E3S Web of Conferences 44, 00202 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400202 EKO-DOK 2018

Green computing and energy storage systems

Monika Żygadło1,*, Jerzy Kotowski1, and Jacek Oko2 1Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Electronics, 11/17 Janiszewskiego st. 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland 2Vice Chancellor for Informatization and the Director of the Centre for Networking and Supercomputing at WrUST

Abstract. Because of growing amount of the data(known as „big data”) needed to be store and process there is a rapid growth of usage electricity and emission. In this paper we present the IT solution of this problem: green computing, solutions to storage and manage the energy and IT support needed to manage and control those systems. The article presents the main idea and already implemented solutions.

1 Introduction In modern society energy consumption is continuing to grow. Non-renewable resources which use to be a primary source of energy are depleted. This leads to finding new ways of obtaining and saving the energy. It becomes important to accommodate and implement these solutions wherever possible. Nowadays IT is present in all branches of technology and science so one versatile system, easy to adapt for different needs, might save plenty of energy. The blend of green computing and energy storage systems (ESS) seems promising because of reduction of emissions, energy consumption and use of non-renewable energy sources at the same time. Green computing is not just about ecology but also saving money and resources. Data centers are essential elements of modern world, there are necessary to processing and store big data. A problem of data centers is high demand of power required to run the actual equipment and to cool the equipment. The solution is green data centers where the mechanical, lighting, electrical and computer systems are designed for maximum energy efficiency and minimum environmental impact. The construction and operation of a green data center includes advanced technologies and strategies. I.T industry is investing lot of time and money to devise new and effective ways to conserve energy. Companies like IBM, Hewlett Packard, SprayCool, and Cooligy are working on technologies such as liquid cooling, nano fluid-cooling systems, and in-server, in-rack, and in-row cooling. Other novel ways of making a data center more environmentally friendly include using new high-density servers, using hydrogen fuel cells as alternative green power sources, and applying virtualization technologies that reduce the total power consumption of servers and lower the heat generated.

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). E3S Web of Conferences 44, 00202 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400202 EKO-DOK 2018 2 Green computing tig a tatia dati ad tadad g taiabiit i t td ad ati ita taiab tig ga a t t ig at ag i bi t ita t tig d b addd dig t g ti t ad t iati t a a ig t i a ita d a ia biig ad ig d t ad ig atd t ad t ti it ig igig g iit ad ita d t t ad ig it aatig aatig ti t t ad t aiatd b t it iia iat iat t it tig i a abt t iit t ad tig ga g tig a it iia t g it i a t d t aad atia aii g ii dig t dt iti ad t t abiit bidgadabiit atia dt ad at at tig iitiati d t ita iat ati ig at a iatig data t a a dt t tg t a dg ad diig t d t adt g tig ati aid t tt ad a iaig ig ti data a b a aid adti itt iati ad dia tiati bi ad aiati ga it d tti ad diat t a d t t aid gt i t i ad b data t a idiida id ad i dad i gaig ia tig it iit ad a di dt i a ig itt iaig tt ag i gig at ta t aa adig t a tiatd i data t dadiat tatgi tat ai aitaiig diat d ia dad t a da tat ad a gt agi a adtd gt tatgi tat tii t b bi iati tig taati ad it ad itii tig aig it it tg ada i a i a abd ig a it ti a ti a tid t ia a a itad it ig a g it aait a itad t i a a i t a tit t at a b a i a iig b ta tg t bad i ia i aagig dit a b atd b a a ia i t dit data t it a iad ta t ti att a t i t att a t i a td tat i td t ti it ad ia aig ig it ia i dit a d t a aiatd ia i data t at dit i aiat t att ig a att d ati ig t it i ti t ia a data t diti ia aig g t ata t dit ad ig a d tat it t i a td tiatd tat a tia atd at att it d aiat tiit

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3 E3S Web of Conferences 44, 00202 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400202 EKO-DOK 2018

Fig. 1. Green Computing in Clouds.

3 Energy storage systems Electrical Energy Storage (EES) refers to a process of converting electrical energy from a power network into a form that can be stored for converting back to electrical energy when needed. Such a process enables electricity to be produced at times of either low demand, low generation cost or from intermittent energy sources and to be used at times of high demand, high generation cost or when no other generation means is available. EES has numerous applications including portable devices, transport vehicles and stationary energy resources [6]. Energy storage can bring about a reduction in operating costs or capital expenditures when used as a generation resource in the utility sector. When used with renewable resources, energy storage can increase their usability of photovoltaic and wind generated electricity by making this generation coincident with peak load demand. Energy storage may facilitate the inclusion of wind and solar energy into the electric grid (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Types of Energy Storage Systems. When EES is adopted for bridging power, they are required to have moderate power rating (100 kW–10 MW) and response time (up to around 1 s), in order to provide the continuity of power supply at energy gap periods (up to several hours), such as the time interval for switching the system from one source of power generation to another(Fig. 3). Conventional batteries and flow batteries are suitable for this application. Flywheels, supercapacitors and fuel cells are also reported for such types of applications. Piller Power Systems Ltd. has practical experiences in using flywheels as ride-through power sources. EES plays an important role in energy management for optimizing energy uses and decoupling the timing

4 E3S Web of Conferences 44, 00202 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400202

EKO-DOK 2018 of generation and consumption of electric energy. Time shifting and peak shaving are typical applications in energy management. Energy management application can be further classified based on the application power rating: large-scale (above 100 MW) and medium/small-scale ( 1–100 MW). PHS, large-scale CAES and TES can be used for large-scale energy management. Flow batteries, large-scale conventional batteries, fuel cells and solar fuels are more∼ suitable for small/medium-scale energy management [7].

Fig. 1. Green Computing in Clouds.

3 Energy storage systems Electrical Energy Storage (EES) refers to a process of converting electrical energy from a power network into a form that can be stored for converting back to electrical energy when needed. Such a process enables electricity to be produced at times of either low demand, low generation cost or from intermittent energy sources and to be used at times of high demand, Fig. 3. s. high generation cost or when no other generation means is available. EES has numerous applications including portable devices, transport vehicles and stationary energy resources T s ss s s [6]. Energy storage can bring about a reduction in operating costs or capital expenditures . s s s s s when used as a generation resource in the utility sector. When used with renewable resources, s s . s energy storage can increase their usability of photovoltaic and wind generated electricity by ss s making this generation coincident with peak load demand. Energy storage may facilitate the . s s inclusion of wind and solar energy into the electric grid (Fig. 2). s s s s s s s ss. Ts s s s s s s s s s . T s . T sss s s . ss s ss s s s s . I s ss s s s ss.

I s s Fig. 2. Types of Energy Storage Systems. ss. s s s When EES is adopted for bridging power, they are required to have moderate power rating s ss s. (100 kW–10 MW) and response time (up to around 1 s), in order to provide the continuity of s s s s power supply at energy gap periods (up to several hours), such as the time interval for switching the system from one source of power generation to another(Fig. 3). Conventional . s ss batteries and flow batteries are suitable for this application. Flywheels, supercapacitors and s . T s ss fuel cells are also reported for such types of applications. Piller Power Systems Ltd. has s s s s ss practical experiences in using flywheels as ride-through power sources. EES plays an s s s s s T s. important role in energy management for optimizing energy uses and decoupling the timing s s ss s ss s

5 E3S Web of Conferences 44, 00202 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400202 EKO-DOK 2018 s s s. T s s s s s ss ss s .

4 Scientific and technical challenges T s T s s s ss . T s s s s s s s s s . s s s ss s s ss s ss s s . T s T s s s s ss s s s s s s ss ss s ss s. s s ss ss ssss s sss ss. I s I s T s s s IBM’s s . s T s s s I s . T ss s s s s s ss s sss s. s T s s s. I s s s sss s. s s s . s s ss. s ss I s IT s s s ss s sss s. IT ss ss s sss . Tss s s. I ss sss ss. s s ss • sss ss • IT s s s s sss s s s s. • s s s s . T s s s s s ss s ss ss sss. IT s s ss s ss s. s s s ss . s s s sss s s ss. I ss sss s s s . s s ss ss s s ss s ssss. I s T s s s

6 E3S Web of Conferences 44, 00202 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400202 EKO-DOK 2018 s s s. T s sss s s s s s s s ss sss I s ss s . s s ss s ss s ss IBM s s s s s 4 Scientific and technical challenges s ss s T s T s s s s s s s ss . T s s s • s s s s s s s • IBM I s s . s s • IBM I s ss s s • IBM ss ss s ss s s • IBM ss . I s s s sss s T s T s s s s I s s ss s s s s ss I s s ss s s s ss ss s s ss s. s s s s ss ss ssss References s sss ss. I s I s T 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_computing s s s IBM’s 2. S. Murugesan, IT professional 10.1, 24–33 (2008) s . s T s 3. S. Mishra, Green Computing, Science Horizon, 21 (2013) s s I s . T ss 4. R. Harmon, N. Auseklis, Sustainable IT services: Assessing the impact of green s s s computing practices, Management of Engineering & Technology, Portland s s ss s International Conference on. IEEE (2009) sss s. s T s s 5. P. Mell, T. Grance, The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing, National Institute of s. I s s s Standards and Technology (2011) sss s. s s 6. H. Chen, T. Ngoc Cong, W. Yang, C. Tan, Y. Li, Y. Ding, Progress in electrical s . s s energy storage system: A critical review, Progress in Natural Science, 19, 291–312 ss. s ss I s (2009) IT s s 7. X. Luo, J. Wang, M. Dooner, J. Clarke, Applied Energy, 137, 511–536 (2015) s ss s sss s. 8. A. Joseph, M. Shahidehpour, Battery storage systems in electric power systems, ECE IT ss ss s Department, Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, Illinois, USA sss . Tss s s. 9. https://media.energa.pl/pr/358081/na-farmie-wiatrowej-energi-powstanie-najwiekszy- I ss sss ss. w-polsce-magazyn-energii?rss=true s s ss 10. J. Greblicki, J. Kotowski, M, Ochla, J.Oko, SmartCloud Orchestrator-The First • sss ss Implementation for Education in the world at WrUT, Computational Intelligence and • IT s s s s Efficiency in Engineering Systems, 209–215 (2015) sss s s s s. • s s s s . T s s s s s ss s ss ss sss. IT s s ss s ss s. s s s ss . s s s sss s s ss. I ss sss s s s . s s ss ss s s ss s ssss. I s T s s s

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