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A New System Architecture for Green Enterprise Computing

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A New System Architecture for Green Enterprise Computing A NEW SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE FOR GREEN ENTERPRISE COMPUTING ADISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND THE COMMITTEE ON GRADUATE STUDIES OF STANFORD UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Maria A. Kazandjieva August 2013 © 2013 by Maria Alexandrova Kazandjieva. All Rights Reserved. Re-distributed by Stanford University under license with the author. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 3.0 United States License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/us/ This dissertation is online at: http://purl.stanford.edu/dk404ky3467 ii I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Philip Levis, Primary Adviser I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Christoforos Kozyrakis I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Nick McKeown Approved for the Stanford University Committee on Graduate Studies. Patricia J. Gumport, Vice Provost for Graduate Education This signature page was generated electronically upon submission of this dissertation in electronic format. An original signed hard copy of the signature page is on file in University Archives. iii Abstract Computing systems account for at least 13% of the electricity use of office buildings. This translates to about 2% of the electricity consumption of the entire US [46] or the equivalent of the State of New Jersey! As computing becomes pervasive, making these systems more efficient is an opportunity to reduce operational costs and have a positive environmental impact. Unfortunately, current understanding of energy consumption in office buildings is limited and coarse-grained. Without better visibility into how electricity is spent and how much of it is wasted, it is difficult to find ways to reduce it. Powernet –amulti- year power and utilization study of the computing infrastructure in the Computer Science Department at Stanford University – begins to address the visibility problem in one building. Powernet’s data is collected via a large network of plug-level wireless power meters and software sensors that cover a significant portion of the 2nd,3rd, and 4th floors of the Gates building at Stanford. The Powernet data show that at least 25% of Gates’s electricity is wasted on idle and over-provisioned devices. At the extreme, many desktops operate at near-idle for 75% of the time. The combination of high idle power and low utilization means that a large chunk of energy is wasted. This highlights an opportunity to improve on current computing systems. This dissertation presents a novel system architecture for office computing, Any- ware. To save energy, Anyware leverages two observations. First, an increase in energy use does not translate to the same increase in performance. Second, there is a range of resources one can have for a fixed power budget. Anyware’s hybrid design splits workload execution between a local low-power client device and a vir- tual machine (VM) on a backend server. Applications that benefit from hardware iv optimizations, such as video and graphics, remain local; other tasks (document and picture editing, PDF viewing, etc.) are offloaded to the server. Anyware reduces the energy cost of computing by 70%–80% because the client has power draw comparable to that of a thin client or a laptop (15 to 20 watts) while the server can host multiple user VMs. Fast I/O, the availability of network resources in a LAN environment, and the increased CPU and memory on the server mean that users can get comparable performance at the fraction of the energy cost. Anyware demonstrates that with a new computing architecture, it is possible to have the best of two worlds: desktop performance at the energy costs of thin clients. v Acknowledgements “The universe is big. It is vast and complicated and ridiculous. And sometimes, very rarely, impossible things just happen and we call them miracles.” Doctor Who, Season 5, Episode 12 Ihaveoftenfeltthat,justliketheuniverse,graduateschoolisvastandcompli- cated and ridiculous. The real miracle is not the diploma at the end, but rather the continuous support of so many of you. Phil – you have been my champion from day one. I will always remember how you introduced me to a boat-full of researchers in the Sydney harbor. You looked so proud and excited, I had only been at Stanford for two months (and survived my first NDSI submission!) Thank you for being a true advisor – somebody who taught me how to be a better researcher not by laying down an agenda but by allowing me to find my own academic path. I am already seeing the payoffof being able to confidently tackle underspecified technical challenges. What more could I ask for! I hope I will continue to make you proud as I venture out into the ‘real world’. My intellectual framework has never been more cognitively dissonant. Thank you! Christos and Scott – thank you for always bringing a fresh perspective to my research; your ideas and guidance have allowed me to look at energy efficiency from so many different directions. And remember, if worst comes to worst, Christos will adopt me in exchange for homemade beer and cheese! On my vacations, I will be in San Diego visiting Scott. vi Nick, John O.,andMartin –youallsteppedintobepartofmydefenseand reading committees. The closed sessions discussion we had was extremely energizing – not an easy feat in the presence of a tired and stressed Maria. Thank you for all the valuable feedback. Margaret and Sami – without a doubt, none of this would have been possible without you two. I am fortunate to have not one but two amazing technical women who have mentored me throughout the years. Sami – in undergrad I told you I wanted to feel stupid and you knew just what I meant. Thank you for encouraging me to surround myself with the smartest people out there so I could grow as a researcher. Margaret – I was not applying to Stanford until you told me to. Good call! Thank you for being there for me long after I left Princeton; I hope our paths cross again. SING – Mayank, Jung Il, Kannan, Ewen, Behram, Wanja, Jung Woo, Tahir, Chinmayee, Jae-Young, Omid –youmadeitguys.YouareMaria-free (almost!) Thank you for all the collaborations and all the fun moments. You have made my time in grad school a worthy experience. Ewen,nowthatwearenolonger labmates, I hope I can be one of those secret, imaginary friends you have, drinking beer and enjoying food together. Nick and the McKeowns (no, it is not a band name) – thank you for making me an honorary member of your group; it has been and continues to be a fantastic experience. Stanford folk –Ireceivedsomuchsupportfrommanywhoowedmenothing. Mary Jane, Alexis, and Chris are truly indispensable. A lot of content in this disser- tation would not be here without collaborations with utilities and building managers, as well as IT staffat Gates and elsewhere on campus. Thank you. Friends,afulllistofwhomcanbeviewedonawebsitecalledFacebook–you have all enriched my life, made the tough times easier, the fun times crazier, and provided the occasional body or pad to punch (Yeah, Muay Thai.) Forgive me for not going through a long list of names, nobody deserves to be forgotten, yet my brain is not what it used to be. Everybody has my deepest gratitude. Lindsay –tenyearsintothis,thetwoofusarejustasR&Dasalwaysexcept now we are also proper adults and doctors! I love it and I love you. vii Mom – ten years ago you sent me to the U.S. with a one-way ticket, $300, and two suitcases; thank you for your strength and sacrifice. Thank you for always putting aside your literature-degree sensibility and catering to a child who refused to read fiction but begged to get encyclopedias. Life has not been easy but my drive to succeed has always come down to making both of us proud and being able to take care of you. Your ‘love without attachment’ motto might just have been the most selfless thing a parent could teach their child. I love you! Last but certainly not least, Brandon –learninghowtomakeyousmileisperhaps worthy of a whole other Ph.D. (Explosions. Leafy sea dragons. Cars. Ocean. Scenic time lapses. Palm hearts. Slo-mo punches. Llama. Mushrooms.) It is so worth it! Thank you for being my cosmological constant, ensuring that my universe expands1. 1If you would like to know what this means, please contact me or read [37] viii Contents Abstract iv Acknowledgements vi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 MeasuringEnergyandUtilization . 3 1.2 DataAnalysis............................... 4 1.3 Anyware.................................. 4 1.4 Thesis Statement and Contributions . 6 2 Background and Related Work 8 2.1 MeasuringEnergyUse .......................... 9 2.2 Existing Green Computing Solutions . 12 2.2.1 Making Desktops Sleep . 13 2.2.2 Thin Clients . 17 2.3 Offloading Computation . 18 2.4 Summary . 21 3 Powernet: A Sensing Infrastructure 22 3.1 Power Monitoring . 23 3.1.1 OverallSystemDesign . 24 3.1.2 Power Meters . 25 3.1.3 Deployment Experiences . 28 3.1.4 DataAccess............................ 31 ix 3.2 UtilizationMonitoring . 32 3.2.1 PCs . 32 3.2.2 Network Traffic.......................... 33 3.3 Deployments . 34 3.3.1 GatesHall............................. 34 3.3.2 Thin clients . 35 3.4 Summary . 35 4 Data Analysis 37 4.1 Device Energy Consumption . 37 4.1.1 PersonalComputers . 38 4.1.2 Computer Displays . 41 4.1.3 Server Machines .
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