of the IS community, and future directions with the presentation of panellists’ views on using information systems for improving sustainability and the energy efficiency of the data centres

 Rahim and Rahman (2013) tries to identify the relationship between Natural Resource-Based View (NRBV) and Green IT capability. The Two constructs, pollution prevention and product stewardship, are applied to explain the potential activities related to Green IT capabilities. This study argues that these two constructs can accelerate both ‘Green of IT’ and ‘Green by IT’

 Ruth (2009) identifies how IT is causing problem to environment and discusses how IT can help to reduce the environmental impact

 Sarkar and Young (2009) argue that it requires strong commitments from senior IT managers to implement/achieve Green IT (through managing IT infrastructure). This study claims that 2 drivers need to be considered before organisations take Green IT seriously – 1) a convincing cost model and 2) proper awareness. These drivers can motivate IT managers to transform the attitude into action

 Trimi and Park (2013) describe the importance of sustainability and provides the overview of green IT and greening with IT that some of the leading firms and non-profit organizations have already undertaken. The study also suggests some guidelines for businesses, governments, and individuals to increase the efforts for Green IT and its awareness

52

 Zhang et al. (2010) discuss energy consumption by two new heuristic task scheduling algorithms. The algorithms are - 1STFCMEF-SA algorithm, and 2) LTFCMEF-SA algorithm. These algorithms are designed and implemented and also evaluated for optimizing server power consumption in data centre and cloud computing. The main idea of the algorithms is to reduce energy consumption by improving speed in computers. The authors make no guarantee and wish to improve the algorithms

4.3.2 Periphery

These articles that feature only a peripheral reference to Green IT are differentiated from the core articles on the basis of their addressing topics which lie towards the fringe areas within the current scope of Green IT research. These topics encompass motivation, initiatives, lifecycle, and adoption level. Although their current status has not yet incorporated within the core limits their relevance to Green IT, none-the-less they need to be taken into consideration for the purpose of composing the essential overall picture from which Green IT solutions can be derived.

4.3.2 .1 Motivation

The motivation category contains articles pertaining to cost reduction, government legislation and awareness of environmental issues. Many scholars have identified the most important drivers of Green IT as economical, regulatory and ethical. (Molla 2008; Murugesan 2008). According to Bose and Luo (2011), the primary drivers of Green IT are: reducing costs due to budget cuts (cost), complying with the local law (legislation) and the consumption reduction due to resource restrictions (environment). The two major benefits of Green IT implementation has been identified as reduced operating cost and protection for the environment. In discussing Green IT benefits, Brooks et al. (2012) say “here are two major categories of benefits: environmental benefits and cost reduction benefits”. Therefore it is evident that Green IT aims at cost reduction and environmental protection

53

4.3.2.1.1 Green IT for operational cost reduction

The primary motivation for Green IT adoption is the subsequent reduction in operational costs for the organisation. Cost reduction is the most influential motivation to adapt Green IT and Green IS.

 Herrick and Ritschard (2009) present economic benefits of Green ITnand Green IT initiatives from theoretical point of view and compares with practical experience. “What to do” & “how to do” suggestions are proposed with examples and covering, designing, using & disposing of hardware. Soft solutions (education, training etc.) are also discussed. Authors mainly discusses the solutions to energy efficiency, consumption, reduction, and environmental stewardship. Discussion covers the limitations of GIT implementations and the authors warn to test where possible before implementation/apply/initiation

 Unhelkar (2012) argues that ‘cost reduction’ is an excellent driver for an organization to implement Green IT strategies like minimizing energy consumption (improving energy efficiency), reducing the use of raw materials and equipment, recycling equipment and waste and optimizing storage and inventory

 Vykoukal et al. (2009) present how to improve IT efficiency by using energy efficient IT equipment, improving airflow management systems to reduce cooling requirements and virtualization technology. An architectural approach of Green IT “Green Grid” is proposed in this article in order to leverage the inherent ecological and economic benefits. this paper explains what Green Gird is, the infastructure of Green Gird and it’s benifit

 Wang (2008) considers complete life cycle of computer products from production to operation to recycling including operational energy consumption of computing and demonstrates, what other actions will result in overall cost and carbon footprint reduction for personal and business computers

 Yang et al. (2010) assess incorporating cost and resource efficiency into the technology innovation process and introduce better recycling technologies by

54

minimizing process waste, improving resource efficiency, thus reducing the recovery process cost

4.3.2.1.2 Green IT for environment sustainability

Osch and Avital (2010) argue that the main focus of Green IT/IS is environmental facet of sustainability. Green IT is up held as promoting environmental sustainability through the adoption of innovative technologies that result in IT causing significantly less harm to the environment due to reductions in the use of toxic raw materials, the upgrading of existing systems as an alternative to replacement, as well as recycling rather than outright disposal. Publications within this category address the importance of maintaining environmental sustainability by reducing the dependence on toxic raw materials. Initiatives such as system upgrades are proposed as an alternative to replacement and recycling instead of outright disposal.

 Cai et al. (2013) propose a research model based on the political–economic framework and considers stakeholder theory to identify the political factors (public concerns and regulatory forces) and economic factors (cost reduction and differentiation) for the adoption of Green IT and IT for Green. This research explores that adoption Green IT ensures both economic and environmental benefit whereas IT for Green ensures environment benefits but remain unclear on the economic benefits

 Elliot (2011) considers selecting, analyzing, and synthesizing of relevant literature in order to develop a framework for IT-enabled business transformation. Author claims that this holistic, transdisciplinary, integrative framework addresses the key issues of uncertainty: what is environmental sustainability, major challenges of environmental sustainability and what are being done about these issues, and what is needed to be done. Author considers business transformation as due to its potential capacity for innovation and change - locally, nationally, and globally, business transformation is recognized as being a critical contributor in realizing the challenges of environmental sustainability

 Fuchs (2008) discusses the relationship of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) and sustainable development. Author also

55

detects popular myths about a sustainable information society and criticizes the myths by explaining the downsides of ICT and concludes by stating that “Environmental problems are social problems, not technological problems, they are neither caused by science and technology as such, nor can they be solved by science or technology”

 Gholami et al. (2013) present motivational drivers of a company for Green IS adoption and identify the impact on the environmental performance of the firm. Authors propose a model to understand the antecedents to Green IS and shows that institutional forces contribute to the formation of managerial psychic states for Green IS adoption in organisation. Based on survey result, authors argue that significant relationship exist between senior managements’ attitude and consideration for Green IS adoption and find that Green IS adoption contributes positively to environmental performance

 Kim and Ko (2010) aim to distinguish Green IT leaders from Green IT followers by considering key financial and accounting variables

 Osch and Avital (2010) discuss how Green IT can be widen to sustainable innovation as it offers a three-fold approach that encompasses social, environmental and economic dimensions of sustainability

 Seidel and Recker (2012) deliberate the functional affordances of information systems in enabling both incremental and radical changes in order to make processes environmentally sustainable in order to conceptualize environmentally sustainable business processes

 Simmonds and Bhattacherjee (2012) aim to study, how IT can improve environmental sustainability of organizations using an interpretive analysis of the environmental IT implementation processes of three early innovators. The analysis has been directed by technology, organization and environment framework and a six- stage IT implementation model

 Vom Brocke et al. (2013b) identify major achievements in the field of Green IS and discuss the significant contribution of Green IS to lessen environmental problems including reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the effects of

56

global climate change. Authors also provides five specific and important directives for the future of IS discipline

 Watson et al. (2010) identify ways for the IS community to engage in the development of environmentally sustainable business practices and discusses how the role of IS can be leveraged to create an ecologically sustainable society by increasing energy efficiency. Overall, authors address how IS scholars and leaders can embrace environmental sustainability in their core principles and foster changes to reduce the environmental impact of the community

4.3.2.1.3 Green IT for regulatory compliance The studies listed below address the reasons why it is imperative for organisations and individuals to adopt Green IT. There is also a focus on the regulatory measures imposed from the federal level, such as the carbon tax and the clean energy tax.

 Chen et al. (2009) examine institutional pressures that can motivate the adoption of green practices across organizations and finds that mimetic and coercive pressures significantly drive Green IT/IS adoption

 Fradley et al. (2012) investigate institutional arrangements for the development of the Vessel Management System (VMS), a Green IS that aims to address pollution prevention goals and was developed by Environment Protection Authority (EPA), a South Australian regulator and used for monitoring compliance with environmental protection legislation for vessels operating in the state’s inland and marine waters

 Fradley et al. (2013) employ actor-network theory (ANT) to investigate the heterogeneous actors’ engagement in complex patterns of interaction in their Green IS development efforts. To improve current understanding of how and why the development of a Code of Practice (CoP) - driven VMS can be succeed or failed, authors conceptualise the development of a CoP and the VMS, a Green IS and aims to address pollution prevention goals and was developed by Environment Protection Authority (EPA), a South Australian regulator and helps regulators enforce the CoP, as a process of creating stable networks of heterogeneous actors

57

 Hilpert et al. (2014) provide directions for design of Green IS for sustainability reporting (SR) and propose ‘information system design theory’ (ISDT), which is a set of primarily prescriptive statements describing how to construct the class of Green IS for SR. Author argues that ISDT contributes to solve the trade-offs between environmental data transparency, complexity and data collection effort

 Lei and Wai Ting Ngai (2012) present a theoretical framework that comprises Green IS initiation, adoption and routinization to provide insights and better understanding on the establishment of proper interventions for the assimilation of Green IS in organizations

 Zheng (2014) discusses the role of business strategy in the process of Green IT/IS adoption and classifies them into proactive strategy and reactive strategy. Author also considers technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework to propose a green IT/IS adoption model including the factors of business strategies, and three aspects (regulations, competitiveness & ecological responsibility) of Green IT/IS motivations under the instruction of corporate social responsibility (CSR) theoretical perspective in order to investigate the critical factors that may influence the Green ITIS adoption

4.3.2.1.4 Green IT for creating value, and Competitive Advantage

Two aspects of Green IT involved in creating value and competitive advantage are cost reduction and customer perception. Not only does Green IT equipment use less power than conventional systems, it enhances the image of the organization among its clientele, which leads to positive outcomes in public relations and an increase in market share (Esty and Winston 2009; Vazquez et al. 2011)

 Nishant et al. (2011) analyse the impact of Green IT announcements on a firm’s market value. After analysing 160 news reports of green IT initiatives by publicly traded firms over a 6-year period, authors find positive relationships between the Green IT announcements on “sustainable products and services” and the use of “collaboration” technologies

58

 Nishant et al. (2013) study 115 global organization’s secondary data on sustainable IS and performance measures to observe the impact of sustainable IS adoption on organizational performance including the impact of the extent of adoption and find that sustainable IS adoption has positive relationship with market valuation and innovativeness but not with profitability

 Wati and Koo (2011) propose a new structural model of Green IT Balanced Scorecard, based on the “The Strategic Balanced Scorecard (BSC)”, first introduced by Kaplan and Norton in 1992, in order to incorporate the environmental aspects of technology into scorecard measurement. It also compares between the IT BSC and Green IT BSC. The Green IT BSC evaluates the technology performance by integrating environmental aspects effectively, investigates both the tangible and intangible assets of Green IT investment, and also align IT performance and business performance and transform the results into competitive advantage

4.3.2.2 Initiatives

A considerable amount of research has been performed on investigating Green IT initiatives. They range from technical solutions for more sustainable IT to a soft solution approach to promote Green IT. The technical solution focuses on the energy-efficient equipment and eco-friendly hardware in terms of using, designing and manufacturing, and disposing (Murugesan 2008). On the other side, soft solutions draw the attention of behavioural attitudes like paperless offices, less printing or printing on both sides (Ansari et al. 2010), video and mobile conferencing. A significant amount of articles consider both technical solutions and soft solutions for Green IT implementation. Hasan et al. (2009) blame ‘internet’ as one of the key reasons for environmental issues and proposes several strategies to convert ICT as solutions for the environmental problems. Chetty et al. (2009) explore the combination of new computing systems with better power management and power management habits of end users as a high potential for energy savings. While discussing how e-waste is causing an environmental problem, Ansari et al. (2010) suggest a soft solution like printing of the in-house documents on both sides of the papers.

59

4.3.2.2.1 Technical solutions Technical solutions refer to how technology itself can be redesigned so as to become less harmful to environment. Vykoukal et al. (2009) find IT can be ‘Green’ by using energy efficient equipment, improving airflow management systems to reduce cooling requirements and considering virtualization technology. Author states that “Grid technology provides enterprises with the opportunity to build up their own Green IT solution relatively fast by interconnecting existing computing and storage capacity into a grid. Another option for enterprises is to purchase grid resources on- demand from external service providers that have already launched Green IT initiatives”. Ruth (2009) identifies that data centres and servers; e-waste, software etc. are causing problems mostly by power consumption, raw materials, spaces and discusses the technical improvement to reduce the environmental impact. Krikke (2008) also describes major impacts of e-waste (waste of hazardous electronic equipment) on the environment and suggests recycling e-waste as a solution. Furthermore, Doh et al. (2010) discuss the requirements for real deployment of ZEUS (Zero Energy for Unused Servers) on data centres as a technical solution. Zhang et al. (2010) propose two new heuristic task scheduling algorithms, namely Shortest Task First for Computer with Minimal Energy First with Speed Adjustment (STFCMEF-SA) algorithm and Longest Task First for Computer with Minimal Energy First with Speed Adjustment (LTFCMEF-SA) algorithm to reduce energy consumption of the server, data centre and cloud computing.

 David (2008) considers complete life cycle of computer products from production to operation to recycling including operational energy consumption of computing and demonstrates what other actions will result in overall carbon footprint reduction for personal and business computers

 Doh et al. (2010) try to identify the necessity of greener data centers and introduces ZEUS (Zero Energy for Unused Servers). This study develops a new memory technology and shows that the proposed energy savings approach consumes energy in proportion to user requests with configurable service of quality. Based on observations made on the used data center, authors discuss the requirements for real deployment

60

 Dubey and Hefley (2011) propose an initial set of Green ITSM extensions to the ITIL to address Green IT in the full ‘Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL)’ lifecycle to confirm best green practices

 Hasan et al. (2009) analyse climate issues, IS causing environmental problem and ICT- tools as solution based on Australia’s current situation. Authors claim that ‘internet’ is one of the main reasons for environmental issues and proposes strategies to convert ICT as a source of solutions to environmental problems

 Rao et al. (2011) offer an intelligent Green IT management technique to reduce energy consumption by using the appropriate action such as ‘logoff’, ‘shutdown’, ‘hibernate’ etc. by enabling the adaptive management of the desktops through the system profiling and application of Machine Learning techniques

 Ruth (2009) identifies how IT is causing problem to environment and presents statistical data to prove so. It identifies each problem area (e.g Data Centres and Servers, E-Waste, software, telecommunication etc.) and describes how they cause problems (mostly power consumption, raw materials, spaces etc.). Discussion comes for some regulatory bodies and suggestions are given to handle the problems

 Scott and Watson (2012) propose a framework using comprehensive literature review in Green IT to measure the value of Green IT and present results from an exploratory analysis of Cloud computing in the SME sector

4.3.3.2.2 Soft Solution Soft solutions refer to approaches that are non-technical in nature, where the main concern is on behavioural outcomes and initiatives for raising awareness. Apart from explaining environmentally friendly hardware, many scholars propose soft solutions to promote Green IT. Vlek and Steg (2007) identify many challenges of human behaviours and environmental sustainability, including the significant effect of behavioural and/or environmental changes on human well-being. Hasan et al. (2009) mention examples of being paperless, such as with e-business, online surveys, e-books, online news and digital archiving. Woodruff et al. (2008) explore the intention of end users to be green d through exploration of existing “Green” lifestyles. Scholars consider education and training for the soft solutions (Herrick and

61

Ritschard 2009) and focus on IT users' belief and behaviour towards Green computing (Chow and Chen 2009).

 Chetty et al. (2009) explore how and why people power down their machines and the potential for energy savings. This article analyses 20 households computer power management habits in USA. This study suggests considering new computing system with better power management including high availability for the home users

 Chetty et al. (2008) aim to find out individual household practices with respect to monitoring and managing resource consumption- natural gas (for heating/cooling), electricity, and water (to a lesser extent)

 Chow and Chen (2009) study IT users' belief and behaviour towards green computing. This paper attempts to determine the dominant factor(s) about belief and behaviour of green computing. 7 hypotheses was proposed and analysed. This paper finds that IT user’s intention to practice green computing is dependent on individual aspiration and awareness

 Erek et al. (2011) intent to conceptualise a Strategic Green IT Alignment Framework in order to align Green IT with corporate sustainability goals and business objectives. The framework can guide the decision-makers to select an appropriate Green IT strategy in order to achieve corporate sustainability targets and to leverage with competitiveness

 Mohan et al. (2012) aim to provide a conceptual foundation for managers and IT professionals to better understand the nature of Green IT initiatives for and therefore, propose a framework to suggest that organizations should tailor their structure and processes to foster—not stifle—innovation depending on the nature and focus of different initiatives

 Woodruff et al. (2008) aim to inform the design of future sustainable technologies through an exploration of existing “green” lifestyles. Study considered 35 green households in US. Author analyse Green consumer behaviour and find social networking is important for environmental awareness. Authors also suggest studying environmental practices in developing regions and Europe since they are believed to have different perspectives on sustainability

62

4.3.2.3 Lifecycle

The lifecycle category contains articles reflecting pre-adoption, adoption and post-adoption. The main topics focused on by the past research includes: explorations of influential factors for adoption decisions (Harmon and Auseklis 2009; Kuo and Dick 2010; Molla and Abareshi 2011a; Murugesan 2008; Nazari and Karim 2012; Sarkar and Young 2009), the adoption process (Bose and Luo 2011) and the importance of Green IT adoption in developing countries (Hanne 2011). Also identifying factors that are highly influential to extent of Green IT practice in organization (Cater-Steel and Tan 2011; Gholami et al. 2013; Kuo and Dick 2010), analysis of the risks of adoption (Chou 2013), discusses Green IT management issue (Cooper and Molla 2012) and illustrates the managerial attitude to Green IT adoption (Sarkar and Young 2009). Furthermore research was conducted to identify the relationship between Natural Resource-Based View (NRBV) and Green IT capability (Rahim and Rahman 2013), to develop sustainability capabilities of firms (Dao et al. 2011). Some researchers address the problems encountered after implementing Green IT within organization and propose sustainability models to address the issue (Nanath and Pillai 2012b). Others analyse the readiness of organizations to adopt Green IT (Molla 2008; Molla et al. 2008). Most of the research performed in this area is from the organizational perspective with few considering individual motivation and behavioural attitude towards Green IT (Chetty et al. 2009; Chetty et al. 2008).

4.3.2.3.1 Pre-adoption

Pre-adoption encapsulates how decisions to implement Green IT are made within an organization, including decision making of the necessity of Green IT and subsequently the cost of implementation. Consideration is also given to issues such as pre-implementation risk analysis and financial forecasting of the cost of Green IT implementation, and the short-t and long-term financial benefits for the organisation from the Green IT implementation.

 Dao et al. (2011) discuss sustainability in detail and examine the role of IT resources and the integration of IT resources with HRM and SCM resources to help firms to develop sustainability capabilities. This research uses resource-based-view of the firm as the theoretical foundation and identifies that the integration of HR,

63

SCM, and IT resources are critical for firms to develop sustainability capabilities. This article describes theoretical contributions and also discusses for future research scopes

 Datta et al. (2010) introduce IT Services Provider (ITSP) in order to contribute in the sustainable IT literature and argues that ITSP can influence adoption of IT sustainability by delivering the Sustainable IT Services Value Chain and providing access to sustainability-related expertise

 Hanne (2011) discusses Green IT in detail and illustrates the importance of Green-IT adoption in developing countries with example (green purchasing policy) of practicing green IT

 Grant and Marshburn (2014) consider theoretical triangulation method, Institutional Theory, Status Quo Bias and Management Fashion Theory, in order to propose a conceptual model to identify the factors that may play significant role in the implementation decision of Green IS

 Harmon and Auseklis (2009) provide a review of the literature on Green computing (sustainable IT), triy to identify influences of Green computing on sustainable IT services including key areas of focus and identifying critical issues and leverage points to improve customer value, business value, and societal value. This study also bound to identify core of principles to guide sustainable IT service design. This study thoroughly discusses the driving factors of Green computing adoption. This paper identifies the 1st wave of Green computing initiative as “increase data center efficiency” or “minimize carbon footprints” and 2nd wave of Green computing as ‘defining the role of the IT organization in an enterprise’s overall Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) strategy

 Herrick and Ritschard (2009) discuss Green IT initiatives from theoretical point of view and compares with practical experience. “What to do” & “How to do” suggestions are proposed with example and covering designing, using & disposing of hardware. Soft solutions (education, training etc.) are discussed as well. Authours mainly discuss the solutions to energy efficiency, consumption, reduction, and environmental stewardship. Discussion covers the limitations of Green IT

64

implementations and the authors warn to test where possible before implementation/apply/initiation of Green IT

 Kovačić et al. (2008) aim to explore ICT adoption and explain the digital divide in Serbia and also investigate influencing factors such as socio-demographics, income and wealth and e-skills for the adoption of the ICTs at the individual level.

 Lamb (2011) provides an overview on the importance of implementing Green IT and identifies the power issues at data centers in South Africa and discusses the solutions to these power issues include virtualization of servers and data storage. Cloud computing has become the ultimate way to virtualize IT resources and to save energy. Also describes the benefits of using private clouds, especially for test and development systems

 Molla and Abareshi (2011a) seek the motivations (influential factors) to adopt Green IT in organisations and analyses organizational eco-sustainability influence the adoption of Green IT and IT for Green. This study analyses four hypotheses and identifies that eco-efficiency motive and eco-effectiveness motives have stronger influential than eco-responsiveness motives & eco-legitimacy motives to the adoption of Green IT

 Molla and Cooper (2010) propose ‘G-readiness’ framework to understand the drivers, values and antecedents of Green IT. ‘G-readiness’ framework has 5 components - Attitude, Policy, Practice, technology & governance with sub- component for each. These component measures the readiness/ preparedness of organisation’s IT to be environmentally responsible and competitive. This study also argues that g-readiness must be understood clearly before approaching GIT initiatives to preven the possible arising of undesssirable situations

 Molla et al. (2009a) present a clear definition of G-readiness, a theoretically grounded definition of Green IT, to determine the capability of organizations to turn the ‘IT’ into ‘Green’ or capability in implementing GIT. This study also develops a reliable and valid instrument to operationalize the model. The model G-readiness is dependent on 5 components (and sub-components) - GIT Attitude, GIT Policy, GIT Practice, GIT technology & GIT governance. This study argues that 3 components

65

possess higher readiness (GIT policy, GIT Practice & GIT governance) and the other two components have a lower readiness

 Nazari and Karim (2012) discuss Green IT (definitions), GIT adoption (differences between adoption of green technologies & adoption of other technologies), drivers of GIT in organisation level. Authors aim to identify basic factors of GIT adoption.. and that the process of “Green IT adoption is influenced by different factors with various impacts, depending on the f firm’s situation”. The factors affecting green IT adoption are attributeof Innovation (the most important factor), organizational factors, and environmental factors

 Pauwels et al. (2012) investigate whether ‘Enterprise Ontology’ is a feasible methodology in modelling global IT Service Management processes to enable the quantification and minimization of the ecological impact of IT Service Management processes

 Schmidt et al. (2010a) provide an initial conceptual framework and analyse data from 116 IT departments on the predictors of Green IT adoption in order to offer recommendation for CIOs, IT managers including environmental and sustainability managers to gain further insights about Green IT and how to link Green IT with the organisation’s IT and business strategy

4.3.2.3.2 Adoption

Adoption of Green IT refers to looking at how management oversees the implementation of Green IT. Consideration is also given to other managerial perspectives as they emerged in a range of case studies.

 Simmonds and Bhattacherjee (2014) extends the resource based view (RBV) by proposing model called green IT resource based view (GIT-RBV) and describes two major differences of them. 1st the antecedents of resource use – competitiveness is the single, implicit adoption motivation for RBV whereas GIT-RBV has three explicitly stated motivations – environmental, competitiveness and legitimation. 2nd the value outcome - where the RBV focuses specifically on economic value, and the GIT-RBV integrates environmental value in addition to economic value

66

 Huang (2008) proposes Systems development lifecycle (SDLC) model in order to be used by IT professionals as a guide line for new system development and for existing systems maintenance to accent on sustainability

 Sarkar and Young (2009) argue that it requires strong commitments form senior IT managers to implement/achieve Green IT (through managing IT infrastructure). The case study claims that 2 drivers need to be considered before organisations take Green IT seriously – 1) a convincing cost model and 2) proper awareness. These drivers can motivate IT managers to transform the attitude into action to initiate Green IT

 Taha Ijab et al. (2011) seek to explain how Green Information Systems (Green IS) are utilised in organisations. It provides insights into how Green IS practices transpired in organisations with correlated results and analysis garnered from prior publications. Finally, the paper shows the relevance of the Theory of Practice, a social surmisation not often referenced throughout broader IS, as a means Green IS research and practice can be further developed

 Yunus et al. (2013) aim to analyse the role of top management towards the successful adoption of Green IT and environmental sustainability and also considers Green IT adoption model (GITAM) and the technology, organizational and environmental (TOE) model, to examine the effects of attitude, practice, policy, governance, motivation and technology on environmental sustainability

4.3.2.3.3 Post-adoption

Literature in post-adoption research analyses the consequential benefits to an organisation following the adoption of Green IT in addition to which actions were necessary for the successful continuation of Green IT implementation. Researchers gave less priority to analysing post adoption scenarios, even though this is a necessary prerequisite for successful implementation of Green IT.

 Nanath and Pillai (2012b) sketch Green IT with a thorough review of literature associated with it.. This study identifies the issue of sustaining Green IT initiatives to gain long term advantage and proposes a sustainability model for GIT initiatives to address the issue. Authors reveal the factors into three dimensions that contribute to sustainability of Green IT initiatives as promoting sustainable culture,

67

business process and organizational properties and find that of the three ‘business process’ and ‘organizational properties’ are most significant to ensure the sustainability of Green IT. This study also discovers the difference between ‘sustainers’ and ‘non-sustainers’ to assess the long term environmental performance of firms. It also discusses its limitations and considerations for future study

 Nishant (2012) uses natural resource-based perspective (NRBV) theory to identify the relationship between adoption of Green IS and measures of organizational performance, therefore, examines the impact of adoption and the impact of the extent of adoption of Green IS within organisation including analysing the impact of different dimensions of sustainability portfolio. Author’s finding is that the comprehensive adoption of Green IS is in the interest of the organisation.

4.3.2.4 Adoption Level

Kovačić et al. (2008) mentioned that factors influencing IT innovations adoption have been studied at three levels: macro (regions and countries), mezzo (organizations/industries) and micro level (individuals and households), which after consideration have then been placed under the appropriate segmentations in the periphery section. This is done to differentiate the three levels where ‘macro level’ contemplates Green IT adoption across country or region level, ‘mezzo level’ refers to Green IT adoption at organization or industry level and ‘micro level’ reflects Green IT adoption by individuals. Figure 6 portrays the Green IT adoption/ implementation area. An overview of the research sample reveals a scarcity of available studies attempting to specifically analyse macro content at a deeper level, as only very few studies, such as (Marett et al. 2013) have attempted to analyse the factors for successful and sustained use of Green IS in the trucking industry in USA. A common finding across the existing studies is that the bulk of studies consider mezzo level or organization level (Jenkin et al. 2011) . A third consistent finding has been the lack of discussion and depiction of micro level with few references to Green IT adoption by individuals (Loock et al. 2013).

68

Green IT adoption/ implementation area

Macro Level Mezzo Level Micro Level Green IT/IS in Green IT/IS in Industry Green IT/IS in Region/ Country level Private level Level E.g. server E.g. turning off E.g. carbon tax, GHG virtualization, cloud computers when not emission, water computing, internet using, choosing purification, backbone, motion energy-efficient light submarine cable etc. sensor lighting, video bulbs, using public and mobile transportation etc. conferencing etc.

Figure 6: Green IT Adoption/ Implementation Area (Kovačić et al. 2008)

Figure 6: Green IT Adoption/ Implementation Area

4.3.2.4.1 Macro Level (Region/ Country)

As noted prior, ‘macro level’ anticipates Green IT adoption across country or region level. Hence the articles in this section discuss nationwide initiatives for Green IT adoption. Examination is also made of actions that were taken at the broader regional level.

 Lee et al. (2013) present Green IT initiatives taken by leading countries by a comprehensive review of greening of IT and greening by IT programs for sustainable growth in leading countries, the growing GIT market, and possible GIT strategies. Authors also suggest that some of the best practices and strategies should be benchmarked by other countries for environmental sustainability

 Marett et al. (2013) consider trucking industry of USA to study the underlying factors for successful and sustained use of Green IS. Authors aim to understand the influence of the potential environmental benefits on continued use of bypass systems that can be discontinued at any time by a

69

truck driver, and discover that environmental benefits do not influence drivers’ use of bypass systems even though system vendors and state transportation agencies put emphasis on environmental benefits of technology, whereas economic benefits and industry pressures influence positively

 Zhiwei (2012) intends to measure the qualitative and quantitative assessment of greenness of IT system used building in China and argue that designing Green IT system is important to induce green behaviour in both non-IT systems and society

4.3.2.4.2 Mezzo Level (Organisation)

As ‘mezzo level’ refers to organization or industry level, articles allocated within this group discuss organisational initiatives for Green IT adoption as well as Green IT activity at the wider industrial level.

 Bachour and Chasteen (2010) aim to detect the criteria and factors for success of Green IT projects within organizations and establish two models for Green IT project management and organizational project success evaluation to ensure that the Green IT project satisfies all related stakeholders and aligns with the overall organization’s strategy

 Grant and Appan (2014) examine the impact of organizational meta- structures and identify that organizational meta-structures influence employee commitment for Green IS orientation which in turn influences routinization of Green IS practices (GISP). Authors extend the structuration theory by scrutinizing its role in the routinization of GISP and argue that it helps to achieve tangible and intangible organizational benefits of organisation

 Hedman et al. (2012) aim to analyse the process of transformation of a firm towards ecological effectiveness with the help of Green IS and develop a process model of how firms turn eco-effective after studying Nordea’s transformational process towards ecological effectiveness

70

 Ijab et al. (2012) discuss the emergence and the recurrent use of Green IS practice in organisations understand the complexity of practice phenomenon and also investigate the relationships between local actions including the historical and internal processes against the external origins that shape and reshape Green IS practices

 Loeser (2012) develop a typology of Green Information System strategies, illustrating four generic strategies: Green IS for Efficiency, for Innovation, for Transformation, and for Credibility, in order to identify different types of Green IS strategies in a real-life context and how the Green IS strategies are being considered by organisations

 Molla et al. (2008) propose a framework called G-readiness which is a measure of preparedness to be environmentally responsive and competitive, based on the concept of e-readiness frameworks, to help organisations evaluate their readiness for adopting Green IT. The G-readiness framework discussed five themes: attitude, policy, practice, technology, and governance and each of them have influence on sustainability. The article also compares G-readiness with e-readiness and argues that G-readiness is almost same critical quality in the low carbon digital economy. It states that G-readiness is very important to understand to approach Green IT initiatives

 Rawai et al. (2013) review literature of cloud computing in construction management and find that both energy consumption and CO2 emissions can be reduced by using cloud computing technology for construction collaboration

4.3.2.4.3 Micro Level (Individual)

As ‘micro level’ denotes the individual, publications in this category discuss the ways in which Green IT has been adopted by individuals.

 Chow and Chen (2009) study IT users' belief and behaviour towards green computing and try to determine the dominant factor(s) about beliefs and behaviours of green computing. Authors find that IT user’s intention to

71

practice green computing is dependable on individual aspiration and awareness

 Loock et al. (2011) analyse social influence on individual behaviour on the energy consumption and identify that designing of Information System may contribute to solving environmental problems by considering user behaviour

 Loock et al. (2013) outline how information system can play an important role to encourage energy savings measures and examine the importance and effectiveness of goal setting tactics on human behaviour for energy consumption

 Schmidt et al. (2010b) aim to evaluate the influence of Green IT attributes of Personal Computers on the buying behaviour of consumers and claim that female customers value environmentally friendly attributes from the analysis of marketing data from 500 participants. Authors also recommend for the marketing mix of IT hardware and service organisations

 Wang and Wang (2011) analyse the data on the electricity consumptions in the IT industry including the telecommunication and computer industries and by household computers in five major cities in China in order to demonstrate the necessity of green computing

4.3.3 Beyond Green IT

The ‘beyond Green IT’ category contains articles pertaining to pre- implementation, challenges and others addressing measuring of Green IT and its extensive benefits. Articles which do not readily fit into core the of Green IT and Periphery segments, yet have a legitimate relationship with Green IT have been included in this segment. Most of the research performed in the area was from the perspective of pre-implementation of Green IT which has been further classified into awareness, organizational readiness, and organizational capability to adopt Green IT.

72

4.3.3.1 Pre-implementation

Pre-implementation research explores Green IT awareness, as well as an organisation’s readiness and capacity for adopting Green IT and actions before implementation. Additional focus is placed on what conditions had to be met with prior to the implementation.

4.3.3.1.1 Awareness

Awareness refers to ways of expanding the general recognition and acceptance of Green IT throughout organisations and by key individuals (Corbett et al. 2010; Vazquez et al. 2011). Along with the awareness of Green IT initiatives follows the growing knowledge of effective policies, necessary regulations, the complete range of benefits, and positive outcomes from the implementation of Green IT (Ansari et al. 2010; Chou and Chou 2012).

 Ansari et al. (2010) discuss Green IT and the problems associated with this e- waste. It goes on to describe methods for e-waste management through the disposal and recycling of mobile phones and batteries. It goes on to look at ways of raising awareness and reports on upcoming developments for Green IT in Bangladesh in regard to how firms take into account both the hardware disposal and also the soft- side concerns in their implementation of Green IT

 Babin and Nicholson (2009) perform an extensive literature search and preliminary fieldwork in order to identify how the Global IT Outsourcing (GITO) vendors are transforming their Environmental Responsibility (ER) capabilities and mention that ER issues will become important capabilities for outsourcers to demonstrate for stakeholders’ environmental concerns

 Chai-Arayalert and Nakata (2011) discuss green ICT in detail (strategy, practice and measurement) and propose a framework to analyse Green ICT and to provide a scope and an analysis of Green ICT in Higher Education Institution (HEI). Details discussion of green ICT strategy, green ICT practice, green ICT measurement has been presented. Authors also attempt to identify the essential components of Green ICT including how they work together and finds that reduction of energy consumption is the 1st priority in UK HEIs

73

 Chou (2013) Is bound to identify the potential risk factors and uncertainties that may affect and prohibit Green IT practice and environmental sustainability with the help of value model approach. This Green IT value model has four separate but continuous process components - awareness, translation, comprehension,. This study argues that if the risk factors can be identified and understood then the organisations can prepare in advance and thus environmental sustainability can be achieved

 Korte et al. (2012) analyse the issues related to IS sustainability for medium to large businesses and multinational corporations and the implications for strategic IS management. Authors also discuss the current emerging technologies in the field of ICT and their potential for supporting sustainable IS management

 Vazquez et al. (2011) review Green IS/IT literature to study the “green” movement in the IS field and by using content analysis methodology to conduct meta-analysis of articles, find that awareness of the Green technology adoption by organisations has been increased

4.3.3.1.2 Organisational readiness to adopt Green IT

Besides the promoting of awareness, the readiness of an organisation for Green IT adoption also has to be assessed. It is necessary to carry out an analysis that judges whether or not an organisation has the required resources, the appropriate policies, forward-looking corporate vision, and drive for innovation and sustainability in their mission statement to make conversion to Green IT a worthwhile goal in the context of their circumstances (Molla et al. 2009a; Vazquez et al. 2011)

 Molla and Cooper (2010) deliver ‘G-readiness’ framework to understand the drivers, values and antecedents of Green IT. ‘G-readiness’ framework has 5 components - Attitude, Policy, Practice, technology & governance with sub- component for each. These component measures the readiness/ preparedness of organisation’s IT to be environmentally responsible and competitive. This study also argues that g-readiness must be understood clearly before approaching GIT initiatives as undesirable situation may arise otherwise

74

 Molla et al. (2008) propose a framework called G-readiness which is a measure of preparedness to be environmentally responsive and competitive, based on the concept of e-readiness frameworks, to help organisations evaluate their readiness for adopting Green IT. The G-readiness framework discussed five themes: attitude, policy, practice, technology, and governance and each of them have influence on sustainability. The article also compares G-readiness with e- readiness and argues that G-readiness is almost same critical quality in the low carbon digital economy. It states that G-readiness is very important to understand to approach Green IT initiatives

 Molla et al. (2009a) provide a clear definition of G-readiness, a theoretically grounded definition of Green IT, to determine the capability of organizations to turn the ‘IT’ into ‘Green’ or capability implementing GIT. This study also develops a reliable and valid instrument to operationalize the model. Authors argue that 3 components have higher readiness (Green IT policy, Green IT Practice & Green IT governance) and the other 2 components have less readiness

4.3.3.1.4 Organisational Capability to adopt Green IT

Along with taking up the correct strategic position as entailed by readiness, an organisation also has to possess the capability for Green IT adoption. Factors such as resource allocation, management commitment throughout the lifecycle, and budgetary projections are important for considering an organisation’s potential for ongoing success with Green IT adoption

 Cooper and Molla (2012) study organisation’s Green IT capability to identify the processes and the factors that influence the Green IT capability of an IT organisation to explore the absorptive capacity and the ability to learn and develop Green IT capability of the IT organisations. Authors find that the absorptive capacity is dependent on the acquisition of comprehensive external knowledge and prior experience  Rahim and Rahman (2013) try to identify the relationship between Natural Resource-Based View (NRBV) and Green IT capability. Two constructs, pollution prevention and product stewardship, are applied to explain the potential activities

75

related to Green IT capabilities. This study argues that these two constructs can accelerate both ‘Green of IT’ and ‘Green by IT’

4.3.3.2 Challenges Within the Challenges category are discussions on the cost of implementation, purchase of new technology, maintenance and upgrades, the cost of training and retraining, and all such structural changes that result from the adoption of Green IT (Molla 2009; Seidel et al. 2010). Also, what cannot be overlooked are any conflicts that may arise between the imperative of environmental sustainability and developments in supply costs that may occur through an increase in demand for Green IT (Hobby et al. 2009).

4.3.3.2.1. Cost of implementation

‘Cost of implementation’ category refers to the initial costs of implementing Green IT. Consideration is also given to the ongoing costs of maintaining Green IT following its adoption.

 Gavrilovska et al. (2013) discuss the challenges that Macedonian companies have faced to implement Green IT concepts within organisation including analysing obstacles, long-time benefits and profit of implementing Green IT

 Molla (2009) investigates the influence of the regulatory, normative and economic drivers and motivating factors for Green IT adoption and also proposes Green IT-Reach-Richness matrix to classify Green IT strategies and initiatives to assess both the breadth and depth of Green IT adoption

4.3.3.2.2 Conflicts between environmental sustainability and high performance of IT

Reviewed publications in this section examine how constant increases in IT performance levels places it in conflict with the need to maintain environmental sustainability. Reference is also made to how the continual practice of upgrading and replacing hardware results in greater usage of harmful raw materials and the resultant cost of recycling or disposing of these materials.

76

 Hobby et al. (2009) identify a big challenge for brand companies as the conflicts between being green of ICT products and their performance including longevity, functionality & general usability. Authors introduce TCO standards and certification to address the challenge

4.3.3.3 Literature Review

Several articles reviewed the literature of Green IT (Brooks et al. 2010; Corbett 2010; Lei and Ngai 2013; Nanath and Pillai 2012a) and Green IS (Brooks et al. 2012; Howard and Lubbe 2012). Furthermore the dimensions of Green IT/IS and theoretical frameworks to examine Green IT/IS adoption were investigated.

Our review is different to all other review papers as we create the segmentation to draw the overall picture of Green IT/IS and also gather all other papers that exist in the literature. Table 9 summarizes these reviews.

Table 9: Identified Articles Expressing a Holistic Review on Green IT/IS Table 9: Identified Articles Expressing a Holistic Review on Green IT/IS Reference Publication Description Outlet

(Brooks et Americas Involves a comprehensive review of both the al. 2010) Conference on practitioner and academic literatures of Green IT Information to identify noticeable gaps in literature and to Systems provide academic research directions within the Green IT research area.

(Corbett International This study considers a small-scale examination of 2010) Conference on practitioner literature on Green IT and converses Information several dimensions of value related to Green IT System

(Elliot 2011) Management Based on analysing and synthesizing of relevant Information literature, author develops a framework for IT- System enabled business transformation and claims that

77

Quarterly this holistic, trans disciplinary, integrative

framework addresses the key issues of uncertainty: what is environmental sustainability, major challenges of environmental sustainability and what is being done about these challenges, and also what needs to be done. Author considers business transformation as due to its potential capacity for innovation and change—locally, nationally, globally, and business transformation is recognized as being a critical contributor in realizing the challenges of environmental sustainability

(Jenkin et al. Information and Based on reviewing existing literature of both 2011) Organization Green information technology (IT) and

information systems (IS), this study has proposed a multilevel research framework in order to develop propositions and to identify important future research areas

(Vazquez et Americas Uses content analysis methodology to conduct al. 2011) Conference on meta-analysis of articles from nineteen journals to Information review Green IS/IT literature published between Systems 2000 – 2010 to study the “green” movement in the IS field in order to develop themes of Green-IS/IT research

(Brooks et Springer (Green Reviews both the practitioner and academic al. 2012) Business literature of Green IS and tries to identify the Process current state and trends in Green IS research, and Management) in bringing out overlaps and differences between academia and practice to find noticeable similarities or gaps in order to propose more focused direction to Green IS researchers

78

(Howard and South African Provides a synthesis of Green IS frameworks in Lubbe 2012) Institute for the relevant research area to investigate “how Computer organisations can use the existing Green IS Scientists and frameworks to achieve strong environmental Information sustainability Technologists Conference

(Nanath and Journal of Based on a comprehensive review of literatures on Pillai 2012a) Management Green IT, it comes up with three dimensions of Systems Green IT- Business Value (profitability, optimization, efficiency etc.), Negative impacts of Computing (Power, Energy, e-waste etc.) and IT as a tool for environmental awareness (strategic alignment, motivation, blogs etc.)

(Stolze et al. Social Science Focusing only on the global top journals from the 2012) Research AIS Basket of Six and the primarily German- Network language journal Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI), this literature review paper aims to identify the

different research streams and research traditions within the global IS discipline

(Malhotra et Management Reviews three publications of the special Issue al. 2013) Information ‘IS & Environmental sustainability’ and dispenses System the articles into three transformation themes: (1) Quarterly green IS for organizational transformations (Seidel et al. 2013), (2) green IS for supply-side transformations (Marett et al. 2013), and (3) green IS for consumption-side transformations (Loock et al. 2013)

(Lei and Pacific Asia Focuses on a literature review of the adoption of Ngai 2013) Conference on Green IT and discourses the status of information Information systems literature on Green IT and the Systems Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE)

79

theory to investigate Green IT adoption

(Loeser Americas Performs a literature review in the field of Green 2013) Conference on IT ad Green IS to provide clear definitions of the Information concepts of Green IT/IS, and to illustrate specific Systems impact areas of Green IT and Green IS

Figure 7 depicts the comparison among the segmentations. Approximately three-fifths of the papers fell into the Periphery, making it the predominant group. Not only were the number of papers in the Core category amounted to one-third the papers in the Periphery, they also formed a group not much bigger than the papers in Beyond Green IT, which itself was just over a third of the papers overall. The reason for this could be that the soft approaches that characterise the Periphery are seen as more manageable than the hard approaches of the Core. Many of such researchers are looking beyond Green IT/IS for a broader context forms which to approach possible solutions in Green IT/IS.

36. 16% 45. 20%

Core Periphery Beyond Green IT

141. 64%

Figure 7: Segmentation Comparison

Figure 7: Segmentation Comparison

4.4 Approach Analysis

The 'approach analysis' herein is inspired by the Green IT classification employed in Wikipedia (as of 15/03/2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_computing). This model was chosen as an ideal format because it outlines in a comprehensive strategy most of the key areas in which Green IT/IS are relevant, as referenced by these one

80

hundred and ninety nine articles. It is a method of tabulating for the examination of an extensive range of categories, referencing issues relevant to the present and the future. Concepts for developing complementary forms of hardware, software, network configurations, and user practices are included in this classification. They aim towards an implementation that will affect information technology from fundamental levels to the most specific applications. The system places an emphasis on the importance of increasing efficiency and reducing waste as essential platforms on which to base further Green IT initiatives. This framework was assessed to be the most suitable system of classification because it prioritised those approaches that focused on the most feasible methods for making an immediate impact in Green IT. These proposals include developing schemes for low energy usage as well as taking advantage of already available opportunities for the further virtualisation of user interactions. It also shows other key areas where changes can be readily adopted such as formats for decision systems that favour energy-efficient outcomes.

As per the findings the fundamental areas where Green IT effected are computer science, information systems, and management. These were the three disciplines that emerged as the most relevant for the selected system of classification as the research process was being undertaken. The five major categories outlined are product longevity, data centre design, software and deployment optimization, power management, materials recycling. Within software and deployment optimization are found the subcategories of algorithmic efficiency, resource allocation, virtualizing and terminal servers. Power management is defined by the subcategories of data centres, operating system support, power supply, storage, and video cards. Table 10 denotes the classification of articles into the categories that comprise approaches of published articles.

Table 10: Approach Analysis Table 10: Approach Analysis Approaches Subcategories Discipline References Product CS (Hobby et al. 2009) longevity IS (Pitt et al. 2011) M Data centre CS (Gupta et al. 2011; Thirupathi Rao et al. 2010) IS (Molla and Cooper 2014)

81

design M

Software and Algorithmic CS (Bener et al. 2014; Berral et al. 2010; Cheung deployment efficiency and Jacobsen 2011; Siddavatam et al. 2011) optimization IS (Inoue et al. 2012b) M Resource CS (Atkinson et al. 2014; Baek and Chilimbi allocation 2010; Beloglazov et al. 2012; Beloglazov and Buyya 2010b; Chaudhari et al. 2012; Dick et al. 2013; Germain-Renaud et al. 2011) IS (Capra and Merlo 2009; Dao et al. 2011; Tan et al. 2011) M (Cater-Steel and Tan 2011) Virtualizing CS (Chang 2009; Dasilva et al. 2012; Guster et al. 2009; Liu et al. 2011; Metzger et al. 2012; Müller et al. 2011; Yamini and Selvi 2010) IS M (Chen and Yoon 2010) Terminal CS (Niyato et al. 2009; Zhou 2014) servers IS M Power Data centre CS (Beloglazov and Buyya 2010a; Berral et al. management power 2010; Guster et al. 2009; Liu et al. 2009;

Mata-Toledo and Gupta 2011) IS (Schödwell et al. 2013) M (Forrest et al. 2008) Operating CS (Chaudhari et al. 2012; Khan and Khan 2013; system support Salomie et al. 2011) IS M Power supply CS (Kipp et al. 2011; Kurokawa et al. 2010; Young Choon and Zomaya 2011) IS

82

M Storage CS (Baliga et al. 2011; Inoue et al. 2012a)

IS (Grimm et al. 2013) M Video card CS IS M Display CS IS M Materials CS (Krikke 2008; Yang et al. 2010) recycling IS M

4.4.1 Product longevity

Product longevity is about reducing the ecological footprint of hardware manufacturing through a focus on upgrading components and installing modular parts instead of complete systems replacement.

4.4.1.1 Computer Science

 Hobby et al. (2009) introduce TCO standards and certification that are focused at products, from their design to disposal (whole life cycle), that include environmental factors; influencing climate change, as well as high demand of usability, performance and durability

4.4.1.2 Information System

 Pitt et al. (2011) discuss how smartphones can act as green technologies and as integral parts of green information systems, towards sustainable environment. The authors use four dimensions of U-Commerce to prove that the organizations are trying to pursue and elevate environmentally sound strategies by using the unique characteristics of smartphones

83

4.4.2 Data Centre Design

The considerations made in ‘data centre design’ are for the purpose of reducing the energy uptake of data centres with redesigning, that addresses both the initial setting, layout, building process, and the environmental requirements of day-to-day maintenance and support systems. A scarcity in the number of articles for the Computer Science and Management disciplines are visible where researchers need to prioritize.

4.4.2.1. Computer Science

 Gupta et al. (2011) suggest Green Data Centre Simulator (GDCSim) in order to study the energy efficiency of data centres under various geometries, workload characteristics, platform power management schemes, and scheduling algorithms. GDCSim is developed as a part of the Blue Tool infrastructure project at the Impact Lab and validated against established CFD simulators

 Thirupathi Rao et al. (2010) discuss the opportunities and adoptable methods for achieving the energy efficiency in data centers by presenting a study on Data Center Virtualization

4.4.2.2. Information System  Molla and Cooper (2014) study the actions that organisations are taking to improve energy efficiency and to apply environmental sustainability considerations in their data centres. Suggestions are provided for data centre managers to follow either tactical-incremental or deep-green strategy to manage the implementation of green practices, as the deep-green strategy expands the measures of the tactical-incremental strategy to redesign data- centres in a way that helps to neutralise greenhouse gas emissions covering the IT, power delivery and cooling systems

4.4.3 Software and Deployment Optimization

This fragment refers to initiatives that aim to decrease hardware components and reduce the cost of development and publishing so as to minimize energy consumption. Also classified within this category are algorithmic efficiency, resource

84

allocation, virtualising, and terminal servers. (the 'approach analysis' herein is inspired by the Green IT classification employed in Wikipedia (as of 15/03/2015, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_computing))

4.4.3.1 Algorithmic efficiency

Algorithmic efficiency involves the rewriting of program codes to take lesser time and process lesser data in obtaining results.

4.4.3.1.1 Computer Science

 Enokido et al. (2011) propose the computation and transmission rate based (CTRB) algorithm to select a server in a set of servers to reduce the total power consumption of the servers and the overhead of a load balance. Authors claim that more power consumption can be reduced by using CTRB algorithm than the traditional round-robin (RR) algorithm and the overhead of a load balancer can be further reduced in the CTRB algorithm than the extended power consumption laxity-based (EPCLB) algorithm

 Cheung and Jacobsen (2011) investigate on resource allocation algorithms for the publish/subscribe systems to be able to use system resources to achieve maximum efficiency. A bit vector supported resource allocation framework has been developed to minimize system-wide message rates, broker load, hop count, and the number of allocated brokers and the approach is able to reduce the average broker message rate by up to 92% and the number of allocated brokers by up to 91%

 Siddavatam et al. (2011) develop an algorithm in order to calculate the processor utilization by different machines according to the ‘load distribution’ in a network and propose a strategy to utilize minimum possible energy by optimal resource utilization in data centre

4.4.3.1.2 Information System

 Inoue et al. (2012b) discuss storage-based power consumption (SBPC) model in order to perform storage and computation processes on a server. SBPC model, a four state model, can be used to reduce execution time and power consumption

85

4.4.3.2 Resource allocation

Resource allocation redirects traffic to data centres that are more energy efficient and to server centres that utilise economies of scale to achieve reductions in energy use.

4.4.3.2.1 Computer Science

 Atkinson et al. (2014) introduce the concept of ‘Green Specifications’ that can be used to optimize the efficiency and energy usage of data centres and encourage more environmentally friendly IT consumption. ‘Green Specifications’ provide an important foundation for minimizing the environmental impact of computing service consumption by describing the relationship between different consumption choices (at different Quality of Service levels) and environmental impact in a way that is understandable to the widest possible range of stakeholders.

 Baek and Chilimbi (2010) present a simple and flexible framework called "Green" for energy-efficient computing and argue that using loop and function approximation, “Green” can support energy-conscious programming. Authors discuss designing, implementation and evaluation of “Green” in detail and argue that they have applied “Green” to real-world search application and have experienced significantly better performance and less energy consumption with maintaining quality of service

 Beloglazov et al. (2012) outline an architectural framework and principles for energy-efficient cloud computing and argue that this model can offer significant cost savings and demonstrates high potential for the improvement of energy efficiency. After conducting a survey of research in energy- efficient computing, authors propose an architectural principle for energy- efficient management of clouds, energy-efficient resource allocation policies and scheduling algorithms considering expected Quality of Service and a number of open research challenges that can bring substantial benefits to both resource providers and consumers

 Beloglazov and Buyya (2010b) offer energy efficient resource management system for virtualized cloud data centres that reduces operational costs by

86

substantial energy savings and at the same time provides required Quality of Service

 Dick et al. (2013) aim to incorporate sustainability issue to the arbitrary software development process by proposing an agile extension for software development processes.. Proposed agile methods aim to produce “greener” software from scratch by reducing energy consumption

 Germain-Renaud et al. (2011) present an ontology-oriented approach that offers the perspective of combining semantic and logical inference for achieving energy efficiency in IT systems

4.4.3.2 Information System  Dao et al. (2011) discuss the integration of IT resources with HRM and SCM resources, which influences the firms to develop sustainability capabilities. the article uses theoretical lens of resource-based-view in order to synthesise different perspectives on sustainability

 Tan et al. (2011) investigate the process of achieving green leadership with a comprehensive and empirically supported framework for the attainment and enactment of green leadership. Author also look at Green IT initiatives

4.4.4.3 Management  Cater-Steel and Tan (2011) aim to explore the relationship between IT Service Management (ITSM) and Green IT. A framework of initiatives contributing to Green ITSM is presented and analysed to explore the depth and breadth of Green IT guidance provided in the IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL) resources. Authors argue that Green IT and ITSM share common goals and from the survey result claim that most of the IT Service Managers are not aware of server consolidation but they understand the importance of Green IT procurement, improving efficiency and controlling waste disposal. Few recommendations are also proposed for the firms and future work has been discussed.

87

4.4.5 Virtualizing

Virtualization occurs when multiple systems are run on a single processor to reduce energy and cooling requirements.

4.4.5.1 Computer Science

 Chang (2009) adapts the concept of Green IT by utilizing the integration of the Xen paravirtualization and Honeynet technologies to design a virtual research platform and including the implementation to verify the effectiveness of the virtual architecture

 Dasilva et al. (2012) discuss virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) as solution to the rising energy cost & the global warming issue without compromising on the quality of service. Authors have used VMware and Wyse technology to implement a small test virtual desktop environment and identifies that hypervisor and desktop virtual can offer a much more effective use of resources (power), save on hardware and deploy new servers and desktops quicker and cost-effectively. This article also discusses the green incentives of VDI

 Liu et al. (2011) argu that Green IT and cost savings can be achieved through server virtualization technologies, since it provides a method of reducing physical space, carbon footprint and most importantly electrical costs

 Metzger et al. (2012) outline the way of increasing computing capacity while simultaneously reducing the amount of energy required without increasing the actual size of the data centre

 Yamini and Selvi (2010) suggest a new system in the area of cloud virtualization that reduces energy consumption by using new clique star cover algorithm to connect more number of nodes with minimum number of servers

4.4.5.2 Management

 Chen and Yoon (2010) aim to establish a general framework using checklists, which is based on the cloud deployment models and cloud services models, in order to understand the implication of cloud computing and the meaning of

88

secure cloud computing via IT auditing. The framework addresses concerns such as security, privacy and regulations and compliance.

4.4.6. Terminal servers

Terminal servers are using a central server in conjunction with thin clients for dramatic reductions in energy consumption

4.4.6.1 Computer Science

 Niyato et al. (2009) propose an optimal power management (OPM) that observes the state of a server farm and makes the decision to switch the operation mode (i.e., active or sleep) of the server to minimize the power consumption while meeting the required performance

 Zhou (2014) analyses and discusses the challenges of cloud computing and advanced manufacturing technology during the process of development, security management issues and related privacy

4.4.4 Power Management

Power management is a function of information technology systems which allows the option to run in a low power state during periods of reduced activity. This classification also encompasses the categories of Data Centre Power, Operating System Support, Power Supply, Storage, Video Card, and Display.

4.4.4.1 Data centre power

Adopted measures in data centre power management include virtualisation, optimizing storage, and installing ultra-efficient cooling technologies.

4.4.4.1.1 Computer Science

 Berral et al. (2010) aims to obtain an energy-efficient data centre and therefore, propose a framework that provides an intelligent consolidation methodology using turning on/off machines, power-aware consolidation algorithms, and machine learning techniques to deal with uncertain information while maximizing performance. Authors claim that when the level of uncertainty increases, this approach is close to the optimal placement and behaves better

89

 Liu et al. (2009) Authors present the ‘GreenCloud architecture’ by using Virtual Machine (VM) technology to reduce data centre power consumption, while maintaining the desired quality of service, and argue that ‘GreenCloud architecture’ can save up to 27% of the energy as it enables comprehensive online-monitoring, live virtual machine migration, and VM placement optimization

 Mata-Toledo and Gupta (2011) discuss issues of global warming and the increase of toxic waste generated by electronic devices within the context of green data centres and the necessity of creating ‘green data centre’ to save the environment including how green data centres can be both environmentally and financially efficient by reducing energy consumption

4.4.4.1.2 Information System  Schödwell et al. (2013) reviews literature to analyse green performance indicators (GPIs) to assess Data Centre’s environmental performance considering energy, GHG and resource efficiency. Thus, authors provide academics and practitioners with the body of knowledge on DC green performance measurement, and formulate open research challenges

4.4.4.2 Operating system support

Operating system support refers to the application of industry standards for power saving functions that afford centralised control to network administrators and promote energy reduction practices among end users. With a dearth of articles in the Information System and Management categories, a wide scope remains for future research.

4.4.4.2.1 Computer Science

 Chaudhari et al. (2012) develop energy aware network management system (NMS) framework based on the centralized decision management system (CDMS) and claim that it is possible to save approximately 10-16% of power at the cost of 1-5% end-to-end delay overhead. Green IT can be achieved as the cost of re-routing and Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

90

messages is minimal and acceptable considering the total power saved by CDMS

 Khan and Khan (2013) propose ‘Green IT-Outsourcing Assurance Model’ to assist outsourcing vendor organisations and to engineers in order to ensure greenness of the organisations and to develop energy-efficient software at low cost

 Salomie et al. (2011) offer an ‘Energy Aware Context Model’ for representing the service centre energy/performance related data in a uniform and machine interpretable manner. This model is used as primary resource to generate run-time adaptation plans that indicates the greenness level of service centre as energy awareness is achieved by using reasoning processes

4.4.4.3 Power supply

Power supply concerns enforcing compliance for desktop computer power supply units so as to have them operating at maximised efficiency.

4.4.4.3.1 Computer Science  Kipp et al. (2011) propose “Green Metrics”, a set of energy-related metrics which measures the “greenness” of an application and to detect where it consumes and wastes energy. This article shows how to improve applications design and execution. It considers an application scenario to show how monitoring and evaluation of the Green Metrics helps to improve energy efficiency

 Kurokawa et al. (2010) propose a new digitally controlled dc-dc converter and its transient response characteristics and claim that Green IT can be achieved by this method as the convergence time of output voltage is less than 1/3 of that of conventional one when the output capacitance is small and the proportional gain is large to improve the transient response

 Young Choon and Zomaya (2011) address the energy-aware scheduling of precedence-constrained parallel applications for multiprocessor or multicomputer systems (MCSs), such as grids and clouds, consisting of heterogeneous resources and therefore develop a novel objective function

91

which confirms the quality of schedules and energy consumption. Authors argue that the proposed algorithms with the incorporation of RS (relative superiority) and MCER (makespan-conservative energy reduction) greatly contribute to reducing energy consumption and the experimental results of the comparative evaluation study confirm the superior performance of ECS and ECS+idle over the other two existing algorithms, particularly in energy saving

4.4.4.4 Storage

Storage examines conversions to data storage options such as solid state flash memory as well as conducting further research into online storage practices so as to find cost reduction measures applicable to this emerging form.

4.4.4.4.1 Computer Science

 Baliga et al. (2011) discuss how cloud computing can enable more energy- efficient use of computing power, especially when the computing tasks are of low intensity or infrequent

 Inoue et al. (2012a) present the storage-based power consumption (SBPC) model of server storage to perform storage and computation processes and using this model discuss an algorithm for selecting a server to reduce power consumption and execution time

4.4.4.4.2.Information System

 Grimm et al. (2013) propose a methodological framework for Carbon Footprint of IT-Services (CFIS) based on the phases of Life Cycle Assessment to study and to present a comparison of ICT-related energy consumptions for Offline and Online Storage

4.4.4.5 Video card Video card initiatives call for sacrificing performance outcomes such as higher resolution and frame rate output in order to reduce energy consumption costs.

92

4.4.4.6. Display Display outcomes involve upgrading from out-of-date cathode ray tube monitors to newer technologies that use liquid crystal displays and light-emitting diodes.

4.4.5 Materials Recycling

Materials recycling encapsulate donating and making available for salvage, the un-required components so as to reduce the accumulation of toxic materials in the environment, not neglecting the need for uniform legislation that encourage these practices, and addressing concerns that regard data privacy. Due to a lack of attention in the Information System and Management disciplines, there exists a greater opportunity for further research.

4.4.5.1 Computer Science

 Krikke (2008) highlights major impacts of e-waste (waste of hazardous electronic equipment) on the environment and describes recycling e-waste as a solution

 Yang et al. (2010) assess incorporating cost and resource efficiency into the technology innovation process and introduce better recycling technologies by minimizing process waste, improving resource efficiency, thus reducing the cost of the recovery process

Prominently featured among the available studies were a range of articles categorized under the topic of power management. In the area of software deployment and optimization, virtualization stood out as the primary method that was given consideration. Not as common among these publications, however, were approaches that addressed the topics of materials recycling and product longevity. This result is only a reflection of the sample in its present state. As the research process continues, it is expected that those additional findings will further augment the current data set. Please note that though the Wikipedia classification listed Telecommuting and Telecommunication among its nominal categories, as there are no papers available in these research areas, these two sections have not been included in this modified classification.

93

The fundamental areas of Green IT/IS affected by these findings are in order of significance computer science (CS), information systems (IS), and management (M). During the course of this approach analysis it became apparent that the allocation of articles to the IS and M disciplines was becoming a rare occurrence, as the related terms were more orientated towards CS. Therefore the prominent number of blank cells in the Discipline column of Table 5 indicates a current underrepresentation of Green IT research in IS and M. As further investigation is carried, the distribution of articles as they are spread over these three disciplines may be affected.

4.5 Chapter Summary

This chapter provides the results obtained in the development of the archival analysis from 2007 to August 2014 to determine the future directions and current state of Green IT/IS literature.

Chapter 5: Technology – Process – Outcome (TPO)

The objective of this chapter is to present and explore the Technology-Process- Outcome framework and detailing the results obtained from categorising the articles into the TPO framework. Subsequently it provides a detailed analysis of the results, which succinctly identify imperative gaps in Green IT/IS research domain.

5.1 Technology-Process-Outcome Exploration

For the purpose of classifying and facilitating a comprehensive analysis of Green IT/IS research, it is essential to develop a Technology-Process-Outcome (TPO) framework that enables a concurrence in the disciplines relevant to Green IT/IS. Computer Science, Information Systems and Management all have a vital role in expediting the current understanding of Green IT/IS methods. Currently their relationship to each other within the area of Green IT/IS research remains largely unexplored. Without a resolution in the synergy between these three disciplines, proposals for Green IT solutions will encounter resistance in organizations where a silo mentality is prevalent. As a countermeasure to help in the imminent

94

appropriation of Green IT, the TPO framework aims to prevent such hindrances from materializing.

The synergized approach made conducive by the TPO framework overcomes the restrictions to which current Green IT/IS research has been subjected. With limited awareness of next generation technologies and a lack of opportunities for in- field testing, researchers have not been able to accurately gauge the conditions under which implementations of Green IT will occur. These restrictions highlight the importance of deriving further understanding about the management of outcomes for the visualizing and designing of the dynamic flow models required for the efficacious adoption of Green IT. The TPO approach works to remedy these limitations in the research by comprising them into a new synergy for revealing the most feasible methods through which to implement Green IT.

‘Information Technology’ (IT) is a field involving the use of computing devices, network systems and telecommunications hardware for the storage, retrieval, transmission and manipulation of data, broadly applied across both the private and public sectors. The term ‘Green Information Technology’ (GIT) is used in reference to the innovative use of methods and materials designed to increase efficiency and develop means of sustainability that lead to an overall decrease of environmental pressures caused by the expansion of Information Technology. Such techniques can range from ways of reducing the levels of power usage in data centres to the installation of virtualized terminals in IT workspaces.

Appropriation of technology generally refers to how users alter the intended application of a technology to adapt and integrate it into their particular situation. In the context of sustainable development, the special term ‘Appropriate Technology’ refers to the customized implementation of Green IT systems that are efficient in their use of energy and have a minimal effect on the environment. At the present time this is not a practice being readily taken up due to a lack of promotion and legislation. In a case where Green IT components may have been supplied to a workplace, its actual installation may be neglected due to a lack of compulsion and disregard for its necessity. Such situations emphasis how broader cultural changes are required at the corporate level for Green IT to attain mainstream stature.

Outcomes in sustainability management can be measured through surveying and reporting on a range of indicators that give an assessment of information

95

technology’s impact on economy, society, and the environment. One of the most widely applied matrices is the Triple Bottom Line accounting method, which takes into equal consideration the outcomes for not just ‘People’ and ‘Profits’, but also the ‘Planet’. Within the global information and communications technology (ICT) industry, ICT Ensure is a matrix designed for meeting the sustainability standards documented in Millennium Development Goal 7 (MDG7) by the United Nations Development Programme. At a national level, the Australian Information Industry Association aims to work in co-operation with the agenda outlined in Australian Government ICT Sustainability Plan to become more effective, efficient, and productive in their methods of acquiring, installing, maintaining, utilizing and disposing of hardware components, in order to minimise the information and communications technology industry’s impact on the environment.

The majority of publications that address Green IT/IS tend to focus mainly on the Technology aspect and largely overlook Process and Outcome. Furthermore, these three areas are only regarded in isolation from each other and the necessary cycle of procedure between them is not taken into account. This “SILO” approach in Green IT/IS research may be a major factor why the widespread implementation of Green IT/IS still remains neglected in the corporate mainstream. Without more in- depth studies in the areas of Process and Outcome, it will be difficult to resolve the synergy between these three components. Integrating the strategic elements of Technology with the operational aspects of Process is the key to optimising Outcome. As a complex adaptive system, anticipating conversion to Green IT as a sustainability measure requires more extensive modelling and simulation to demonstrate the efficacy of various approaches. Therefore Green IT/IS research has to expand its scope to consider the nature of interaction between all three sections so as to assist management structures in establishing a dynamic flow within the Technology-Process-Outcome cycle.

In the ecological context, sustainability refers to the maintenance of optimum conditions in the natural environment whereas sustainable development broadens its perspective out to the role of economic, political and cultural influences. For White (2013) the meaning of sustainability is relative as he states that “sustainability remains an elusive concept. It means different things to different people and is difficult to define.” With deference to White’s cautious approach, it can still be

96

asserted that sustainability is the capacity to maintain a certain process or status and that its success or failure is measurable over a defined period of time. The results of applying sustainability can be assessed by the now influential Triple Bottom Line agenda. This is a comprehensive matrix that gives equal weighting to the concerns of society, commercial enterprise, and the environment.

Green IT itself is specifically concerned with ensuring sustainability practices in the design, manufacture, usage and disposal of materials most commonly appropriated by information technology. Within this scope, sustainable IT can be equated with Green IT. As Smeitink and Spruit (2013) says “Research on IT sustainability has mainly focused on describing harm done by IT on the environment and scarcely on how IT can be an enabler for sustainability”. Therefore, since the general concept of sustainability encompasses too broad an agenda, sustainability in its wider context will be excluded from this study. For the purpose of a more focused analysis, the reach of this study will not extend beyond Green IT, which has been chosen for its immediate relevance in addressing the ecological concerns that are being raised by the impact of the information technology industry on the environment. Table 11 summarizes our analysis of TPO matrix in in Green IT/IS papers.

Table 11: Technology – Process – Outcome Matrix Table 11: Technology – Process – Outcome Matrix Technology Process Outcome Theories and N/A DI,OT, IT, TCT2 BTF, GIVM, BAOF3 Frameworks In the selected sample, Many theories in Green Economic modelling and there was an absence IT research focused on indicators have been used in of studies in process, therefore, compiling most of these frameworks or process section is rich theories. theories that regarded compared to technology technology. and outcome.

A possible reason is No native theories and Green IT specific indicators the difficulties too much focus on are rarely referenced and

2 Diffusion of innovation, Organisational Theory, Institutional Theory, Transaction Cost Theory 3 Business Transformation Framework, Green IT Value Model, Belief–Action–Outcome Framework

97

associated with the motivation for Green therefore difficult to place studying of futuristic IT, but attention need to within broader sustainability patented technologies be given on context. that are not made implementation and available for guiding readiness. and affirming proposed theories and frameworks. Segment Conceptual Situational Executional Analysis (Defining Green IT, (Motivation, (Solution Initiatives, Promotion and Challenges, Lifecycle) Adoption Level) Management of Green IT) Studies markedly Studies engage in Studies give coverage to identify need for thorough assessment of both soft and technical Green IT make existing conditions and approach in Green IT convincing case for its feasibility of Green IT implementation and outline implementation. in current business three-tiered functioning sectors.

Credibility may be No studies addressing Absence of studies that slightly affected by Green IT adoption by regard ongoing effects failure to examine governmental following implementation alternative causes and institutions -- though solutions public sector tends to lead the way

98

Approach Computer Science Information Systems Management Analysis (Data Centre Design, (Algorithmic (Resource Allocation, Video Cards, Storage) Efficiency, Virtualising, Materials Recycling System Terminal Servers) Support)

Studies provide clear Studies outline market- Studies identify strategic vision of realistic next orientated measures that and operational factors for generation Green IT organisations currently implementation of Green IT models tend to favour for Green IT

Futuristic Solutions proposed in Many factors cited in studies conceptualisation in studies are highly need regulations studies hindered by complex state of present IT

Sustainability is the capacity to maintain a positive environmental state. Since the general concept of sustainability encompasses too broad an agenda, for the purpose of a more focused analysis, the reach of this study will not extend beyond addressing the concept of sustainable ‘Green Information Technology’.

‘Information Technology (IT)’ itself is a field involving the use of computing devices, network systems and telecommunications hardware for the storage, retrieval, transmission and manipulation of data. With limited awareness of next generation technologies and a lack of opportunities for in-field testing, researchers have not been able to accurately gauge the conditions under which implementations of Green IT will occur.

As far as sustainable development is concerned, the customized implementation of Green IT systems is not a practice being readily taken up. In a case where Green IT components may have been supplied to a workplace, it’s actual installation may be neglected due to a lack of compulsion and disregard for its necessity. Such situations emphasis how broader cultural changes are required for Green IT to attain mainstream stature.

99

Outcomes in sustainability management can be measured through surveying and reporting on a range of indicators that give an assessment of information technology’s impact on economy, society, and the environment. One of the most widely applied matrices is the Triple Bottom Line (People/Profits/Planet) accounting method, which takes into equal consideration the outcomes for not just society and commercial enterprise, but also the environment.

At the present time, Green IT/IS research is hindered by lack of cross disciplinary study. No studies consider more than one approach at the same time. Corbett et al. (2010) propose that the “incorporation of multidiscipline decision making and experiential learning represent two excellent opportunities to do just that.” Therefore, since all sustainability initiatives reinforce each other, it is counterproductive for them to be studied in isolation from each other. For facilitating a comprehensive analysis of Green IT/IS research, Computer Science, Information Systems and Management all have a vital role, but their relationship to each other within the area of Green IT/IS research remains largely unexplored. The Technology Process Outcome matrix aims to overcome the silo mentality and resolve the synergy between all the disciplines.

5.2 Chapter Summary This chapter provides the results obtained in the development of Technology- Process-Outcome framework and analysis was performed on to reveal the importance of TPO in the initiation, implementation and continuation of Green IT

100

Chapter 6: Conclusions

6.1 Research Gap Analysis and Future Work

This literature review undertakes a comprehensive assessment of articles circulated within the fields of Green IT and Green IS in order to provide a better understanding of trends in the research, and identify any noticeable gaps in publications referencing Green IT and Green IS.

Problems associated with Green IT will only be resolved with further analysis and development of existing theory. Bose and Luo (2011) support the contention that a major gap in the literature of Green IT exists due to the lack of a theoretical framework. Nanath and Pillai (2012a) mention that only 22% of the overall publications contribute to theory. In addition, very few studies investigate the issues managing Green IT after implementation, and there are not many studies about the complete lifecycle of Green IT (pre-adoption to post adoption). Furthermore, more focus is required on the regulatory motivation of Green IT, Green IT policy disclosure and regulations, empirical studies on what is actually happening within organizations, as well as the regulation of discloser.

Our archival analysis has also revealed an absence of studies in the essential area of Technology-Process-Outcomes (TPO). This gap in the research has left Green IT/IS without any consideration being given to how the process of incorporating sustainable technologies into current IT practices can be enacted to provide optimum outcomes. There we are looking to draw the focus of any future research undertaken onto the importance of TPO in the initiation, implementation and continuation of Green IT.

Areas that are underrepresented in the approach analysis classification include studies on the types of graphics hardware and monitors that can help meet targets in sustainable IT initiatives. These accelerators and display units require further examination for the purpose of a Green IT redesign.

This study has attempted to identify the research trends and emerging areas in the Green IT/IS field and identifies any gaps in the literature. Research can be directed towards replication across more studies and across different disciplines in

101

the future. Further insight is able to be obtained through reviewing contemporary Green IT and Green IS literature. Additional research should be directed towards performing an analysis on the real challenges to manage Green IT (life cycle) through the interviewing of vendors, consultants, researchers and users

102

6.2 Conclusions and Outcomes

This study was conducted to better understand the state Green IT/IS, identify key gaps (mentioned in 6.1) and concepts that have reached theoretical saturation. The current study also helps to establish emerging trends and future directions in the Green IT/IS research. This study has identified the established and emerging areas in the Green IT/IS field and identifies gaps in the literature for future research to take place. To address research question 1 (Q1: What are the important trends and patterns emerged from Green IT/IS research between 2007 and 2014?), this study reviews the practitioner and academic literature to provide a summary of published research and to pinpoint the current trend of Green IT/IS research in the Information System discipline (Such as a substantial growth in academic papers on various ‘Green’ initiatives on diverse topics is eminently visible, publications in M and IS discipline are underrepresented compared to CS). Literature shows an increased interest of the scholars to this interesting and imperative topic to fully understand the benefits and challenges of Green IT. The urgency of addressing the identified gaps (such as lack of a theoretical framework in Green IT/IS literature, less studies to investigate the issues managing Green IT after implementation, very little studies to consider the complete lifecycle of Green IT/IS) is detected in this research in order to answer research question 2 (Q2: What are the gaps that are present in the Green IT/IS literature?). This research also responses to research question 3, (Q3: How could it advance to fill some of the critical gaps remaining in this research area?) as it presents various opportunities for establishing cumulative knowledge to Green IT/IS research area (such as TPO analysis), and also suggests replication across more studies and across different disciplines.

This research is different to all other review papers as it has developed the segmentation to draw the overall picture of Green IT/IS and has presented approach analysis being inspired by the Green IT classification employed in Wikipedia. This research is different compared to previous Green IT/IS studies, as articles have been selected from three disciplines: Computer Science, Information Systems and Management; and synthesized them accordingly. This research is also unique for the presentation of the Technology-Process-Outcome (TPO) framework. This study also has explored the relationship and finally this research argues that expand its scope to consider the nature of interaction between all three sections so as to assist

Chapter 6: Conclusions 103

management structures in establishing a dynamic flow within the Technology- Process-Outcome cycle.

This study has identified the established and emerging areas in the Green IT/IS research in Information System, Computer Science and Management discipline and identifies gaps in the literature for future research to take place. The research performed in this thesis has led to a conference paper being accepted into the ‘Americas Conference on Information Systems’ (AMCIS), a journal article has been submitted in ‘Sustainability’ and another journal article has been submitted in the ‘Communications of the Associations for Information Systems’ (CAIS) and has conditionally been accepted .

6.3 Limitations

Several limitations are apparent in the study. One such is that the study was limited to 199 articles specified. The obvious criticism is directed towards the reliability and generalizability of the analysis. Not all Green IT/IS papers are accounted for, although we argue that examining 199 articles are useful for a nascent research area. Moreover, we have argued that the allocation of articles to the IS and M disciplines was becoming a rare occurrence, therefore M and IS are underrepresented compared to CS, this could potentially be caused by the fact that the approached model we have used seem to be more focussed on CS topics (mainly technology issues) and related terms were more orientated towards CS.. This study cannot assert that the result would be similar if the sample size considers supplementary numbers of articles. Despite these limitations, this study makes several contributions to the Green IT/IS research field. It opens up various opportunities for establishing cumulative knowledge to the discipline and will help researchers to identify potential focuses in future studies.

6.4 Recommendations

This study opens up various opportunities for establishing cumulative knowledge to the related disciplines. Future research can be directed towards replication across more studies and across different disciplines. The implication of this analysis for the novice information system researcher is that it provides a

Chapter 6: Conclusions 104

summary of published research areas and identifies gaps to identify and develop their study focus. For established researchers, the archival analysis captures insights on areas of research that have reached theoretical satiety and consequently identify emergent topics. This will allow researchers to shift away from studying concepts that have reached theoretical saturation to those topics that have been neglected, which will provide a comprehensive understand of Green IT/IS across its entire implementation.

Chapter 6: Conclusions 105

Bibliography

Alise, M.A., and Teddlie, C. 2010. "A Continuation of the Paradigm Wars? Prevalence Rates of Methodological Approaches across the Social/Behavioral Sciences," Journal of Mixed Methods Research (4:2), pp. 103-126. Amaratunga, D., Baldry, D., Sarshar, M., and Newton, R. 2002. "Quantitative and Qualitative Research in the Built Environment: Application of “Mixed” Research Approach," Work study (51:1), pp. 17-31. Ansari, N.L., Ashraf, M.M., Malik, B.T., and Grunfeld, H. 2010. "Green It Awareness and Practices: Results from a Field Study on Mobile Phone Related E-Waste in Bangladesh," International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS) pp. 375-383. Aoun, C., Vatanasakdakul, S., and Bunker, D. 2011a. "From Cloud to Green: E- Collaboration for Environmental Conservation," International Conference on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing (DASC): IEEE, pp. 705-712. Aoun, C., Vatanasakdakul, S., and Cecez-Kecmanovic, D. 2011b. "Can Is Save the World? Collaborative Technologies for Eco-Mobilisation," Australasian Conference on Information System. Atkinson, C., Schulze, T., and Klingert, S. 2014. "Facilitating Greener It through Green Specifications," in: IEEE Software. THE IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY, pp. 1-7. Babin, R., and Nicholson, B. 2009. "How Green Is My Outsourcer-Environmental Responsibility in Global It Outsourcing," International Conference on Information Systems Babin, R., and Nicholson, B. 2011. "How Green Is My Outsourcer? Measuring Sustainability in Global It Outsourcing," Strategic Outsourcing: An International Journal (4:1), pp. 47-66. Bachour, N., and Chasteen, L. 2010. "Optimizing the Value of Green It Projects within Organizations," Green Technologies Conference: IEEE, pp. 1-10. Baek, W., and Chilimbi, T.M. 2010. "Green: A Framework for Supporting Energy- Conscious Programming Using Controlled Approximation," Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI) (45:6), pp. 198-209. Baliga, J., Ayre, R.W., Hinton, K., and Tucker, R.S. 2011. "Green Cloud Computing: Balancing Energy in Processing, Storage, and Transport," Proceedings of the IEEE (99:1), pp. 149-167. Balnaves, M., and Caputi, P. 2001. Introduction to Quantitative Research Methods: An Investigative Approach. Sage. Beloglazov, A., Abawajy, J., and Buyya, R. 2012. "Energy-Aware Resource Allocation Heuristics for Efficient Management of Data Centers for Cloud Computing," Future Generation Computer Systems (28:5), pp. 755-768. Beloglazov, A., and Buyya, R. 2010a. "Energy Efficient Allocation of Virtual Machines in Cloud Data Centers," International Conference on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing: IEEE, pp. 577-578. Beloglazov, A., and Buyya, R. 2010b. "Energy Efficient Resource Management in Virtualized Cloud Data Centers," International Conference on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing: IEEE Computer Society, pp. 826-831. Bener, A.B., Morisio, M., and Miranskyy, A. 2014. "Green Software," IEEE Software (31:3), pp. 36-39.

Bibliography 107

Bengtsson, F., and Ågerfalk, P.J. 2011. "Information Technology as a Change Actant in Sustainability Innovation: Insights from Uppsala," The Journal of Strategic Information Systems (20:1), pp. 96-112. Berral, J.L., Goiri, Í., Nou, R., Julià, F., Guitart, J., Gavaldà, R., and Torres, J. 2010. "Towards Energy-Aware Scheduling in Data Centers Using Machine Learning," International Conference on Energy-Efficient Computing and Networking: ACM, pp. 215-224. Bose, R., and Luo, X. 2011. "Integrative Framework for Assessing Firms’ Potential to Undertake Green It Initiatives Via Virtualization–a Theoretical Perspective," The Journal of Strategic Information Systems (20:1), pp. 38-54. Bose, R., and Luo, X.R. 2012. "Green It Adoption: A Process Management Approach," International Journal of Accounting and Information Management (20:1), pp. 63-77. Boudreau, M.-C., Chen, A., and Huber, M. 2008. Green Is: Building Sustainable Business Practices. Brocke, J.v., Watson, R.T., Dwyer, C., Elliot, S., and Melville, N. 2012. "Green Information Systems: Directives for the Is Discipline," in: International Conference on Information Systems Brocke, J.v., Watson, R.T., Dwyer, C., Elliot, S., and Melville, N. 2013. "Green Information Systems: Directives for the Is Discipline," Communications of the Association for Information Systems (33:1), pp. 509-520. Brooks, S., Wang, X., and Sarker, S. 2010. "Unpacking Green It: A Review of the Existing Literature," Americas Conference on Information Systems. Brooks, S., Wang, X., and Sarker, S. 2012. "Unpacking Green Is: A Review of the Existing Literature and Directions for the Future," in Green Business Process Management. Springer, pp. 15-37. Butler, T. 2011. "Compliance with Institutional Imperatives on Environmental Sustainability: Building Theory on the Role of Green Is," The Journal of Strategic Information Systems (20:1), pp. 6-26. Butler, T. 2012. "Regulating Green It: Laws, Standards and Protocols," Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices (297). Cai, S., Chen, X., and Bose, I. 2013. "Exploring the Role of It for Environmental Sustainability in China: An Empirical Analysis," International Journal of Production Economics (146:2), pp. 491-500. Capra, E., and Merlo, F. 2009. "Green It: Everything Starts from the Software," European Conference of Information Systems. Castro, D. 2009. "Learning from the Korean Green It Strategy," Washington, DC: Information Technology and Innovation Foundation), pp. 1-4. Cater-Steel, A., and Tan, W.-G. 2011. "The Role of It Service Management in Green It," Australasian Journal of Information Systems (17:1). Chai-Arayalert, S., and Nakata, K. 2011. "The Evolution of Green Ict Practice: Uk Higher Education Institutions Case Study," International Conference on Green Computing and Communications: IEEE Computer Society, pp. 220- 225. Chang, C.-H. 2009. "A Low-Cost Green It Design and Application of Vhsp Based on Virtualization Technology," International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering: IEEE, pp. 225-230. Chaudhari, S.K., Nottath, S., Subramanian, M., and Murthy, H.A. 2012. "Green-It: An Approach to Energy Savings Using Energy Aware Network Management System," National Conference on Communications (NCC): IEEE, pp. 1-5.

Bibliography 108

Chen, A.J., Watson, R.T., Boudreau, M.-C., and Karahanna, E. 2009. "Organizational Adoption of Green Is & It: An Institutional Perspective," International Conference on Information Systems Chen, Z., and Yoon, J. 2010. "It Auditing to Assure a Secure Cloud Computing," World Congress on Services (SERVICES-1): IEEE, pp. 253-259. Chetty, M., Brush, A., Meyers, B.R., and Johns, P. 2009. "It's Not Easy Being Green: Understanding Home Computer Power Management," SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: ACM, pp. 1033-1042. Chetty, M., Tran, D., and Grinter, R.E. 2008. "Getting to Green: Understanding Resource Consumption in the Home," International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing: ACM, pp. 242-251. Cheung, A.K.Y., and Jacobsen, H.-A. 2011. "Green Resource Allocation Algorithms for Publish/Subscribe Systems," International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS): IEEE, pp. 812-823. Chou, D.C. 2013. "Risk Identification in Green It Practice," Computer Standards & Interfaces (35:2), pp. 231–237. Chou, D.C., and Chou, A.Y. 2012. "Awareness of Green It and Its Value Model," Computer Standards & Interfaces (34:5), pp. 447-451. Chow, W.S., and Chen, Y. 2009. "Intended Belief and Actual Behavior in Green Computing in Hong Kong," Journal of Computer Information Systems (50:2), p. 136. Cooper, V., and Molla, A. 2010. "Conceptualizing Green It Organizational Learning (Gitol)," Americas Conference on Information Systems Cooper, V., and Molla, A. 2012. "Developing Green It Capability: An Absorptive Capacity Perspective," Pacific Asia Confernece on Information Systems: PACIS, pp. 1-15. Cooper, V., and Molla, A. 2013. "Green It Assimilation: Comparing the Influence of Contextual and Absorptive Capacity Based Models," Australasian Conference on Information Systems (ACIS): RMIT University, pp. 1-11. Corbett, J. 2010. "Unearthing the Value of Green It," International Conference on Information System (ICIS). Corbett, J., Webster, J., Sayili, K., Zelenika, I., and Pearce, J. 2010. "Developing and Justifying Energy Conservation Measures: Green It under Construction," Americas Conference on Information Systems Creswell, J.W. 2002. "Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative,"). Creswell, J.W. 2013. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Sage. Daly, M., and Butler, T. 2009. "Environmental Responsibilty and Green It: An Institutional Perspective," European Conference on Information S ystems (ECIS). Dao, V., Langella, I., and Carbo, J. 2011. "From Green to Sustainability: Information Technology and an Integrated Sustainability Framework," The Journal of Strategic Information Systems (20:1), pp. 63-79. Dasilva, D.A., Lu, L., Bessis, N., and Yongzhao, Z. 2012. "Enabling Green It through Building a Virtual Desktop Infrastructure," International Conference on Semantics, Knowledge and Grids (SKG), pp. 32-38. Datta, A., Roy, S., and Tarafdar, M. 2010. "Adoption of Sustainability in It Services: Role of It Service Providers," Americas Conference on Information Systems.

Bibliography 109

David, W. 2008. "Meeting Green Computing Challenges," Electronics Packaging Technology Conference: IEEE. Dedrick, J. 2009. "Green It," Americas Conference on Information Systems Dedrick, J. 2010. "Green Is: Concepts and Issues for Information Systems Research," Communications of the Association for Information Systems (27:1), p. 11. Dick, M., Drangmeister, J., Kern, E., and Naumann, S. 2013. "Green Software Engineering with Agile Methods," International Workshop on Green and Sustainable Software (GREENS): IEEE, pp. 78-85. Doh, I.H., Kim, Y.J., Park, J.S., Kim, E., Choi, J., Lee, D., and Noh, S.H. 2010. "Towards Greener Data Centers with Storage Class Memory: Minimizing Idle Power Waste through Coarse-Grain Management in Fine-Grain Scale," International Conference on Computing Frontiers: ACM, pp. 309-318. Dubey, S., and Hefley, W.E. 2011. "Greening Itil: Expanding the Itil Lifecycle for Green It," Technology Management in the Energy Smart World (PICMET): IEEE, pp. 1-8. Eastwood, G. 2009. "Best Practice in Green It: Implementing Green It in the Enterprise and Its Cost Benefits," in: Business Insights Ltd. Eden, R., Sedera, D.D., and Tan, F. 2012. "Archival Analysis of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems: The Current State and Future Directions,"). Elliot, S. 2011. "Transdisciplinary Perspectives on Environmental Sustainability: A Resource Base and Framework for It-Enabled Business Transformation," Management Information Systems Quarterly (MISQ) (35:1), pp. 197-236. Enokido, T., Aikebaier, A., and Takizawa, M. 2011. "An Algorithm for Reducing the Total Power Consumption Based on the Computation and Transmission Rates," International Conference on Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems (CISIS): IEEE, pp. 233-240. Erek, K., Loeser, F., Schmidt, N.-H., Zarnekow, R., and Kolbe, L.M. 2011. "Green It Strategies: A Case Study-Based Framework for Aligning Green It with Competitive Environmental Strategies," Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems p. 59. Erek, K., Loeser, F., and Zarnekow, R. 2012. "Reference Model for Sustainable Information Systems Management: Establishing a Holistic Research Agenda," SIGGreen Workshop, pp. 12-24. Esty, D., and Winston, A. 2009. Green to Gold: How Smart Companies Use Environmental Strategy to Innovate, Create Value, and Build Competitive Advantage. Wiley. Forrest, W., Kaplan, J.M., and Kindler, N. 2008. "Data Centers: How to Cut Carbon Emissions and Costs," McKinsey on Business Technology (14:6). Fowler, F.J. 2014. Survey Research Methods. Sage publications. Fradley, K., Rampersad, G., and Troshani, I. 2013. "Developing Green Is through Translation the Case of an Environmental Sustainability Tool," Australasian Conference on Information Systems, Melbourne Fradley, K., Troshani, I., Rampersad, G.C., and De Ionno, P. 2012. "An Organizing Vision Perspective on Green Is Development," International Conference on Information Systems Fuchs, C. 2008. "The Implications of New Information and Communication Technologies for Sustainability," Environment, Development and Sustainability (10:3), pp. 291-309. Gable, G. 2010. "Strategic Information Systems Research: An Archival Analysis," The Journal of Strategic Information Systems (19:1), pp. 3-16.

Bibliography 110

Garg, M., Gupta, S., Goh, M., and Desouza, R. 2010. "Sustaining the Green Information Technology Movement," in Green Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools and Applications. p. 111. Gavrilovska, D., Zdraveski, V., and Trajanov, D. 2013. "Analysis of Green It Challenges for Macedonian Companies," Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR): IEEE, pp. 21-24. Germain-Renaud, C., Furst, F., Jouvin, M., Kassel, G., Nauroy, J., and Philippon, G. 2011. "The Green Computing Observatory: A Data Curation Approach for Green It," International Conference on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing (DASC): IEEE, pp. 798-799. Gholami, R., Sulaiman, A.B., Ramayah, T., and Molla, A. 2013. "Senior Managers’ Perception on Green Information Systems (Is) Adoption and Environmental Performance: Results from a Field Survey," Information & Management (50:7), pp. 431-438. Grant, N., and Appan, R. 2014. "Exploring the Roles of Social Structures, Employees’ Green Is Orientation and Employee Commitment in Routinization of Green Is Practices in Organizations," Americas Conference on Information Systems Savannah, USA: Association for Information Systems. Grant, N., and Marshburn, D. 2014. "Understanding the Enablers and Inhibitors of Decision to Implement Green Information Systems: A Theoretical Triangulation Approach," Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS), Savannah, USA: Association for Information Systems. Grimm, D., Erek, K., and Zarnekow, R. 2013. "Carbon Footprint of It-Services–a Comparative Study of Energy Consumption for Offline and Online Storage Usage," Americas Conference on Information Systems, Chicago, Illinois. Gupta, S.K., Gilbert, R.R., Banerjee, A., Abbasi, Z., Mukherjee, T., and Varsamopoulos, G. 2011. "Gdcsim: A Tool for Analyzing Green Data Center Design and Resource Management Techniques," International Green Computing Conference and Workshops (IGCC),: IEEE, pp. 1-8. Guster, D., Hemminger, C., and Krzenski, S. 2009. "Using Virtalization to Reduce Data Center Infrastructure and Promote Green Computing," International Journal of Business Research (9:6). Hanne, F.Z. 2011. "Green It-Why Developing Countries Should Care?," International Journal of Computer Science (8). Harmon, R.R., and Auseklis, N. 2009. "Sustainable It Services: Assessing the Impact of Green Computing Practices," Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology IEEE, pp. 1707-1717. Harmon, R.R., Demirkan, H., and Raffo, D. 2012. "Roadmapping the Next Wave of Sustainable It," Foresight (14:2), pp. 121-138. Hart, S.L. 2008. "Beyond Greening," in: Environmental Management: Readings and Cases. p. 1. Hasan, H., Ghose, A., and Spedding, T. 2009. "Is Solution for the Global Environmental Challenge: An Australian Initiative," Americas Conference on Information Systems, pp. 122-129. Hedman, J., Henningsson, S., and Selander, L. 2012. "Organizational Self-Renewal: The Role of Green Is in Developing Eco-Effectiveness," International Conference on Information Systems

Bibliography 111

Herrick, D.R., and Ritschard, M.R. 2009. "Greening Your Computing Technology, the near and Far Perspectives," Special Interest Group on University and College Computing Services ACM, pp. 297-304. Hilpert, H., Kranz, J., and Schumann, M. 2014. "An Information System Design Theory for Green Information Systems for Sustainability Reporting- Integrating Theory with Evidence from Multiple Case Studies " European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS): Association for Information Systems. Hobby, C., Rydell, N., Sjogren, E., and Williams, W. 2009. "It Products. Going Beyond Green-Can High Performance and Sustainability Co-Exist?," Sustainable Systems and Technology: IEEE, pp. 1-4. Howard, G.R., and Lubbe, S. 2012. "Synthesis of Green Is Frameworks for Achieving Strong Environmental Sustainability in Organisations," South African Institute for Computer Scientists and Information Technologists Conference: ACM, pp. 306-315. Huang, A.H. 2009. "A Model for Environmentally Sustainable Information System Development " Journal of Computer Information Systems (49:4). Huang, H. 2008. "A Sustainable Systems Development Lifecycle," Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems Iacobelli, L.B., Olson, R.A., and Merhout, J.W. 2010. "Green/Sustainable It/Is: Concepts and Cases," Americas Conference on Information Systems. IBM. 2008. "Ibm Ranks #1 on Climate Change Strategies in Ceres Report." Retrieved 16 July 2013, from http://www.csrwire.com/press_releases/25503- IBM-Ranks-1-on-Climate-Change-Strategies-in-Ceres-Report Ijab, M.T., Molla, A., and Cooper, V.A. 2012. "Green Information Systems (Green Is) Practice in Organisation: Tracing Its Emergence and Recurrent Use," Americas Conference on Information Systems Ijab, M.T., Molla, A., Kassahun, A.E., and Teoh, S.Y. 2010. "Seeking the “Green” in “Green Is”: A Spirit, Practice and Impact Perspective," Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems Inoue, T., Aikebaier, A., Enokido, T., and Takizawa, M. 2012a. "Energy-Aware Distributed Systems for Computation and Storage-Based Applications," International Conference on Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems (CISIS): IEEE, pp. 269-275. Inoue, T., Aikebaier, A., Enokido, T., and Takizawa, M. 2012b. "Evaluation of an Energy-Aware Selection Algorithm for Computation and Storage-Based Applications," International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems (NBiS): IEEE, pp. 120-127. Jain, R.P., Benbunan-Fich, R., and Mohan, K. 2011. "Assessing Green It Initiatives Using the Balanced Scorecard," IT Professional, pp. 26-32. Jenkin, T.A., Webster, J., and McShane, L. 2011. "An Agenda for ‘Green’information Technology and Systems Research," Information and Organization (21:1), pp. 17-40. Jenkins, A.M. 1985. "Research Methodologies and Mis Research," Research methods in information systems), pp. 103-117. Kabiraj, S., Topkar, V., and Walke, R. 2010. "Going Green: A Holistic Approach to Transform Business," arXiv preprint arXiv:1009.0844). Kaplan, B., and Duchon, D. 1988. "Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Information Systems Research: A Case Study," MIS quarterly), pp. 571- 586.

Bibliography 112

Khan, R.U., and Khan, S.U. 2013. "Green It-Outsourcing Assurance Model," International Conference on Global Software Engineering Workshops (ICGSEW): IEEE, pp. 84-87. Kim, Y.S., and Ko, M. 2010. "Identifying Green It Leaders with Financial and Environmental Performance Indicators," Americas Conference on Information Systems. Kipp, A., Jiang, T., and Fugini, M. 2011. "Green Metrics for Energy-Aware It Systems," International Conference on Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems: Ieee, pp. 241-248. Koo, C., Chung, N., and Lee, Y.-C. 2013. "The Influential Motivations of Green It Device Use and the Role of Reference Group Perspective," in: Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems Korte, M., Lee, K., and Fung, C.C. 2012. "Sustainability in Information Systems: Requirements and Emerging Technologies," International Conference on Innovation Management and Technology Research (ICIMTR): IEEE, pp. 481- 485. Kovačić, Z.J., Zealand, W., and Vukmirović, D. 2008. "Ict Adoption and the Digital Divide in Serbia: Factors and Policy Implications," Informing Science & IT Education Conference. Krikke, J. 2008. "Recycling E-Waste: The Sky Is the Limit," IT professional (10:1), pp. 50-55. Kuo, B., and Dick, G. 2010. "The Greening of Organisational It: What Makes a Difference?," Australasian Journal of Information Systems (16:2). Kuo, B.N. 2010. "Organizational Green It: It Seems the Bottom Line Rules," Americas Conference on Information Systems Kurokawa, F., Maeda, Y., Shibata, Y., Maruta, H., Takahashi, T., Bansho, K., Tanaka, T., and Hirose, K. 2010. "A New Digitally Controlled Switching Power Supply for Green It," International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC): IEEE, pp. 888-891. Lamb, J. 2011. "Green It and Use of Private Cloud Computing in South Africa," International Conference & Expo on Emerging Technologies for a Smarter World: IEEE, pp. 1-6. Lee, S.M., Park, S.-H., and Trimi, S. 2013. "Greening with It: Practices of Leading Countries and Strategies of Followers," Management Decision (51:3), pp. 629-642. Lei, C.F., and Ngai, E. 2013. "Green It Adoption: An Academic Review of Literature," Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems. Lei, C.F., and Ngai, E. 2014. "A Research Agenda on Managerial Intention to Green It Adoption: From Norm Activation Perspective," Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS), Chengdu, Chaina: Association for Information Systems. Lei, C.F., and Wai Ting Ngai, E. 2012. "Green Is Assimilation: A Theoretical Framework and Research Agenda," Americas Conference on Information Systems Liu, L., Masfary, O., and Li, J. 2011. "Evaluation of Server Virtualization Technologies for Green It," International Symposium on Service Oriented System Engineering (SOSE) IEEE, pp. 79-84. Liu, L., Wang, H., Liu, X., Jin, X., He, W.B., Wang, Q.B., and Chen, Y. 2009. "Greencloud: A New Architecture for Green Data Center," International

Bibliography 113

Conference Industry Session on Autonomic Computing and Communications Industry Session: ACM, pp. 29-38. Loeser, F. 2012. "Towards a Typology of Green Is Strategies: Insights from Case Study Research," International Conference on Information Systems. Loeser, F. 2013. "Green It and Green Is: Definition of Constructs and Overview of Current Practices," Americas Conference on Information Systems. Loeser, F., Erek, K., Schmidt, N.-H., Zarnekow, R., and Kolbe, L.M. 2011. "Aligning Green It with Environmental Strategies: Development of a Conceptual Framework That Leverages Sustainability and Firm Competitiveness," Americas Conference on Information Systems. Loock, C.-M., Staake, T., and Landwehr, J. 2011. "Green Is Design and Energy Conservation: An Empirical Investigation of Social Normative Feedback," International Conference on Information Systems Shanghai Loock, C.-M., Staake, T., and Thiesse, F. 2013. "Motivating Energy-Efficient Behavior with Green Is: An Investigation of Goal Setting and the Role of Defaults " Management Information System Quarterly (MISQ) (37:4). Loos, P., Nebel, W., Marx Gómez, J., Hasan, H., Watson, R.T., vom Brocke, J., Seidel, S., and Recker, J. 2011. "Green It: A Matter of Business and Information Systems Engineering?," Business & Information Systems Engineering (3:4), pp. 245-252. Malhotra, A., Melville, N.P., and Watson, R.T. 2013. "Spurring Impactful Research on Information Systems for Environmental Sustainability," Management Information System Quarterly (MISQ) (37:4), pp. 1265-1274. Mancha, R., Muniz, K., and Yoder, C. 2014. "Studying Executives’ Green Behaviors: An Environmental Theory of Planned Behavior," Americas Conference on Information Systems Savannah, USA: Association for Information Systems. Mann, H., Grant, G., and Singh Mann, I.J. 2009. "Green It: An Implementation Framework," in: Americas Conference on Information Systems. Marett, K., Otondo, R.F., and Taylor, G.S. 2013. "Assessing the Effects of Benefits and Institutional Influences on the Continued Use of Environmentally Munificent Bypass System in Long-Haul Trucking," Management Information System Quarterly (MISQ) (37:4). Martinez, N., and Bahloul, K. 2008. "Green It Barometer European Organisations and the Business Imperatives of Deploying a Green and Sustainable It Strategy," Inter Documentation Company Leiden: IDC. Mata-Toledo, R., and Gupta, P. 2011. "Green Data Center: How Green Can We Perform?," Journal of Technology Research (2), pp. 1-8. McLaren, T.S., Manatsa, P.R., and Babin, R. 2010. "An Inductive Classification Scheme for Green It Initiatives," Americas Conference on Information Systems. Melville, N.P. 2010. "Information Systems Innovation for Environmental Sustainability," Management Information System Quarterly (MISQ) (34:1), pp. 1-21. Metzger, G., Stevens, A., Harmon, M., and Merhout, J. 2012. "Sustainability Opportunities for Universities: Cloud Computing, Virtualization and Other Recommendations," Americas Conference on Information Systems Mines, C., Brown, E., and Lee, C. 2007. "Creating the Green It Action Plan." October.

Bibliography 114

Mingers, J. 2001. "Combining Is Research Methods: Towards a Pluralist Methodology," Information systems research (12:3), pp. 240-259. Mishra, D., Akman, I., and Mishra, A. 2014. "Theory of Reasoned Action Application for Green Information Technology Acceptance," Computers in Human Behaviour (36), pp. 29-40. Mithas, S., Khuntia, J., and Roy, P.K. 2010. "Green Information Technology, Energy Efficiency, and Profits: Evidence from an Emerging Economy," in: International Conference on Information System. Mohan, K., Ramesh, B., Cao, L., and Sarkar, S. 2012. "Managing Disruptive and Sustaining Innovations in Green It," IT Professional (14:6), pp. 22-29. Molla, A. 2008. "Gitam: A Model for the Adoption of Green It," Australian Conference on Information Systems. Molla, A. 2009. "Organizational Motivations for Green It: Exploring Green It Matrix and Motivation Models," Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems p. 13. Molla, A., and Abareshi, A. 2011a. "Green It Adoption: A Motivational Perspective," Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems p. 137. Molla, A., and Abareshi, A. 2011b. "Green It Adoption: A Motivational Perspective," PACIS, p. 137. Molla, A., and Abareshi, A. 2012. "Organizational Green Motivations for Information Technology: Empirical Study," Journal of Computer Information Systems (52:3). Molla, A., and Cooper, V. 2010. "Green It Readiness: A Framework and Preliminary Proof of Concept," Australasian Journal of Information Systems (16:2). Molla, A., and Cooper, V. 2014. "Greening Data Centres: The Motivation, Expectancy and Ability Drivers," European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS): Association for Information Systems. Molla, A., Cooper, V., Corbitt, B., Deng, H., Peszynski, K., Pittayachawan, S., and Teoh, S. 2008. "E-Readiness to G-Readiness: Developing a Green Information Technology Readiness Framework," Australian Conference on Information Systems University of Canterbury. Molla, A., Cooper, V., and Pittayachawan, S. 2009a. "It and Eco-Sustainability: Developing and Validating a Green It Readiness Model," International Conference of Information Systems: AIS Electronic Library, pp. 1-18. Molla, A., Cooper, V., and Pittayachawan, S. 2011. "The Green It Readiness (G- Readiness) of Organizations: An Exploratory Analysis of a Construct and Instrument," Communications of the Association for Information Systems (29). Molla, A., Cooper, V.A., and Pittayachawan, S. 2009b. "It and Eco-Sustainability: Developing and Validating a Green It Readiness Model," International Conference on Information Systems. Molla, A., Pittayachawan, S., Corbitt, B., and Deng, H. 2009c. "An International Comparison of Green It Diffusion," International Journal of e-Business Management (3:2), p. 3. Müller, G., Sonehara, N., Echizen, I., and Wohlgemuth, S. 2011. "Sustainable Cloud Computing," Business & Information Systems Engineering (3:3), pp. 129- 131. Murugesan, S. 2008. "Harnessing Green It: Principles and Practices," IT Professional (10:1), pp. 24-33.

Bibliography 115

Nanath, K., and Pillai, R.R. 2012a. "Green Information Technology: Literature Review and Research Domains," Journal of Management Systems (23:1). Nanath, K., and Pillai, R.R. 2012b. "A Sustainability Model of Green It Initiatives," in: International Conference on Information Systems. Orlando. Nazari, G., and Karim, H. 2012. "Green It Adoption: The Impact of It on Environment: A Case Study on Green It Adoption and Underlying Factors Influencing It," Electrical Power Distribution Networks IEEE, pp. 1-7. Nedbal, D., Wetzlinger, W., Auinger, A., and Wagner, G. 2011. "Sustainable Is Initialization through Outsourcing: A Theory-Based Approach," Americas Conference on Information Systems. Neuman, W.L., and Neuman, W.L. 2006. "Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches,"). Nishant, R. 2012. "Green Is and Organizational Performance: An Empirical Examination," Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems, p. 185. Nishant, R., Teo, T., Goh, M., and Krishnan, S. 2012. "Does Environmental Performance Affect Organizational Performance? Evidence from Green It Organizations," International Conference on Information Systems Nishant, R., Teo, T.S., and Goh, M. 2011. "Do Green It Announcements Improve Market Value of Firms?," Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems p. 142. Nishant, R., Teo, T.S., and Goh, M. 2013. "Sustainable Information Systems: Does It Matter?," Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems. Niyato, D., Chaisiri, S., and Sung, L.B. 2009. "Optimal Power Management for Server Farm to Support Green Computing," International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid: IEEE Computer Society, pp. 84-91. Nomani, A., and Cater-Steel, A. 2014. "Barriers to Green It Service Management: A Case Study," Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS), Savannah, USA: Association for Information Systems. Opitz, N., Krüp, H., and Kolbe, L.M. 2014. "How to Govern Your Green It? – Validating a Contingency Theory Based Governance Model," Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS), Chengdu, Chaina Association for Information Systems. Osch, W.v., and Avital, M. 2010. "From Green It to Sustainable Innovation," Americas Conference on Information Systems Pauwels, D., Cattrysse, D., Duflou, J.R., and Mulder, H. 2012. "Process Modelling for Green It Service Management," Electronics Goes Green (EGG): IEEE, pp. 1-5. Pernici, B., Aiello, M., vom Brocke, J., Donnellan, B., Gelenbe, E., and Kretsis, M. 2012. "What Is Can Do for Environmental Sustainability: A Report from Caise'11 Panel on Green and Sustainable Is," Communications of the Association for Information Systems (30). Pitt, L.F., Parent, M., Junglas, I., Chan, A., and Spyropoulou, S. 2011. "Integrating the Smartphone into a Sound Environmental Information Systems Strategy: Principles, Practices and a Research Agenda," The Journal of Strategic Information Systems (20:1), pp. 27-37. Ragin, C.C. 2014. The Comparative Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies. Univ of California Press. Rahim, R.E.A., and Rahman, A.A. 2013. "Green It Capability and Sustainable Development," Green Computing, Technology and Innovation The Society of Digital Information and Wireless Communication, pp. 80-88.

Bibliography 116

Rao, S.V., Saravanakumar, J., Sundararaman, K., Parthasarathi, J., and Ramesh, S. 2011. "Intelligent Green It Management for Enterprises through System Profiling," International Conference on Green Computing and Communications: IEEE Computer Society, pp. 206-211. Rawai, N.M., Fathi, M.S., Abedi, M., and Rambat, S. 2013. "Cloud Computing for Green Construction Management," Intelligent System Design and Engineering Applications IEEE, pp. 432-435. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C.M., and Ormston, R. 2013. Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. Sage. Rogers, K., Jenkin, T.A., Corbett, J., and Webster, J. 2013. "The Effects Of'green'on It/S Projects: Recycling the Garbage Can Model," Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences IEEE, pp. 974-983. Ruth, S. 2009. "Green It More Than a Three Percent Solution?," in: Internet Computing, IEEE. pp. 74-78. Salomie, I., Cioara, T., Anghel, I., Moldovan, D., Copil, G., and Plebani, P. 2011. "An Energy Aware Context Model for Green It Service Centers," in Service- Oriented Computing. Springer, pp. 169-180. Samsung Electronics Co., L. 2010. "Samsung Intensifies Focus on Eco- Management." from http://www.csrwire.com/press_releases/30162-Samsung- Intensifies-Focus-on-Eco-Management Sarkar, P., and Young, L. 2009. "Managerial Attitudes Towards Green It: An Explorative Study of Policy Drivers," Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems p. 95. Sayeed, L., and Gill, S. 2009. "Implementation of Green It: Implications for a Dynamic Resource," Americas Conference on Information Systems. Schmidt, N.-H., Erek, K., Kolbe, L.M., and Zarnekow, R. 2010a. "Predictors of Green It Adoption: Implications from an Empirical Investigation," Americas Conference on Information Systems, Lima, Peru. Schmidt, N.-H., Schmidtchen, T., Koray, E., Kolbe, L.M., and Zarnekow, R. 2010b. "Influence of Green It on Consumers’ Buying Behavior of Personal Computers: Implications from a Conjoint Analysis," European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Schödwell, B., Erek, K., and Zarnekow, R. 2013. "Data Center Green Performance Measurement: State of the Art and Open Research Challenges," Americas Conference on Information Systems. Scott, M., and Watson, R. 2012. "The Value of Green It: A Theoretical Framework and Exploratory Assessment of Cloud Computing," BLED Proceedings. Seidel, S., and Recker, J. 2012. "Implementing Green Business Processes: The Importance of Functional Affordances of Information Systems," Australasian Conference on Information Systems Geelong ACIS, pp. 1-10. Seidel, S., Recker, J., and Vom Brocke, J. 2013. "Sensemaking and Sustainable Practicing: Functional Affordances of Information System in Green Transformations," Management Information System Quarterly (MISQ) (37:4). Seidel, S., Recker, J.C., Pimmer, C., and vom Brocke, J. 2010. "Enablers and Barriers to the Organizational Adoption of Sustainable Business Practices," Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS): Association for Information Systems. Siddavatam, I., Johri, E., and Patole, D. 2011. "Optimization of Load Balancing Algorithm for Green It," International Conference & Workshop on Emerging Trends in Technology: ACM, pp. 1344-1346.

Bibliography 117

Simmonds, D., and Bhattacherjee, A. 2012. "Environmental Sustainability in Organizations: The Information Technology Role," Americas Conference on Information Systems. Simmonds, D., and Bhattacherjee, A. 2014. "Green It Adoption and Sustainable Value Creation," Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS), Savannah, USA: Association for Information Systems. Smeitink, M., and Spruit, M. 2013. "Maturity for Sustainability in It: Introducing the Mits," International Journal of Information Technologies and Systems Approach (IJITSA) (6:1), pp. 39-56. Stiel, F. 2014. "On the Use of Discrete Event Simulation in Green Is Research- Developing a Conceptual Framework " European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). Stolze, C., Janßen, D., and Thomas, O. 2012. "Sustainability as a Topic of Is Research–Reviewing a Decade of Literature," in: Available at SSRN 2030821. Taha Ijab, M., Molla, A., and Cooper, V.A. 2011. "A Theory of Practice-Based Analysis of Green Information Systems (Green Is) Use," Australian Conference on Information Systems. Tan, B., Ling Pan, S., and Zuo, M. 2011. "Attaining and Enacting Green Leadership: Insights from the Green It Initiatives of China Mobile," in: International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Thirupathi Rao, K., Kiran, P.S., and Reddy, L.S.S. 2010. "Energy Efficiency in Datacenters through Virtualization: A Case Study," Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology (10:3). Trimi, S., and Park, S.-H. 2013. "Green It: Practices of Leading Firms and Ngos," Service Business (7:3), pp. 363-379. Tushi, B., Sedera, D., and Recker, J. 2014. "Green It Segment Analysis: An Academic Literature Review,"). Uddin, M., and Rahman, A.A. 2012. "Energy Efficiency and Low Carbon Enabler Green It Framework for Data Centers Considering Green Metrics," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (16:6), pp. 4078-4094. Unhelkar, B. 2012. Enterprise Green It Strategy. Van Rooijen, S.N., and Van Wees, M.T. 2006. "Green Electricity Policies in the Netherlands: An Analysis of Policy Decisions," Energy Policy (34:1), pp. 60- 71. Vazquez, R., Rocha, E., Dominguez, S., Morales, D., and Ahluwalia, P. 2011. "Green Is and Green It: Organizational Awareness, Readiness and Competitiveness," Americas Conference on Information Systems, Detroit, Michigan. Vlek, C., and Steg, L. 2007. "⊡ Human Behavior and Environmental Sustainability: Problems, Driving Forces, and Research Topics," Journal of Social Issues (63:1), pp. 1-19. Vom Brocke, J., Seidel, S., Loos, P., and Watson, R.T. 2013a. "Green Is–Information Systems for Environmental Sustainability," Business & Information Systems Engineering (4:1), pp. 47-47. Vom Brocke, J., Watson, R.T., Dwyer, C., Elliot, S., and Melville, N. 2013b. "Green Information Systems: Directives for the Is," Communications of the Association for Information Systems (33), pp. 509-520.

Bibliography 118

Vykoukal, J., Wolf, M., and Beck, R. 2009. "Does Green It Matter? Analysis of the Relationship between Green It and Grid Technology from a Resource-Based View Perspective," Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems Wang, D. 2008. "Meeting Green Computing Challenges," Electronics Packaging Technology Conference: IEEE, pp. 121-126. Wang, L., and Wang, T. 2011. "Green Computing Wanted: Electricity Consumptions in the It Industry and by Household Computers in Five Major Chinese Cities," International Conference on Green Computing and Communications IEEE, pp. 226-229. Wati, Y., and Koo, C. 2011. "An Introduction to the Green It Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic It Management System," Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences IEEE, pp. 1-10. Watson, R.T., Boudreau, M.-C., and Chen, A.J. 2010. "Information Systems and Environmentally Sustainable Development: Energy Informatics and New Directions for the Is Community," Management Information System Quarterly (MISQ) (34:1), pp. 23-38. White, M.A. 2013. "Sustainability: I Know It When I See It," Ecological Economics (86), pp. 213-217. Woodruff, A., Hasbrouck, J., and Augustin, S. 2008. "A Bright Green Perspective on Sustainable Choices," SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: ACM, pp. 313-322. Yamini, B., and Selvi, D.V. 2010. "Cloud Virtualization: A Potential Way to Reduce Global Warming," Recent Advances in Space Technology Services and Climate Change (RSTSCC): IEEE, pp. 55-57. Yang, Q., Qi, G., and Low, H. 2010. "Incorporating Cost and Resource Efficiency into the Development of Green Recycling Technologies," International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, pp. 483-490. Yin, R.K. 2014. Case Study Research: Design and Methods (5th Ed.). Sage publications. Ying, S., and Al-Hakim, L. 2010. "System Dynamics Modeling for Green It Strategies: Sap Sustainability Development Case," International Conference on Challenges in Environmental Science and Computer Engineering (CESCE), pp. 504-507. Young Choon, L., and Zomaya, A.Y. 2011. "Energy Conscious Scheduling for Distributed Computing Systems under Different Operating Conditions," IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems (22:8), pp. 1374-1381. Yunus, S., Jailani, S.F.A.K., Hairuddin, H., and Kassim, E.S. 2013. "Green It Adoption Towards Environmental Sustainability: The Moderating Role of Top Management Enforcement," International Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems (ICRIIS): IEEE, pp. 241-244. Zhang, L.M., Li, K., and Zhang, Y.-Q. 2010. "Green Task Scheduling Algorithms with Energy Reduction on Heterogeneous Computers," Progress in Informatics and Computing (PIC): IEEE, pp. 560-563. Zheng, D. 2014. "The Adoption of Green Information Technology and Information Systems: An Evidence from Corporate Social Responsibility " Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS), Savannah, USA: Association for Information Systems.

Bibliography 119

Zhiwei, X. 2012. "Measuring Green It in Society," in: Computer Society. IEEE pp. 83-85. Zhou, G.H. 2014. "Study of Cloud Computing and Advanced Manufacturing Technology under Information Technology Development," Applied Mechanics and Materials (484), pp. 227-230.

Bibliography 120

Appendix

Appendix A References of Articles Read

Appendix A: Articles Used in the Archival Analysis

Year Reference Total

2007 (Mines et al. 2007; Vlek and Steg 2007) 2

2008 (Boudreau et al. 2008; Chetty et al. 2008; David 2008; Forrest et al. 2008; 14 Fuchs 2008; Huang 2008; Kovačić et al. 2008; Krikke 2008; Martinez and Bahloul 2008; Molla 2008; Molla et al. 2008; Murugesan 2008; Wang 2008; Woodruff et al. 2008)

2009 (Babin and Nicholson 2009; Capra and Merlo 2009; Chang 2009; Chen et 26 al. 2009; Chetty et al. 2009; Chow and Chen 2009; Daly and Butler 2009; Dedrick 2009; Eastwood 2009; Esty and Winston 2009; Guster et al. 2009; Harmon and Auseklis 2009; Hasan et al. 2009; Herrick and Ritschard 2009; Hobby et al. 2009; Huang 2009; Liu et al. 2009; Mann et al. 2009; Molla 2009; Molla et al. 2009a; Molla et al. 2009c; Niyato et al. 2009; Ruth 2009; Sarkar and Young 2009; Sayeed and Gill 2009; Vykoukal et al. 2009)

2010 (Ansari et al. 2010; Bachour and Chasteen 2010; Baek and Chilimbi 35 2010; Beloglazov and Buyya 2010b; Berral et al. 2010; Brooks et al. 2010; Chen and Yoon 2010; Cooper and Molla 2010; Corbett 2010; Corbett et al. 2010; Datta et al. 2010; Dedrick 2010; Doh et al. 2010; Garg et al. 2010; Iacobelli et al. 2010; Ijab et al. 2010; Kim and Ko 2010; Kuo and Dick 2010; Kuo 2010; Kurokawa et al. 2010; McLaren et al. 2010; Melville 2010; Mithas et al. 2010; Molla and Cooper 2010; Osch and Avital 2010; Schmidt et al. 2010a; Schmidt et al. 2010b; Seidel et al. 2010; Thirupathi Rao et al. 2010; Watson et al. 2010; Yamini and Selvi 2010; Yang et al. 2010; Ying and Al-Hakim 2010; Zhang et al. 2010)

2011 (Aoun et al. 2011a; Aoun et al. 2011b; Babin and Nicholson 2011; Baliga 42 et al. 2011; Bengtsson and Ågerfalk 2011; Bose and Luo 2011; Butler

Appendix 121

2011; Cater-Steel and Tan 2011; Chai-Arayalert and Nakata 2011; Cheung and Jacobsen 2011; Dao et al. 2011; Dubey and Hefley 2011; Elliot 2011; Enokido et al. 2011; Erek et al. 2011; Germain-Renaud et al. 2011; Gupta et al. 2011; Hanne 2011; Jain et al. 2011; Jenkin et al. 2011; Kipp et al. 2011; Lamb 2011; Liu et al. 2011; Loeser et al. 2011; Loock et al. 2011; Loos et al. 2011; Mata-Toledo and Gupta 2011; Molla and Abareshi 2011a; Molla et al. 2011; Müller et al. 2011; Nedbal et al. 2011; Nishant et al. 2011; Pitt et al. 2011; Rao et al. 2011; Salomie et al. 2011; Siddavatam et al. 2011; Taha Ijab et al. 2011; Tan et al. 2011; Vazquez et al. 2011; Wang and Wang 2011; Wati and Koo 2011; Young Choon and Zomaya 2011)

2012 (Beloglazov et al. 2012; Bose and Luo 2012; Brocke et al. 2012; Brooks 36 et al. 2012; Butler 2012; Chaudhari et al. 2012; Chou and Chou 2012; Cooper and Molla 2012; Dasilva et al. 2012; Erek et al. 2012; Fradley et al. 2012; Harmon et al. 2012; Hedman et al. 2012; Howard and Lubbe 2012; Ijab et al. 2012; Inoue et al. 2012a; Inoue et al. 2012b; Korte et al. 2012; Lei and Wai Ting Ngai 2012; Loeser 2012; Metzger et al. 2012; Mohan et al. 2012; Molla and Abareshi 2012; Nanath and Pillai 2012a; Nanath and Pillai 2012b; Nazari and Karim 2012; Pauwels et al. 2012; Pernici et al. 2012; Scott and Watson 2012; Seidel and Recker 2012; Simmonds and Bhattacherjee 2012; Stolze et al. 2012; Uddin and Rahman 2012; Unhelkar 2012; Zhiwei 2012)

2013 (Brocke et al. 2013; Cai et al. 2013; Chou 2013; Cooper and Molla 2013; 29 Dick et al. 2013; Fradley et al. 2013; Gavrilovska et al. 2013; Gholami et al. 2013; Grimm et al. 2013; Khan and Khan 2013; Koo et al. 2013; Lee et al. 2013; Lei and Ngai 2013; Loeser 2013; Loock et al. 2013; Malhotra et al. 2013; Marett et al. 2013; Nishant et al. 2013; Rahim and Rahman 2013; Rawai et al. 2013; Rogers et al. 2013; Schödwell et al. 2013; Seidel et al. 2013; Smeitink and Spruit 2013; Trimi and Park 2013; Vom Brocke et al. 2013a; Vom Brocke et al. 2013b; White 2013; Yunus et al. 2013)

2014 (Atkinson et al. 2014; Bener et al. 2014; Grant and Appan 2014; Grant 15 and Marshburn 2014; Hilpert et al. 2014; Lei and Ngai 2014; Mancha et al. 2014; Mishra et al. 2014; Molla and Cooper 2014; Nomani and Cater-

Appendix 122

Steel 2014; Opitz et al. 2014; Simmonds and Bhattacherjee 2014; Stiel 2014; Zheng 2014; Zhou 2014)

Appendix 123